posted
People in East Africa have far more Eurasian ancestry than previously thought, owing up to a quarter of their DNA to ancient Asians and Europeans who migrated into the region, according to a study that could reshape the way we interpret human history.
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Mota was assigned to Mtdna haplogroup L3x2a, and Y-haplogroup E1b1.
I lack the imagination to see how that proves or even implies anything relating to a back migration of original Blacks from Europe and Asia.
However:
What it DOES do is create a little historical conundrum for Albinos:
If the original Europeans: Greeks, Romans, etc. and the original Mesopotamia's and Persians weren't Black, then how could these non-Black, Blacks, "BACK" migrate to Africa?
Oh wait, I know - they "TURNED BLACK" after they reached Africa.
Ha,ha,ha,ha: Damn - Albino lies can really get stupid.
quote:Originally posted by Mike111: Mota was assigned to Mtdna haplogroup L3x2a, and Y-haplogroup E1b1.
I lack the imagination to see how that proves or even implies anything relating to a back migration of original Blacks from Europe and Asia.
I have already looked at other articles pertaining to this and commented. The thing they are saying about about this 4,500 Ethiopian Mota skeletal remains is that it does NOT have the full DNA profile of modern Africans. So they are looking at this specimen as an an example of af an African NOT mixed at all with foreign ancestry. So now when they look at modern Ethiopians they exclude the same DNA the Mota one has and the remaining DNA is foreign, from back migration and they can pinpoint that. This relates to Africans all over the continent. The Africans in coastal countries who live near trading routes have more of this foreign admixture. So if you look at modern Ethiopians exclude L3x2a, and Y-haplogroup E1b1 and the remaining haplogroups may be the foreign ones.
quote:Originally posted by Mike111:
However:
What it DOES do is create a little historical conundrum for Albinos:
If the original Europeans: Greeks, Romans, etc. and the original Mesopotamia's and Persians weren't Black, then how could these non-Black, Blacks, "BACK" migrate to Africa?
They are not saying blacks who lived outside of Africa then returned in a back migration. They are saying people, according to OOA theory, whites, Asians, Turks, all people have African ancestors and this back migration is of people who had left Africa at any point going back to the first migrations out of Africa, people who evolved into non-Africans and then came back into Africa short of 4,500 years ago and mixed with East and other Africans. It is probably mainly middle eastern and Indian DNA
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^ All you are doing is showing haplogroups, some of which are indigenous and some foreign Some of the divergence spoken of in the book are of a variety "alleles", alternative forms of the same gene In Eurasia you don't find the same degree of variety of the same gene
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Well some Europeans have up to 25% African DNA, depending on the marker measured, and the study considered. Those who talk about "mixed race" in Africa often only want to talk about "mixes" ONE-way.
Posts: 5905 | From: The Hammer | Registered: Aug 2008
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: ^ All you are doing is showing haplogroups, some of which are indigenous and some foreign Some of the divergence spoken of in the book are of a variety "alleles", alternative forms of the same gene In Eurasia you don't find the same degree of variety of the same gene
Ironically,
Brenna Henn, in this 2014 interview on population genetics and population structure, considering African populations.
“African populations have the most genetic diversity in the world,” Henn said.“If you compared people from the Kalahari Desert to people from Mali, they’d be as different from each other [genetically] as Italians and Chinese people.”
Why are other populations of humans so much less genetically varied than Africans? The answer, Henn explains, lies in our ancestors’ history; the groups of people that migrated out of Africa and spread throughout other continents were smaller subsets of that original, genetically diverse population.
"AND WITHIN EACH OF THESE GROUPS THERE IS AN AMAZING AMOUNT OF DIVERSITY,[...] THE DIVERSITY IS INDIGNIOUS TO AFRICAN POPULATIONS":
Tracing Family Trees, And Human History, With Genetics
Fluctuation in population size might be a mark of the out of Africa group because migration and challenges of adapting to new environments subject the population to both influences of drift and inbreeding. Cases of low census size and a larger inbreeding effective size are known in mammalian populations and attributed to recent population reductions [44]. Although the difference between the current and expected census for Australians was not statistically significant it still indicates an interesting feature of this isolated group. It is not clear why Australia was colonized with a higher population size than the populations that colonized other regions. Henn et al., [45] contemplated this in the light of lineage specific acceleration. Our findings, however, indicate that the population of Australia may have maintained a legacy of high Ne originally carried by the ancestral group that left Africa and seen in the number of haplotypes that survived in their gene pool. This may suggest that both census and effective size of the group that made it to Australia was large enough to counteract the effect of drift and permit survival of relics of these original haplotypes.
It is not only genetic data that lends support to an east African origin of humans but the unparalleled ethnic and linguistic diversity that remains one of the highest worldwide. Interestingly the two most ancestral sequences in the NJ tree figure refer to Nubian individuals.
Nubia is currently identified with one of the most ancient human settlements, the Say culture. Recently, a related compound associated with a lithic middle Stone Agindustry was discovered in Dhofar Oman and taken as an evidence of human migration out of Africa through an Arabian route [46]. Overall, the various genetic markers used in the current analysis support the observation of human effective population size larger than previously estimated, and emphasize the importance of sampling populations of putative deep ancestry.
[...]
quote: According to the current data East Africa is home to nearly 2/3 of the world genetic diversity independent of sampling effect. Similar figure have been suggested for sub-Saharan Africa populations [1]. The antiquity of the east African gene pool could be viewed not only from the perspective of the amount of genetic diversity endowed within it but also by signals of uni-modal distribution in their mitochondrial DNA (Hassan et al., unpublished) usually taken as an indication of populations that have passed through ‘‘recent’’ demographic expansion [33], although in this case, may in fact be considered a sign of extended shared history of in situ evolution where alleles are exchanged between neighboring demes [34].
Figure S1 Neighbor joining (NJ). NJ tree of the world populations based on MT-CO2 sequences. The evolutionary relationship of 171 sequences and evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method. The optimal tree with the sum of branch length = 0.20401570 is shown. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood method and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site. Codon positions included were 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated from the dataset. There were a total of 543 positions in the final dataset. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted in MEGA4. Red dots: east Africa, Blue: Africa, Green: Asia, Yellow: Australia, Pink: Europe and gray: America. (TIF)
Figure S2 Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). The 2nd and 3rd coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 nuclear microsatellite loci from 469 individuals of 24 world populations. MDS uses pairwise IBS data based on the 848 loci generated by PLINK software and plotted using R version 2.15.0. The figure, besides a separate clustering of east Africans, indicates the substantial contribution of Africans and east Africans to the founding of populations of Europe and Asia. (TIF)
Figure S3 Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). The 3rd and 4th coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 Microsatellite loci, across the human genome in 469 individuals from 24 populations from Africa, Asia and Europe. MDS uses pairwise IBS data based on the 848 loci generated by PLINK software and plotted using R version 2.15.0. The central position of east Africans and some other Africans emphasizes the founding role of east African gene pool and the disparate alignment on coordinates along which the world populations were founded including populations of Aftica aligning along the 4th dimension. (TIF)
Figure 4. Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). A. First and second coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 Microsatellite Marshfield data set across the human genome for 24 populations from Africa, Asia and Europe. MDS plot was constructed from pairwise differences FST generated by Arlequin program (Table S3). B. First and second coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 Microsatellite loci, across the human genome in 469 individuals from 24 populations from Africa, Asia and Europe. MDS uses pairwise IBS data based on the 848 loci generated by PLINK software and plotted using R version 2.15.0. East Africans cluster to the left of the plot, while Beja (red cluster in the middle), assumes intermediate position. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097674.g004
Figure S4 Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). First and second coordinates of an MDS plot based on MT-CO2 data set constructed from pairwise differences FST generated by Arlequin v3.11. Population code as follows: Nara: Nar, Kunama (Kun), Hidarb (Hid), Afar (Afa), Saho (Sah), Bilen (Bil), Tigre (Tgr), Tigrigna (Tig), Rashaida (Rsh), Nilotics (Nil), Beja (Bej), Ethiopians(Eth), Egyptians (Egy), Moroccans (Mor), Southern Africans (Sth), Pygmy (Pyg), Saudi Arabia (Sdi), Asia (Asi), Europe (Eur), Native Americans (NA), Australians (Ast), Nubians (Nub), Nuba (Nba) (TIF)
--Jibril Hirbo, Sara Tishkoff et al.
The Episode of Genetic Drift Defining the Migration of Humans out of Africa Is Derived from a Large East African Population Size
PLoS One. 2014; 9(5): e97674. Published online 2014 May 20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097674
In 2011, archaeologists working with Gamo tribesman in the highlands of southwest Ethiopia discovered Mota Cave, 14 metres wide and 9 metres high, overlooking a nearby river. A year later, they excavated a burial of an adult male, his body extended and hands folded below his chin. Radiocarbon dating suggested that the man died around 4,500 years ago — before the proposed time of the Eurasian migrations and the advent of agriculture in eastern Africa.
Advances in ancient DNA technology allow researchers to reap DNA from ever older bones, and the cool, constant temperatures of caves are kind to the molecule. So a team co-led by Ron Pinhasi, an archaeologist at University College Dublin, tested the Mota man's bones for intact DNA and found enough to sequence his genome 12 times over.
The first-ever DNA sequencing of the skull of the ancient African – the 4,500-year old ‘Mota man’ has revealed that a huge migration from Western Eurasia into the Horn of Africa 3,000 years ago, was twice as significant in terms of numbers and genetic influence as had been thought. Indeed, it was so large that it could have increased the population of the Horn of Africa by close to a third – which in turn led to a bigger genetic impact than expected, the report found.
The man’s DNA suggests that Middle Eastern farmers migrated into Africa several thousand years ago, leaving traces of their Eurasian ancestry in the genomes of many modern-day Africans.
The man's genome is, unsurprisingly, more closely related to present-day Ethiopian highlanders known as the Ari than to any other population the team examined, suggesting a clear line of descent for the Ari from ancient human populations living in the area. But further genetic studies show that the Ari also descend from people that lived outside Africa, which chimes with a previous study that discovered a ‘backflow’ of humans into Africa from Eurasia around 3,000 years ago. (Humans first migrated FROM Africa some 60,000 to 100,000 years ago.)
Using genetic evidence from Eurasian ancient genomes and present-day populations, the researchers determined that the migrant ancestors of the Ari were closely related to early farmers who moved into Europe from the Near East around 9,000 years ago. Co-author Marcos Gallego Llorente, an evolutionary geneticist at the University of Cambridge, UK, suggests that Middle Eastern farmers later moved south to Africa, bringing new crops to the continent such as wheat, barley and lentils. The team also found vestiges of these migrants’ DNA in people all across sub-Saharan Africa — probably carried by later migrations, such as the expansion of Bantu-speaking groups from West Africa to other parts of the continent around 1,000 years ago.
Mota Man was assigned to Mtdna haplogroup L3x2a, and Y-haplogroup E1b1.
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Comment: Basically what these researchers are saying is that Mota man shows no genetic commonality with Eurasians, but many MODERN Africans do. Therefore they are taking Mota man as being TYPICAL of Ancient Africans. And they are saying that the part of the modern Ari genome that is different from Mota man is due to Eurasian admixture.
There are a few problems with the assumptions and logic's used.
1) Africa is a HUGE place with well over a BILLION people, many in isolated communities - Researchers know little about African genetics. Yet these idiots on the basis of ONE sample, are presuming to know the genetics of ancient Africans. This in the face of knowing that Africans have the worlds most varied genetics.
2) Then there is the problem of the Eurasian base samples, what skeletal remains were they taken from?
BECAUSE - NONE OF THE PEOPLE IN THE MIDDLE EAST ARE THE ORIGINAL POPULATIONS! THEY ARE ALL TURKS AND TURK MULATTOES FROM THE ARAB AND TURKISH CONQUEST FROM 640 A.D. ONWARD.
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But playing Devils advocate and going along with this nonsense: These are some possible historical events that might have spurred Black Europeans and Middle-Easterners back into Africa 3,000 years ago.
quote:Originally posted by Mike111: But playing Devils advocate and going along with this nonsense: These are some possible historical events that might have spurred Black Europeans and Middle-Easterners back into Africa 3,000 years ago.
To be continued:
It wasn't Black Europeans and Middle-Easterners who migrated to Africa
It was the Albino Dravidians
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quote:Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova: Well some Europeans have up to 25% African DNA, depending on the marker measured, and the study considered. Those who talk about "mixed race" in Africa often only want to talk about "mixes" ONE-way.
Exactly. Notice that they try and put all these hypothetical ancient Eurasian populations as 'pure' non black, non African populations totally ignoring and downplaying that ALL humans came from Africa. And that is the point. They don't want to point out that ALL humans came from Africa which makes ALL DNA ultimately African which is why they keep playing this game. You got these scientists calling DNA "Eurasian" thousands of years later after theoretical arrival from outside Africa, yet the DNA of Africans outside Africa is NEVER called African even right after it arrived. Notice that double standard? Africans left Africa 60,000 years ago and they stop calling them Africans as soon as they leave the continent. These people are silly.
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^To be clear, European and Middle-Eastern Blacks, including Egyptians, did return to lower Africa. One needs only to look at the Hebrew Lemba in Zimbabwe and the Hebrews in Ethiopia to know that. It is the concept that this was a huge, Africa changing backflow, based on such flimsy evidence, that is absurd.
quote:Originally posted by Mike111: But playing Devils advocate and going along with this nonsense: These are some possible historical events that might have spurred Black Europeans and Middle-Easterners back into lower Africa 3,000 years ago.
1) The Egyptian invasion of the "Sea People": who were Black Europeans and Mediterraneans fleeing the FIRST invasian of the Central Asian Albinos - (these Albinos were finally incorperated into the Black Greek and Roman populations). Herodotus explains it thusly:
Herodotus Book 1 - CLIO
[1.58] The Hellenic race has never, since its first origin, changed its speech. This at least seems evident to me. It was a branch of the Pelasgic, which separated from the main body, and at first was scanty in numbers and of little power; but it gradually spread and increased to a multitude of nations, chiefly by the voluntary entrance into its ranks of numerous tribes of barbarians. The Pelasgi, on the other hand, were, as I think, a barbarian race which never greatly multiplied.
The texts and reliefs that deal with the Sea Peoples date to year eight of Ramesess III’s reign, approximately 1190 B.C.
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quote:Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova: Well some Europeans have up to 25% African DNA, depending on the marker measured, and the study considered. Those who talk about "mixed race" in Africa often only want to talk about "mixes" ONE-way.
Exactly. Notice that they try and put all these hypothetical ancient Eurasian populations as 'pure' non black, non African populations totally ignoring and downplaying that ALL humans came from Africa. And that is the point. They don't want to point out that ALL humans came from Africa which makes ALL DNA ultimately African which is why they keep playing this game. You got these scientists calling DNA "Eurasian" thousands of years later after theoretical arrival from outside Africa, yet the DNA of Africans outside Africa is NEVER called African even right after it arrived. Notice that double standard? Africans left Africa 60,000 years ago and they stop calling them Africans as soon as they leave the continent. These people are silly.
Indeed. And even in the case of ancient "back migration" which no one doubts has occurred:
a) The people "back flowing" already looked like Africans
b) Some "Backflowees" developed unique DNA variants that are found mostly in Africa. So why aren't they called African? In Europe various unique DNA variants are held to be European. But in Africa, a different double standard applies.
The internal flow.. from Africa..
DNA study casts doubt on some claimed levels of back-migration from Asia to Africa for all variants of R1b. The V88 DNA marker claimed to have "back-flowed" solely from Eurasia is better explained by migration from the South, WITHIN Africa QUOTE:
"Human Y chromosomes belonging to the haplogroup R1b1-P25, although very common in Europe, are usually rare in Africa. However, recently published studies have reported high frequencies of this haplogroup in the central-western region of the African continent and proposed that this represents a 'back-to-Africa' migration during prehistoric times. To obtain a deeper insight into the history of these lineages, we characterised the paternal genetic background of a population in Equatorial Guinea, a Central-West African country located near the region in which the highest frequencies of the R1b1 haplogroup in Africa have been found to date. In our sample, the large majority (78.6%) of the sequences belong to subclades in haplogroup E, which are the most frequent in Bantu groups. However, the frequency of the R1b1 haplogroup in our sample (17.0%) was higher than that previously observed for the majority of the African continent. Of these R1b1 samples, nine are defined by the V88 marker, which was recently discovered in Africa.
As high microsatellite variance was found inside this haplogroup in Central-West Africa and a decrease in this variance was observed towards Northeast Africa, our findings do not support the previously hypothesised movement of Chadic-speaking people from the North across the Sahara as the explanation for these R1b1 lineages in Central-West Africa. The present findings are also compatible with an origin of the V88-derived allele in the Central-West Africa, and its presence in North Africa may be better explained as the result of a migration from the south during the mid-Holocene." --Gonzalez et al 2013. The genetic landscape of Equatorial Guinea and the origin and migration routes of the Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88. Eur J Hum Genet. 2013 Mar;21(3):324-31.
All agree that ancient tribes and groups might have moved back and forth from Africa to Arabia and the Levant and vice versa tens of thousands of years ago. Just nomads can do that easily following herds, or people can move in response to climate changes or food resource fluctuations. But whatever the reason, the peoples shuffling back and forth looked like Africans, no matter what label is put on them.. It makes little difference..
Posts: 5905 | From: The Hammer | Registered: Aug 2008
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2) The Sea People finally settled in Anatolia (modern Turkey), bringing an end to one of the Hattie nations (falsely called the Hittites). These supplanted Anatolian's may have returned to Africa.
3) By the mid-9th century B.C, two new groups of people appear in Elam (modern Iran), these are the Medes (Mada) and the Persians (Parsua). The two formed the Persian nation and gradually supplanted the Elamites. This might have caused Elamites to return to Africa.
quote:Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova:
Indeed. And even in the case of ancient "back migration" which no one doubts has occurred:
a) The people "back flowing" already looked like Africans
what is your evidence of this? You're saying all brown skinned people look African?
Why do you have a graphic here about R-V88 a sub clade of 5-9000 y.o. and to the left of ot a map including ancient fossils in Africa, all of which predate haplogroup R by many tens of thousands of years?
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: ^ All you are doing is showing haplogroups, some of which are indigenous and some foreign Some of the divergence spoken of in the book are of a variety "alleles", alternative forms of the same gene In Eurasia you don't find the same degree of variety of the same gene
How are middle easterners Eurasians?
You always had this back migration quest.
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: The first-ever DNA sequencing of the skull of the ancient African – the 4,500-year old ‘Mota man’ has revealed that a huge migration from Western Eurasia into the Horn of Africa 3,000 years ago, was twice as significant in terms of numbers and genetic influence as had been thought. Indeed, it was so large that it could have increased the population of the Horn of Africa by close to a third – which in turn led to a bigger genetic impact than expected, the report found.
. I had been wondering and wondering:
What could the Albinos possibly be up to with this silly study? Imagine, a study suggesting that Africa's Billion plus could have been materially altered by a few Africans RETURNING to Africa.
Then I read this from lioness:
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: what is your evidence of this? You're saying all brown skinned people look African?
And then it struck me!
Remember when the Albinos were trying to say that EAST AFRICANS WEREN'T REALLY BLACKS!
But really BLACK CAUCASIANS - BLACK WHITES!
Well, I think that with this study they are going to say that this BACKFLOW from EURASIA is what gave East Africans their Caucasian features!
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Well, I think that with this study they are going to say that this BACKFLOW from EURASIA is what gave East Africans their Caucasian features!
No doubt some could, but it would be BS and hypocrisy. Sub-Saharan Africans are the most phenotypically diverse people in the world. Narrow noses for example are nothing special, nor is light brown skin, whether it be in the San further south, or in the so-called "Red Ibgo" of Wes Africa. Built-in African diversity trumps them all. And the ancient population structures in Africa show African cultures in place that gave rise to the so-called "behavioral revolution" IN Africa first, not Europe, and these same cultures form part of the basis of the OOA out migrations, as well as ancient movement WITHIN Africa itself. Movement from East Africa outward is oft noted, but ancient people have also been on the move INSIDE Africa as well. Africans are not static, they move around at will.
-------------------- Note: I am not an "Egyptologist" as claimed by some still bitter, defeated, trolls creating fake profiles and posts elsewhere. Hapless losers, you still fail. My output of hard data debunking racist nonsense has actually INCREASED since you began.. Posts: 5905 | From: The Hammer | Registered: Aug 2008
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quote:Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova:
Indeed. And even in the case of ancient "back migration" which no one doubts has occurred:
a) The people "back flowing" already looked like Africans
what is your evidence of this? You're saying all brown skinned people look African?
Why do you have a graphic here about R-V88 a sub clade of 5-9000 y.o. and to the left of ot a map including ancient fossils in Africa, all of which predate haplogroup R by many tens of thousands of years?
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Why if the topic is East Africa, why is R-V88 whuch originates in Central West Africa ("south" of Chad) brought up?
Why is a map which has nothing to do with Haplogroup R, shows no skeletal remains in West Africa on a graphic about R-V88 ?
Why if the topic is a back migration short of 4,500 years ago is there a graphic up showing human remains/artifact sites, the earliest being 75 kya? It makes no sesne
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I am not going to spoon feed you. The answer is already above. And how can you say: "The Africans in coastal countries who live near trading routes have more of this foreign admixture."
There are plenty of people on the West African coast. What admixture do they have from Indians and Middle Easterners? Why do you mention this? It makes no sense.
And if East Africa is considered, exactly what coastal populations near trading routes show more foreign admixture around the time of Mota Man? What studies cite these populations What was the exact mix in the coastal trading locations? And where exactly are they? in what era?
Posts: 5905 | From: The Hammer | Registered: Aug 2008
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quote:Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova: I am not going to spoon feed you. The answer is already above. And how can you say: "The Africans in coastal countries who live near trading routes have more of this foreign admixture."
There are plenty of people on the West African coast. What admixture do they have from Indians and Middle Easterners? Why do you mention this? It makes no sense.
And if East Africa is considered, exactly what coastal populations near trading routes show more foreign admixture around the time of Mota Man? What studies cite these populations What was the exact mix in the coastal trading locations? And where exactly are they? in what era?
Look, it's a time for rejoicing
4,500 years ago you have this unadmixed Ethiopian. If that is the pattern for the region that's 2,485 B.C.
Pre-dynastic to Early Dynastic is around 5,500-2,700 B.C., well before it
Now with this very important ancient African genome, by far the oldest of it's kind, is suggestive that the Dynastic Race theory or Sumer seeded Egypt is wrong, This could also lead to disproving Brenna Henn's much older 12 kya back-migration estimates
Also Yorubas are only estimated 6-7% admixed
However this one specimen alone is not enough for broad sweeping generalizations in any direction- just a piece of a puzzle
lioness productions to the fullest extent of the lawPosts: 42919 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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I am willing to bet that a lot of that have to do with East African Swahili states of the middle ages, with all that trading and mixing, remember all it take is one male ancestor to take a Eurasian gene inland from the coast and spread it spread around regardless of what that ancestor might of looked like. no need to go looking for some lost white tribe. For me the report is Meh!
Posts: 6546 | From: japan | Registered: Feb 2009
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: Why if the topic is East Africa, why is R-V88 whuch originates in Central West Africa ("south" of Chad) brought up?
Why is a map which has nothing to do with Haplogroup R, shows no skeletal remains in West Africa on a graphic about R-V88 ?
Why if the topic is a back migration short of 4,500 years ago is there a graphic up showing human remains/artifact sites, the earliest being 75 kya? It makes no sesne
You are a racist euronut, who is obsessed with trying to proof back migrations. These theories are not new, these originated in white rightwing origazations. Centuries ago. You're not fooling anyone here. SMH
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote: Southwest Arabia During the Holocene: Recent Archaeological Developments.
Abstract Recent fieldwork has considerably increased our knowledge of early Holocene settlement in Southwest Arabia. Neolithic settlement occurred within an environmental context of increased monsoonal moisture that continued during the mid-Holocene. A now well-attested Bronze Age exemplified by village- and town-scale settlements occupied by sedentary farmers developed toward the end of the mid-Holocene moist interval. The high plateau of Yemen was an early focus for the development of Bronze Age complex society, the economy of which relied upon terraced rain-fed and runoff agriculture. On the fringes of the Arabian desert, the precursors of the Sabaean literate civilization have been traced back to between 3600 and 2800 B.P., and even earlier, so that a virtually continuous archaeological record can now be described for parts of Yemen. In contrast to the highlands these societies relied upon food production from large-scale irrigation systems dependent upon capricious wadi floods. Bronze Age settlement, while showing some links with the southern Levant, now shows equal or stronger linkages with the Horn of Africa across the Red Sea. Although some regions of Yemen show breaks in occupation, others show continuity into the Sabaean period when a series of major towns grew up in response to the incense trade with the north. It is now clear that these civilizations grew up on the foundations of earlier Bronze Age complex societies.
--Christopher Edens , T. J. Wilkinson
Southwest Arabia During the Holocene: Recent Archaeological Developments
Journal of World Prehistory March 1998, Volume 12, Issue 1, pp 55-119
Where is Dana Marniche when you need her? [/QB][/QUOTE]
quote:S9. f4 ratio analysis shows that Mota has no component of West Eurasian admixture
We used f4 ratio analysis (63) to formally assess the extent of back-migration to Africa by West Eurasians, using the same logic as adopted by Pickrell et al (58) . We quantified the West Eurasian component in Africa, using Yoruba as our non-admixed African reference, with the ratio f4(Han, Orcadian; X, Druze) / f4 (Han, Orcadian; Yoruba, Druze), where X is a contemporary African population or Mota. However, since Druze has a small level of West African ancestry, this f4 ratio is biased and does not show the desired fraction of West Eurasian component. To correct for this, we define λYoruba,Druze as the fraction of Druze-like (i.e. West Eurasian) ancestry population X, and F as the fraction of Yoruba-like (i.e. West African) ancestry in Druze (estimated in other studies to be F=0.05) (64). We can then write the following equation: f4 (Han, Orcadian; X, Druze) / f4 (Han, Orcadian; Yoruba ,Druze) = (1 - λYoruba,Druze – F) / (1 – F)
(2) and solve for λYoruba,Druze for each population X. All statistics were computed with the F4Ratio program from the ADMIXTOOLS package.
We first checked that subsetting to the SNPs available for Mota did not affect estimates for contemporary African populations (Table S5), which are in line with those estimated by Pickrell et al (58) using all available positions (Pearson Correlation r=0.9998). Mota does not show any evidence of a West Eurasian component, with a λYoruba,Druze value that is negative (-8.7%, ± 2.2%). This contrasts in particular with the Ari, their closest contemporary relatives, which show large West Eurasian components (17.8%±1.0% and 14.9%±1.2% for Ari Cultivator and Ari Blacksmith, respectively). We confirmed that such a difference is not due to a comparison of a single individual to population estimates by recomputing the f4 ratio for each individual belonging to an Ethiopian population in our dataset (Fig. S6). The absence of a West Eurasian component in Mota supports the dating of the backflow into Africa, which, at ~3.5kya, is younger than our ancient genome (dated to 4.5 kya).
Given that Mota predates the backflow, it potentially provides a better unadmixed African reference than contemporary Yoruba. Thus, we recomputed the extent of the West Eurasian component in contemporary African populations using Mota, λMota,Druze, instead of Yoruba in our f4 ratio. By using this better reference, we estimated West Eurasian admixture to be significantly larger than previously estimated, with an additional 6-9% of the genome of contemporary African populations being of Eurasian origin (Fig. S6, and Table S5). Importantly, this analysis shows that the West Eurasian component can be found also in West Africa (Fig. S6), albeit at lower levels than in Eastern Africa. Importantly, a sizeable West Eurasian component is also found in the Yoruba and Mbuti, which are often used a representative of an unadmixed African population.
quote:S10. Admixture f3 statistics show that the West Eurasian component originated from a population similar to the early Neolithic farmers
Since we have in Mota an unadmixed African population, we can look for the origin of the West Eurasian backflow by modelling contemporary Ari as a mixture of Mota and possible source populations. We do this by using the admixture f3-statistics (63) in the form f3(X, Mota; AriCultivator), where X is a contemporary Eurasian population from our global panel or a Eurasian ancient genome. For the latter, we used a representative of Mesolithic hunter-gatherers (Loschbour), and one of the Early Neolithic farmers (LBK, also known as Stuttgart) (9); these two genomes were chosen for their high coverage, allowing us to use most of the SNPs available for contemporary populations and Mota. The genomic positions included in the global dataset were called in these two genomes using samtools, calling sites with base quality ≥20 and mapping quality ≥30. Then, the vcf files were converted to plink-format files using vcftools (59), and finally merged with the global dataset (already containing Mota), using PLINK (60). All f3 statistics were computed using the 3PopTest program from the ADMIXTOOLS package (63).
LBK (an early Neolithic farmer) and Sardinians are the two most likely sources (showing the most negative admixture f3 values) for the Eurasian admixture in the Ari. A number of other analyses have shown Sardinians to be the closest contemporary population to early Neolithic farmers that came into Europe from the Near East (9), as contemporary populations from that region have been affected by large-scale populations movements in the last few millennia (65). Thus, the West Eurasian backflow originated from the direct descendants of the same early farmers who brought agriculture into Europe. Given that we have a putative source for the West Eurasian component, we can re-estimate its extent by using LBK as its source in our estimation of the f4 ratio, from which λMota,LBK can be derived without having to worry about West African ancestry in the source (as we had to for the Druze; Fig. S7).
the error associated with the ALDER estimates, the two are in reality not that incompatible as they are less than 3 standard errors (SE) apart: the upper boundary based on the ancient genome is 2.81 SE different to the ALDER estimate if we use a generation time of 29 years, and 2.41 SE if we use 25 years. Furthermore, the magnitude of the admixture proportion in Yoruba is rather low, a level at which we expect ALDER estimates to be less accurate. Indeed, we see that the proportion inferred by ALDER (2.7%) is much lower than the direct estimate based on the f4 ratio using Mota as a reference (6%).
We next tested whether the West Eurasian component found in Yoruba, which had been previously suggested to be older than Mota [dated to 9.6k±1.8k yrs ago using ALDER (16)], comes from the same source found for the Ari. We use the D statistics (66, 67) in the form D(Yoruba, Mota; X, Han), where X is a contemporary Eurasian population from our global panel or a Eurasian ancient genome. Sardinians and LBK were again found to be the most likely source of the West Eurasian component (giving the strongest positive values that indicate excess affinity between X and Yoruba compared to Mota, Table S6). This result suggests that there was a single source for the West Eurasian component found throughout Africa. So, how can the date estimated by ALDER (9,618±1,825 assuming a generation time of 29 years, and 8,300±1,575 with 25 years) be reconciled with the timing directly inferred by the age of our ancient genome (4.5 k yrs)? Given the error associated with the ALDER estimates, the two are in reality not that incompatible as they are less than 3 standard errors (SE) apart: the upper boundary based on the ancient genome is 2.81 SE different to the ALDER estimate if we use a generation time of 29 years, and 2.41 SE if we use 25 years. Furthermore, the magnitude of the admixture proportion in Yoruba is rather low, a level at which we expect ALDER estimates to be less accurate. Indeed, we see that the proportion inferred by ALDER (2.7%) is much lower than the direct estimate based on the f4 ratio using Mota as a reference (6%).
Finally, we repeated the analysis detailed above using Mbuti as our target (Table S7). The signal was slightly weaker in this case, but Sardinians were again highlighted as the most likely source of the West Eurasian component in this population (LBK was ranked 6th in this analysis).
--R. Pinhasi et al.
Supplementary Materials for Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture throughout the African continent
posted
Yes, Africa has always been pure and free of foreign immigrations and all of these geneticists are lying right wing racists, yeah that's it
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quote:Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova: I am not going to spoon feed you. The answer is already above. And how can you say: "The Africans in coastal countries who live near trading routes have more of this foreign admixture."
There are plenty of people on the West African coast. What admixture do they have from Indians and Middle Easterners? Why do you mention this? It makes no sense.
And if East Africa is considered, exactly what coastal populations near trading routes show more foreign admixture around the time of Mota Man? What studies cite these populations What was the exact mix in the coastal trading locations? And where exactly are they? in what era?
Look, it's a time for rejoicing
4,500 years ago you have this unadmixed Ethiopian. If that is the pattern for the region that's 2,485 B.C.
Pre-dynastic to Early Dynastic is around 5,500-2,700 B.C., well before it
Now with this very important ancient African genome, by far the oldest of it's kind, is suggestive that the Dynastic Race theory or Sumer seeded Egypt is wrong, This could also lead to disproving Brenna Henn's much older 12 kya back-migration estimates
Also Yorubas are only estimated 6-7% admixed
However this one specimen alone is not enough for broad sweeping generalizations in any direction- just a piece of a puzzle
lioness productions to the fullest extent of the law
So howcome only the "eurasian component" shows this wide spread all over the continent? Classicist from the white-rightwing always have made thse claims, long before genetics was out. I do find that ironic.
-Jedi mind tricks.
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: Yes, Africa has always been pure and free of foreign immigrations and all of these geneticists are lying right wing racists, yeah that's it
Racist in science have never existed. And political agendas have never existed. LOL
Tiny europe is most pure, and untouched of the black African (nigger), even until recent in history, right? Mike, Iron Lion, Habsburg and Clyde are always lying.
Africa - 11,677,239 square miles (30,244,049 square km)
Europe - 3,997,929 square miles (10,354,636 square km)
-Jedi mind tricks.
If You’ve Ever Heard Racists Say Black People Are Genetically Inferior, Watch This Doctor Explain How That’s Impossible
quote: DNA Discoverer: Blacks Less Intelligent Than Whites
One of the world's most eminent scientists has created a racial firestorm in Britain.
James D. Watson, 79, co-discoverer of the DNA helix and winner of the 1962 Nobel Prize in medicine, told the Sunday Times of London that he was "inherently gloomy about the prospect of Africa" because "all our social policies are based on the fact that their intelligence is the same as ours — whereas all the testing says not really."
He recognized that the prevailing belief was that all human groups are equal, but that "people who have to deal with black employees find this not true."
• Click here to read the full Sunday Times of London profile.
Acknowledging that the issue was a "hot potato," the lifelong Democrat and avowed secular humanist nonetheless said his beliefs were not an excuse to discriminate against blacks.
"There are many people of color who are very talented," said Watson, "but don't promote them when they haven't succeeded at the lower level."
He told the interviewer, a former student of his, that he had recently inaugurated a DNA learning center near Harlem, and would like to have more black researchers at his lab, "but there's no one to recruit."
• Click here to visit FOXNews.com's Human Body Center.
• Click here to visit FOXNews.com's Natural Science Center.
Steven Rose, a professor of biological sciences at the Open University in Britain, was quick to dismiss Watson's comments.
"This is Watson at his most scandalous, " Rose told the Times of London. "If he knew the literature in the subject, he would know he was out of his depth scientifically, quite apart from socially and politically."
Watson is the former director and current chancellor of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory biological-research institution on New York's Long Island, and both admired and infamous for bluntly speaking his mind.
In a British television documentary in 2003, Watson advised eliminating low intelligence through gene therapy.
"If you are really stupid, I would call that a disease," said Watson, according to New Scientist magazine. "The lower 10 percent who really have difficulty, even in elementary school, what's the cause of it?
"A lot of people would like to say, 'Well, poverty, things like that.' It probably isn't," he added. "So I'd like to get rid of that, to help the lower 10 percent."
He also touched upon sexual attraction in the same TV program.
"People say it would be terrible if we made all girls pretty," Watson said. "I think it would be great."
In 2000, he told a lecture audience at U.C. Berkeley that there was a correlation between a population's exposure to sunlight and its sex drive.
"That's why you have Latin lovers," Watson said, according to the San Francisco Chronicle. "You've never heard of an English lover. Only an English patient."
The notion that intelligence tests and other scientific evidence shows that racial groups differ in intelligence, at least statistically, is not a new one.
It last gained popular attention in 1994 with "The Bell Curve," a best-selling book written by Harvard psychologist Richard J. Herrnstein (who died before publication) and political scientist Charles Murray, which argued that intelligence was more important than socio-economic background or education in achieving success in American life.
The book does not explicitly ascribe a genetic, racial connection to intelligence, but Murray in his publicity tour to promote the book cited studies that human intelligence could be ranked by ancestry, with East Asians and European Jews leading the way.
That view was more clearly stated in 1995 by British-Canadian psychologist J. Philippe Rushton, whose "Race, Evolution and Behavior: A Life History Perspective" quantified dozens of differences between blacks, whites and Asians.
In the 1970s, electronics pioneer William Shockley, who won the 1956 Nobel Prize in physics, said that the human race would suffer as less intelligent people outbred more intelligent ones, with the greatest damage to occur in the black American population.
Most sociologists, geneticists and psychologists reject the notion of racial differences in intelligence, pointing out that economic and social factors clearly influence IQ test scores.
The issue of race itself is scientifically controversial, with some arguing that it is a meaningless term and others saying that consistent traits occur among individuals of shared ancestry.
Watson is currently in Britain promoting his just-published new volume of memoirs, "Avoid Boring People: Lessons From a Life in Science."
"There is no firm reason to anticipate that the intellectual capacities of peoples geographically separated in their evolution should prove to have evolved identically," he writes. "Our wanting to reserve equal powers of reason as some universal heritage of humanity will not be enough to make it so."
quote: Fury at DNA pioneer's theory: Africans are less intelligent than
One of the world's most eminent scientists was embroiled in an extraordinary row last night after he claimed that black people were less intelligent than white people and the idea that "equal powers of reason" were shared across racial groups was a delusion.
James Watson, a Nobel Prize winner for his part in the unravelling of DNA who now runs one of America's leading scientific research institutions, drew widespread condemnation for comments he made ahead of his arrival in Britain today for a speaking tour at venues including the Science Museum in London.
The 79-year-old geneticist reopened the explosive debate about race and science in a newspaper interview in which he said Western policies towards African countries were wrongly based on an assumption that black people were as clever as their white counterparts when "testing" suggested the contrary. He claimed genes responsible for creating differences in human intelligence could be found within a decade.
The newly formed Equality and Human Rights Commission, successor to the Commission for Racial Equality, said it was studying Dr Watson's remarks "in full". Dr Watson told The Sunday Times that he was "inherently gloomy about the prospect of Africa" because "all our social policies are based on the fact that their intelligence is the same as ours – whereas all the testing says not really". He said there was a natural desire that all human beings should be equal but "people who have to deal with black employees find this not true".
His views are also reflected in a book published next week, in which he writes: "There is no firm reason to anticipate that the intellectual capacities of peoples geographically separated in their evolution should prove to have evolved identically. Our wanting to reserve equal powers of reason as some universal heritage of humanity will not be enough to make it so."
The furore echoes the controversy created in the 1990s by The Bell Curve, a book co-authored by the American political scientist Charles Murray, which suggested differences in IQ were genetic and discussed the implications of a racial divide in intelligence. The work was heavily criticised across the world, in particular by leading scientists who described it as a work of "scientific racism".
Dr Watson arrives in Britain today for a speaking tour to publicise his latest book, Avoid Boring People: Lessons from a Life in Science. Among his first engagements is a speech to an audience at the Science Museum organised by the Dana Centre, which held a discussion last night on the history of scientific racism.
Critics of Dr Watson said there should be a robust response to his views across the spheres of politics and science. Keith Vaz, the Labour chairman of the Home Affairs Select Committee, said: "It is sad to see a scientist of such achievement making such baseless, unscientific and extremely offensive comments. I am sure the scientific community will roundly reject what appear to be Dr Watson's personal prejudices.
"These comments serve as a reminder of the attitudes which can still exists at the highest professional levels."
The American scientist earned a place in the history of great scientific breakthroughs of the 20th century when he worked at the University of Cambridge in the 1950s and 1960s and formed part of the team which discovered the structure of DNA. He shared the 1962 Nobel Prize for medicine with his British colleague Francis Crick and New Zealand-born Maurice Wilkins.
But despite serving for 50 years as a director of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island, considered a world leader in research into cancer and genetics, Dr Watson has frequently courted controversy with some of his views on politics, sexuality and race. The respected journal Science wrote in 1990: "To many in the scientific community, Watson has long been something of a wild man, and his colleagues tend to hold their collective breath whenever he veers from the script."
In 1997, he told a British newspaper that a woman should have the right to abort her unborn child if tests could determine it would be homosexual. He later insisted he was talking about a "hypothetical" choice which could never be applied. He has also suggested a link between skin colour and sex drive, positing the theory that black people have higher libidos, and argued in favour of genetic screening and engineering on the basis that "stupidity" could one day be cured. He has claimed that beauty could be genetically manufactured, saying: "People say it would be terrible if we made all girls pretty. I think it would great."
The Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory said yesterday that Dr Watson could not be contacted to comment on his remarks.
Steven Rose, a professor of biological sciences at the Open University and a founder member of the Society for Social Responsibility in Science, said: "This is Watson at his most scandalous. He has said similar things about women before but I have never heard him get into this racist terrain. If he knew the literature in the subject he would know he was out of his depth scientifically, quite apart from socially and politically."
Anti-racism campaigners called for Dr Watson's remarks to be looked at in the context of racial hatred laws. A spokesman for the 1990 Trust, a black human rights group, said: "It is astonishing that a man of such distinction should make comments that seem to perpetuate racism in this way. It amounts to fuelling bigotry and we would like it to be looked at for grounds of legal complaint."
quote: Most White People Think Blacks Are Intellectually Inferior
Published March 2, 2007 Luke Visconti’s Ask the White Guy column is a top draw on DiversityInc.com. Visconti, the founder and CEO of DiversityInc, is a nationally recognized leader in diversity management. In his popular column, readers who ask Visconti tough questions about race/culture, religion, gender, sexual orientation, disability and age can expect smart, direct and disarmingly frank answers.
Ask the White Guy Luke ViscontiQuestion: I think you have a distorted view of Americans when you make such blanket statements like the one you made in your reply to the question of “Why doesn’t the NBA look like America?” You stated “… because it’s still not acceptable in our society to think of black people as being intellectually equal.”
I find that very offensive. I know I don’t think like that, nor do most whites I know. I do know a number of African Americans who think whites think that way, and your statement just reinforces their thinking. Perpetuating that kind of thinking only aids in supporting the separatist attitude that too many African Americans hold, and it certainly won’t help it to go away.
Answer: You may not think like that–and because you don’t, you associate with people who share your opinion. That’s good. However, unless we face the facts as they are, we can’t change our circumstances. I think the facts show that most whites do not accept blacks as intellectually equal.
We live in a society that purports itself to be open for all people, but we should keep in mind that Dr. King and the civil-rights movement had to bring the federal government to the state of national unrest and international embarrassment (over the treatment of peaceful civil-rights marchers) to get the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Bills passed just 42 years ago. Until that time, most African Americans could not legally vote, and access to “mainstream” higher education was almost zero.
Sen. Obama is the third black senator since reconstruction (which ended in approximately 1877). There have been 1,148 senators sworn in since 1877. African Americans have been fairly consistent at 13 percent of our population. If whites felt that blacks were intellectually equal, they certainly wouldn’t have enslaved African Americans, and the Senate would have been far more than 0.26 percent black.
It’s a sad state of affairs, but there’s no way our country would sit still for a second and accept Gary, Ind., or Camden, N.J., looking as it does if the inhabitants were not almost 100 percent black.
You and I may accept blacks as intellectually equal–and I’d assume that we both socialize with people who feel the same as we do–but that’s no reason to assume most white people feel the same way, because the facts show otherwise.
Aside from the ethical issue, there is an overarching economic imperative to rectify disparities: We are now competing in a global market; any waste of talent is a loss in productivity, innovation and wealth that we cannot afford.
quote:Theory of Blacks' Intellectual Inferiority Rears Ugly Head at Harvard
This week is Harvard's commencement for the class of 2010.
As one of the most renowned and liberal institutions in the world, it's always hurtful and harmful -- both to the campus milieu and the school's reputation -- when racist and sexist acts occur at Harvard University.
Last month, a lengthy email written by a third-year student and an editor on the Harvard Law Review, Stephanie Grace, was printed by the legal blog abovethelaw.com. In that email, Grace wrote that she thought blacks might be genetically inferior to whites: "I absolutely do not rule out the possibility that African Americans are, on average, genetically predisposed to be less intelligent," she said. (Grace's comment came following a private dinner conversation about affirmative action and race.)
As we all know, affirmative action is a hot-button issue. At a basic level, it's an attempt to take race, gender and ethnicity (to name only a few factors) into consideration to promote a level playing field for all. But the sub-text in all affirmative action debates is the fallacious belief that blacks selected to benefit from it are hopelessly and helplessly genetically inferior -- that their DNA is chromosomally deficient, if not defective.
The myth of genetic inferiority of people of African ancestry is centuries old, tracing back to when the first slave boat arrived on our shores in 1619 in Jamestown, Virginia. The myth of genetic inferiority of people of African ancestry not only legitimatized slavery, but also biblically sanctioned it. It was aided by people like Nobel Laureate William Shockley, who in 1956 voiced his theory of a genetic basis for racial inferiority. As part of his theory on the biology of ethnicity, Shockley stated that people of African ancestry belonged to a lower species of humanity, and deserved sterilization.
The idea of sterilizing blacks -- because we supposedly belonged to a "lower species of humanity" -- was part and parcel of the American eugenics movement, which started in 1926. Even Planned Parenthood's founder, Margaret Sanger -- an iconic figure for the women's reproductive rights movement -- espoused eugenics theory, backing the 1939 "Negro Project," which was a precursor to what eugenists wanted to implement on a much larger scale.
As Sanger told the Senate in 1932, "The main objectives of the [proposed] Population Congress is to...apply a stern and rigid policy of sterilization and segregation to that grade of population whose progeny is already tainted, or whose inheritance is such that objectionable traits may be transmitted to offspring."
Debates about genetic inferiority are not new, and perhaps will continue, especially in light of ongoing debates about affirmative action. But it's surprising to find them at an institution of learning like Harvard.
Then again, Harvard is also the place where in January 2005, then-president of the University, Larry Summers, espoused his belief in the genetic inferiority of women. At a conference discussing why women are underrepresented in tenured science and engineering jobs at the best universities and research institutions, Summers stated that one explanation might be the "different availability of aptitude at the high end." Summers went on to say that his "best guess" was that "there are issues of intrinsic aptitude," meaning men tend to have a broader range of I.Q. scores than women -- what he said was a more important factor to explain the lack of women in such fields than "different socialization and patterns of discrimination."
As a woman, Grace surely realizes the absurdity of Summers' argument, an absurdity that's true of her own as well.
What do Grace's views mean for her future career? The Harvard Law Review is one of the premier journals of legal scholarship in the country. Grace is an editor of the journal, and will soon be an attorney. In her practice, will Grace be espousing racist legal theory? She graduates this week.
Many of the journal's alumni have gone on to be Supreme Court justices, cabinet secretaries and U.S. government officials. But only one went on to become president of the U.S. -- Barack Obama, a man who was admitted thanks to affirmative action.
While Grace might argue that Obama is advantaged in terms of genetic intelligence because he's biracial -- as opposed to black -- let's remember that it was his Kenyan father who graduated from Harvard with a Ph.D. in economics, not his white mother.
Not surprisingly, Harvard Law School's dean, Martha Minow, has denounced Grace's email, stating that the school is "committed to preventing degradation of any individual or group." But as long as discrimination along the lines of race, class and gender persist, girded by attitudes of white superiority like Grace's, society will miss out on the future Barack Obamas of the world.
Tiny europe is most pure, and untouched of the black African, even until recent recentory. Right? Mike and Clyde are always lying.
You are behind the times Mike no longer believes blacks in America are mainly of black European descent.
Now Mike and Clyde think blacks in America are primarily Native American
I'm old school. Call me crazy but I still believe we are primarily African
Plus I have posted the recent article on African admixture in Europe plus I have at leat 4 threads on books about the African presence in Europe as well as a thread on Johannes Morus and other threads on other notable blacks in Europe.
So stop bullshytting and supporting jacakasses who say Charles V was black and fabricate ridiculous nonsense out of their arse and destroy all credibility on true Black studies
Posts: 42919 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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posted
The Albino who did this study are full of sh1t. Please read the data and see for yourselves. They compared Mota with LBK and the Druze, so here they are.
LBK
Study: Ancient DNA from European Early Neolithic Farmers Reveals Their Near Eastern Affinities Published: November 9, 2010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000536
Abstract In Europe, the Neolithic transition (8,000–4,000 b.c.) from hunting and gathering to agricultural communities was one of the most important demographic events since the initial peopling of Europe by anatomically modern humans in the Upper Paleolithic (40,000 b.c.). However, the nature and speed of this transition is a matter of continuing scientific debate in archaeology, anthropology, and human population genetics. We genetically characterized a population of the earliest farming culture in Central Europe, the Linear Pottery Culture (LBK; 5,500–4,900 calibrated b.c.). We cloned and sequenced the mitochondrial hypervariable segment I and designed two powerful SNP multiplex PCR systems to generate new mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal data from 21 individuals from a complete LBK graveyard at Derenburg Meerenstieg II in Germany.
We successfully typed 17 individuals for mtDNA, which together with a previous study provided data for 22 individuals from the Derenburg graveyard. (Total samples = 26 in table) 3(H), 5(T), 3(K), 2(W), 1(V), 3(N1), 2(HV), 3(J), 1(W), 3(T)
Y chromosome SNPs could be typed for only three out of the eight male individuals 1 - hg G (M201), 2 - could be either F or H
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Tiny europe is most pure, and untouched of the black African, even until recent recentory. Right? Mike and Clyde are always lying.
You are behind the times Mike no longer believes blacks in America are mainly of black European descent.
Now Mike and Clyde think blacks in America are primarily Native American
I'm old school. Call me crazy but I still believe we are primarily African
You are looking for excuses. Like the bigot you are. Yes, you are old school. I have noticed your classical racist approach of things. Tell me sometinhg new.
I have been on other forums before I attended ES. I have seen white surprimacist talk about Africa, and back migrations, these theorties go back centuries. And I still attend several websites/ forums. Where rightwing white express hteir utter feelings. So I understand verywell where all this "theory" of multiple back migrations is comming from. I see the bigger picture in this. This is where we differ.
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: The Albino who did this study are full of sh1t. Please read the data and see for yourselves. They compared Mota with LBK and the Druze, so here they are.
LBK
Study: Ancient DNA from European Early Neolithic Farmers Reveals Their Near Eastern Affinities Published: November 9, 2010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000536
Abstract In Europe, the Neolithic transition (8,000–4,000 b.c.) from hunting and gathering to agricultural communities was one of the most important demographic events since the initial peopling of Europe by anatomically modern humans in the Upper Paleolithic (40,000 b.c.). However, the nature and speed of this transition is a matter of continuing scientific debate in archaeology, anthropology, and human population genetics. We genetically characterized a population of the earliest farming culture in Central Europe, the Linear Pottery Culture (LBK; 5,500–4,900 calibrated b.c.). We cloned and sequenced the mitochondrial hypervariable segment I and designed two powerful SNP multiplex PCR systems to generate new mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal data from 21 individuals from a complete LBK graveyard at Derenburg Meerenstieg II in Germany.
We successfully typed 17 individuals for mtDNA, which together with a previous study provided data for 22 individuals from the Derenburg graveyard. (Total samples = 26 in table) 3(H), 5(T), 3(K), 2(W), 1(V), 3(N1), 2(HV), 3(J), 1(W), 3(T)
Y chromosome SNPs could be typed for only three out of the eight male individuals 1 - hg G (M201), 2 - could be either F or H
Mike has some info up here and his racist comment is:
"The Albino who did this study are full of sh1t. Please read the data and see for yourselves. They compared Mota with LBK and the Druze, so here they are."
And the answer to that is "so what, you have no point"
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The name Druze is derived from the name of Muhammad bin Ismail Nashtakin ad-Darazī (from Persian darzi, "seamster") who was an early preacher. The Druze faith began as a movement in Ismailism that was heavily influenced by Greek philosophy and Gnosticism and opposed certain religious and philosophical ideologies that were present during that epoch. The faith was preached by Hamza ibn 'Alī ibn Ahmad, an Ismaili mystic and scholar. He came to Egypt in 1014 and assembled a group of scholars and leaders from across the world to establish the Unitarian movement. The order's meetings were held in the Raydan Mosque, near the Al-Hakim Mosque. In 1017, Hamza officially revealed the Druze faith and began to preach the Unitarian doctrine. Hamza gained the support of the Fātimid caliph al-Hakim, who issued a decree promoting religious freedom prior to the declaration of the divine call.
The Druze people reside primarily in Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Jordan. It was during the period of Crusader rule in Syria (1099–1291) that the Druze first emerged into the full light of history in the Gharb region of the Chouf Mountains. As powerful warriors serving the Muslim rulers of Damascus against the Crusades, the Druze were given the task of keeping watch over the crusaders in the seaport of Beirut, with the aim of preventing them from making any encroachments inland. Subsequently, the Druze chiefs of the Gharb placed their considerable military experience at the disposal of the Mamluk rulers of Egypt (1250–1516). Druze Origins:
Travelers like Niebuhr, and scholars like Von Oppenheim, undoubtedly echoing the popular Druze belief regarding their own origin, have classified them as Arabs. The prevailing idea among the Druzes themselves today is that they are of Arab stock. The 1911 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica states that the Druzes are "a mixture of refugee stocks, in which the Arab largely predominates, grafted on to an original mountain population of Aramaic blood. Genetics
In a 2005 study of ASPM gene variants, Mekel-Bobrov et al. found that the Israeli Druze people of the Carmel region have among the highest rate of the newly evolved ASPM-haplogroup "D", at 52.2% occurrence of the approximately 6,000-year-old allele. While it is not yet known exactly what selective advantage is provided by this gene variant, the haplogroup D allele is thought to be positively selected in populations and to confer some substantial advantage that has caused its frequency to rapidly increase.
One small DNA study has shown that Israeli Druze are remarkable for the high frequency (35%) of males who carry the Y-chromosomal haplogroup L (though some Afshar village and the Ar-Raqqah Syrians have even more), which is otherwise uncommon in the Mideast (Shen et al. 2004).[ This haplogroup originates from prehistoric South Asia and has spread from Pakistan into southern Iran. However, studies done on bigger samples showed that L-M20 averages 5% in Israeli Druze,[Footnote 1] 8% in Lebanese Druze,[Footnote 2] and it was not found in a sample of 59 Syrian Druze. Cruciani in 2007 found E1b1b1a2 (E-V13) [a subclade of E1b1b1a (E-M78)] in high levels (>10% of the male population) in Turkish Cypriot and Druze Arab lineages. Recent genetic clustering analyses of ethnic groups are consistent with the close ancestral relationship between the Druze and Cypriots, and also identified similarity to the general Syrian and Lebanese populations, as well as a variety of Jewish groups (Ashkenazi, Sephardi, Iraqi, and Moroccan) (Behar et al. 2010).
Also, a new study concluded that the Druze harbor a remarkable diversity of mitochondrial DNA lineages that appear to have separated from each other thousands of years ago. But instead of dispersing throughout the world after their separation, the full range of lineages can still be found within the Druze population.
The researchers noted that the Druze villages contained a striking range of high frequency and high diversity of the X haplogroup, suggesting that this population provides a glimpse into the past genetic landscape of the Near East at a time when the X haplogroup was more prevalent.[108]
These findings are consistent with the Druze oral tradition, that claims that the adherents of the faith came from diverse ancestral lineages stretching back tens of thousands of years.
A 2008 study published on the genetic background of Druze communities in Israel showed highly heterogeneous parental origins. A total of 311 Israeli Druze were sampled: 37 from the Golan Heights, 183 from the Galilee, and 35 from Mount Carmel, as well as 27 Druze immigrants from Syria and 29 from Lebanon.
The researchers found the following frequencies of Y-chromosomal haplogroups: Mount Carmel: L 27%, R 27%, J 18%, E 15%, G 12%. Galilee: J 31%, R 20%, E 18%, G 14%, K 11%, Q 4%, L 2%. Golan Heights: J 54%, E 29%, I 8%, G 4%, C 4%. Lebanon: J 31%, E 22%, K 21%, R 14%, L 10%. Syria: J 39%, E 29%, R 14%, G 14%, K 4%.
,
The Druze are not even a PEOPLE, They are a RELIGION!
This is just more nonsense from Albinos trying to fabricate a place for themselves in history.
And of course the Druze are merely the typical Turk/Turk Mulatto who call themselves Arabs.
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: Mike has some info up here and his racist comment is:
"The Albino who did this study are full of sh1t. Please read the data and see for yourselves. They compared Mota with LBK and the Druze, so here they are."
And the answer to that is "so what, you have no point"
The point is:
How could a sensible person make any of the conclusions of this study from the data they used?
The answer is that a sensible person could NOT.
But lying Albinos trying to make a history for DE-PIGMENTED humans like themselves WILL TRY!
Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: So you would say Brenna Henn is a racist?
She has or had tendeces toward racism, yes.
On her blog she had a hyperlink on Mathilda's blog. Back when Mathilda was known as a main racist.
I think she has come to terms, somewhat thou.
Brenna Henn, in this 2014 interview on population genetics and population structure, considering African populations.
“African populations have the most genetic diversity in the world,” Henn said.“If you compared people from the Kalahari Desert to people from Mali, they’d be as different from each other [genetically] as Italians and Chinese people.”
Why are other populations of humans so much less genetically varied than Africans? The answer, Henn explains, lies in our ancestors’ history; the groups of people that migrated out of Africa and spread throughout other continents were smaller subsets of that original, genetically diverse population.
"AND WITHIN EACH OF THESE GROUPS THERE IS AN AMAZING AMOUNT OF DIVERSITY,[...] THE DIVERSITY IS INDIGNIOUS TO AFRICAN POPULATIONS":
Tracing Family Trees, And Human History, With Genetics
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: ^^^ Not of this diversion is relevant.
They found remains of a 4,500 year old Ethiopian
Modern day Ethiopians have similar DNA - and addiitional DNA that the ancient Ethiopian does not
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Nobody here even is East African, call up Betty Boo
lamin is West African, if I am not mistaken but is comfortable with the issue. He says no African is pure anymore
So if the average Yoruba is 6-7% Eurasian, who cares the person is still very African, is an African
Comparitively Mike is Native American with a small part Black European noble
How do you know who is who? Your report stated that East African migrated to West Africa, anyway. Sudan was known as east and Western Sudan, before the intrutions of "europeans in Africa then trying to change the course of history up untill this very day.
See how your babbles make no sense at all. SMH
"So if the average Yoruba is 6-7% Eurasian, who cares the person is still very African, is an African"
Care to explain how it got there and when. And perhaps even why?
White nobility? Guns, Germs, and Steel?
March of the Titans?
quote:Guns, Germs and Steel
First published in the United States by W.W.Norton and Company, on March 1 1997, Guns, Germs and Steel was initially subtitled ‘The Fates of Human Societies.’ Within a few months, this subtitle had evolved into ‘A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years.’
Winner of the Pulitzer Prize for non-fiction, the Rhone Poulenc Science Book Prize, along with three other international literary prizes, Guns, Germs and Steel has been translated into 25 languages and has sold millions of copies around the world.
“Guns, Germs, and Steel is an artful, informative, and delightful book, full of surprises… there is nothing like a radically new angle of vision for bringing out unsuspected dimensions of a subject, and that is what Jared Diamond has done.” – William H. McNeill, The New York Review of Books
“Diamond has written a book of remarkable scope . . . one of the most important and readable works on the human past published in recent years."— Colin Renfrew, Nature
"The scope and explanatory power of this book are astounding."— The New Yorker
"Serious, groundbreaking biological studies of human history only seem to come along once every generation or so. . . . Now [Guns, Germs and Steel] must be added to their select number. . . . No finer work of its kind has been published this year, or for many past."— Martin Sieff, Washington Times
"An epochal work. Diamond has written a summary of human history that can be accounted, for the time being, as Darwinian in its authority."— Thomas M. Disch, The New Leader
"Guns, Germs and Steel lays a foundation for understanding human history, which makes it fascinating in its own right. Because it brilliantly describes how chance advantages can lead to early success in a highly competitive environment, it also offers useful lessons for the business world and for people interested in why technologies succeed."—Bill Gates
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: Mike has some info up here and his racist comment is:
"The Albino who did this study are full of sh1t. Please read the data and see for yourselves. They compared Mota with LBK and the Druze, so here they are."
And the answer to that is "so what, you have no point"
The point is:
How could a sensible person make any of the conclusions of this study from the data they used?
The answer is that a sensible person could NOT.
But lying Albinos trying to make a history for DE-PIGMENTED humans like themselves WILL TRY!
Of course, they made this clear fmor the beginning. They use genetics to trace "their history".
They wanted to know where they came from. Not too long ago, this was the main and most relevant question.
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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Tiny europe is most pure, and untouched of the black African, even until recent recentory. Right? Mike and Clyde are always lying.
You are behind the times Mike no longer believes blacks in America are mainly of black European descent.
Now Mike and Clyde think blacks in America are primarily Native American
I'm old school. Call me crazy but I still believe we are primarily African
Plus I have posted the recent article on African admixture in Europe plus I have at leat 4 threads on books about the African presence in Europe as well as a thread on Johannes Morus and other threads on other notable blacks in Europe.
So stop bullshytting and supporting jacakasses who say Charles V was black and fabricate ridiculous nonsense out of their arse and destroy all credibility on true Black studies
Doesn't mean a thing. You'll still fight with tooth and nail evry black presence in Europe. Like all euronuts have done. Also those who attacked Van Sertema etc.
First one the evaluate this on you, as from what I have seen, was Jari.
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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