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Early Hittite Vase

The İnandık vase, a Hittite four-handled large terracota vase with scenes in relief showing the stages of a sacred wedding ceremony in Hittite social life with musicians and dancers. The vase dates from the Old Hittite Kingdom about 1600 BCE and was discovered in 1966 CE in İnandıktepe, an archaeological site located in Cankiri Province, Turkey, about 50 miles northeast of Ankara. (Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara)"

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The Hüseyindede vases are Early Hittite vases decorated with reliefs, which were found in excavations at Hüseyindede Tepe near Yörüklü in the Turkish province of Çorum. There are fragments of four vases in total. Two of them were nearly complete and were able to be restored. They are on display in the Çorum Archaeological Museum.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hüseyindede_vases


Vase A




Lyre-player, worshipper, altar and seated god; below: a bull.




Woman with incense burner and swordsmen




Temple and altar; above: musicians




Bed scene





Vase B




Bull-leaping scene

Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

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The Hatti 1 Civilization (c 2,500 - 2,000/1,700 BC)

There seems to be more research on the eastern civilizations, such as the Egyptians and Mesopotamians and the western civilizations, such as the Greeks and Romans, than the Asia Minor civilizations. The consequences of the lack of study are the late discovery of the the Hittite civilization and almost missing the Hatti (Hattian) civilization. Most of our knowledge about protohistoric Hattis is derived from the Hittite texts and artifacts. So there seems to be a need for more research. A few of scholars stand out in their interest in the Hattis.

The challenge of archaeologists is putting together pieces of puzzle and reconstructing events with scant evidences left from the ancient times. So it is inevitable that deriving conclusions is difficult and scholars might end up with different views. Divergence of views on the history of the Hatties is no exception. The Hattis were mentioned for the first time in the Akkadian (2350 - 2150 BC) texts. According to one view 2, the Hatties were indigenous people, they preceded Hittites, lived in small states, had a long existence, and influenced the Hittite culture deeply, and in some sense lived as part of it. The Hittites, on the other hand, were an Indo-European people, who possibly migrated from the Caucasus, and called themselves Nesili (or Nesite, their language was also called Nesite) first when they arrived in Asia Minor.

[…]

So the Nesilis (Hittites) adopted not only Asia Minor as their new homeland but also the culture and religion of the Hattis. They called themselves Hittites, which is a term derived from the word Hattis. They called their new adopted land, the land of the Hatti's. In religious ceremonies, the Hittite priests occasionally inserted phrases borrowed from the Hatti religion in their prays. Unfortunately other than these few phrases, we know little about the Hattian language.

According to another view 3 though it is doubtful that Hittites invaded Asia Minor. Also there is no clear evidence that Hittites were Indo-European. This view also opposes the idea that the Nesilis called themselves Hittites. Nevertheless, it seems like there is a consensus that there were the Hattis and some Indo-European tribes in Asia Minor long time before the Hittite kingdom was established. The Hattis and the Nesilis might have lived side by side some time together with other tribes in the region.

Yet, according to another view 4, the Hattians migrated to Asia Minor from the Caucasus possibly after Hittites and some other Indo-European tribes, such as Luwians and Palaites. In other words, they were not indigenous people. However, they were the first to settle in Central Anatolia. The Hattian impact on the Hittites was more in cult, mythology, and art, where as Hittites dominated in the government and war affairs.

Known Hatti sites are Alacahöyük near Çorum, Amasya, Mahmatlar in the Pontic region, and Horoztepe near Tokat. The artifacts excavated, such as Earthenware vessels, gold and silver cups, bronze figurines, and sun disks in these sites give us clues about the development level of the Hatti civilization.

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The Hatti-Hittite States(c 2,100-1,700 BC)

The Hittites (the Nesilis), after migrating to Asia Minor, moved to the southeast and lived there for a long time. Ultimately though they moved to the central parts of Asia Minor and settled there. Initially they lived side by side with the indigenous people, such as the Hattis and Hurrians. However, as the time passed the Hittites started dominating the Hattis and other people and became the rulers of the land. During this process, however, they acted carefully and most of the time, for political reasons, kept local names, and inherited culture and religion of the Hattis.

The Hatti-Hittite Art

During this period ceramic art made big progress in Asia Minor. It is assumed that the ceramics with brown and lead color reflect more the art of indigenous people, whereas ceramics with colorful finish represent the art originated from the Assyrians. Among the unearthed were various figurines and the libation cups. Other commonly found artifacts were the stamps used by the Assyrians in trade letters and contracts.

Multi-room houses had walls that were made of mud-brick with stone foundations. They had stoves, furnaces, and containers to store supplies. Oil-lamps were used to illuminate the rooms. Streets were paved with stones and channels were built on the sides of the streets to drain storm water.

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The Hittites (1660 - 1190 BC)

The Hittite tribes which lived under the local rulers since 2100 BC in Asia Minor, along with indigenous tribes, such as the Hattis1 and Hurrians, united to form a kingdom circa 1660 BC. Exactly who united these tribes is not known; what is known, however, is that Hattusili I was the first prominent king. After Hattusili I, many kings occupied the throne and the Hittites became a very powerful empire, governing many satellite kingdoms around them and became peer2 to the well known civilizations of the times, such as the Egyptians, Assyrians, and Babylonians.

[...]

The existence of a tribe called Hittites was known for a long time from the Old Testament, which mentions "son of Heth" in Genesis 10. Heth was the second son of Canaan and ancestor of the Hittites. However, the Hittites were thought of a small Canaanite tribe living somewhere in Palestine. The excavations under Hugo Winckler and Theodore Makridi in October 1906 at Hattusa4 brought to the full day light a civilization that had an Indo-European heritage and played a major role in the ancient history of Asia Minor.

[…]

The Hittite empire lasted approximately 470 years. They lasted this long and held a large territory in which there were countless number of small kingdoms not because they assimilated these small states but they were militarily very strong in most of their history. The Hittites ruled the lands with their sheer power. In fact, the Hittites had to recapture many kingdoms that rebelled against them or aligned with their enemies.

Around 1460 BC, after the assassination of Muwatalli, the kingdom lost its strength and influence. The Hurrians, taking advantage of this weakness founded the Mitanni state and became the second strongest power after Egypt in the region for a century.

Later, though, the Hittites, under the leadership of Tudhaliya, recovered and reinstated their supremacy in the region. So the Hittites' history might be split into two phases, although not universally accepted by all the scholars. The first phase is named the Old kingdom (1660-1460 BC) and the second phase, i.e., after recovery, is named the New (Great) Hittite (1460 - 1190 BC) kingdom or Empire. The Hittites reached the peak of their power in the New (Great) Kingdom period.

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The Hittites

Anatolia, the Land of Great Civilizations...

Mursili I extended the empire towards Syria and Mesopotamia. He destroyed Aleppo. Then he went further southeast as far as to Babylon. He conquered and destroyed the city, defeated the Hurrian troops, and put an end to the Hammurabi dynasty (c1595 BC). Samsuditana was the last member of the Babylonian dynasty.

[…]

The Hurrians founded Mitanni state and became the second strongest power after the Egyptians. However, later Suppiluliuma I, one of the best and most successful king and commander of the Hittite army made the Hittites very powerful again. He took Charchemish1 and Aleppo2, defeated the Hurrians, destroyed Mitannian empire in Syria. In his time the Hittite Empire was sharing the near east domination with Egypt and Babylonia. During Muwatalli period the contemporary states were the Egyptians, Babylonians, Hanigalbat, Assyrians, and Wilusa3. The most important event in Muwatalli reign was Kadesh4 war (1274 BC) with Egypt. At that time Ramesses II was the pharaoh of Egypt. Muwatalli, as a preparation to the war, moved the capital to Tarhuntassa in a region known as Cilicia, from Hattusa, which was vulnerable to the danger from the north region, mainly the Kaska enemy. The biggest recorded army of the time was the Hittite force in Kadesh (1275-1274 BC), 2500 chariots and 37,000 infantry5. Although the war seemed to be ended without any victor6, overall the Hittites gained more by recapturing the kingdom of Amurru, strengthening their position in the satellite kingdoms surrounding the Hittite lands and buffer zones between the Hittites and Egypt. Mursili III7 moved the capital back to Hattusa. Hattusili III, officially ended Kadesh war with Egypt by signing a peace treaty (1259 BC) in the city of Pi-Ramesses.

Fall of Hittite Empire

The Egyptian records mention the Sea People. The Sea People came with ships, invaded, and burned everything along their path. According to one view, in addition to the Sea People, there were other tribes migrating to Asia Minor and were destroying everything they came into contact with. The Muskis, who were coming from the Balkans, were one of them. Invaders, such as the Muskis and Sea People fought with the Hittites, Egyptians, and other well established civilizations in the region. The Egyptians and some others survived. However, weakened with palace intrigue and internal rebellions the Hittite empire had fallen and was destroyed.

Another view is that people of western Anatolia might have attacked the Hittites too. Or the Kaska People from the north made an alliance with the Muskis and attacked the Hittites together. Here we are introduced the Phrygians. According to Homer's Iliad, the Phrygians had already settled in Anatolia by the time of the Trojan wars. Another very likely possibility is that the Muskis mixed8 with the Phrygians. The Muski king Mita became the ruler of the Phrygians and attacked the Hittite Kingdom. In fact, later, the king Mita established the city of Gordion (Gordium), which is about 96 kilometers from Ankara. Since the Phrygians created a civilization in the same region where the Hittites were living, this view might get more credence. Yet, another suggestion was that, the people living in Anatolia learned how to make weapons from iron and easily defeated the Hittites who still were using weapons made of bronze.

Since all the art, culture, and written text were the product of the royal family, after the collapse of the dynasty, the Hittite empire could not recover. The written language was forgotten since the subjects of the empire, the common people, did not know how to read and write. Asia Minor went into its dark period. This dark period started around 1190 BC and lasted till 780 BC.

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Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by Ebony Allen:
Bumping. I can't believe I missed this thread. Notice how they portray themselves as dark brown in their vases. Clear evidence that they were black people. Also some of their artwork reminds me of Mayan and Aztec art.

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Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

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The Hatti were the Black rulers of this region. The Hittites came into the region later and adopted the culture and language of the Hatti.

The Hatti were Kushites from Nubia. Anatolia was occupied by many Kushite groups,including the Kashkas and or Hatti. The Hatti , were members of the Tehenu tribes of Nubia.

The Tehenu were composed of various ethnic groups. One of the Tehenu tribes was identified by the Egyptians as the Hatiu or Haltiu.

During the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt (2563-2423), namely during the reign of Sahure there is mention of the Tehenu people. Sahure referred to the Tehenu leader “Hati Tehenu” .(3) These Hatiu, correspond to the Hatti speaking people of Anatolia. The Hatti people often referred to themselves as Kashkas or Kaskas.





Proto Saharans/Kushites expanded into Inner Asia from two primary points of dispersal : Iran and Anatolia. In Anatolia the Kushites were called Hattians and Kaska. In the 2nd millennium BC, the north and east of Anatolia was inhabited by non I E speakers.

Anatolia was divided into two lands “the land of Kanis” and the “land of Hatti”. The Hatti were related to the Kaska people who lived in the Pontic mountains.

Hattians lived in Anatolia. They worshipped Kasku and Kusuh. They were especially prominent in the Pontic mountains. Their sister nation in the Halys Basin were the Kaska tribes. The Kaska and Hattians share the same names for gods, along with personal and place names (1). The Kaska had a strong empire which was never defeated by the Hittites.

Singer (1981) has suggested that the Kaska, are remnants of the indigenous Hattian population which was forced northward by the Hittites. But at least as late as 1800 BC, Anatolia was basically settled by Hattians (2)


The Hatti controlled the city state of Kussara. Kussara was situated in southern Anatolia.

.




.

The earliest known ruler of Kussara was Pitkhanas. It was his son Anitta (c. 1790-1750 BC) who expanded the Kussara empire through much of Anatolia.

Many researchers get the Hittites (Nesa) mixed up with the original settlers of Anatolia called Hatti according to Steiner “.[T]his discrepancy is either totally neglected and more or less skillfully veiled, or it is explained by the assumption that the Hittites when conquering the country of Hatti adjusted themselves to the Hattians adopting their personal names and worshipping their gods, out of reverence for a higher culture” .(4)

Neshili, was probably spoken by the Hatti, not the IE Hittite. Yet, this language is classified as an IE language. Researchers maintain that the Hatti spoke 'Hattili' or Khattili “language of the Hatti”, and the IE Hittites spoke "Neshumnili"/ Neshili .(5) Researchers maintain that only 10% of the terms in Neshumnili is IE. This supports the view that Nesumnili may have been a lingua franca.

It is clear that the Anatolians spoke many languages including:Palaic, Hatti, Luwian and Hurrian, but the people as you know mainly wrote their writings in Neshumnili. The first people to use this system as the language of the royal chancery were Hatti Itamar Singer makes it clear that the Hittites adopted the language of the Hatti .(6) Steiner wrote that, " In the complex linguistic situation of Central Anatolia, in the 2nd Millennium B.C. with at least three, but probably more different languages being spoken within the same area there must have been the need for a language of communication or lingua franca [i.e., Neshumnili), whenever commercial transactions or political enterprises were undertaken on a larger scale" .(7)

•The Hatti language which provided the Hittites with many of the terms Indo-Aryan nationalists use to claim and Aryan origin for the Indus civilization is closely related to African languages including Egyptians. For example:
Big, mighty, powerful protect, help upper

• Hattic ur $uh tufa
  Egyptian wr swh tp
  Malinke fara solo dya, tu ‘raising’
  Head stretch (out) prosper to pour
  Hattic tu put falfalat duq
  
  Egyptian tup pd
  Malinke tu ‘strike head’ pe, bemba fin’ya du
  Eye hand Place King, term of respect

• Mother..... father.... lord ....,ruler... build to set up
  Hattic na-a............... ..........ša..... tex
  
  Malinke na..... baba................ sa.... te
  Sumerian na ‘she’ aba........................
  tu ‘to create’
  
  To pour...child....son.. up....to raise...... strength.....,powerful...... land
  
  Hatti.... dug.... pin,pinu... tufa... ur... -ka
  Malinke.. du den dya........., tu.... fara... -ka
  Sumerian.. dub... peš..... dul.... usu.... ki
  

Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
https://www.farmlandgrab.org/post/view/27127

Black man from Turkey

Hittites

The Hittites were an Anatolian people who played an important role in establishing an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1600 BC. This empire reached its height during the mid-14th century BC under Šuppiluliuma I, when it encompassed an area that included most of Anatolia as well as parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia.

Between the 15th and 13th centuries BC, the Empire of Hattusa, conventionally called the Hittite Empire, came into conflict with the New Kingdom of Egypt, the Middle Assyrian Empire and the empire of the Mitanni for control of the Near East.

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Modern Turks did not live in that region during that time. The modern Turkish population came from somewhere else.

Now go troll somewhere else.

"Turks from the Central Asia settled in Anatolia in the 11th century, through the conquests of the Seljuk Turks. The region then began to transform from a predominantly Greek Christian society into a Turkish Muslim one".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people


"The origins of the Turkic peoples has been a topic of much discussion.[33] Recent linguistic, genetic and archaeological evidence suggests that the earliest Turkic peoples descended from agricultural communities in Northeast China who moved westwards into Mongolia in the late 3rd millennium BC, where they adopted a pastoral lifestyle."
[…]
"By the early 1st millennium BC, these peoples had become equestrian nomads.[34] In subsequent centuries, the steppe populations of Central Asia appear to have been progressively Turkified by a heterogenous East Asian dominant minority moving out of Mongolia."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples


Black man from Turkey.

Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by Ish Geber:

quote:

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
[qb] https://www.farmlandgrab.org/post/view/27127

Black man from Turkey

Hittites

The Hittites were an Anatolian people who played an important role in establishing an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1600 BC. This empire reached its height during the mid-14th century BC under Šuppiluliuma I, when it encompassed an area that included most of Anatolia as well as parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia.

Between the 15th and 13th centuries BC, the Empire of Hattusa, conventionally called the Hittite Empire, came into conflict with the New Kingdom of Egypt, the Middle Assyrian Empire and the empire of the Mitanni for control of the Near East.

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Modern Turks did not live in that region during that time. The modern Turkish population came from somewhere else.

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The Hittites themselves are also believed to have come in from elsewhere

wikipedia:

It is generally assumed that the Hittites came into Anatolia some time before 2000 BC. While their earlier location is disputed, it has been speculated by scholars for more than a century that the Yamnaya culture of the Pontic–Caspian steppe, in present-day Ukraine, around the Sea of Azov, spoke an early Indo-European language during the third and fourth millennia BC.[18]

The arrival of the Hittites in Anatolia in the Bronze Age was one of a superstrate imposing itself on a native culture (in this case over the pre-existing Hattians and Hurrians), either by means of conquest or by gradual assimilation.[19][20] In archaeological terms, relationships of the Hittites to the Ezero culture of the Balkans and Maykop culture of the Caucasus have been considered within the migration framework.[21] The Indo-European element at least establishes Hittite culture as intrusive to Anatolia in scholarly mainstream (excepting the opinions of Colin Renfrew,[22][23] whose Anatolian hypothesis assumes that Indo-European is indigenous to Anatolia, and, more recently, Quentin Atkinson[24

____________________________________


Genomic Evidence Establishes Anatolia as the
Source of the European Neolithic Gene Pool

Ayça Omrak Torsten Günther Cristina Valdiosera
Jan Storå Mattias Jakobsson
Anders Götherström
Published:December 31,2015 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.019


We present ancient
genome-wide sequence data from 6,700-year-old
human remains excavated from a Neolithic context
in Kumtepe, located in northwestern Anatolianear
the well-known (and younger) site Troy

We obtained mitochondrial genomes with coverage of 213 for
individual Kum6 and 1.53 for Kum4. Kum6 carries the H2a
mitochondrial haplogroup (Supplemental Experimental Procedures, section 3.2; Table S3), a haplogroup commonly found in
modern-day Eastern Europeans and Caucasians [15]. Haplogroup H is the most common haplogroup in Europe and the
Near East, and it is thought to have originated in the Near East
25,000–30,000 years ago

Mitochondrial haplogroup classification for Kum6.

H2a


_________________________________



Ivory Hittite Sphinx, 18th century B.C.E.

Posts: 42919 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                      

quote:

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Originally posted by the lioness,:

The Hittites themselves are also believed to have come in from elsewhere

wikipedia:

It is generally assumed that the Hittites came into Anatolia some time before 2000 BC. While their earlier location is disputed, it has been speculated by scholars for more than a century that the Yamnaya culture of the Pontic–Caspian steppe, in present-day Ukraine, around the Sea of Azov, spoke an early Indo-European language during the third and fourth millennia BC.[18]

The arrival of the Hittites in Anatolia in the Bronze Age was one of a superstrate imposing itself on a native culture (in this case over the pre-existing Hattians and Hurrians), either by means of conquest or by gradual assimilation.[19][20] In archaeological terms, relationships of the Hittites to the Ezero culture of the Balkans and Maykop culture of the Caucasus have been considered within the migration framework.[21] The Indo-European element at least establishes Hittite culture as intrusive to Anatolia in scholarly mainstream (excepting the opinions of Colin Renfrew,[22][23] whose Anatolian hypothesis assumes that Indo-European is indigenous to Anatolia, and, more recently, Quentin Atkinson[24

____________________________________


Genomic Evidence Establishes Anatolia as the
Source of the European Neolithic Gene Pool

We present ancient
genome-wide sequence data from 6,700-year-old
human remains excavated from a Neolithic context
in Kumtepe, located in northwestern Anatolianear
the well-known (and younger) site Troy

We obtained mitochondrial genomes with coverage of 213 for
individual Kum6 and 1.53 for Kum4. Kum6 carries the H2a
mitochondrial haplogroup (Supplemental Experimental Procedures, section 3.2; Table S3), a haplogroup commonly found in
modern-day Eastern Europeans and Caucasians [15]. Haplogroup H is the most common haplogroup in Europe and the
Near East, and it is thought to have originated in the Near East
25,000–30,000 years ago

Mitochondrial haplogroup classification for Kum6.

H2a


_________________________________



Ivory Hittite Sphinx, 18th century B.C.E.

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The moral of the story is that you can't just randomly interject and or pull out your Turkic people whenever you want to create a narrative to fit your agenda, but you were close.



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrians


Btw, this is still an issue:

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The dates for subhaplogroups H1 and H3 (13,000 and 10,000 years, respectively) in Iberian and North African populations allow for this possibility. Kefi et al.’s (2005) data on ancient DNA could be viewed as being in agreement with such a presence in North Africa in ancient times (about 15,000–6,000 years ago) and with the fact that the North African populations are considered by most scholars as having their closest relations with European and Asian populations (Cherni et al. 2008; Ennafaa et al. 2009; Kefi et al. 2005; Rando et al. 1998). However, considering the general understanding nowadays that human settlement of the rest of the world emerged from eastern northern Africa less than 50,000 years ago, a better explanation of these haplogroups might be that their frequencies re- flect the original modern human population of these parts of Africa as much as or more than intrusions from outside the continent. The ways that gene frequencies may increase or decrease based on adaptive selection, gene flow, and/or social processes is under study and would benefit from the results of studies on autosomal and Y-chromosome markers.

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Haplogroup H dominates present-day Western European mitochondrial DNA variability (>40%), yet was less common (~19%) among Early Neolithic farmers (~5450 BC) and virtually absent in Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. Here we investigate this major component of the maternal population history of modern Europeans and sequence 39 complete haplogroup H mitochondrial genomes from ancient human remains. We then compare this 'real-time' genetic data with cultural changes taking place between the Early Neolithic (~5450 BC) and Bronze Age (~2200 BC) in Central Europe. Our results reveal that the current diversity and distribution of haplogroup H were largely established by the Mid Neolithic (~4000 BC), but with substantial genetic contributions from subsequent pan-European cultures such as the Bell Beakers expanding out of Iberia in the Late Neolithic (~2800 BC). Dated haplogroup H genomes allow us to reconstruct the recent evolutionary history of haplogroup H and reveal a mutation rate 45% higher than current estimates for human mitochondria.

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The Tuareg of the Fezzan region (Libya) are characterized by an extremely high frequency (61%) of haplogroup H1, a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup that is common in all Western European populations. To define how and when H1 spread from Europe to North Africa up to the Central Sahara, in Fezzan, we investigated the complete mitochondrial genomes of eleven Libyan Tuareg belonging to H1. Coalescence time estimates suggest an arrival of the European H1 mtDNAs at about 8,000–9,000 years ago, while phylogenetic analyses reveal three novel H1 branches, termed H1v, H1w and H1x, which appear to be specific for North African populations, but whose frequencies can be extremely different even in relatively close Tuareg villages.

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Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                      

quote:

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Originally posted by Ish Geber:
you can't just randomly interject and or pull out your Turkic people whenever you want to create a narrative to fit your agenda, but you were close.



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrians

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Posts: 42919 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                      

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

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Originally posted by Ish Geber:
you can't just randomly interject and or pull out your Turkic people whenever you want to create a narrative to fit your agenda, but you were close.



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrians

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Is this your uncle, where is he from?

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Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by Yatunde Lisa Bey:
THE HITTITES AND THE AEGEAN WORLD
By: James D. Muhly
The first thing to realize about the Hittites is that they are not Hittites. The sad fact is that we are stuck with an incorrect terminol­ogy, but it is too late to do anything about it now. This unfortunate situation came about as a result of several deductions made by earlier scholars which, though entirely reasonable at the time, have proved to be false. The Bronze Age civilization of Central Anatolia (or Tur­key), which we today call Hittite, completely disappeared sometime around 1200 B.C.


https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/the-hittites-and-the-aegean-world/

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Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged |