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malibudusul - I was just perusing an article about a Black Englishman called "Black Morrow", and I thought about your desire to become a Black historian, and all that would entail for you to be successful.
First and foremost is authentic artifacts. The Albinos lie about EVERYTHING regarding race, and will not hesitate to make fake artifacts, so as to make history appear Albino dominated. So if you don't have good artifacts to lean on, you're DOOMED!
Once you have artifacts, you can then follow leads, and then plug-in your artifacts. Only then will anything make sense to you, because of the Albinos lies.
Her is an example of where the Black Morrow article lead me, as I waded through the Albino mans lies.
Black Morrow, also known as Black Murray, is the name given to a bandit whom according to tradition was killed by a MacLellan near Kirkcudbright in Galloway, Scotland. There are several different versions of the story, in which the slain bandit is variously described as a Gypsy, a Moor, or even Irish. The stories may be explanations for the Moor's head that appears on the crest that appears on the Arms of Lord Kirkcudbright, and in consequence the modern crest badge used by Clan MacLellan. The blazon for which is a naked arm supporting on the point of a sword, a moor's head.
According to one tradition he and his followers occupied Clan MacLellan lands. He was killed by Sir William MacLelllan when discovered in a drunken sleep, allowing the MacLellans to regain control of their land. Another version states that a Ł50 reward was offered for his capture or death and that MacLellan bought the land with the reward. In an elaborate version of the story MacLellan deliberately replaced spring-water in a well with spirits in order to get Black Morrow drunk. The location of the spring in woodland is now known as Black Morrow Wood.
The name "Black Morrow" is assumed to derive from the term "Blackamoor" referring to the Moors of North Africa and Spain. As the date of the incident is not specified in the earliest surviving accounts it is not possible to know whether this implies that Black Morrow was an actual Moor or whether the name was intended to refer to his swarthy skin or barbarous reputation, perhaps analogous to "Black Douglas". Some accounts refer to him as "Irish" and others as a "gypsy".
Some writers in the 19th century attempted to use the story as evidence of native racial diversity in Britain. David MacRitchie argued that Black Morrow was probably a gypsy, but claimed that the gypsies were not immigrants but ancient Britons from a primeval dark-skinned race.
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Douglas
Clan Douglas is an ancient Scottish kindred from the Scottish Lowlands taking its name from Douglas, South Lanarkshire, and thence spreading through the Scottish Borderland, Angus, Lothian and beyond. The clan does not currently have a chief, therefore it is considered an armigerous clan.
The Douglases were once the most powerful family in Scotland. The powerful Douglas chiefs held the titles of the Earl of Douglas (Black Douglas), Earl of Angus (Red Douglas) and at one point the Earl of Morton.
Many Douglases married into Scottish and other European royal and noble houses, thereby ensuring Douglas power within Scotland, as a result of their accumulated wealth.
The family's original seat was Douglas Castle in Lanarkshire, but they spread to many properties throughout Scotland.
There are many Douglases buried throughout the world, such as the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés in Paris, Vreta Abbey in Östergötland, and at Melrose Abbey. Perhaps most notable of all is at St Bride's Kirk in Douglas. Dedicated to St Bride, the patron saint of the Douglas, it holds the mausolea of many distinguished Douglases, including that of the Good Sir James Douglas.
Origins of the clan
According to tradition, the Douglases took their name from the Gaelic or Cumbric language placename "Dubh glas/Ddu glas" meaning "black-blue/green", in reference to the colour of the river that ran through the territory. In fact, the family's surname is derived from the Gaelic elements dubh, meaning "dark, black"; and glas, meaning "stream" (in turn from Old Gaelic dub and glais). One old tradition is that the first chief of Douglas was Sholto Douglas who helped the king of Scotland win a battle in the year 767. This is unsubstantiated.
The true progenitor of Clan Douglas was almost certainly "Theobaldus Flammatius" (Theobald the Flemming), who received in 1147 the lands near Douglas Water in Lanarkshire in return for services for the Abbot of Kelso.
Although the Douglases were first recorded in the 1170s, the Douglas family names consisted of Arkenbald and Freskin, and were undoubtedly related to the Clan Murray, and to be of Flemish origin. The Clan Murray were descended from a Flemish knight called Freskin. Though the Flemish origin of the Douglases is not undisputed, it is often claimed that the Douglases were descended from a Flemish knight who was granted lands on the Douglas Water by the Abbot of Kelso, who held the barony and lordship of Holydean. However this is disputed, it has been claimed that the lands which were granted to this knight were not the lands which the Douglas family came from.
In 1179 William Douglas was Lord of Douglas and it seems likely that he was Theobald the Flemming's son and the first to take the surname Douglas.
"The Scottish nation; or, The surnames, families, literature, honours, and biographical history of the people of Scotland" by WILLIAM ANDERSON, 1878.
DOUGLAS.
Dougal, a surname derived from Dhu-gal, the Gaelic for dark complexioned stranger, this being the name given to the son of the famous Somerled, lord of the Isles, who flourished in the twelfth century, and the patronymic of his descendants, the clan M'Dugal.
Douglas, the name of an ancient and once very powerful family in Scotland, long the rival of royalty. Its origin is entirely unknown. Hume of Godscroft, in his 'History of the Douglases,' says, " We do not know them in the fountain, but in the stream not in the root, but in the stem, for we know not who was the first mean man that did raise himself above the vulgar." The traditionary account, a mere family fable, which he gives of their origin, is, that in the 8th century, during the 'reign of Solvathius, king of Scots, one Donald Bane, of the Western Isles, made an irruption into the Scottish territory, and put to the rout the forces collected to repel his invasion. An unknown warrior, with his friends and followers, came seasonably to their aid, and in the conflict which ensued Donald Was defeated and slain. When the king inquired at his attendants to whom he owed his deliverance, the stranger was pointed out to him by one of them, with the Gaelic words, ''Sholto Dhu-glas," — " Behold the Dark man." The king is said to have rewarded him with a large tract of land in Lanarkshire, which, with the river by which it is traversed, was called Douglas after him.
George Chalmers, (Caledonia, vol. i. p. 579.) derives the rigm of the name from Douglas water tracing it to the Celtic words " Dhu-glas," the dark stream. He states, but without any warrant, that the founder of the family was a Fleming named Theobald, who came to Scotland about 1150 and as a vassal of Arnald, abbot of Eelso. received from him a grant of some lands on Douglas water. Wyntoun (Chron b. viii. c. 7.) says that of the beginning of the Murray and the Douglas, he can affirm nothing for certain ; nevertheless as both bear in their arms the same stars set in the same manner, it seems likely that they have come of the same kin, either by lineal descent or by collateral branch.
The first of the name on record is William of Dufglas, who, between 1175 and 1199, witnessed a charter by Joceline, bishop of Glasgow, to the monks of Kelso, (see Origines Parochiales Scothe, under parish of Douglas, vol. i. p. 155). He was either the brother or brother-in-law of Sir Freskin de Kerdale in Moray, and had six sons. 1. Sir Erkenbald, or Archibald, who succeeded him. 2. Brice, prior of Lesmahago, and in 1203 bishop of Moray. 3. Fretheskin, parson of Douglas, afterwards apparently dean of Moray. 4. Hugh, canon and probably archdeacon of Moray. 5. Alexander, sheriff of Elgin. 6. Henry, canon of Moray.
Somerled (Old Norse: Sumarliđr, Scottish Gaelic: Somhairle, commonly Anglicized from Gaelic as Sorley) was a military and political leader of the Scottish Isles in the 12th century who was known in Gaelic as rí Innse Gall ("King of the Hebrides"). His father was Gillebride. The name, a common one amongst the Vikings, means summer traveller and is a kenning for Viking.
Somerled first appears in historical chronicles in the year 1140 as the Regulus, or King, of Kintyre (Cinn Těre) when he marries Raghnailt the daughter of Olaf (or Amhlaibh), King of Mann and the Isles. The year 1153 saw the deaths of two kings: David I of Scotland and Olaf of Mann. There was much confusion and discord as a result and Somerled took his chance, making offensive moves against both Scotland and Mann and the Isles, the latter having been inherited from Olaf by Somerled's brother-in-law, Goraidh mac Amhlaibh.
A summoning was sent, from Thorfin the most powerful jarl of the Hebrides, to Somerled Dougal—Somerled's own son by his wife, the daughter of the Manx king—to move so he might be "King over the Isles". In 1156 Goraidh was defeated during the Battle of Epiphany against 80 ships of Somerled's fleet and the two enemies partitioned the isles between them. Goraidh kept the islands north of Ardnamurchan with Somerled gaining the rest. However, two years after this Somerled returned to the Isle of Man with 53 warships. He defeated Goraidh again in battle and this time forced him to flee to Norway. Somerled's kingdom now stretched from the Isle of Man to the Butt of Lewis.
Thus both Viking and Scot formed one people under a single lord, coming to share a single culture and one way of life — they were to become a powerful and noted race known as the Gall-Gaidheal, literally meaning 'Foreign-Gaels'. It was upon the seas that their power was situated under the rule of the Kings of the Isles; yet new enemies arose in the east.
The Stuarts made inroads in the west coast and eventually Somerled assembled a sizable army to repel them. He landed an invasion fleet on the shore of the Clyde near Inchinnan and advanced towards Renfrew and the centre of the Stewarts' territory, where the Battle of Renfrew was fought in 1164. Much confusion surrounds the manner of the battle, and indeed whether a battle occurred at all, but what is certain is that Somerled was killed, either assassinated in his tent as he camped or from a spear wound suffered in an early phase of the battle. The leaderless fleet then retreated from the area.
THE STEWART'S/STUARTS
Origins of the clan: Historically, however, the family appears to be descended from a mediaeval family who were seneschals of Dol in Brittany, the earliest recorded being Flaald.
They acquired lands in England after the Norman conquest, and moved to Scotland with many other Anglo-Norman families when David I ascended to the throne of Scotland. The family was granted extensive estates in Renfrewshire and in East Lothian and the office of High Steward of Scotland was made hereditary in the family.
Family crest of Stewart/Stuart _________________________ Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots
BACKGROUND:
A study of the settlement of England and the tribal origin of the Old English people: by Thomas William Shore (1906) Our Darker Forefathers.
The consideration of the evidence that people of brunette complexions were among the Anglo-Saxon settlers in England leads on to that of people of a still darker hue, the dark, black, or brown-black settlers. Probably there must have been some of these among the Anglo-Saxons, for we meet with the personal names Blacman, Blaecman, Blakernan, Blacaman, Blac'sunu, Blsecca, and Blacheman, in various documents of the period.
The Old English term for the darker-complexioned Britons brown men or black men Wealas. (Wealas - which is what the new Anglo-Saxon people called the native Celtic inhabitants of England). There is another old word used by the Anglo-Saxons to denote black or brown-black the word sweart. The personal names Suart and Sueart (add Stewart/Stuart) may have been derived from this word, and may have originally denoted people of a dark-brown or black complexion. The so-called black men of the Anglo-Saxon period probably included some of the darker Wendish people among them, immigrants or descendants of people of the same race as the ancestors of the Sorbs (Wends) of Lausatia (a region on the territory of Germany and Poland) on the borders of Saxony and Prussia at the present day (Germany). Some of the darker Wends may well have been among the Black Vikings referred to in the Irish annals.
In the Irish annals the Black Vikings are called Dubh-Ghenti, or Black Gentiles. These Black Gentiles on some occasions fought against other plunderers of the Irish coasts known as the Fair Gentiles, who can hardly have been others than the fair Danes or Northmen. In the year 851 the Black Gentiles came to Athcliath i.e., Dublin. In 852 we are told that eight ships of the Finn-Ghenti arrived and fought against the Dubh-Ghenti for three days, and that the Dubh-Ghenti were victorious. The Black Vikings appear at this time to have had a settlement in or close to Dublin, and during the ninth century were much in evidence on the Irish coast. In 877 a great battle was fought at Lock-Cuan between them and the Fair Gentiles, in which Albann Chief of the Black Gentiles fell. He may well have been a chieftain of the race of the Northern Sorbs of the Mecklenburg coast. There is still another way in which men of black hair or complexions may have come into England, as Thralls (serf or unfree servant) among the Norse invaders. In his translation of ' Orosius,' King Alfred inserts the account which Othere, the Norse mariner, gave him of the tribute in skins, eiderdown, whalebone, and ropes made from whale and seal skins, which the Northern Fins, now called Lapps, paid to the Northmen. Their descendants are among the darkest people of Europe, and as they were thralls, some of them may have accompanied their lords. The Danes and Norse, having the general race characteristics of tall, fair men, must have been sharply distinguished in appearance from Vikings, such as those of Jomborg, for many of these were probably of a dark complexion. There is an interesting record of the descent of dark sea-rovers on the coast of North Wales in the 'Annales Cambriae,' under the year 987, which tells us that Gothrit, son of Harald, with black men, devastated Anglesea, and captured two thousand men.
Sir William Douglas, Lord of Nithsdale, usually called "The Black Douglas," was the illegitimate son of the preceding. He was a renowned warrior, and married Egidia, daughter of Robert the Second. His name was a terror to the English, and after a life of bold and successful warfare, in 1389, with a train of Scottish knights, he went to Germany, and under Waldenrodt, Grand-master of the Teutonic Order, defended Dantzic, or Danesvick, against the pagans of Prussia, who besieged it under Udialans Ingello. Douglas and his knights made a furious sally, cut the besiegers to pieces, and cleared the district, for which he was created prince of Danesvick, duke of Spruce, and admiral of the fleet. Thenceforth all Scotsmen were declared freemen of Dantzic, and in token thereof, the arms of the nation, with those of Douglas, were placed over the great gate, where they remained until it was rebuilt in 1711. A part of the suburbs is still named Little Scotland, and near it was the bridge where Douglas was basely murdered by the contrivance of the English Lord Clifford and a band of assassins in 1390.
The Teutonic Order
The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem (Official names: Latin: Ordo domus Sanctć Marić Theutonicorum Hierosolymitanorum, German: Orden der Brüder vom Deutschen Haus St. Mariens in Jerusalem), commonly called the Teutonic Order, was a German medieval military order, in modern times a purely religious Catholic order. It was formed to aid Christians on their pilgrimages to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals. Its members have commonly been known as the Teutonic Knights, since they also served as a crusading military order in the Middle Ages. The military membership was always small, with volunteers and mercenaries augmenting the force as needed. After the Reformation, the Bailiwick of Utrecht of the Order became Protestant; this branch still consists of knights, but the modern Roman Catholic order consists of Roman Catholic priests, nuns, and associates.
The order was formed at the end of the 12th century in Acre, in the Levant, the medieval Order played an important role in Outremer, controlling the port tolls of Acre. After Christian forces were defeated in the Middle East, the Order moved to Transylvania in 1211 to help defend Hungary against the Kipchaks. The Knights were expelled in 1225, after allegedly attempting to place themselves under Papal instead of Hungarian sovereignty.
In 1230, following the Golden Bull of Rimini, Grand Master Hermann von Salza and Duke Konrad I of Masovia launched the Prussian Crusade, a joint invasion of Prussia intended to Christianize the Baltic Old Prussians. The Order then created the independent Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights in the conquered territory, and subsequently conquered Livonia. The Kings of Poland accused the Order of holding lands rightfully theirs.
The Order lost its main purpose in Europe with the Christianisation of Lithuania. The Order became involved in campaigns against its Christian neighbours, the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Novgorod Republic (after assimilating the Livonian Order). The Teutonic Knights had a strong economic base, hired mercenaries from throughout Europe to augment their feudal levies, and became a naval power in the Baltic Sea. In 1410, a Polish-Lithuanian army decisively defeated the Order and broke its military power at the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg).
In 1515, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I made a marriage alliance with Sigismund I of Poland-Lithuania. Thereafter the Empire did not support the Order against Poland. In 1525, Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg resigned and converted to Lutheranism, becoming Duke of Prussia as a vassal of Poland. Soon after, the Order lost Livonia and its holdings in the Protestant areas of Germany.
The Order kept its considerable holdings in Catholic areas of Germany until 1809, when Napoleon Bonaparte ordered its dissolution and the Order lost its last secular holdings. The Order continued to exist as a charitable and ceremonial body. It was outlawed by Adolf Hitler in 1938, but re-established in 1945. Today it operates primarily with charitable aims in Central Europe.
The Knights wore white surcoats with a black cross. A cross pattée was sometimes used as their coat of arms; this image was later used for military decoration and insignia by the Kingdom of Prussia and Germany as the Iron Cross and Pour le Mérite. The motto of the Order was:"Helfen, Wehren, Heilen" ("Help, Defend, Heal")
Cross of the Teutonic Order
Coat of arms of the Teutonic Order Grand Master
Coat of arms of the Teutonic Order
Alternate Coat of Arms of the Teutonic Order
Malbork Castle
The Marienburg Castle in Malbork is by area the largest castle in the world. It was built in Prussia by the Teutonic Knights, in a form of an Ordensburg fortress. The Order named it Marienburg (Mary's Castle). The town which grew around it was also named Marienburg. The castle is a classic example of a medieval fortress, and on its completion in 1406 was the world's largest brick castle. After WW II, it was ceded to Poland.
BACKGROUND:
THE MIGRATIONS
The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions or Völkerwanderung, is a name given by historians to a human migration which occurred within the period of roughly AD 300–700 in Europe, marking the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages.
The migration included the Goths, Vandals, and Franks, among other Germanic, Bulgar and Slavic tribes. The migration may have been triggered by the incursions of the Huns (not a Germanic tribe), in turn connected to the Turkic migration in Central Asia, population pressures, or climate changes.
The migration movement may be divided into two phases; the first phase, between AD 300 and 500, largely seen from the Mediterranean perspective, put Germanic peoples in control of most areas of the former Western Roman Empire. (See also: Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Burgundians, Alans, Langobards, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Suebi, Alamanni). The first to formally enter Roman territory — as refugees from the Huns — were the Visigoths in 376. Tolerated by the Romans on condition that they defend the Danube frontier, they rebelled, eventually invading Italy and sacking Rome itself (410) before settling in Iberia and founding a 200-year-long kingdom there. They were followed into Roman territory by the Ostrogoths led by Theodoric the Great, settling in Italy itself.
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The Roman historian Jordanes, in his book on the history of the Goths, called "Getica" (circa 551 A.D), gives a similar account as to why the White tribes (Germanics and Slavs - Turks came later) started westward into Europe.
Quote: But after a short space of time, as Orosius relates, the race of the Huns, fiercer than ferocity itself, flamed forth against the Goths. We learn from old traditions that their origin was as follows: Filimer, king of the Goths, son of Gadaric the Great, who was the fifth in succession to hold the rule of the Getae after their departure from the island of Scandza,--and who, as we have said, entered the land of Scythia with his tribe,--found among his people certain witches, whom he called in his native tongue Haliurunnae. Suspecting these women, he expelled them from the midst of his race and compelled them to wander in solitary exile afar from his army. (122) There the unclean spirits, who beheld them as they wandered through the wilderness, bestowed their embraces upon them and begat this savage race, which dwelt at first in the swamps,--a stunted, foul and puny tribe, scarcely human, and having no language save one which bore but slight resemblance to human speech. Such was the descent of the Huns who came to the country of the Goths.
(129) When the Getae beheld this active race that had invaded many nations, they took fright and consulted with their king how they might escape from such a foe. Now although Hermanaric, king of the Goths, was the conqueror of many tribes, as we have said above, yet while he was deliberating on this invasion of the Huns, the treacherous tribe of the Rosomoni, who at that time were among those who owed him their homage, took this chance to catch him unawares. For when the king had given orders that a certain woman of the tribe I have mentioned, Sunilda by name, should be bound to wild horses and torn apart by driving them at full speed in opposite directions (for he was roused to fury by her husband's treachery to him), her brothers Sarus and Ammius came to avenge their sister's death and plunged a sword into Hermanaric's side. Enfeebled by this blow, he dragged out a miserable existence in bodily weakness. (130) Balamber, king of the Huns, took advantage of his ill health to move an army into the country of the Ostrogoths, from whom the Visigoths had already separated because of some dispute. Meanwhile Hermanaric, who was unable to endure either the pain of his wound or the inroads of the Huns, died full of days at the great age of one hundred and ten years. The fact of his death enabled the Huns to prevail over those Goths who, as we have said, dwelt in the East and were called Ostrogoths.
(131) The Visigoths, who were their other allies and inhabitants of the western country, were terrified as their kinsmen had been, and knew not how to plan for safety against the race of the Huns. After long deliberation by common consent they finally sent ambassadors into Romania to the Emperor Valens, brother of Valentinian, the elder Emperor, to say that if he would give them part of Thrace or Moesia to keep, they would submit themselves to his laws and commands. That he might have greater confidence in them, they promised to become Christians, if he would give them teachers who spoke their language. (132) When Valens learned this, he gladly and promptly granted what he had himself intended to ask. He received the Getae into the region of Moesia and placed them there as a wall of defense for his kingdom against other tribes. And since at that time the Emperor Valens, who was infected with the Arian perfidy, had closed all the churches of our party, he sent as preachers to them those who favored his sect. They came and straightway filled a rude and ignorant people with the poison of their heresy. Thus the Emperor Valens made the Visigoths Arians rather than Christians. (133) Moreover, from the love they bore them, they preached the gospel both to the Ostrogoths and to their kinsmen the Gepidae, teaching them to reverence this heresy, and they invited all people of their speech everywhere to attach themselves to this sect. They themselves as we have said, crossed the Danube and settled Dacia Ripensis, Moesia and Thrace by permission of the Emperor.
ROME FALLS:
The invading Albinos continued their onslught against the Roman Empire over a period of four centuries, culminating on September 4, 476, when Romulus Augustus, the last Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, was deposed by Odoacer. In Western Europe, the period from about AD 500-700 is often called the Dark Ages. In fact from about AD 410 onwards, the western part of the empire was overrun by various group of Albino invaders.
The Eastern Empire fared better and under Emperor Justinian succeeded in reconquering some of areas lost by the Western Empire, including much of southern Italy, parts of North Africa and some areas of Gaul and Spain near the Mediterranean coast. However, they were unable to hold on to these areas for long.
Salvation comes in the person of Charlemagne.
POPES ATTACKED!
In 799, for the third time in half a century, a pope is in need of help from the Frankish king. After being physically attacked by his enemies in the streets of Rome (their stated intention is to blind him and cut out his tongue, to make him incapable of office), Leo III makes his way through the Alps to visit Charlemagne at Paderborn. It is not known what is agreed, but Charlemagne travels to Rome in 800 to support the pope. In a ceremony in St Peter's, on Christmas Day, Leo is due to anoint Charlemagne's son as his heir. But unexpectedly (it is maintained), as Charlemagne rises from prayer, the pope places a crown on his head and acclaims him emperor.
Charlemagne expresses displeasure but accepts the honour. The displeasure is probably diplomatic, for the legal emperor is undoubtedly the one in Constantinople. Nevertheless this public alliance between the pope and the ruler of a confederation of Germanic tribes now reflects the reality of political power in the west. And it launches the concept of the new Holy Roman Empire which will play an important role throughout the Middle Ages.
The Holy Roman Empire only becomes formally established in the next century. But it is implicit in the title adopted by Charlemagne in 800: 'Charles, most serene Augustus, crowned by God, great and pacific emperor, governing the Roman empire.'
CHARLEMAGNE
Charlemagne meaning Charles the Great; (possibly 742–814) was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) from 800 to his death in 814. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800. His rule is also associated with the Carolingian Renaissance, a revival of art, religion, and culture through the medium of the Catholic Church. Through his foreign conquests and internal reforms, Charlemagne helped define both Western Europe and the European Middle Ages. He is numbered as Charles I in the regnal lists of Germany, the Holy Roman Empire, and France.
Charlemagne was engaged in almost constant battle throughout his reign, often at the head of his elite scara bodyguard squadrons, with his legendary sword Joyeuse in hand. After thirty years of war and eighteen battles—the Saxon Wars—he conquered Saxonia and proceeded to convert the conquered to Christianity.
The Germanic Saxons were divided into four subgroups in four regions. Nearest to Austrasia was Westphalia and furthest away was Eastphalia. In between these two kingdoms was that of Engria and north of these three, at the base of the Jutland peninsula, was Nordalbingia.
In his first campaign, Charlemagne forced the Engrians in 773 to submit and cut down an Irminsul pillar near Paderborn.[48] The campaign was cut short by his first expedition to Italy. He returned in 775, marching through Westphalia and conquered the Saxon fort of Sigiburg. He then crossed Engria, where he defeated the Saxons again. Finally, in Eastphalia, he defeated a Saxon force, and its leader Hessi converted to Christianity. He returned through Westphalia, leaving encampments at Sigiburg and Eresburg, which had, up until then, been important Saxon bastions. All of Saxony but Nordalbingia was under his control, but Saxon resistance had not ended.
Following his campaign in Italy subjugating the dukes of Friuli and Spoleto, Charlemagne returned very rapidly to Saxony in 776, where a rebellion had destroyed his fortress at Eresburg. The Saxons were once again brought to heel, but their main leader, Widukind, managed to escape to Denmark, home of his wife. Charlemagne built a new camp at Karlstadt. In 777, he called a national diet at Paderborn to integrate Saxony fully into the Frankish kingdom. Many Saxons were baptised as Christians.
In the summer of 779, he again invaded Saxony and reconquered Eastphalia, Engria, and Westphalia. At a diet near Lippe, he divided the land into missionary districts and himself assisted in several mass baptisms (780). He then returned to Italy and, for the first time, there was no immediate Saxon revolt. Saxony was peaceful from 780 to 782. Charlemagne (742–814) receiving the submission of Widukind at Paderborn in 785, by Ary Scheffer (1795–1858). Versailles.
He returned to Saxony in 782 and instituted a code of law and appointed counts, both Saxon and Frank. The laws were draconian on religious issues; for example, the Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae prescribed death to Saxon pagans who refused to convert to Christianity. This revived a renewal of the old conflict. That year, in autumn, Widukind returned and led a new revolt. In response, at Verden in Lower Saxony, Charlemagne is recorded as having ordered the execution of 4,500 Saxon prisoners, known as the Massacre of Verden ("Verdener Blutgericht"). The killings triggered three years of renewed bloody warfare (783–785). During this war the Frisians were also finally subdued and a large part of their fleet was burned. The war ended with Widukind accepting baptism.
Thereafter, the Saxons maintained the peace for seven years, but in 792 the Westphalians again rose against their conquerors. The Eastphalians and Nordalbingians joined them in 793, but the insurrection did not catch on and was put down by 794. An Engrian rebellion followed in 796, but the presence of Charlemagne, Christian Saxons and Slavs quickly crushed it. The last insurrection of the independent-minded people occurred in 804, more than thirty years after Charlemagne's first campaign against them. This time, the most restive of them, the Nordalbingians, found themselves effectively disempowered from rebellion for the time being. According to Einhard:
The war that had lasted so many years was at length ended by their acceding to the terms offered by the King; which were renunciation of their national religious customs and the worship of devils, acceptance of the sacraments of the Christian faith and religion, and union with the Franks to form one people.
The Ostsiedlung (settlement in the east), also called German eastward expansion, is the name given by Albinos to Charlemagne's Albino butt-kicking, which forced the medieval eastward migration and settlement of Germans from modern day western and central Germany into less-populated regions and countries of eastern Central Europe and Eastern Europe. The affected area roughly stretched from Slovenia to Estonia, and eastwards into Transylvania. In part, Ostsiedlung followed the territorial expansion of the Holy Roman Empire and the Teutonic Order. Thus the Ostsiedlung is really about resurgent Blacks forcing Whites (Visigoth's) back east into Eastern Europe.
Charlemagne's army experienced its worst defeat at the hands of the Basques, at the Battle of Roncesvalles (778) (memorialised, although heavily fictionalised, in the Song of Roland). He also campaigned against the peoples to his east, especially the Saxons, and after a protracted war subjected them to his rule. By forcibly Christianizing the Saxons and banning on penalty of death their native Germanic paganism, he integrated them into his realm and thus paved the way for the later Ottonian dynasty. The French and German monarchies descending from the empire ruled by Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor cover most of Europe.
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Otto I, the great;
Charlemagne had been crowned Emperor in 800, but his empire had been divided amongst his grandsons, and following the assassination of Berengar of Friuli in 924, the Imperial title had lain vacant for nearly forty years. On 2 February 962, Otto I, son of Henry I the Fowler, and Matilda of Ringelheim, was then Duke of Saxony, King of Germany and of Italy, was crowned Emperor of what later became the Holy Roman Empire.
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Charles V
Charles V (1338–1380), called the Wise, was King of France from 1364 to his death in 1380 and a member of the House of Valois. His reign marked a high point for France during the Hundred Years' War, with his armies recovering much of the territory ceded to England at the Treaty of Brétigny. Charles was born at the château de Vincennes outside of Paris, France, the son of John II of France and Bonne of Luxembourg. Upon his father's succession to the throne in 1350, Charles became Dauphin of France. He was the first French heir to use the title, which is named for the region of Dauphiné, acquired by Charles' grandfather.
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The Swabian War of 1499 (Schwabenkrieg, also called Schweizerkrieg ["Swiss War"] in Germany and Engadiner Krieg ["War of the Engadin"] in Austria) was the last major armed conflict between the Old Swiss Confederacy and the House of Habsburg. What had begun as a local conflict over the control of the Val Müstair and the Umbrail Pass in the Grisons soon got out of hand when both parties called upon their allies for help; the Habsburgs demanding the support of the Swabian League, and the Federation of the Three Leagues of the Grisons turning to the Swiss Eidgenossenschaft. Hostilities quickly spread from the Grisons through the Rhine valley to Lake Constance and even to the Sundgau in southern Alsace, the westernmost part of Habsburg Further Austria.
Many battles were fought from January to July 1499, and in all but a few minor skirmishes, the experienced Swiss soldiers defeated the Swabian and Habsburg armies. After their victories in the Burgundian Wars, the Swiss had battle tested troops and commanders. On the Swabian side, distrust between the knights and their foot soldiers, disagreements amongst the military leadership, and a general reluctance to fight a war that even the Swabian counts considered to be more in the interests of the powerful Habsburgs than in the interest of the Holy Roman Empire proved fatal handicaps. When his military high commander fell in the battle of Dornach, where the Swiss won a final decisive victory, king Maximilian I had no choice but to agree to a peace treaty signed on September 22, 1499 in Basel. The treaty granted the Confederacy far-reaching independence from the empire. Although the Eidgenossenschaft officially remained a part of the empire until the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, the peace of Basel exempted it from the imperial jurisdiction and imperial taxes and thus de facto acknowledged it as a separate political entity.
Silbereisen: Chronicon Helvetiae, Part I
A richly illustrated Swiss chronicle in three parts, comprising three books. The newest and most comprehensive book (Part I) contains the origin and history of the Confederation up to the 14th century. The oldest book (Part II) contains a description of the Burgundian wars of the 15th century. The subsequent book (Part III) describes selected events from the history of the Confederation during the 15th and 16th centuries, such as Waldmannhandel arbitration (1489) and the Battle of Marignano (1515), and contains an illustrated catalog of ordnance captured in the Swabian War of 1499.
quote:Originally posted by Mike111: ^See how different "REAL" history is from the Albino bullsh1t?
Mike, what you are calling "REAL" is public information from albino institutions. Your sources are albino.
Also:
^^^caption wrong:
This is Albert, Duke of Prussia (1490-1568) only, not of Hohenzollern/Mainz the first state to adopt the Lutheran faith and Protestantism as the official state religion. Albert proved instrumental in the political spread of Protestantism in its early stage.
Below is Cardinal Albert Albert of Hohenzollern (1490 – 1545) aka and Archbishop of Mainz from 1514 to 1545, and Archbishop of Magdeburg from 1513 to 1545.
He has nothing to do with Prussia, if I'm not mistaken
Albert's large and liberal ideas, his friendship with Ulrich von Hutten, and his political ambitions, appear to have raised hopes that he would be won over to Protestantism; but after the German Peasants' War of 1525 he associated himself definitively among the supporters of Catholicism, and was among the princes who met to plan for its defence at Dessau in July 1525.
Grünewald, Matthias (1517–23), Meeting of Saint Erasmus of Formiae and Saint Maurice. The painter Grünewald usedAlbert of Hohenzollern (Albert of Mainz) who commissioned the painting, as the model for St. Erasmus (left).
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You fuching Albinos just don't get it, do you. Are the Pyramids Albino sources?
Those artifacts are NOT yours! You didn't make them, Black people did.
What you do while holding, hiding and defacing the legitimate property of Black people, is a criminal act.
Perhaps one day, you may yet have an opportunity to ponder your mistake, with as much duress as possible.
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posted
Thanks for the tips, Mike. When I have time I'll read.
ROMAN MOLD BLOWN MANGANESE PURPLE GLASS HEAD FLASK
The body with the face of a child or Eros with hair in rows of tight curls; tubular neck with broad flat folded lip. Cf. M. Milkovich, The Alfred Wolkenberg Collection of Ancient Glass, Memphis, 1964, no. 86, p.34.
Ex French collection.
3rd-4th Century AD
H. 3 1/4 in. (8.1 cm.)
Art of the Ancient World, 2012, no. 137 BPPU03 $4,850
With a broad face and wide nose, the eyes inlaid in silver, the full lips perhaps once overlaid with silver, the hair above the forehead and ears arranged in tight curls.
Ex Royal-Athena Galleries, 1989; John Kluge collection, Charlottesville VA.
2nd-1st Century BC
H. 3 1/2 in. (8.9 cm.)
Art of the Ancient World, 2010, no. 40 CNH141 SOLD
"The art of the sublime: principles of Christian art and architecture - Google Books Result books.google.com/books?isbn=0754650731...Roger Homan - 2006 - Art - 213 pages When in 1547 Ivan the Terrible was crowned Tsar, he used images and icons to legitimize the ... such as the Black Madonna of Czestochowa in Catholic Poland. ..."
Degenerate lying Albinos will, at every chance, claim that figures of Black Europeans are figures of Africans, (they like to call them Nubians). You should always point out that it is a lie. For there are many ignorant Negroes who will believe it.
EXAMPLES FROM YOUR LINKS:
GREEK BRONZE VASE: HEAD OF A YOUNG AFRICAN
ROMAN BRONZE BALSAMARIUM: BUST OF A BEARDED NUBIAN
posted
malibudusul - Lesson #3, Albino Fakes are EVERYWHERE!
Remember - History until about the 1800s was about Blacks dealing with other Blacks. So if it is about important people, and there are no Blacks in the picture, then it's a fake. If there is just too few Blacks in the picture, it's likely a fake too. The lie is the Albinos only friend, and he uses it with reckless abandon, so beware!
(Valerian kinda looks like a Black man, doesn't he)
THAT'S BECAUSE HE "WAS" A BLACK MAN!
The Humiliation of Emperor Valerian by Shapur I, pen and ink, Hans Holbein the Younger, ca. 1521
(Now you know damn well that something like this bullsh1t wasn't made in the 1500s, Blacks were still in power then).
.
Oh, and did I forget to mention that the Albinos are very good a making fake coins too?
Charles I (1288 – ), the first King of Hungary and Croatia (1308–42) of the House of Anjou. He was also descended from the old Hungarian Árpád dynasty. His claim to the throne of Hungary was contested by several pretenders. Nevertheless, although he was only a child when his grandfather, King Charles II of Naples sent him to Hungary in 1300, Charles would strengthen his rule in the kingdom against his opponents and the powerful magnates following a long series of internal struggles. His most successful achievement was the mutual defense union with Poland and Bohemia against the Habsburgs (Holy Roman Empire). Charles was born in Naples, southern Italy, the only son of Charles Martel, Prince of Salerno and his wife Clementia, a daughter of King Rudolph I of Germany. His paternal grandmother, Mary, a daughter of King Stephen V of Hungary, declared her claim to Hungary following the death of her brother, King Ladislaus IV of Hungary.
The House of Anjou (Angevin Empire) The term Angevin Empire is a modern term describing the collection of states once ruled by the Angevin Plantagenet dynasty. The Angevins, also known as the House of Anjou, were a noble family founded in the early years of the Carolingian Empire. They first emerged as part of the minor feudal nobility, in what would soon be known as the Kingdom of France during the 10th century. After Geoffrey III, Count of Anjou inherited Anjou from his mother in 1060, the family began to grow in prominence, soon acquiring Maine. After going on crusade and becoming close to the Knights Templar, the Kingdom of Jerusalem was received through marriage by Fulk of Jerusalem in 1131. The senior line of the family branched off to become the House of Plantagenet, assuming the nickname of Geoffrey V of Anjou, its founder, eventually going on to rule the Kingdom of England, Lordship of Ireland, Principality of Wales and various other holdings in the vast Angevin Empire in 1154.
Carolingian Empire (800–888) is a historiographical term which has been used to refer to the realm of the Franks under the Carolingian dynasty in the Early Middle Ages. This dynasty is seen as the founders of France and Germany, and its beginning date is based on the crowning of Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, and ends with the death of Charles the Fat. Depending on one's perspective, this Empire can be seen as the later history of the Frankish Realm or the early history of France and of the Holy Roman Empire.
The House of Plantagenet, a branch of the Angevins, was a royal house founded by Geoffrey V of Anjou, father of Henry II of England. Plantagenet kings first ruled the Kingdom of England in the 12th century. Their paternal ancestors originated in the French province of Gâtinais and gained the County of Anjou through marriage during the 11th century. The dynasty accumulated several other holdings, building the Angevin Empire that at its peak stretched from the Pyrenees to Ireland and the border with Scotland.
Edward II king of England - House of Plantagenet
Edward's downfall came when his wife Isabella of France and her baronial lover Roger Mortimer set out to depose the king with the help of Henry, Earl of Lancaster, brother of the executed Earl Thomas. In defeat Edward agreed to abdicate the throne in favour of his and Isabella's son, Edward III of England.
Edward III king of England (the Black Prince) - House of Plantagenet Edward III married Philippa of Hainaut, (1314 – 1369). Hainaut consisted of what is now the Belgian province of Hainaut and the southern part of the French département Nord. In Roman times, Hainaut was situated in the Roman provinces of Belgica and Germania Inferior and inhabited by Celtic tribes (Black people), until Germanic peoples (White people) replaced them and ended Roman Imperial rule.The eldest of her fourteen children was Edward, the Black Prince, who became a renowned military leader. Philppa died at the age of fifty-five from an illness closely related to dropsy. The Queen's College, Oxford was founded in her honour.
Louis I, the great of Hungary (Ludwik Wegierski) - son of Charles I Louis was the head of the senior branch of the Angevin dynasty. He was one of the most active and accomplished monarchs of the Late Middle Ages, extending territorial control to the Adriatic and securing Dalmatia, with part of Bosnia and Bulgaria, within the Holy Crown of Hungary. During his reign Hungary reached the peak of its political influence. He spent much of his reign in wars with the Republic of Venice. He was in competition for the throne of Naples, with huge military success and the latter with little lasting political results. Louis is the first European monarch who came into collision with the Ottoman Turks.
In 1342, Louis married his first wife, Margaret (1335 – 1349), underaged daughter of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, who died while still a minor. He then married his second wife, Elisabeth, daughter of Stephen II of Bosnia, who became Louis's vassal, and Elisabeth of Kuyavia, in 1353. Louis had three known daughters, all born of his second wife: Catherine (1370 – 1378), Mary, his successor in Hungary, who married Sigismund, at that time Margrave of Brandenburg (1371 – 1395), who became King of Hungary (1387–1437) and Holy Roman Emperor (1433–1437). Hedwige his successor in Poland, who married Jogaila, then Grand Duke of Lithuania.
Later the King Matthias Corvinus was elected by the nobles of the Kingdom, being the first Hungarian monarch which descended from an aristocratic family, and not from a royal family that inherited the title by blood traces. The same happened decades later with the King John I of Hungary, who was elected in 1526 after the death of the King Louis II of Hungary in the battle of Mohács. After this, the House of Habsburg inherited the throne, and ruled Hungary from Austria for almost 500 years until 1918.
Naturally, the Albinos have fake paintings of Louis too:
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