posted 05 April 2005 03:05 PM            

An excellent report with maps showing distributions in the
northern 3rd of Africa, the Arabian peninsula, and Europe
for those still unfamiliar with the topic.

Will post the report that gives appx dates of mutation when and if
I dig up the reference.

Ornella Semino et al

Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74:1023–1034, 2004

Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E
and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory
Events in the Mediterranean Area

posted 05 April 2005 03:30 PM            

http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v75n2/41184/41184.text.html

Barbara Arredi et al
Am. J. Hum. Genet., 75:338-345, 2004
A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa

posted 05 April 2005 04:55 PM            

Within these two Ethiopian groups there is clearly an inverse relationship between East African E and West Asian J.

Some prior genetic studies on "Ethiopia" [ie- Passarino] focused primarily on the Amhara in spite of the fact that the Oromo are the largest Ethnic group have have the highest amount of native East African E3b with relatively lesser amounts of West Asian admxiture.

Sneaky, but not sneaky enough. Good post.

posted 05 April 2005 04:59 PM            

quote:

---

Originally posted by rasol:
Of interest, among other things is the different frequency of West Asian J in the Oromo [3.8% and the Amhara [35.4%], vs. E3-Pn2, a staggering [80%] in the Oromo vs. [46%] in the Amhara.

Within these two Ethiopian groups there is clearly an inverse relationship between East African E and West Asian J.

Some prior genetic studies on "Ethiopia" [ie- Passarino] focused primarily on the Amhara in spite of the fact that the Oromo are the largest Ethnic group have have the highest amount of native East African E3b with relatively lesser amounts of West Asian admxiture.

Sneaky, but not sneaky enough. Good post.

[This message has been edited by rasol (edited 05 April 2005).]

---

Good point on selected population. There are many tribes or ethnies in
Ethiopia most of whom have not contributed to the human genome project.

posted 05 April 2005 05:09 PM            

quote:

---

Originally posted by alTakruri~:
Good point on selected population. There are many tribes or ethnies in
Ethiopia most of whom have not contributed to the human genome project.

---

An earlier post from Thought:

quote:

---

The point is that there are Africans from the M2 branch of the PN2 Transition who do not fit the stereotypical "True Negro" morphology. There are other African's who do fit the stereotypical "True Negro" morphology and have little or no M2 lineages but carry the E3b lineages at a frequency of about 23%. Underill et al. studied the Surma and Berta people from the Sudan in a 2000 study
http://www.remibenali.com/culture_and_tribes_surma/surma_2.html
http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/NG_2000_v26_p358.pdf
http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2004_v74_p1023-1034.pdf

---

posted 05 April 2005 10:17 PM            

quote:

---

Originally posted by rasol:
Of interest, among other things is the different frequency of West Asian J in the Oromo [3.8% and the Amhara [35.4%], vs. E3b, [80%] in the Oromo vs. [46%] in the Amhara.

Within these two Ethiopian groups there is clearly an inverse relationship between East African E and West Asian J.

Some prior genetic studies on "Ethiopia" [ie- Passarino] focused primarily on the Amhara in spite of the fact that the Oromo are the largest Ethnic group have have the highest amount of native East African E3b with relatively lesser amounts of West Asian admxiture.

Sneaky, but not sneaky enough. Good post.

---

Other than a loner like Evil, don't know of any other person who talks of a Eurasian origin for E3b. Deepest clades of human Y-Chromosomes are found in both Horn of Africa populations, in particular Ethiopians, and the Khoisans:

Semino et al; Ethiopians and Khoisan Share the Deepest Clades of the Human Y-Chromosome Phylogeny :

"The genetic structure of 126 Ethiopian and 139 Senegalese Y chromosomes was investigated by a hierarchical analysis of 30 diagnostic biallelic markers selected from the worldwide Y-chromosome genealogy. The present study reveals that (1) only the Ethiopians share with the Khoisan the deepest human Y-chromosome clades (the African-specific Groups I and II) but with a repertoire of very different haplotypes; (2) ***most of the Ethiopians and virtually all the Senegalese belong to Group III***, whose precursor is believed to be involved in the first migration out of Africa; and (3) the Ethiopian Y chromosomes that fall into Groups VI, VIII, and IX may be explained by back migrations from Asia. The first observation confirms the ancestral affinity between the Ethiopians and the Khoisan, which has previously been suggested by both archaeological and genetic findings."

Now, of course E3b belongs to Group III:

Go to the high resolution image.

Fulvio Cruciani et al.; Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa; 2004

E3b originated in sub-Saharan Africa and expanded into the Near East and northern Africa at the end of the Pleistocene (Underhill et al. 2001). E3b lineages would have then been introduced from the Near East into southern Europe by immigrant farmers, during the Neolithic expansion (Hammer et al. 1998; Semino et al. 2000; Underhill et al. 2001).

Several observations point to eastern Africa as the homeland for haplogroup E3b, that is, it had :

• the highest number of different E3b clades,

• a high frequency of this haplogroup and a high microsatellite diversity, and, finally,

• the exclusive presence of the undifferentiated E3b* paragroup.

  Moreover:

  Haplogroup E-V6 was observed only in eastern Africa (8.9% in Ethiopia, with a single occurrence in both Somalia and Kenya), further testifying to the richness of E3b lineages in this region.
  

posted 06 April 2005 02:49 AM            

This was interesting….

Thought Posts:

http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~gallgaedhil/haplo_e3a.htm

Haplogroup E3a
Haplogroup E3a may have originated in North Africa, and spread south into Sub-Saharan Africa. In North Africa, it is common among Berbers, Tunisians and Moroccan Arabs. This paper entitled "Origin, Diffusion and Differentiation of Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in The Mediterranean Area", discusses the origin and spread of the subclade (described here as E-M2).
Haplogroup E3a entered Britain with the African slave trade in the late sixteenth century. Prior to that period, this haplogroup may have entered Britain with Roman troops and settlers from North Africa. Even Sub-Saharan Africans would have been integrated readily into any Roman society. Archaeologists believe that a unit of 500 Moors was stationed at Aballava, a fort on the western end of Hadrian's Wall, near Burgh-by-Sands in modern day Cumbria. They have also found inscriptions that may refer to African troops, and skeletons recently unearthed at a Roman archaeological site in York exhibit African characteristics. Scientists now suggest that a genetic study should be undertaken to identify the descendants of these African troops among the people of The Borders.

E3a Haplotype #2
The haplotype below is the closest match for a haplotype shared by two "Border Reiver" entries. It does not appear in any strictly African population, but may date from the time when the Jews were slaves in Egypt.
Such a haplotype could have entered Britain with Roman colonists or troops, or with French or Flemish Sephardim in the wake of the Norman conquest.

posted 06 April 2005 06:22 AM            

I suspect the desire to make E3A "NorthWest African" will increase as this lineage is discovered more and more often in Europe.

posted 06 April 2005 12:15 PM            

quote:

---

Originally posted by rasol:
Thought: What information do we have about the location and date of the PN2 transition? [ie - prior to the divergance of E3A and E3b]

I suspect the desire to make E3A "NorthWest African" will increase as this lineage is discovered more and more often in Europe.

[This message has been edited by rasol (edited 06 April 2005).]

---

Thought Writes:

Thought Writes:

There really aren't many studies differentiating E3a the way they have done with E3b. I imagine this has something to do with the fact that E3b is so prevalent in Europe. In the study by Semino et al, Figure 1 they indicate a TMRCA of 18.8 ky for E3a (from ancestral E3). Senegalese have the highest frequency of E3a. Interestingly enough they are one of the few populations listed with a substantial frequency of M35 as well. More research on E3a is definitely needed. I agree, as more of these lineages pop-up in Europeans they will take a interest in it and attempt to create an ‘explanation’.

http://www.ftdna.com/pdf/AJHG_2004_v74_p1023-1034.pdf

posted 06 April 2005 12:24 PM            

Two new studies:

BMC Evolutionary Biology 2005, 5:26 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-5-26

Phylogeny and antiquity of M macrohaplogroup inferred from complete mt DNA sequence of Indian specific lineages

Revathi Rajkumar et al.

Abstract (provisional)

Background

Analysis of human complete mitochondrial DNA sequences has largely contributed to resolve phylogenies and antiquity of different lineages belonging to the majorhaplogroups L, N and M (East-Asian lineages). In the absence of whole mtDNA sequence information of M lineages reported in India that exhibits highest diversity within the sub-continent, the present study was undertaken to provide a detailed analysis of this macrohaplogroup to precisely characterize and unravel the intricate phylogeny of the lineages and to establish the antiquity of M lineages in India.

Results

The phylogenetic tree constructed from sequencing information of twenty-four whole mtDNA genome revealed novel substitutions in the previously defined M2a and M6 lineages. The most striking feature of this phylogenetic tree is the recognition of two new lineages, M30 and M31, distinguished by transitions at 12007 and 5319, respectively. M30 comprises of M18 and identifies a potential new sub-lineage possessing substitution at 16223 and 16300. It further branches into M30a sub-lineage, defined by 15431 and 195A substitution. The age of M30 lineage was estimated at 33,042 YBP, indicating a more recent expansion time than M2 (49,686 YBP). The M31 branch encompasses the M6 lineage along with the previously defined M3 and M4 lineages. Contradictory to earlier reports, the M5 lineage does not always include a 12477 substitution, and is more appropriately defined by a transversion at 10986A. The phylogenetic tree also identifies a potential new lineage in the M* branch with HVSI sequence as 16223,16325. Substitutions in M25 were in concordance with previous reports.

Conclusions

This study describes five new basal mutations and recognizes two new lineages, M30 and M31 that substantially contribute to the present understanding of macrohaplogroup M. These two newly erected lineages include the previously independent lineages M18 and M6 as sub-lineages within them, respectively, suggesting that most mt DNA genomes might arise as limited offshoots of M trunk. Furthermore, this study supports the non existence of lineages such as M3 and M4 that are solely defined on the basis of fast mutating control region motifs and hence, establishes the importance of coding region markers for an accurate understanding of the phylogeny. The deep roots of M phylogeny clearly establish the antiquity of Indian lineages, especially M2, as compared to Ethiopian M1 lineage and hence, support an Asian origin of M macrohaplogroup.

Human Genetics (Online Early)

Genetic evidence in support of a shared Eurasian-North African dairying origin

Sean Myles

posted 06 April 2005 12:36 PM            

quote:

---

Originally posted by Thought2:

BMC Evolutionary Biology 2005, 5:26 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-5-26

Conclusions

This study describes five new basal mutations and recognizes two new lineages, M30 and M31 that substantially contribute to the present understanding of macrohaplogroup M. These two newly erected lineages include the previously independent lineages M18 and M6 as sub-lineages within them, respectively, suggesting that most mt DNA genomes might arise as limited offshoots of M trunk. Furthermore, this study supports the non existence of lineages such as M3 and M4 that are solely defined on the basis of fast mutating control region motifs and hence, establishes the importance of coding region markers for an accurate understanding of the phylogeny. The deep roots of M phylogeny clearly establish the antiquity of Indian lineages, especially M2, as compared to Ethiopian M1 lineage and hence, support an Asian origin of M macrohaplogroup.

---

Thought Writes:

Before Evil E and his mentor Diekenes get excited I should mention that a Upper Paleolithic origin of M has no bearing on Caucasoids at all. In fact Andaman Islanders may represent the pristine type that carried the M lineage in Asia. Europeans were still somewhat tropically adapted as late as the Mesolithic period.

posted 06 April 2005 12:46 PM            

quote:

---

Originally posted by Thought2:

Human Genetics (Online Early)

Genetic evidence in support of a shared Eurasian-North African dairying origin

Sean Myles

Our analyses suggest that contemporary Berber populations possess the genetic signature of a past migration of pastoralists from the Middle East and that they share a dairying origin with Europeans and Asians, but not with sub-Saharan Africans.

---

Thought Writes:

They sampled three (3) Berber groups. Red Flag right there. In addition, none of us contest the fact that **MODERN** Berbers and Iberians share in a common gene pool based upon mtDNA. Immigration from Eurasia since the Cartheginian period is the most parsimonious explaination for this shared gene pool.

posted 06 April 2005 02:16 PM            

quote:

---

Originally posted by Thought2:
Thought Writes:

Before Evil E and his mentor Diekenes get excited I should mention that a Upper Paleolithic origin of M has no bearing on Caucasoids at all. In fact Andaman Islanders may represent the pristine type that carried the M lineage in Asia.

---

The Genetic Origins of the Andaman Islanders

posted 06 April 2005 05:44 PM            

quote:

---

Originally posted by Thought2:
Thought Writes:

Before Evil E and his mentor Diekenes get excited I should mention that a Upper Paleolithic origin of M has no bearing on Caucasoids at all. In fact Andaman Islanders may represent the pristine type that carried the M lineage in Asia. Europeans were still somewhat tropically adapted as late as the Mesolithic period.

---

Thought Writes:

posted 07 April 2005 06:49 PM            

quote:

---

Just to avoid misunderstandings kindly break down the "Arab admixtures" in Ethiopia

---

posted 09 April 2005 12:47 AM            

Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans

Mait Metspalu et al.

“The overwhelming majority of the Iranian mtDNAs have been shown to lie in the West Eurasian domain of the global human mtDNA pool [27,28]. Here we focus on the analysis of mtDNA lineages that are shared between Indians and Iranians and bear signals of pre-Holocene expansion in the region.”

“We found haplogroup M ubiquitous at almost 58% among the caste, and 72% among the tribal populations.”

“Over 90% of the mtDNAs found in Iran belong to haplogroups HV, TJ, U, N1, N2 and X, commonly found in West Eurasia.”

“Compared to India, haplogroup M frequency in Iran is marginally low (5.3%) and there are no distinguished Iranian-specific sub-clades of haplogroup M. All Iranian haplogroup M lineages can be seen as derived from other regional variants of the haplogroup: eleven show affiliation to haplogroup M lineages found in India, twelve in East and Central Asia (D, G, and M8) and one in northeast Africa (M1).”

“We found that haplogroup M frequency drops abruptly from about 60% in India to about 5% in Iran, marking the western border of the haplogroup M distribution. A similarly sharp border cuts the distribution of Indian-specific mtDNA haplogroups to the east and to the north of the subcontinent. We therefore propose that the initial mtDNA pool established upon the peopling of South Asia has not been replaced but has rather been reshaped in situ by major demographic episodes in the past and garnished by relatively minor events of gene flow both from the West and the East during more recent chapters of the demographic history in the region.”

posted 09 April 2005 05:17 PM            

quote:

---

Originally posted by rasol:
We found that haplogroup M frequency drops abruptly from about 60% in India to about 5% in Iran, marking the western border of the haplogroup M distribution. A similarly sharp border cuts the distribution of Indian-specific mtDNA haplogroups to the east and to the north of the subcontinent

You are suggesting that this makes it odd, that said haplogroup would again become preponderant in Ethiopia?

---