History of Blacks in America from Pre-History to 1877 A Common Core State Standards History
Authored by Dr. Clyde Winters
In History of Blacks in America from Pre-History to 1877, I discuss the real history of Blacks in America. It explains that the contemporary Black population in the United States is made up of three Black Nationalities: Black Europeans, Black Native Americans and Black Africans from Sub-Saharan Africa.
A History of Blacks in America from Pre-History to 1877 is meant to be used as a textbook or a single history text. The book is divided into two parts. Part One provides a traditional short history of Afro-Americans from slavery up to the 1960's.
Part Two provides two short essays on the Black Europeans and American Mound builders, along with short informational text teachers can use to teach the history of the Black Americans of European descent, Black Americans of African descent and Black Americans of Native American descent so the reader can have a full knowledge of the history of Blacks in America.
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We have been lied too about Afro-American history. We have been taught the lie that the first Blacks in America came in 1619 as slaves. This was a lie Blacks were already here when the Europeans arrived. Many of these Blacks fought the Spanish, and then the British. Upon capture they were sold--entire villages--as slaves in the West Indies. Other Blacks came here as indentured servants from Europe, including the Blacks in 1619.
This means that prior to 1649, Blacks in America were mainly Black Native Americans living througout the U.S.A. Afro-Americans are the descendants of Black Native Americans, Black Europeans and African slaves.
Instead of teaching a true history of the Afro-American. We are taught we were just slaves, to take away our native right to America. On top of this they teach us that Africa does not have a history, w e might develop an inferiority complex. Back in 1960's, we were taught that we had Indian ancestors, me Choctaw and my wife Cherokee. My wife's great grandmother could not speak English.Naturally we were ashamed of both our African and Indian heritage.
We were ashamed because the movies taught us that Indians looked like mongoloid Native Americans living in the Southwest,U.S., that survived the genocide Black and mongoloid Native Americans experienced.When I looked in the mirror I saw an African/a Negro. This made me feel my neighbors, and family were liars about us being Afro-Indian. But my parents had not lied to us, it was just the picture of these Indians were never published.
Today I know the truth. I will no longer allow anyone to steal my history as an Afro-Indian. I am an Afro-Indian because my ancestors were both Africans from the Senegambia region and the Native Black Americans who lived in the U.S., when the British and Spanish came.
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The mounds in the United States may have been built by Africans for defensive purposes while they tried to co-exist with local Amerindian populations that lived nearby.
This hypothesis is supported by the fact that the Ohio-Indiana-Illinois-Missouri mound sites are located on hilltops overlooking valleys, and are clearly defensive works covering many acres with formidable walls of earth, sometimes reinforced by stone, all evidently chosen for there impregnability. In lowland areas where there were probably few inhabitants or unsettled land, the mounds are of various geometric enclosures :octagons, circles, squares, ellipses. These mounds were more than likely built without military intentions. The defensive style mounds found in the United States had lines of embankments which averaged between 5 to 30 feet high, with enclosures hundreds of acres wide. Leading out form many of these enclosures there often were parallel walls many miles long forming great avenues. Wiener felt that these mounds resembled the African cities of Loanga, in the Congo, and the ancient city of Benin. W.E.B. DuBois noted: "The mounds of the "Mound Builders" were probably replicas of Negro forts in Africa. That this tendency to build forts and stockades proceeded from the Antilles , whence the Arawaks had come in the beginning of the sixteenth century is proved by the presence of similar works in Cuba. These are found in the most abandoned and least-explored part of the island and there can be little doubt that they were locations of fugitive Negro and Indian stockades, precisely such as were in use in Africa".
The only occupied mounds seen by Europeans were those built by the African slaves,the Arawak Indians and people in Florida. Hernando de Soto the only European to see occupied mounds tells us much about their construction and use.
De Soto and his men discussed the mounds they found among the Florida Indians. Here as mentioned earlier lived some African /black people. De Soto noted that at Ucita, Florida: "The town was of seven or eight houses built of timber, and covered with palm-leaves....The chiefs house stood near the beach, upon a very high mound made by hand for defense; at the other end of the town was a temple...." It is interesting to note that in Florida one of the major ethnic groups living there was the Yamassi or Jamassi people which were described as blacks.
The mounds in the United States are usually found near rivers. In the Ohio Valley 10,000 mounds have been discovered. In the north the mound zone begins in western New York and extended along the southern shore of Lake Erie into what is now Michigan, Wisconsin and on to the states of Iowa and Nebraska. In the southern United States the mounds lined the Gulf of Mexico from Florida to eastern Texas, and extended up through the Carolinas and across to the state of Oklahoma.
The mounds of ancient America follow the lines of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, and outlying regions as well. They vary in size from colossal mounds in Illinois to mere blisters rising from the earth.
Most, if not all of these mounds had long been abandoned by there former inhabitants when they were discovered. Many excavated mounds have yielded human bones, weapons, tools, inscriptions and jewelry.
Statues of Africans have also been found in these mounds. As discussed earlier there were two types of African statues found in the ancient mounds excavated in the western Sudan.Africoid statues of type one , i.e., humanoids in a sitting position with their hands on the thigh and right knee pointing up while the other knee is resting on the ground are found in Tennessee and Indiana at the Angel site. The most common type, style two statues , i.e., statues of humanoids in a sitting position with the hands placed across the chest have also been found at Etowah and Temple mound sites in Tennessee and Georgia. It is also interesting that anthropomorphic statues found in Polk County, Georgia is analogous to statues found in Mauritania.
One of the major mound sites inhabited in North America was that of the Adena culture in Ohio. The Adena culture existed from 200 B.C., to A.D. 400-500 .
Black Africans are characterized as being broad faced, full lipped, illustrating prognathism , large boned with fleshy noses. Samuel Morton in Crania Americana , written in 1839 noted that Adena people possessed "ponderous bony structure[s]...large jaws and broad face". This description of the Adena, fits exactly the description of the West African type.
The Adena or Hopewell culture as we call it today was a dominant force in the United States during this period. They have left numerous copper bracelets, rings, stone tablets and effigy pipes made in the form of Africans. At the Great Serpent Mound, in Adams County Ohio a copper breastplate has also been found. Prof. F.W. Putnam, also mentioned the discovery of an Egyptian looking figure in these mounds.
Among the hundreds of pipes discovered in the mounds we see many African totems impressed on the pipes including serpents and birds. There is even one pipe from Ohio, found in a mound that is an unmistakable representation of a Toucan. The Toucan bird is found in Brazil. This supports the view that some mound builders had lived formerly in Brazil.
Most of the Malian influence among the mound builders corresponds to artifacts recovered from the Southern Death Cult. The pipes recovered from many mounds in the United States and the name for Tobacco suggest that it was the Manding who introduced tobacco to the New World. (Sertima 1976)
The Manding may have also constructed the Temple Mounds. These mounds were built between A.D. 700 and 1700. The Temple Mounds were built in the central Mississippi Valley, Arkansas, southern Missouri, southern Illinois and western Tennessee.
Most of the inhabitants of the temple Mounds probably came from eastern Yucatan. They were probably remnants of the foreign people moving north through Mexico recorded in Amerindian traditions. This is proven by the discovery of many figurines and statues of Blacks in the Temple Mounds.
The sculptural evidence found in the mounds all indicate an African origin as proven by Wiener (1922). A long pipe with a crouching figure on the bowl on exhibit in the New York Historical Society is of an African with compound bracelets,five on the wrist, six on the upper arm, four on the calf, such as only found in Mexico and west Africa. These bracelets are found in gorgets from the Etowah Mound, which show Malian influence. Other sculpture heads and figurines of Africans have been found on the banks of Paint Creek ,near Chillocothe,Ohio; Tennessee; Mississippi; and on Green Flats in Virginia, which wear African headdresses ,skull caps and facial striations identical with those of the Manding. We also find the depiction of Africans in carvings from Spiro Oklahoma. At Spiro Mound African faces were carved on shells and the Manding cross sign placed on the palms of the hands on one artifact. This cross in the Manding script meant "righteousness, purity". Other inscribed works of art from the Moundville site in central Alabama also show Manding signs, especially the Manding cross.
A figurine found in a cemetery at Nashville, Tennessee was of an African women, while another African statue was found at Clarksville, Tennessee in 1897. These statues as well as heads on the gorgets from the Missouri mounds show analogous striations found on the faces of Manding clansmen.
Among the Southern Death Cult mound builders we find a third type statue , which has the leg and knee as the base, with the arms placed across the chest with the hands resting above the breast. Another type statue is seen in the effigy jar with "weeping-eye" motif, it has as its base the feet and buttocks, the knees are pointing up in the air, and the arms are placed across the chest with the hands placed above the opposite breast.
The major reason for the varied art styles among the mounds that were built by the Malians, result from the fact that Mali was composed of many different ethnic groups that spoke different languages and practiced varied cultures. As a result of this ethnic pluralism we find an homogenous people who inhabited many mounds in the United States, that practiced a multiplicity of cultural forms.
Notes 1. S.G. Morley , G.W. Brainerd and (revised by) R.J. Sharer, The Ancient Maya , (Standford:Standford University Press,1983) p.77-81 2 . Photographs of the Middle Preclassic figurines are found on pages 368- 370, of Morley, Brainerd and Sharer's The Ancient Maya. 3 . Ibid., pp.78-79. 4 .Leo Wiener , Africa and the Discovery of America. Philadelphia,1922. 3 vols. 5 . W.E.B. DuBois,The Gift of Black Folks,(New York 1970) p.5. 6 . F.W. Hodge and T.H. Lewis,(ed) Spainish Explorers in the Southern United States 1528-1543. (New York,1907) p.147. 7 . A. Quatrefages, Introduction a L'Etude des Races Humaines ,(Paris 1889) pp.406,593. 8 . "Stone Images", Tennessee Archaeologist, vol.4, no.1/2, pp.66-67 9. John T. David,"The West Site:A stone box cemetery in Middle Tennessee", Tennessee Archaeological Society, Miscellaneous Papers, no.10 (Jan. 1972), pp.64-65; D.F. Morse, "Stone Statuette from Davidson County", Tennessee Archaeologist, vol.20, no.1, pp.40-41; Margaret Perryman, "Stone Effigy Figures from Georgia",Tennessee Archaeologist, vol.22, no.1, pp.40-42;and J.T. Dowd, "History of the Brick Church Pike Mound (40DV39)", Tennessee Archaeologist, vol.30, No.2, pp.85-88. 10 . D.S. Robert, "Statuette Anthropomorphe du site de Tegadoust",Notes Africaines, no.112, pp.142-143; and M. Perryman,"Effigy Figure found in Georgia",Tennessee Archaeologist, vol.25, no.2, pp.59-61. 11. . Science, Oct. 3, 1884 12 . Wiener, vol.1, pp.170-175. .
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Some researchers reject the idea that Malians came to America in 1310. They base this conclusion on the myth that the first Africans came to the Americas as slaves.
The art from the American mound builders and Brazil indicate the presence of Malian military personal. Richard Hull, in Munyakaye: African Civilization before the Bature, noted that "the Mali marines wore white caps on their heds and a white tunic. On the side of the skull-caps worn by the Malian marines".E. Murphy, History of African Civilization, said the uniform of the Malian military consisted of sandles, loose fitting cotton breeches reaching down to the knees, a sleeveless tunic, and a white headdress of either cotton or leather, decorated with one or more feathers"(p.138). Below is the Brazil Tablet
As you can see the Malian royal from Brazil wears the sleeveless tunic, skullcap breeches reaching down to the knees,as described by Europeans who visited the Mali Empire.
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Below is a statuette from the Spiro mound.
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This figure also wears a skullcap and breeches. He also has a shield on his back. This is interesting because Malian marines usually were armed with a leather shield and short sword. This spiro mound figure may be a representation of a Malian marine.
Below are some short swords and other figures with knee-length breeches, found in the Spiro mounds.
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These artifacts show the influence of Malian explorers in building mounds in North and South America.
posted
Interesting book, Nice picture of California indigenous black people. The European elite were very evil they transformed every black native outside Africa into African slaves.
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The greatest myth about the Black Native Americans is that they never existed. This myth has been perpetuated by numerous American films which record the Indian Wars with the Apache and Lacota tribes.
But the Black Native Americans had many wars first the Spanish, and later the British colonists. These Black Native Americans lived on the Atlantic seaboard from New York, all the way down into Florida. These Black Native Americans fought bravely for their lands. Some were sold into slavery into the Caribbean while, others were made slaves or identified as "negro freemen" in the South.
Black Native Americans have a history of fighting Europeans for their independence. This was especially true in North Carolina. In North Carolina there were many Black Native Americans including the Yuchi Creek, and Yamasse.
These Black Native Americans were made into slaves by the colonists. Some of them were even sold into slavery in the Caribbean.
At first the Europeans identified the Black Native Americans as Indians, but overtime because the Carolina Indians were predominately Negroes or Blacks, both African and Black Native American slaves were called Negroes especially after the Yamasse War.
Below is a scene of captives held by Tuscarora Indians by Baron Christoph Von Graffenried, as you can see their were different ethnicities in the drawing including Blacks.
Below are Secotan from an Algonquian speaking Indian Village in North Carolina , by John White 1585
As you can see there were many Black Native American tribes in the South. Instead of telling the truth,historians claim that the only Blacks in the south were runaway slaves. This lie has been useful, for the mongoloid Indians to steal our heritage and deny that Black Native Americans ever existened. .
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The first Americans Naia, and Luzia dating to 12,000 BC were Negroes
NAIA of Mexico
LUZIA of Brazil
Archaeologist have reconstructed the faces of ancient Americans from Brazil and Mexico. These faces are based on the skeletal remains dating back to 12,000BC.
Researchers working on these ancient people note that they resemble Negroes, instead of contemporary Native Americans.
In the Smithsonian Magazine Dr. Chatters who found Naia's skeleton, noted that:
“The small number of early American specimens discovered so far have smaller and shorter faces and longer and narrower skulls than later Native Americans, more closely resembling the modern people of Africa, Australia, and the South Pacific. "This has led to speculation that perhaps the first Americans and Native Americans came from different homelands," Chatters continues, "or migrated from Asia at different stages in their evolution."
Although Dr. Chatters believes these Negroes came from Asia this seems unlikely. It is unlikely because the Ice Age would have made it impossible to sail from Asia to Mexico and Brazil at this time. These Negroes were probably Blacks from Africa. This is the most likely origin of these Blacks; the Dafuna boat dating back to 18,000 BC, shows that Africans had boats at this early date. Posted by Dr. Clyde Winters at 8:46 PM 1 comment: The Khoisan Probably took haplogroups N and y-chromosome R to Eurasia during the Aurignacian period
I quote" The traditional view for the spread of L3(M, N) across Eurasia is that the M and N macrohaplogroups originated in western Eurasia and returned to Africa as a result of back-migration. The big problem for this theory is that the proposed dates for the origin of haplogroups N and M in western Europe, date to a period when these areas were inhabited by Neanderthal people—not AMH. This supports an African origin for L3(M, N).
The craniometric evidence supports a Khoisan presence in Europe during Aurignacian times. If the Khoisan represent the ancient dark skinned European population, this reality should be able to be confirmed by genetic research.
The most archaic AMH remains come from Florished, South Africa; they date between 190 - 330 kya (Rito et al., 2013). Other ancient fossil evidence of AMH in South Africa come from Broken Hill (c. 110 kya) and the Klasis River caves (c. 65 - 105 kya). Researchers have been surprised to find Khoisan and European admixture. The idea that the Khoisan acquired Eurasian admixture via Ethiosemitic speakers is pure speculation (Pickrell et al., 2013). There is no archaeological evidence of Ethiopians migrating into East and South Africa, but there is evidence of an ancient migration of Khoisan into Europe based on archaeological and skeletal data.
The Khoisan carry haplogroups L3(M, N). Before they reached Iberia, they probably stopped in West Africa. The basal L3(M) motiff in West Africa is characterized by the Ddel site np 10,394 and Alul site np 10,397 associated with AF-24. This supports my contention that Khoisan speakers early settled West Africa on their way to Iberia.
Granted L3 and L2 are not as old as LOd, but Gonder et al. (2006) provides very early dates for this mtDNA e.g., L3(M, N) 94.3; the South African Khoisan (SAK) carry L1c, L1, L2, L3 M, N dates to 142.3 kya; the Hadza are L2a, L2, L3, M, N, dates to 96.7 kya.
The dates for L1, L2, L3, M, N are old enough for the Khoisan to have taken N to West Africa, where we find L3, L2 and LOd and thence to Iberia as I suggested in my paper (Winters, 2011). It is interesting to note that LO haplogroups are primarily found among Khoisan and West Africans. This shows that at some point in prehistory the Khoisan had migrated into West Africa.
The first modern European reconstructed by Forensic artist Richard Neave based on skull fragments from 35,000 years ago resembled a Khoisan (Figure 1). The skull was discovered in the southwest region of Romania’s Carpathian Mountains. This supports the research of Boule and Vallois that South Africans migrated into Europe 35 kya. This genetic evidence now supports Boule and Vallois of a Khoisan migration into Europe.
The Khoisan may have introduced the L haplogroup to Iberia. The SAK populations carry haplogroups L2, and L3. de Domínguez (2005), noted that much of the ancient mtDNA found in Iberia has no relationship to the people presently living in Iberia today and correspond to African mtDNA haplogroups. de Domínguez (2005) found that the lineages recovered from ancient Iberian skeletons are the African lineages L1b, L2 and L3."
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Above is the picture Europeans want you to see when you think about Black Americans.They don't want you to see pictures like the one below.
The problem is you have to copy the picture quick and record the site because they don't last long on the WWW. I also saw paintings of Blacks in their red brick forts fighting white Americans, but I failed to save it and now I can't find it.
In Florida and Mississippi the Black Native Americans usually built their forts with red bricks.
We have been lied too about Black History. When I was growing up my mother made it clear that we were part Choctaw. So in 1967, I took a survey at my High School: DuSable, in Chicago and found that over 40% of my classmates had Indian heritage.
Choctaw
At the time many people laughed at us because they only saw Lakota ad Apache on T.V. Today because of the WWW, there are numerous pictures of Black Native Americans on the Web. Below French artist Alexandre de Batz's renderings of Native American life in colonial Louisiana, such as "Desseins de Sauvages de Plusieurs Nations" ("Drawings of Several Native Americans of Various Nations") from 1735
As you can see there was not one Native American ethnicity
Several types of blacks entered the Americas including the Khoisan, Anu or negrito type and the Proto-Saharan variety of blacks. Up until recently it was believed that the first humans crossed the Bering Strait 12,000 B.P., to enter the North American continent.(Begley 1991, p.15) This view was never accepted by physical anthropologists who have found skeletal remains far older than 12,000 B.P.
Today archaeologists have found sites from Canada to Chile that range between 20,000 and 40,000 years old. In Brazil evidence of Africans date back 100,000 years.
There are numerous sites in North and South America which are over 35,000 years old.1 These sites are the Old Crow Basin (c.38,000 B.C.) in Canada; Orogrande Cave (c.36,000 B.C.) in the United States; and Pedra Furada (c.45,000 B.C.)2 Given the fact that the earliest dates for habitation of the American continent occur below Canada in South America is highly suggestive of the fact that the earliest settlers on the American continents came from Africa before the Ice melted at the Bering Strait and moved northward as the ice melted. The appearance of pebble tools at Monte verde in Chile (c.32,000 B.P), and rock paintings at Pedra Furada in Brazil (c.22,000 B.P.) and mastodont hunting in Venezuela and Colombia (c.13,000 B.P.), have led some researchers to believe that the Americas was first settled from South America.3 C. Vance Haynes noted that:"If people have been in South America for over 30,000 years, or even 20,000 years, why are there so few sites?....One possible answer is that they were so few in number; another is that South America was somehow initially populated from directions other than 4north until Clovis appeared".
P.S. Martin and R. G. Klein after discussing the evidence of mastodont hunting in Venezuela 13,000 years ago observed that : "The thought that the fossil record of South America is much richer in evidence of early archaeological associations than many believed is indeed provocative.... Have the earliest hunters been overlooked in North America? 5Or did the hunters somehow reach South America first"? The early presence of ice-age sites in South America suggest that these people probably came from Africa. This would explain the affinities between 6African languages and the Amerind family of languages.
In very ancient times the American continent was inhabited by Asian and African blacks. The oldest skeletal remains found in the Americas are of blacks. Marquez (1956,p.179) observed that "it is [good] to report that long ago the youthful America was also a Negro continent." Dr. Dixon (1923) noted that as early as 70,000 B.C., Austroloid and later negritos crossed the Bering Strait to reach the New World. His dating for these early Blacks crossing the Beringa is far too earlym because ice made it impossible to cross from Asia to North America, until at least 12-15,000 years ago. This meant that Blacks had to come directly from Africa and Eurpe to settle the Americas.
And Lanning (1963) noted that "there was a possible movement of negritos from Ecuador into the Piura Valley, north of Chicama and Viru" in early times.
In the 1970’s in Brazil an interesting skull of a girl was found. This skull was reconstructed and dated back to 12,000 BC. Dr. Walter Neves professor of biological anthropology at the University of Sao Paolo, after reconstructing the “Luzia” skull found that this personage was either an African or Pacific island type Black7. And recently, archaeologist found the skull of another Blck girl dating to this period, they named Naia.
I am happy to be an Afro-Indian. My heritage is of Africa and America Being here today is just making America the way it was originally. A continent first explored and inhabited by Africans. who began sailing to America probably as early as 100,000 years ago. We definitely know Africans were here by 30kya. .
2 . Ibid, p.107; "Man's New World arrival Pushed back", Chicago Tribune, (9 May 1991) Sec.1A, p.40;and A.L. Bryan, "Points of Order". Natural History , (June 1987) pp.7-11.
3. Bryan, p.11.
4. C.V. Haynes,Jr.,"Geofacts and Fanny". Natural History ,(February 1988)pp.4-12:12.
5 . P.S. Martin and R.G.Klein (eds.),Quarternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution, (Tucson:University of Arizona Press,1989) p.111.
6 . M.Ruhlen,"Voices from the Past". Natural History, (March 1987) pp.6-10:10; J.H. Greenberg,Language in the Americas. Stanford:Stanford University Press,1987.
7 Neves W.A . and Pucciarelli H.M. 1991. "Morphological Affinities of the First Americans: an exploratory analysis based on early South American human remains". Journal of Human Evolution Journal of Human Evolution 273 Powell J.F. and Neves W.A . 1999. "Craniofacial morphology of the first Americans: pattern and process in thepeopling of the New World". Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 42:153-188 Neves W.A ., Powell J.F. and Ozolins E.G. 1999. "Extra-continental morphological affinities of Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1: A multivariate analysis with progressive numbers of variables. Homo 50:263-268; Neves W.A ., Powell J.F. and Ozolins E.G. 1999. "Extra-continental morphological affinities of Palli-Aike, Southern Chile". Interciencia24:258-263
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-------------------- C. A. Winters Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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Below are Secotan from an Algonquian speaking Indian Village in North Carolina , by John White 1585
As you can see there were many Black Native American tribes in the South. Instead of telling the truth,historians claim that the only Blacks in the south were runaway slaves. This lie has been useful, for the mongoloid Indians to steal our heritage and deny that Black Native Americans ever existened. . [/QB]
Clyde, on what basis are you calling this straight haired Indian "Black", it seems random
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EVER WONDER WHY THE "BLACKFOOT" were called the Blackfoot?
Blackfoot warrior, (Karl Bodmer, between 1840 and 1843)
A Moorish military musician in Berlin by Peter Schenk (c. 1690)
(He,he,he: anyone see anything "Moorish" about him?). Albinos just can't stop lying - just look at lioness!
P.S. the last of the Moors were driven out of Spain in 1492.
Peter Schenk Dutch Painting of the Yamassee War
A Dutch view of the Yamasee War. The full title, translated from the Dutch, reads "The gruesome attack of the Indians on the English, in Carolina, West Indies, on 19 April 1715
"In 1736, Philip Georg Friedrich von Reck, then only twentyfive years old, sailed with other colonists from Germany to Georgia. One of his intentions, expressed in a letter before he left Europe, was to bring back from America "ocular proof" of what he called "this strange new world." Idealistic nad enthusiastic, welleducated and blessed with an amazing artistic gift, von Reck kept a travel diary, wrote separate descriptions of the plants, animals and Indians he discovered in Georgia and drew some fifty watercolor and pencil sketches of what he saw. [...]
These drawings, accompanied by von Reck's writings, are important as history, science and art. As history, they give us a new and absolutely unique glimpse of Georgia as it looked when the first Europeans settled there. [...] As science, von Reck's natural history drawings represent the earliest records of several plants and animals. [...] Von Reck's drawings and writings are especially important for the light they shed on Indian life. The drawings show in detail their costumes and equipment, houses and activities. [...] As art, von Reck's drawings are as fresh, intimate and alive on the paper as the day they were drawn."
(Extract from 'Introduction' to VON RECK'S VOYAGE. Drawings and Journal of Philip Georg Friedrich von Reck. Edited by Kristian Hvidt. With the Assistance of Joseph Ewan, George F. Jones and William C. Sturtevant. The Beehive Press, Savannah 1980.)
In this net edition all the aquarelles and drawings in von Reck's sketch book (36,5 x 28,8 cm) and all other drawings in the collection NKS 565 4ş have been reproduced. For further information on and description of the drawings and their background the book mentioned above is recommended.
The Yamasee Indians were part of the Muskhogean language group. Their traditional homelands lay in present-day northern Florida and southern Georgia. The advent of the Spanish in the late 16th century forced the Yamasee to migrate north into what would become South Carolina. Relations between the tribe and English settlers in that region were generally positive during the latter half of the 17th century.
Not surprisingly, problems between the races developed. The continuing influx of white settlers put pressure on Indian agricultural and hunting lands. The relationship was further complicated in that the tribe had become dependent on English firearms and other manufactured items, and had incurred a large debt, typically payable in deerskins. White fur traders acted on their displeasure by enslaving a number of Yamasee women and children to cover portions of the outstanding debt.
In the spring of 1715, the Yamasee formed a confederation with other tribes and struck at the white settlements in South Carolina. Several hundred settlers were killed, homes burned and livestock slaughtered. The frontier regions were emptied; some fled to the relative safety of North Carolina and others pushed on to even more secure Virginia. Charleston also received large numbers of frightened settlers.
At the height of the fighting, it appeared that the tribal confederation's overwhelming numerical superiority would end in the white settlements' complete destruction in the region. This would have been a virtual certainty if the confederacy had successfully drawn the Cherokee into their cause. Instead, the Cherokee gave in to the lure of English weapons and other goods, and chose to aid the Carolinians. In a further stroke of good fortune, the besieged settlers also managed to gain support from Virginia ~ez_mdash~ an event not assured in this age of intense colonial rivalries.
The tide turned against the Yamasee, who were slowly pushed south through Georgia back into their ancestral lands in northern Florida. There, the tribe was virtually annihilated by protracted warfare with the Creeks, but some members were absorbed by the Seminole.
The Yamasee War took a heavy toll in South Carolina. Such terror had been instilled in the minds of the frontiersmen that it would take nearly 10 years for resettlement to occur in many areas. The warfare also brought a sharp change to the region's economy. Originally, farming had been the settlers' primary occupation, but the livestock supply had been so drastically depleted that many farms disappeared. In their absence, enterprising South Carolinians turned to the forests as a source of naval stores (tar, pitch and turpentine) and soon developed a lucrative trade with England. Later, the economy would develop rice and indigo as its primary products.
Below are Secotan from an Algonquian speaking Indian Village in North Carolina , by John White 1585
As you can see there were many Black Native American tribes in the South. Instead of telling the truth,historians claim that the only Blacks in the south were runaway slaves. This lie has been useful, for the mongoloid Indians to steal our heritage and deny that Black Native Americans ever existened. .
Clyde, on what basis are you calling this straight haired Indian "Black", it seems random [/QB]
That's a silly question. Black people can have more than one texture of hair and complexion.
Plus, many Algonquin speakers were Black Native Americans.
posted
^No it's not a "Silly question", it's the question of a disgusting troll who should be ignored.
Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: ^No it's not a "Silly question", it's the question of a disgusting troll who should be ignored.
Mike she is upset because you finally forced us to look at the origins of Afro-Americans. Europeans and Uncle Toms are upset, because they want to maintain the Eurocentric view, that Black people are their creation, slaves taken against their will to the U.S.A. Instead of admiting that we have just as much a right being here as anyone else and more due to our heritage being taken away--stolen, until you made us think seriously about this issue from an historical, rather than religious way. THANKS AGAIN
Kennewick Man, Naia (Yucatan, Mexico) came via Siberia / Beringea
"Chatters, the man who kicked up that storm, changed his mind after studying the 13,000-year-old skeleton of a young girl discovered in an underwater cave in Mexico. As with Kennewick Man and other remains of the earliest prehistoric Americans, the shape of the girl’s skull was unusual. But DNA analysis proved that she shared a common ancestry with modern Native Americans, originating with the people who migrated into the land mass called Beringia beginning about 15,000 years ago."
quote:Originally posted by DD'eDeN: Naia's genes match Siberian immigrants.
Kennewick Man, Naia (Yucatan, Mexico) came via Siberia / Beringea
"Chatters, the man who kicked up that storm, changed his mind after studying the 13,000-year-old skeleton of a young girl discovered in an underwater cave in Mexico. As with Kennewick Man and other remains of the earliest prehistoric Americans, the shape of the girl’s skull was unusual. But DNA analysis proved that she shared a common ancestry with modern Native Americans, originating with the people who migrated into the land mass called Beringia beginning about 15,000 years ago."
DD'eDeN - I am going to give you the benefit of the doubt just this one time, and assume that the reason that you are using a Newspaper article to cite a scientific analysis is because you just don't know any better.
Here is a link to the "OFFICIAL" Kennewick man studies.
Kennewick Man National Park Service (NPS), U.S. Department of the Interior
Report on the Osteological Assessment of the "Kennewick Man" Skeleton Joseph F. Powell and Jerome C. Rose, March 1, 1999
Summary
The Kennewick skeleton is a male who died between 45 and 50 years of age. He was approximately 175 cm (5' 9") tall, based on an average of all stature estimates. The geologically correlated age for the skeleton is 6700-9000 yr. B.P. Like other early American skeletons, the Kennewick remains exhibit a number of morphological features that are not found in modern populations. For all craniometric dimensions, the typicality probabilities of membership in modern populations were zero, indicating that Kennewick is unlike any of the reference samples used. Even when the least-conservative inter-individual distances are used to construct typicality probabilities, Kennewick has a low probability of membership in any of the late Holocene reference samples. Similar results were obtained by Ozolins et al. (1997) for Upper Paleolithic samples from Asia, Africa, and Europe and Paleoindian groups, and are not surprising considering that Kennewick is separated by roughly 8,000 years from most of the reference samples in Howells (1989) and Hanihara (1996). The most craniometrically similar samples appeared to be those from the south Pacific and Polynesia as well as the Ainu of Japan, a pattern observed in other studies of early American crania from North and South America (Steele and Powell 1992, 1994; Jantz and Owsley 1997). Thus Kennewick appears to have strongest morphological affinities with populations in Polynesia and southern Asia, and not with American Indians or Europeans in the reference samples.
quote:Originally posted by DD'eDeN: Naia's genes match Siberian immigrants.
Kennewick Man, Naia (Yucatan, Mexico) came via Siberia / Beringea
"Chatters, the man who kicked up that storm, changed his mind after studying the 13,000-year-old skeleton of a young girl discovered in an underwater cave in Mexico. As with Kennewick Man and other remains of the earliest prehistoric Americans, the shape of the girl’s skull was unusual. But DNA analysis proved that she shared a common ancestry with modern Native Americans, originating with the people who migrated into the land mass called Beringia beginning about 15,000 years ago."
DD'eDeN - I am going to give you the benefit of the doubt just this one time, and assume that the reason that you are using a Newspaper article to cite a scientific analysis is because you just don't know any better.
Here is a link to the "OFFICIAL" Kennewick man studies.
Kennewick Man National Park Service (NPS), U.S. Department of the Interior
Report on the Osteological Assessment of the "Kennewick Man" Skeleton Joseph F. Powell and Jerome C. Rose, March 1, 1999
Summary
The Kennewick skeleton is a male who died between 45 and 50 years of age. He was approximately 175 cm (5' 9") tall, based on an average of all stature estimates. The geologically correlated age for the skeleton is 6700-9000 yr. B.P. Like other early American skeletons, the Kennewick remains exhibit a number of morphological features that are not found in modern populations. For all craniometric dimensions, the typicality probabilities of membership in modern populations were zero, indicating that Kennewick is unlike any of the reference samples used. Even when the least-conservative inter-individual distances are used to construct typicality probabilities, Kennewick has a low probability of membership in any of the late Holocene reference samples. Similar results were obtained by Ozolins et al. (1997) for Upper Paleolithic samples from Asia, Africa, and Europe and Paleoindian groups, and are not surprising considering that Kennewick is separated by roughly 8,000 years from most of the reference samples in Howells (1989) and Hanihara (1996). The most craniometrically similar samples appeared to be those from the south Pacific and Polynesia as well as the Ainu of Japan, a pattern observed in other studies of early American crania from North and South America (Steele and Powell 1992, 1994; Jantz and Owsley 1997). Thus Kennewick appears to have strongest morphological affinities with populations in Polynesia and southern Asia, and not with American Indians or Europeans in the reference samples.
Mike you are correct, all the Paleo-Native Americans are now recognized as being Black. None of them are related to contemporary Indians.
Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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quote:Originally posted by DD'eDeN: "Dafuna boat dating back to 18,000 BC" CW
Please cite reference for date.
The boat dates back 8000 BC, but the culture it belonged too is older. Since it dates back 12,000 years it correlates with the Paleo-Native Americans Luzia and Naia.
Below are Secotan from an Algonquian speaking Indian Village in North Carolina , by John White 1585
As you can see there were many Black Native American tribes in the South. Instead of telling the truth,historians claim that the only Blacks in the south were runaway slaves. This lie has been useful, for the mongoloid Indians to steal our heritage and deny that Black Native Americans ever existened.
Plus, many Algonquin speakers were Black Native Americans.
.
.
quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters:
The fact that the Olmecs were predominately African in no way demeans the abilities of native Americans....
When the Mande/Olmec arrived in Mexico the local people continued to practice their culture...
The Olmec people did not attempt to conquer the local people they built their sites in protected area...
The Proto- Olmec or Manding people formerly lived in North Africa in the Saharan Highlands : and Fezzan...
the ancestors of the Olmecs left their oldest inscription written in the Manding script (which some people call Libyco Berber, even though they can not be reading Berber) : was found at Oued Mertoutek and dated by Wulsin in , Papers of the peabody Museum of American Arcaheology and Ethnology (Vol.19(1), 1940), to 3000 B.C. This indicates that the Manding hand writing 2000 years before they settled the Gulf of Mexico.
Clyde you say that the Olmec were Mande Africans not Native Americans and when the Mande/Olmec arrived in Mexico the local people continued to practice their culture.
Now looking at the straight haired Algonquians above in the illustration and in the photo you call them "Black Native Americans"
So when you say the mongoloids steal our heritage what do you mean "our heritage" given the following>
If you are of African heritage and the Olmecs were of African heritage (not Native Americans) then how can these Algonquins you posted be a part of your heritage if they too are Native Americans???
Posts: 42935 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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Below are Secotan from an Algonquian speaking Indian Village in North Carolina , by John White 1585
As you can see there were many Black Native American tribes in the South. Instead of telling the truth,historians claim that the only Blacks in the south were runaway slaves. This lie has been useful, for the mongoloid Indians to steal our heritage and deny that Black Native Americans ever existened.
Plus, many Algonquin speakers were Black Native Americans.
.
.
quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters:
The fact that the Olmecs were predominately African in no way demeans the abilities of native Americans....
When the Mande/Olmec arrived in Mexico the local people continued to practice their culture...
The Olmec people did not attempt to conquer the local people they built their sites in protected area...
The Proto- Olmec or Manding people formerly lived in North Africa in the Saharan Highlands : and Fezzan...
the ancestors of the Olmecs left their oldest inscription written in the Manding script (which some people call Libyco Berber, even though they can not be reading Berber) : was found at Oued Mertoutek and dated by Wulsin in , Papers of the peabody Museum of American Arcaheology and Ethnology (Vol.19(1), 1940), to 3000 B.C. This indicates that the Manding hand writing 2000 years before they settled the Gulf of Mexico.
Clyde you say that the Olmec were Mande Africans not Native Americans and when the Mande/Olmec arrived in Mexico the local people continued to practice their culture.
Now looking at the straight haired Algonquians above in the illustration and in the photo you call them "Black Native Americans"
So when you say the mongoloids steal our heritage what do you mean "our heritage" given the following>
If you are of African heritage and the Olmecs were of African heritage (not Native Americans) then how can these Algonquins you posted be a part of your heritage if they too are Native Americans???
The Algonquins were probably descendants of the original Black Native Americans dating back to the original settlement of North America 10-15kya.
The research makes it clear that Naia, Luzia and Kennewick man were Negroes. The fact we see Mande insriptions in the Northeastern U.S.A., suggest that they may have been influenced by the Malians after 1310.
posted
For thousands of years African/Black sailors were the dominant people on the planet earth.
Researchers have found evidence that Solutrean artifacts have been found on North American sites where Paleo-Native Americans have been found. This has led some researchers to create the so-called Solutrean hypothesis that proposes that ancient America was settled by ancient Europeans.
The proposed Solutrean migration route seems highly unlikely because these early men would have had to brave glaziers and Ice Age tempertures which would have made it impossible to reach North America.
Although a migration from Europe seems highly unlikely 20-30kya because of the Ice Age. Ancient man could have made their way to the Americas directly from Africa which is a shorter distance to the Americas than Europe, and also ancient sailors could have made their way to the Americas on Currents, especially the Gulf Stream, that regularly flow from Africa, to the Americas.
The first Americans Naia, and Luzia dating to 12,000 BC were Negroes
NAIA of Mexico
LUZIA of Brazil
Archaeologist have reconstructed the faces of ancient Americans from Brazil and Mexico. These faces are based on the skeletal remains dating back to 12,000BC.
Researchers agree that the first Americans, Naia of Mexico, Luzia of Brazil and Kennewick Man, found near the Columbia River in Washington, were all Negroes. This finding is not so significant because the first Europeans were also Blacks.
It appears that the first Europeans entered Western Europe across the Straits of Gibraltar. These people were Khoisan. The Khoisan took their art and culture to Europe 40kya. Here they contructed the Aurignacian, Grimaldi and Solutrean cultures. Since the first Europeans had come from North Africa, we also find a Solutrean culture in Africa.
Africa is closer to the Americas than Europe. As you can notice from the map above the Currents could have easily carried the Khoisan from Africa to the Americas. This view is supported by the face that most ancient archaeological sites of paleo-Indian habitation are nearer to the Atlantic Ocean, than the Pacific.
In addition in Africa we find the Dafuna boat. The Dafuna boat has been dated to 8000 B.C., the culture associated with the people who built the Dafuna boat date back to 12,000 BC. This would indicate that around the time Kennewick man, Naia and Luzia inhabited the Americas, Khoisan in Africa had the naval technology to have sailed to the Americas.
In summary , the Solutrean artifacts in the Americas probably relate to Khoisan from Africa sailing to America. The fact that these ancient people in Europe, Africa and the Americas indicate that for a considerable period of time the world was dominated by Black or Negro people.
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-------------------- C. A. Winters Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [QB] For thousands of years African/Black sailors were the dominant people on the planet earth.
Researchers have found evidence that Solutrean artifacts have been found on North American sites where Paleo-Native Americans have been found. This has led some researchers to create the so-called Solutrean hypothesis that proposes that ancient America was settled by ancient Europeans.
The proposed Solutrean migration route seems highly unlikely because these early men would have had to brave glaziers and Ice Age tempertures which would have made it impossible to reach North America.
Although a migration from Europe seems highly unlikely 20-30kya because of the Ice Age. Ancient man could have made their way to the Americas directly from Africa which is a shorter distance to the Americas than Europe, and also ancient sailors could have made their way to the Americas on Currents, especially the Gulf Stream, that regularly flow from Africa, to the Americas.
quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters
Generally the depiction of non-Olmec personages is associated with the Mexican states of Tabasco, Puebla and Guerrero. Most of the pesronages depicted in the mask appear to be Classical mongoloid people (i.e., small sized Asian people presently living in Indonesia and Southeast Asia). This suggest to me an early settlement of Mexico by classical mongoloid people.
quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters
The fact that the Olmecs were predominately African in no way demeans the abilities of native Americans....
When the Mande/Olmec arrived in Mexico the local people continued to practice their culture...
The Olmec people did not attempt to conquer the local people they built their sites in protected area...
The Proto- Olmec or Manding people formerly lived in North Africa in the Saharan Highlands : and Fezzan...
So if these local Native American Mexicans were Mongoloids who came from Asia in an early settlement of Mexico. How did they get there, by land or sea?
Posts: 42935 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: So if these local Native American Mexicans were Mongoloids who came from Asia in an early settlement of Mexico. How did they get there, by land or sea?
The mongoloids reached here by land.
The mongoloid Native Americans came to America late, probably they came from Asia after 2000 BC. The mongoloid Native Americans are much darker than the East Asian mongoloid, so I would have to assume that the majority of people they met were Blacks, this would explain their dark color.
Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: So if these local Native American Mexicans were Mongoloids who came from Asia in an early settlement of Mexico. How did they get there, by land or sea?
The mongoloids reached here by land.
The mongoloid Native Americans came to America late, probably they came from Asia after 2000 BC. The mongoloid Native Americans are much darker than the East Asian mongoloid, so I would have to assume that the majority of people they met were Blacks, this would explain their dark color.
quote: Originally posted by Clyde Winters
The fact that the Olmecs were predominately African in no way demeans the abilities of native Americans....
When the Mande/Olmec arrived in Mexico the local people continued to practice their culture...
The Olmec people did not attempt to conquer the local people they built their sites in protected area...
The Proto- Olmec or Manding people formerly lived in North Africa in the Saharan Highlands : and Fezzan...
So the Mande/Olmec came from Africa and arrived in Mexico and met the local people who were Mongolid If the mongoloid Native Americans are much darker than the East Asian mongoloid why do you assume their admixture was with the Mande/Olmec?
wiki:
Geological evidence suggests that the Pacific coastal route was open for overland travel before 23,000 years ago and after 15,000 years ago. During the coldest millennia of the last ice age, roughly 23,000 to 19,000 years ago, lobes of glaciers hundreds of kilometers wide flowed down to the sea.[18] Deep crevasses scarred their surfaces, making travel across them dangerous. Even if people traveled by boat—a claim for which there is no direct archaeological evidence, as sea level rise has hidden the old coastline—the journey would have been difficult due to abundant icebergs in the water. Around 15,000 to 13,000 years ago, the coast is presumed to have been ice-free. Additionally, by this time the climate had warmed, and lands were covered in grass and trees. Early Paleo-Indian groups could have readily replenished their food supplies, repaired clothing and tents, and replaced broken or lost tools
Posts: 42935 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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posted
"Egypt's oldest known boat is 5000 years old. Sources: P. Breunig, The 8000-year-old dugout canoe from Dufuna (NE Nigeria)"
This is very different than:
"Dafuna boat dating back to 18,000 BC" CW
Exaggeration is a useful tool of storytellers, but for scientists/scholars, accuracy counts more.
Posts: 2021 | From: Miami | Registered: Aug 2014
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posted
I am being specific about it because of this Blogger's statement:
Just Genesis : Boats and Cows of the Proto-Saharans
Nov 21, 2013
"The black mahogany Dufuna dugout was found in the Sudan buried 16 feet under clays and sands whose alternating sequence showed evidence of deposition in standing and flowing water. The dugout is 8000 years old." AL
Note that Black Mahogany grows in Mexico, not Nigeria. Perhaps Amerinds in Mexico carved the boat and hitched a ride on the equatorial counter-current to Nigeria? The Blogger is a fan of your Anu theory, and has posted one of your videos.
Posts: 2021 | From: Miami | Registered: Aug 2014
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posted
Mike111, I expected a foolish response, on that you are batting a thousand.
Don't confuse morphology (phenotype) with DNA (genotype).
And for goodness sake, remember what I said: black people have white ancestors, white people have black ancestors, and Africa was always mostly Apricot (quantitatively) until agriculture developed massive sedentary population growth.
quote:Originally posted by DD'eDeN: Mike111, I expected a foolish response, on that you are batting a thousand.
Don't confuse morphology (phenotype) with DNA (genotype).
And for goodness sake, remember what I said: black people have white ancestors, white people have black ancestors, and Africa was always mostly Apricot (quantitatively) until agriculture developed massive sedentary population growth.
Sorry, but I have had enough of asinine nonsense like this.
IDIOT!!!
Prove any of it!
Even a non-stupid logical argument will do.
Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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James Edward Oglethorpe, presenting Yamacraw Chief Tomochichi and other Yamacraw Indians to the Georgia Trustees in London - 1734. Oglethorpe is holding the hand of a young boy, who like Scenawki, the wife of Chief Tomochichi, is in European dress (Orange dress). Thus the boy may be their nephew "Toonahowi." The Indians were regarded as celebrities, feted by the Trustees, interviewed by the king and Queen, entertained by the archbishop of Canterbury at Lambeth Palace, and made available to meet the public. All but two of them posed with a large number of Trustees at the Georgia office for the painter William Verelst. One of the absent Indians died of smallpox, he was buried in a burial plot of St. John's in Westminster.
posted
Please note: According to the book "Transatlantic Encounters: American Indians in Britain", 1500-1776 By Alden T. Vaughan: Tomochichi was NINETY YEARS OLD IN 1734! All that proves is that the Albinos do indeed make it up as they go. The question is, which, if any of it, is true?Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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posted
The Yamacraw Native American boy is black, the other Native Americans looks like the Masai of Africa.
According to Frank Joseph during the Roman Empire era in CE two Native Americans were found lost at sea by the Britain or the Roman, Their busts is now in the Julia museum in Italy. Two Eskimos in their boat reach Scotland in that era their mummies is in the Scottish museum
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