posted
Map depicting the two major hypotheses of the spread of Indo-European languages (white arrows) and geographic distribution of the archaeological cultures described in the text. Credit: Wolfgang Haak, Author provided
.
Europe is famously tesselated (having a checkered appearance), with different cultural and language groups clustering in different regions. But how did they all get there? And how are they related?
One way of answering these questions comes from digging up relics of the past. Europe has a rich archaeological record, ranging from periods well before the famous metal ages (i.e. copper, bronze and iron) to the recent adventures of the Romans, Vandals, Huns and Vikings.
Distinctive types of pottery and cultural practices associated with burials and settlements have been used to group the ancient populations into individual “archaeological cultures”. However, it hasn’t been clear whether there is a genetic basis for these group boundaries or whether they’re just cultural.
Another line of evidence to illuminate how various groups are related comes from their languages. There is the well known Indo-European language tree – ranging from Hindi to Russian to Spanish. But it’s also quite unclear how the languages spread to their present regions.
Now we have another layer of information to help us reveal the history of European peoples: DNA sequencing.
Along with our colleagues, we have been using genome sequencing technology to analyse the vast array of ancient skeletons recovered from across Europe, ranging from the original hunter-gatherer inhabitants to the first farmers who appear around 8,000 years ago, and right up to the early Bronze Age 3,500 years ago.
The genetic results paint a fascinating picture, and were published in a recent series of papers in Nature and Science. Third wave
What we have found is that, in addition to the original European hunter-gatherers and a heavy dose of Near Eastern farmers, we can now add a third major population: steppe pastoralists. These nomads appear to have “invaded” central Europe in a previously unknown wave during the early Bronze Age (about 4,500 years ago).
This event saw the introduction of two very significant new technologies to western Europe: domestic horses and the wheel. It also reveals the mysterious source for the Indo-European languages.
The genetic results have answered a number of contentious and long-standing questions in European history. The first big issue was whether the first farmers in Europe were hunter-gatherers who had learnt farming techniques from neighbours in southeast Europe, or did they instead come from the Near East, where farming was invented.
The genetic results are clear: farming was introduced widely across Europe in one or two rapid waves around 8,000 years ago by populations from the Near East -– effectively the very first skilled migrants.
At first the original hunter-gatherer populations appear to have retreated to the fringes of Europe: to Britain, Scandinavia and Finland. But the genetics show that within a few thousand years they had returned, and significant amounts of hunter-gatherer genomic DNA was mixed in with the farmers 7,000 to 5,000 years ago across many parts of Europe.
But there was still a major outstanding mystery. Apart from these two groups, the genomic signals clearly showed that a third -– previously unsuspected – large contribution had been made sometime before the Iron Age, around 2,000 years ago. But by whom?
We have finally been able to identify the mystery culprit, using a clever new system invented by our colleagues at Harvard University.
Instead of sequencing the entire genome from a very small number of well preserved skeletons, we analysed 400,000 small genetic markers right across the genome. This made it possible to rapidly survey large numbers of skeletons from all across Europe and Eurasia.
This process revealed the solution to the mystery. Our survey showed that skeletons of the Yamnaya culture from the Russian/Ukrainian grasslands north of the Black Sea, buried in large mounds known as kurgans, turned out to be the genetic source we were missing.
This group of pastoralists, with domestic horses and oxen-drawn wheeled carts, appear to be responsible for up to 75% of the genomic DNA seen in central European cultures 4,500 years ago, known as the Corded Ware Culture. This must have represented a major wave of people, along with all their cultural and technological baggage. Speaking tongues
This discovery also answered another major archaeological conundrum: who or what was the source of the Indo-European language family, which is wide-spread across Eurasia and the world, and includes English, Spanish, French, Greek, Russian and Hindu?
Archaeologists had two major hypotheses: the language family came with either the invading Near East farming wave more than 8,000 years ago, or some form of steppe population sometime much later. Evidence in support of the first hypothesis was the large scale cultural turnover evident with farming.
The second hypothesis was supported by linguistic evidence of common words across Indo-European languages for things like wheeled vehicles and transport that would match the economy and toolkit of the steppe herders.
Our new genomic data finally provides a smoking gun – or a wheeled cart in this case – as the missing evidence of a major cultural contribution from the steppe in the early Bronze Age. While we can’t definitively prove that the Yamnaya were the first to introduce Indo-European language to Europe, the size of the genetic input suggests that it brought at least major parts, if not the whole thing.
So for those of us with European heritage, the next time you see an oxen-drawn cart, or a domestic horse, think “that’s my heritage”, along with a good chunk of hunter-gatherer and a firm base of early farmer.
quote:Originally posted by Mike111: This group of pastoralists, with domestic horses and oxen-drawn wheeled carts, appear to be responsible for up to 75% of the genomic DNA seen in central European cultures 4,500 years ago, known as the Corded Ware Culture. This must have represented a major wave of people, along with all their cultural and technological baggage. Speaking tongues
.
"75% of the genomic DNA seen in central European cultures 4,500 years ago"
.
I swear, Albinos can't NOT LIE! No matter how hard they try.
Above, the Albinos are clearly trying to undo some of their earlier historical lies. But as usual, they can't help lying about something.
TIME TO PUT ON YOUR THINKING CAPS!
Okay then, imagine this:
Illiterate NOMADIC Albinos from Central Asia: Making pottery LIKE THIS!!!
posted
^So while I appreciate Wolfgang Haak and Alan Cooper admitting that Albino Europeans came from the Eurasian Steppes (another name for Central Asia): and even more so for also admitting that they are a MIXED RACE (derived from Albinos - unsaid), which will piss Doxie off. Still, the fact that they could not resist some lying troubles me for the future of honest history.
Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
| IP: Logged |
What we have found is that, in addition to the original European hunter-gatherers and a heavy dose of Near Eastern farmers, we can now add a third major population: steppe pastoralists. These nomads appear to have “invaded” central Europe in a previously unknown wave during the early Bronze Age (about 4,500 years ago).
So for those of us with European heritage, the next time you see an oxen-drawn cart, or a domestic horse, think “that’s my heritage”, along with a good chunk of hunter-gatherer and a firm base of early farmer.
Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe
Wolfgang Haak , Iosif Lazaridis
Abstract
We generated genome-wide data from 69 Europeans who lived between 8,000-3,000 years ago by enriching ancient DNA libraries for a target set of almost four hundred thousand polymorphisms. Enrichment of these positions decreases the sequencing required for genome-wide ancient DNA analysis by a median of around 250-fold, allowing us to study an order of magnitude more individuals than previous studies and to obtain new insights about the past. We show that the populations of western and far eastern Europe followed opposite trajectories between 8,000-5,000 years ago. At the beginning of the Neolithic period in Europe, ~8,000-7,000 years ago, closely related groups of early farmers appeared in Germany, Hungary, and Spain, different from indigenous hunter-gatherers, whereas Russia was inhabited by a distinctive population of hunter-gatherers with high affinity to a ~24,000 year old Siberian6. By ~6,000-5,000 years ago, a resurgence of hunter-gatherer ancestry had occurred throughout much of Europe, but in Russia, the Yamnaya steppe herders of this time were descended not only from the preceding eastern European hunter-gatherers, but from a population of Near Eastern ancestry. Western and Eastern Europe came into contact ~4,500 years ago, as the Late Neolithic Corded Ware people from Germany traced ~3/4 of their ancestry to the Yamnaya, documenting a massive migration into the heartland of Europe from its eastern periphery. This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least ~3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in present-day Europeans. These results provide support for the theory of a steppe origin of at least some of the Indo-European languages of Europe.
_________________________
Yamna "Pit Grave" Steppe culture , European Russia (South) (3500 BC – 2000 BC) Posts: 42934 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
| IP: Logged |
the skeletons look European but for some reason Mike has written a false yellow caption here saying "Black husband and wife"
Posts: 42934 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
| IP: Logged |
Tukuler
multidisciplinary Black Scholar
Member # 19944
posted
Skeletons found in Europe are most likely to be of Europeans but it takes more than a simple fact to determine what their race was.
What morphometric values do either Mike or the Lioness provide in support of either a black or white declaration of the skulls identity?
Previously Mike conclusively showed mandibular prognathism a white trait but now overrides that saying the above skull with such is black.
Any way the wind blows?
from Mike111
Mandibular prognathism (MP) is a common clinical problem all over the world. However, its prevalence varies relative to populations: the highest incidence has been observed in Asian populations (approximately 15%) and the lowest in Caucasian populations (1%).
(A note here: If Mandibular prognathism is "RARE" in Albinos: THEN WHY ARE SO MANY SURGERIES DONE)?
Posts: 8179 | From: the Tekrur straddling Senegal & Mauritania | Registered: Dec 2011
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by Mike111: ^Sooooo, all Blacks (or Whites) must be or must NOT be prognathic? Can't be some are and some aren't.
Hmmm, interesting concept.
(For a two year old).
.
^ So YOU say.
All people fall into some gnathic form whether
* pro - gnathic (maxillary, alveolar, or mandibular)
* ortho - gnathic * retro - gnathic
So I say.
* pro - gnathic (maxillary, alveolar, or mandibular): (Definition of PROGNATHISM: the condition marked by a prognathous jaw).
* ortho - gnathic - (Definition of ORTHOGNATHIC : correcting deformities of the jaw and the associated malocclusion (A malocclusion is a misalignment or incorrect relation between the teeth of the two dental arches when they approach each other as the jaws close).
* retro - gnathic (Definition of RETROGNATHISM - : a condition characterized by recession of one or both of the jaws).
Tukuler
multidisciplinary Black Scholar
Member # 19944
posted
Mike
I don't run where you point nor answer your strawmen. You run run run from my direct hotseat questioning of the skull's racial ID and your own flipflopping on maxillary prognathism as 'Albino' but now of a sudden conclusively 'Melano'.
All you did was after looking at an Africans' postulation of Grimaldi skeletons as blacks and applying it to a similar photo of European skeletons.
The stupid African that Mike ripped off.
Imagine that, Mike stole from and hid the source, an "abject stupid" "unable to understand evidence" African, for his machination.
So in Mike's mind any two skeletons buried in similar approximate position found in Europe must also be blacks without any consideration of the cranial measurements or the cranial morphometrics or post cranial limb proportions.
Posts: 8179 | From: the Tekrur straddling Senegal & Mauritania | Registered: Dec 2011
| IP: Logged |
The whole front part of the skull is broken out and the postion of the jaw in relation to the skull is merely where it was as found at the site, the separate jaw bone laying in some position close to the rest of the skull.
In other words when the flesh rots away these allignments change as well as the intervention of the excavation. Plus the photo is poor and there is no frontal view.
It is supposed to be an average European skull and is labeled Human Female European Skull
So to the untrained eye even many European skulls can look "kinda" progothic
The point is Mike is a propagandist and he uses Egyptsearch to promote it Once he takes a picture such as the one above of ancient Eulau remains and puts a false claim caption under it and posts on his website the concept is permanent
It doesn't matter how many times such fraudulant captions are debunked or called into question
^^^fake
regardless, a month later he will post the same thing
His aim is to distort history for political purposes
One burial (grave 99) (see Fig. 2), consisting of male and female adult individuals and two children facing each other in pairs, was shown to contain a nuclear family. The woman (ind. 1) and both children (inds. 2 and 4) share the same mtDNA haplogroup K1b.
^^^^ Individual 4 as noted is the child lower left
Now the same two individuals in Mike's version, turned right side up (corresponding to the other picture Individuals 4 and 3) >>>>
^^^^ So Mike has an additional thing wrong in his caption. He is calling IND 4 a wife when in fact it's a boy child facing his father
posted
Mike if indigenopus European blacks looked exactly the same as African blacks how can you scientically distinguish them?
Posts: 42934 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
| IP: Logged |
Tukuler
multidisciplinary Black Scholar
Member # 19944
posted
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: Tukular used to ignore Mike and stay in Egyptology forum Likewise Mike, for a long while has basicaly stayed in AE forum
What happened? Now Tukular's over here
.
Any registered member can post to any of the ES forums they please. There is no limiting any poster to any single forum.
ES was known for the insights from the vanished vets of the original Ancient Egypt & Egyptology forum and the site was known worldwide for that. Now surfers are mistaking AE for the "spirit of EgyptSearch" because of Mikee111's hi-jacking it as if it's his private forum or blog for his FakedHistory website.
My mistake was to follow the now gone vets and ignore the reactionary material on AE. That allowed it to fester and grow instead of proving all that **** is bullshit that its authors cannot defend in rational conversation that critically examines it.
When that happens they always behave like a child hurling vindictives and epithets or anything but a reasoned calm reply backed with supporting references quotes and sources.
However the intellectual level of some readers is below that or what's more likely true of them is that they emotionally gravitate to what makes them feel good or fuels their passion of Euro "penis envy" and get back for wrongs Euros still perpetrate against blacks and Africans.
THIS IS THE LAST TIME I'M TELLING YOU PLEASE SPELL MY NAME CORRECTLY
Posts: 8179 | From: the Tekrur straddling Senegal & Mauritania | Registered: Dec 2011
| IP: Logged |
UBBFriend: Email this page to someone!
Printer-friendly view of this topic