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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Mike111: [QB] Journal of Nutrition The American Society for Nutrition Harriette Chick and the Problem of Rickets Kenneth J. Carpenter Harriette Chick (1875–1977) grew up in Victorian England at a time when women were assumed to be unsuited for any senior administrative position and did not even have the right to vote. For national elections, this right was finally conceded in ∼1920 in most European countries as well as in the USA after much agitation and even imprisonment of activists, but Chick “was one of those who earned the enfranchisement of women, not by militancy but by evoking sheer respect of their capacity” (to reuse a quotation originally penned in honor of someone else). By 1920, she herself was in charge of a large international research project designed to find out how best to deal with the problem of rickets that was affecting so many infants growing up in the industrial cities of Northern Europe and North America. This article recounts how her education and subsequent experience at a research institute led to her being selected for a responsibility that would normally not have been given to a woman at that time. Rickets: The Controversial Background Rickets is a disease of young children characterized by abnormally low mineralization and thus of low mechanical strength in the developing bones. The most obvious sign of the condition is that when the child stands, its weight causes the leg bones to distort so that it becomes either “bandy-legged” or “knock-kneed.” Originally it was known as “the English disease,” but by the late 19th and early 20th century it had become an increasingly serious problem in large cities throughout both Northern Europe and North America. One of the traditional folk treatments for rickets among fishing communities in Scandinavia and the Netherlands had long been the administration of cod liver oil (CLO). Early in the 19th century it was taken up by the medical profession in France and then elsewhere in Europe, where it had, in some places, been in use already for the treatment of rheumatism. However, by 1900 it had fallen out of favor, partly it seems because using animal organs in medicine had medieval associations: “more suited for the witches' cauldron in Macbeth than for scientific treatment,” and, in terms of the chemical analyses of the day, it was just “another fat, and a rather nauseating one” (21). There was a general move therefore toward recommending that the infant's diet be richer in fat of any kind at the expense of carbohydrate (21). This may have been related also to the disease being less common in breast-fed infants than in those receiving “patent foods” that contained more of the cheaper carbohydrates. However, clinical studies gave conflicting findings and a more scientific way forward seemed to be the use of an animal model so that 1 factor could be varied at a time and all others kept constant. In Glasgow, Scotland's largest city, rickets was particularly serious. In 1908 Lionel Findlay of the university's medical school reported that puppies fed on oatmeal and whole milk would develop rickets if kept indoors, but would remain healthy if given exercise by being taken out for walks without any change in their diet (22). The workers in Glasgow linked these findings to observations that the disease was most prevalent in the crowded slum areas of the city where young children were mostly kept indoors in unhygienic conditions and found no reason to believe that the disease was linked to diet. http://jn.nutrition.org/content/138/5/827.full ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [b]Holy sh1t, this article say that Rickets was a "WHITE EUROPEAN AND NORTH AMERICAN PROBLEM, apparently having NOTHING to do with Black people! What's going on here???[/b] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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