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supercar Member Posts: 719 |
Egyptology has modernized in various ways, as a result of the development of other sciences that lend more credit to deductions of several Egyptologists. The problem that continues to dog Egyptology is the ghosts of 19th century Egyptology, which aside from laymen and so-called scholars clinging onto them, are forwarded by some contemporary Egyptologists. Contemporary Egyptologists should know better than their predecessors, given the greater ammunition they have from access to newer and more precise technology not available in the 19th century. Stories of Ancient Egyptians may be in the bible, but there is a need to separate the two. While religious books like the bible may make reference to various real life events, not every account of the bible should be treated as a basis for factual information. Religious books are referred to as the words of God, which leaves room for the "take it or leave it" attitude by advocates to discourage further scrutiny. In this case, there is plenty of room left for folks to make their own opinions about the validity of the words of these religious books. One party has room to disregard the assertion of another, without any valid reason other than the views opposing one another. Egyptology isn’t quite like that, as much as some folks might get such an impression. Ancient Egyptians did exist, and so did the civilization. History concerning Ancient Egypt, should be to approach historical facts as much as possible, through the available evidence they left behind. Such a process takes more than just Egyptologists, because artifacts and other material should be scrutinized as scientifically as possible. This requires input from various other scientific field, including radio-carbon dating specialists, melanin dosage and reconstruction of physical appearance by forensics, study of genes and skeletal structures by bio-anthropologists, and dissection of language by linguists. Methodology of folks of these disciplines are constantly scrutinized by other folks involved in those disciplines. Old bio-anthropological methods are phased out by new ones. There are peer reviewed science journals to reflect these updates. Notwithstanding all the science put into the reconstruction of Ancient Egyptian history, various folks don’t find it the least disturbing that such a thing called "opinion" is tolerated. "Opinion" by laypersons isn’t as critical; but Egyptologists as officials of reconstructing Egypt’s ancient past closer to reality as much as possible, should know better than treating the field as though it were a playground for politics or negotiation. A historical fact cannot be opinionated as otherwise; it is what it is, and no amount of wishful thinking can change the past. This lack of discipline amongst Egyptologists has trickled down to laypersons, who have now treated the subject as if it were some religion where casual opinions are seen as natural. This is nothing but a total disgrace to this field. When under the spotlight, it would be wise for Egyptologists to refrain from trifling and unfounded "opinions" that can only lead to their further ridicule! IP: Logged |
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Carfax Member Posts: 458 |
I don't even understand why anyone listens to ANY Egyptologist (ie Zahi Hawass) when he spouts off about the ethnicity of the Ancient Egyptians. *Newsflash* The guy is an Egyptologist, and doesn't know jack **** about Bio-Anthropology hahaha.. Still, I can't think of any western mainstream Egyptologist who doesn't atleast acknowledge Egypt's relationship with Africa. As time goes by, new research is making this relationship more and more evident, no matter how much they dislike it.. IP: Logged |
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supercar Member Posts: 719 |
quote: Because it is as mentally pleasing as the way religious people tend to view their religion. Notice how very religious folks tend to disregard any scientific development or finding that seems to run contrary to their beliefs, and how they look at other folks outside that belief system with contempt. Religious folks see their opponents as "sinners", while people who cling onto 19th century Egyptology see their opponents as "Afrocentrics"! [This message has been edited by supercar (edited 09 September 2004).] IP: Logged |
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Carfax Member Posts: 458 |
quote: Where can I find information on the work of Kittles and Hassan? The first thing that Eurocentric arguers point out when you bring them evidence, is the fact that Keita is a black man and is thus biased and untrustworthy.. Ofcourse, such logic is moronic and you can easily spin it around on them, and say that Brace and Sforza are white, and are also biased and untrustworthy. Anyway, still I'd like to know where I can find information on Kittles and Hassan thanks [This message has been edited by Carfax (edited 09 September 2004).] IP: Logged |
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ausar Moderator Posts: 2327 |
The responce to people who doubt Keita's expertise should be reffered to Keita's ''white'' professor J.L. Angel who is a bio-anthropologist who has examined the crania remains from Upper Egypt. Keita and Angel share about the same views.
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rasol Member Posts: 594 |
quote: Or simply point out that anyone engaging in an 'appeal to prejudice' logical fallacy (of the lowest order I might add) destroys their own individual credibility and no one elses. Weak stuff, from whomever you're debating. IP: Logged |
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Carfax Member Posts: 458 |
quote: Ausar, what I really meant is "online" access, so I can link it to his articles.. IP: Logged |
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supercar Member Posts: 719 |
quote: Before you can criticize someone, you have to disprove them. I have yet to see that become the case with Keita. Nor can one criticize this bio-anthropologist for being biased based on his own race, because nowhere in his works does he approach race as members of average folks have a tendency of doing, such as; the act of connecting folks based on certain phenotypical similarities while ignoring genetic linkage or history, not to mention the existence and origins of similar phenotypes in various regions or continents, development of which are independent of another. He has made biological connections among what he simply called Africans, successfully making his case about the originality of various human groups to the African continent by resorting to gene-flow study, as well as study of cellular and skeletal adaptations that are unique to the continent. Needless to say, that he has also made references to uniques physical adaptations of humans from other continents, the origins of which aren't associated with Africa. Many of Keita's predecessors, including Brace, have fallen into the trap of the restricted approach of using similar phenotypes (like most average folks), as vindication of biological connections! Like I said earlier, people who approach Egyptology from a religious angle and not reality, are likely to jump to the conclusion you spoke of! IP: Logged |
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rasol Member Posts: 594 |
quote: A little legwork won't hurt you. Read the articles. Quote them where appropriate. IP: Logged |
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neo*geo Member Posts: 534 |
quote: Do you want some cheese with all that whine? Here are three things to keep in mind: 1. Race and ethnicity is NOT the only hotly debated issue in Egyptology. 2. ALL history is political. Egyptology is no exception. 3. Nothing in Egyptology is written in stone. Our understanding of ancient Egypt is always evolving but like any other science, theories must be tested, and peer reviewed before they can be treated as fact. I know Egyptology isn't perfect but it's much more liberal and open to revised historical understanding than most other disciplines of history. IP: Logged |
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supercar Member Posts: 719 |
quote: Remember...we are dealing with Egyptology on this board, and not other history. Here is a hint Now putting your cynical jokes aside, here is the deal: Just because most history are political, doesn't mean it is justified! But that being the reality, it is the duty of Africans to continue their fight against the politics that cloud their history and are aimed at undermining Africans, even if it means they have to tolerate pseudo-labels of academia like "Afrocentric"! [This message has been edited by supercar (edited 10 September 2004).] IP: Logged |
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neo*geo Member Posts: 534 |
quote: Is Egyptology not a discipline of history? It is completely relevant to the discussion to point out similarities with other historical disciplines...
quote: Life's not fair. Just because we'd like to live in a world of peace and justice doesn't mean that it can be achieved. History is directly tied to politics in many cases. It may not be right but it's difficult to seperate one from the other. Does that mean we should accept it when obvious political bias is present? No. We can't change human nature but we can read opinions from a variety of sources and come to our own conclusions.
quote: Even your comment above is based on politics. Why must "Africans" be responsible for seeking academic objectivity? Why not the entire world academic community? Singling out Africans exposes the fact that you have your own politically motivated agenda. And you wonder why you are called an afrocentric? IP: Logged |
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supercar Member Posts: 719 |
quote: Just to show you how ridiculous this comment is, I will give you the answer it deserves: Egyptology isn’t history! Does that now make you feel brighter?
quote: …therefore we should just sit back and relax somewhere in the sunshine, knowing in the back of our minds, that life simply isn’t fair and we can’t do enough to bring about any justice or make a difference! Your philosophy is fantastic!
quote: …which is something that you just discovered, and therefore feel this unrestrained need for pointing it out to others!
quote: First logical thing you’ve said so far, in this thread!
quote: Maybe your idea of history is simply casual opinions, whether or not they have basis. But for many others, who continue to make it their duty to put history into its true context, the only opinion that counts is FACT. quote: You are right, my politics is to remove the myths aimed at undermining African accomplishments. As for the following question, how about because I am concerned with Egyptology here at this moment , and I am not concerned about the “entire world” academic community, which is irrelevant to the topic of this thread?
quote: How about because we are dealing with African history, and not European or Asian history? Egyptology is treated like religion to some folks, like you, while Egyptology is meant to deal with historical facts for others, like me. That is the difference. So again, in the same sense as other religious folks see people outside their faith as “sinners”, you naturally also have an urge to see anyone who wants to put AE in its proper African context, as Afrocentric! [This message has been edited by supercar (edited 10 September 2004).] IP: Logged |
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neo*geo Member Posts: 534 |
quote: The fact is that with enough evidence, ANY historical fact can be disputed. For example, most Egyptologists have accepted Mantheo's timeline and King's list, however, it has been challenged over the years in light of lost Pharoahs being discovered and other archaeological findings. I'm certain that one day we'll be dealing with a more revised and more accurate timeline for dynastic Egypt. Should people accept the things that are FACTS without challenging them if they think otherwise? Egyptology is a living and evolving thing. Alternative theories are healthy and DO serve to keep academics more objective.
quote: The problem I have with your above statement is the abscense of the word "Egyptian." Who has ownership and an obligation to advance Egptology? The Egyptian people. Outside the US, people do not see socio-political issues through race or geography. I've repeated time and time again that people outside the US are more nationalistic than Americans. "European" and "African" are geographic terms. A Frenchman is first and foremost French. An Ethiopian is first and foremost Ethiopian. You'll rarely find people from Europe who identify themselves by anything other than their national origin. The same goes for African people although I'll admit that it varies from one region to another depending on the ethnic group they belong to or other circumstances. Egyptians see themselves and their history as Egyptian. They are the rightful owners of their history, not Africans, Europeans, or Americans. This is why I respect Hawass and am pleased that he, an Egyptian, is in charge of the antiquities in Egypt. We all have the right to study ancient Egypt and identify or admire the people but lets put politics aside and respect the Egyptian people.
quote: You are not a sinner, just a little misguided... I have a very open-mind so I don't see how you could categorize me with the group of people who take Hawass or any other mainstream Egyptologist's word as holier than thou. As I said above, I believe alternative theories are healthy to Egyptology, however, every theory must pass several tests before it can be considered a fact... IP: Logged |
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supercar Member Posts: 719 |
quote: These silly statements reflect only one thing: your lack of understanding of what is being said! Even the title of the thread "Egyptology is no Religion" exposes this fact.You act as though what you are trying to say here, hasn’t already been mentioned. Let me refresh your memory : Quote from introductory notes: This Manthoe’s timeline you mentioned, what went into it to determine the timeline…?
quote: Why? Because then it doesn’t have to visually remind you that it is African. Egyptians are Africans. Egyptian civilization didn’t spontaneously come up in Egypt. It grew from the African interior.
quote: Egyptians aren’t Africans? This is precisely the kind of hogwash I was talking about, that are casually advanced as "opinion". Of course, you respect Hawass, because his thinking is just as warped as yours.
quote: Irrelevancy seems to be your trademark: I don’t recall anyone saying that somebody doesn’t have the right to study or admire AE. But calling Egyptians what they rightfully are, Africans, is meant to be disrespectful?
quote: Who is misguided: one who separates the word Africa from Egypt (neo*geo) or one who acknowledges Egyptians are Africans (supercar) and that it isn‘t anything that should be considered an insult? [This message has been edited by supercar (edited 11 September 2004).] IP: Logged |
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neo*geo Member Posts: 534 |
quote: It's not an insult but it's insensitive to nationalistic differences. What more is the word "African" than a geographic term? What bond should someone from Egypt have with someone from Cameroon other than geography? I'm not saying that Egyptians are not Africans, I'm just pointing out the flaws in using the title "African" interchangably with "European" or "American." Each title has a unique definition.
quote: I wasn't insulting you by calling you misguided. It should have been taken as a joke. Of course, anyone who doesn't see things your way must be metally retarded, uninformed, or racist. It's a technique of fascists to assassinate the character of one's opponent. Is your last name Hitler? No need for name calling. I don't know you personally and I could give a sh1t about someone's agenda. I am seeking objectivity and fairness here. Just defend your arguments. IP: Logged |
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Keino Member Posts: 286 |
quote: Neo*geo honestly this statement makes no sense. I think you are just arguing for the sake of argument. Maybe you have an interest in playing devil's advocate or something, but it amazes me when the point is very clear and you try to muddy it up by being tangential at best circumstantial. Of course Egyptians are Egyptians first but a close second they are african not only by geography, but culturaly and biologically as well. Trying diffusing Italy or Greece from Europe even though "Europe" is not even a disticnt continent. IP: Logged |
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ausar Moderator Posts: 2327 |
Although I agree that Egyptians living in Egypt today should keepers of their own history,but what I agree that even these people should have checks and balances with their own observations.History can be used and abused by various groups including the ancestors of the historymakers. Which is why I propose that Hawass have a healthy balance on his observations. In the past Hawass has made opinions that have targeted certain groups including comments that might be called anti-Semetic.
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Thought2 Member Posts: 341 |
quote: Thought Writes: Exactly! IP: Logged |
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supercar Member Posts: 719 |
quote: A bunch of hogwash: using “African” as a mere geographic term, as means to come to a compromise . What more is the word the “West” or “European“ than a geographic term? What bond should anyone in Germany or Sweden have with Greece? You keep forgetting or should I say “disregarding” that the original Egyptians came from the African interior, and took many of those cultures of the African interior to the North, where they were to develop them into a more complex culture. You keep disregarding the important relationship Egypt had with the Nubians and Punt, whose trade with the Upper Egyptians also gave those Egyptians the technological initiative over their Northernmost counterparts. Needless to say, that you also fail to see the importance of that development in creating the Nation. You keep disregarding that Africans were not always in their current geopolitical locations; there was what was once called the Proto-Sahara. Most of all, you keep disregarding that “biological” traits unique to the continent, are also present in Egyptians!
quote: I think anyone who fails to see what is right in front of them, has more problems than they think, if they are well-educated. You can make a case about someone who is illiterate, and doesn’t know anything about geography, much less geopolitics that have come to mold the world we now live in. Such a person might say ridiculous things like, Egypt isn’t in Africa, or Egyptians aren’t Africans or ask what biological ties does Egyptians have with Africans. But more is to be expected from a “well-informed” person. A well informed person will not even bother asking whether Egyptians are Africans, much less weather they are biologically and culturally African. In the event that such a person questions such visual facts, then clearly something isn’t right about that person. Religious people have devised the technique of assassinating the character of people outside their faith, well before the fascists followed suite. Should I say you are one of them religious folks or that you have that trait of religious folks? [This message has been edited by supercar (edited 11 September 2004).] IP: Logged |
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neo*geo Member Posts: 534 |
quote:
quote: Geographically, Egypt is exclusively African of course. It's understandable that people would debate the cultural and biological aspect because there is no clear definition of African culture and both modern and ancient Egypt had a lot of ethnic-diversity. IP: Logged |
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supercar Member Posts: 719 |
quote: Well, the mere fact that Egypt is exclusively African in geographic terms, should put the case to rest. This reality should make one understand that naturally there would also be biological and cultural ties to the continent. It is funny how Africa is often looked at in a special case; we now have to point out that there ought to be a clear definition of African culture, and that there ought to be homogenous societies. I have yet to see any continent that is looked at in the same manner, particularly by folks in the "West"! IP: Logged |
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rasol Member Posts: 594 |
quote: Good point. IP: Logged |
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neo*geo Member Posts: 534 |
quote: "Compromise"? You need to chill brotha. We are not at war, we're seeking objectivity, remember? Africa is nothing more or less than a geographic term.
quote: None on the surface. I have already stated that Europeans tend to be highly nationalistic. They fought and enslaved each other for centuries and there is still some bad blood from WWII.
quote: This is the most relevant comment you've made so far. No need to explain why I disregarded the rest. Ok. The modern day term and borders for Africa did not exist in ancient times so its obvious that no one saw themselves as "African" in those times. Of course Egypt has always had a close relationship with other Nile Valley peoples. I never disputed that. But you have yet to define how "African" means anything more than a broad geographic origin. IP: Logged |
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neo*geo Member Posts: 534 |
quote: My original point was that Egypt belongs to Egyptians, not that they have no ties to the interior of Africa. IP: Logged |
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supercar Member Posts: 719 |
quote: So you only have to physically be at war, in order to reach a “compromise”? So "Africa" has no people, who don't have an identity?
quote: Doesn’t prevent them from taking credit for development in the other’s nation. There are Americans who take credit for individuals who invented stuff in Europe. In the same token, you have folks in Europe who take credit for things invented in America. You also have various European descendants take credit for Greece developments. And so your point is?
quote: You claim that you are seeking objectivity, but it looks like you haven’t been doing well in that department, if you have failed to see the points that have been made so far. They might not know the term “Africa”, but they were aware of the landmass. Most importantly, we at the present know where they were. Same can be argued for the earliest European civilizations. What did I say in my earlier comment? Here it is AGAIN, and it should answer your statement: “Well, the mere fact that Egypt is exclusively African in geographic terms, should put the case to rest. This reality should make one understand that naturally there would also be biological and cultural ties to the continent.” [This message has been edited by supercar (edited 11 September 2004).] IP: Logged |
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supercar Member Posts: 719 |
quote: And so what's the problem? Egypt belongs to Egyptians, who are not only Africans themselves, but also share cultures with other Africans! The point you seemed to have missed, is that Egyptology isn't religion, where hogwash, examples of which you have presented here, is acceptable. Everything has to be scrutinized as much as possible, both visually and scientifically! [This message has been edited by supercar (edited 11 September 2004).] IP: Logged |
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neo*geo Member Posts: 534 |
quote: So what? There are people who say the ancient Hebrews were black. There are people who think the ancient Egyptians had flying vehicles. Should we make generalizations about people based on every single wild theory out there? I have never met an Irish person who has claimed his ancestors built ancient Greece or Rome and even if I did come across such an individual, I wouldn't take him seriously. Your problem is that you are too concerned about irrelevant opinions. As Ausar pointed out, we only need be concerned with the objectivity of what is printed in academic textbooks and journals. IP: Logged |
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supercar Member Posts: 719 |
quote: What do you mean by so what? That answer was to show the hogwash nature of your question, it wasn't meant to have objectivity! In case, you missed it the first time, I'll repeat my comment: "The point you seemed to have missed, is that Egyptology isn't religion, where hogwash, examples of which you have presented here, is acceptable. Everything has to be scrutinized as much as possible, both visually and scientifically! [This message has been edited by supercar (edited 11 September 2004).] IP: Logged |
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neo*geo Member Posts: 534 |
quote: Weak argument since they had explored and interacted with people as far east as India. People in ancient times defined nations not continents... IP: Logged |
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neo*geo Member Posts: 534 |
quote: More evidence that you lack reading comprehension and written communication skills... IP: Logged |
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supercar Member Posts: 719 |
quote: As I said, irrelevancy is your trademark. What has this do with Egyptians being African?
quote: What has exploration overseas have to do with their knowledge of the landmass around them. Never mind what terminology they might have used, could you prove that they were unaware of that landmass around them?
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supercar Member Posts: 719 |
quote: That question was followed by answer, and now you are accusing me of lacking reading comprehension and written communication skills? My bad; I should write more often in hogwash to get through to you! [This message has been edited by supercar (edited 11 September 2004).] IP: Logged |
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neo*geo Member Posts: 534 |
quote: As I said, irrelevancy is your trademark. What has this do with Egyptians being African?[/QUOTE] LMAO! You're killing me. You're the one who brought up Europeans and Americans taking credit for ancient Greece and Rome! I'm trying my best not to respond to your irrelevant remarks but it's hard. Forgive me for following you off topic... lol
quote: What has exploration overseas have to do with their knowledge of the landmass around them. Never mind what terminology they might have used, could you prove that they were unaware of that landmass around them?[/QUOTE] No, nor am I out to prove that they weren't aware of the interior of Africa. You totally fail to comprehend my posts. My point is that they were aware of a lot of areas and people around them and not just their neighbors to the south.
quote: All I ask is for you to define what is "African" besides a title for people from a broad geogrpahic region? IP: Logged |
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supercar Member Posts: 719 |
quote: You are doing a damn of job of that yourself. I am merely trying to rescue you from disorganized thinking!
quote: …notwithstanding that, that answer was to your irrelevant question. What has Egyptians being nationalistic have to do with their being African, or their cultural ties to the continent? You claim to be following my lead, while the visual fact of the entire thread proves otherwise…and you then accuse me of being misguided?
quote: That Egyptians were aware of the people around them, who here doesn’t know that? What is the significance of that trifling point? Your meaningless point has been that the Egyptians were “nationalistic” , but what has to do with the fact that they are African?
quote: How about African, meaning the people belonging to that continent, who have ties with one another, biologically, politically, historically, and culturally! [This message has been edited by supercar (edited 11 September 2004).] IP: Logged |
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neo*geo Member Posts: 534 |
quote: That being said, the strongest bond is geography since biological, historical, and cultural ties know no boundaries. Egypt itself is very diverse but mainly African and Asian geographically(Sinai is in Asia), culturally, and historically... [This message has been edited by neo*geo (edited 11 September 2004).] IP: Logged |
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supercar Member Posts: 719 |
quote: The geographic term is strongest bond no doubt, but so is the fact that the culture originated there, by Black Africans, and no amount of foreign influx or foreign cultural influence, is going to change this. This has been the whole issue with tying "Africa" or precisely "Black Africans" to Egypt, which you have clearly demonstrated in this thread! By the way Egypt is "exclusively" in Africa, by pointing to Sinai, doesn't advance your stance. To top that, this isn't the region from which the civilization originated!
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Keino Member Posts: 286 |
quote: The points we are arguing here is irrelevant. The AE themsleves were very aware that they had thier own identity as Egyptians. They were also aware of their neighbours to the north and south. They also told us that they came from south and related culturally and biologically and obviously geographically with interior Africans. These points are ratified my an abundance of evidence whom some Egyptologist and lay people would do interllectual acrobatics to avoid and down play this reality. Bottom line is that AE are culturally, biologically and geographically African in the same sense that Greece is culturally, biologically and geographically european. Both anceint culture Greece and Anceint egypt had some sense that they were part and parcel to a geographic area just as were are today even thought the geography may be a little different, this relative comparison still hold true. Because of the location of Egypt and the fact that they considered the south their origins gives them credence that they had a good understanding that they were first egyptians and secondly they belonged to a larger geographical area. [This message has been edited by Keino (edited 12 September 2004).] IP: Logged |
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rasol Member Posts: 594 |
quote: Those who disagree with Kemet's roots in Ta Seti have never been known to directly refute this point. It's fun to imagine what they might say. * The Medew Netcher has been misunderstood. The Egyptians do not actually say they come from the south. * The Egyptians are confused, and have forgotten their true, Eurasian roots. * Maybe some come from Ta Seti and some come from Eurasia, but the Eurasian Kemetians forgot to make their identity/ancestry a matter of public record, so we are free to speculate. Mostly, the actual tactic seems to be to surpress the knowledge that the Kemetu ever left us any historical record of their origins, at all. [This message has been edited by rasol (edited 12 September 2004).] IP: Logged |
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neo*geo Member Posts: 534 |
quote: This is what I disagree with. That they related to lower Nubians and some remote African interior people culturally is a given but as much as I know about ancient Egypt, I've never heard of the Kemetians "telling us" that they have a strong cultural or biological bond with many peoples outside of Nubia and the Sinai peninsula. From our wealth of knowledge available to us today we can conclude one way or the other whether the Egyptians had a bond with interior Africans secondary to their own nationalism but lets not put words into their mouths.
quote: The flaw in this thinking is that it leaves open for debate the question of geography and culture. You're arguing that due to geography Egypt is African but the argument that Egypt is geographically Mediterranean still holds true as well. Due to it's proximity to other continents, Egypt can be geographically and culturally several things. No one would question just how African the ancient Egyptians were if Egypt was located in central Africa.
quote: Both civilizations were highly nationalistic and Greeks viewed the uncivilized people from the interior of Europe as barbaric just as Egyptians viewed uncivilized African and Asiatic people as barbaric. Of course they were aware of the different people around them but they obviously viewed their nation as superior to all others. [This message has been edited by neo*geo (edited 12 September 2004).] IP: Logged |
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sunstorm2004 Member Posts: 126 |
No one would question just how African the ancient Egyptians were if Egypt was located in central Africa. I think they would. IP: Logged |
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rasol Member Posts: 594 |
quote: Like whom? The Nile Valley was the earliest center of African agriculture and therefore of African population. African populations expanded to a significant degree outward from the Nile Valley. Most West African Nations/ethnic groups did not exist in remote antiquity. This contrasts with Africa today where West Africa is the most heavily populated region. Africa 2000 bc is not Africa 2000 ad. It makes little sense to ask for proof of Kemetian ties to say, the Hausa city states with emerge in the early centuries of the 1st millenium, and which is...as with so many African states (and not always coincidentally) after the fall of Kemet to the Eurasians [This message has been edited by rasol (edited 12 September 2004).] IP: Logged |
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