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In response to HidayaAkade's question "What percentage of the AA population is Fulani?" I decided to re-investigate the issue of Albino peoples efforts to hide and obfuscate the fact that Black Americans mostly derive from Black Europeans.
There are many of these studies, and when overlap is found between Blacks and Albinos, the albinos always attribute it to admixture during slavery or after emancipation. The problem is that admixture between Blacks and Albinos in the U.S. was historically low, and remains low in modern times. (Contrary to media depictions).
In this study the overlap between Black and Albino genes is so great that the authors cite an outrageous admixture rate of 30%: clearly indicating that they are lying. Somewhat to their credit, at the end they allude to the impossibilities of the initial conclusions.
Y-SNP Typing of U.S. African American and Caucasian Samples Using Allele-Specific Hybridization and Primer Extension.
By: Peter M. Vallone, Ph.D. and John M. Butler, Ph.D.
Journal of Forensic Sciences, July 2004, Vol. 49, No. 4 Paper ID JFS2003303
Methods
U.S. African American and Caucasian DNA Samples Anonymous liquid blood samples with self-identified ethnicities were purchased from Interstate Blood Bank, Inc. (Memphis, TN)and Millennium Biotech, Inc. (Ft. Lauderdale, FL) and extracted using a modified salting out procedure (19). Carll Ladd from the Connecticut Forensic Laboratory (Meriden, CT) kindly provided extracted DNA for 20 U.S. Caucasian and 20 African American samples usedas part of this study. TheextractedDNAwas quantified using ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry followed by a PicoGreen assay (20) to adjust concentrations to approximately 1 ng/μL. All samples were examined with 15 autosomal short tandem repeats and the amelogenin sex-typing marker using the AmpFSTR Identifiler Kit to verify that each sample was unique (21). A total of 229 male samples were typed (115 African Americans and 114 Caucasians).
Results
The 50 markers examined here define 45 of the 153 YCC haplogroups described in a recent publication (22). Figure 1 illustrates the position of each Y-SNP on the YCC tree and highlights markers that are common between the two assay formats (boxed). Haplogroup Frequencies for African American and Caucasian Samples We examined 114 U.S. Caucasians and 115 African American samples across these 50Y-SNPs.Atotal of 18 different haplogroups were observed out of a possible 45 defined by these 50 Y-SNPs (Fig. 1). A majority of the African American samples (58%) fell in the E3a haplogroup as they were derived at M2 (sometimes designated DYS271 or sY81) (13). The derived allele was observed in a majority of the Caucasian samples for Y-SNP markers M207 and P25 and thus can be placed in the R haplogroup. A number of African Americans were also in haplogroup R(xR1a,R1b) and R1b, demonstrating that admixture may be present at a level of ∼30% as recently reported using Y-STR data (27). YCC haplogroups unique to African American samples in this dataset included A1, B∗, B2a, E1, E2, and E3a. Haplogroups unique to the Caucasian samples were E∗, E3∗, J2, K∗, N3, R1a1, and R1b6. Haplogroups shared between these two sample sets included E3b, G, I, R(xR1a,R1b), and R1b.
Y-SNPs Specific to a U.S. Sample Group
While there is a degree of admixture between U.S. African American and Caucasian samples that has been noted with Y-STR data (27), Y-SNPs have been proposed as genetic markers for inferring the population-of-origin for a crime scene stain should that ability be desired in the future (2). For our purposes a good candidate marker for inferring population-of-origin should be specific to a group and should exist in most, if not all, individuals associated with the group. However, our data suggest that currently available Y-SNPs will have little value for reliably inferring populations-of-origin from U.S. male DNA samples. For example, in our dataset the derived allele for M2 (defining haplogroup E3a) was exclusive to African Americans. However, only 58% of the African American males examined were derived at M2 with 23% of the total.
Samples falling into a common Caucasian haplogroup (R1b).
Other than M2, no other Y-SNP markers were uniquely observed to an extent of greater than 6% in either our Caucasian or African American samples.
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Interracial marriage in the United States - Wiki.
Interracial marriages are INCREASING! Yet the rate of Black Albino marriages is still small.
Quote: In 2007, 4.6% of all married Blacks in the United States were wed to a White partner.
Today: 7% of married African American men have European American wives
Clearly, there was VERY LITTLE admixture during slavery, and only low levels after slavery ended, thus genetic overlap obviously occurred before they reached the Americas.
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