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OT: Proof of Winter's fabrications about the Olmec
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Quetzalcoatl: [QB] [qb]STOP THE PRESSES. WE HAVE BEEN WASTING ENORMOUS AMOUNTS OF TIME AND BANDWITH. LANDA NEVER WROTE THAT THE TUTUL-XIU GAVE WRITING TO THE MAYA. WINTERS MADE IT UP[/qb] I can't believe, knowing Winters' track record, that I did not verify the total quote about Tutul-Xiu and writing. The section in Landa dealing with the Tutul-Xiu says [qb]nothing[/qb] about writing. The discussion of writing comes in a previous chapter dealing with the education the Mayas provided to the children of the priests and nobles. What follows are the relevant passages from the Gates' translation of Landa- which shows the division into chapters (available for checking n Google Books). The same passages from the Tozzer translation, which Winters cites, and the same passages from the Spanish edition-- not a translation- showing that Gates was more faithful to the original. Yucatan Before and After the Conquest by Diego de Landa, tr. William Gates [1937] Available from Google books p. 12 SEC. VII. GOVERNMENT, PRIESTHOOD, SCIENCES, LETTERS AND BOOKS IN YUCATAN. On the departure of Cuculcán the chiefs agreed that for the permanence of the state the house of the Cocoms should exercise the chief authority, it being the oldest and richest, or perhaps because its head was at that time a man of greater power. This done, they ordained that within the enclosure there should only be temples and residences of the chiefs, and of the High Priest; that they should build outside the walls dwellings where each of them might keep some serving people, and whither the people from the villages might come whenever they had business at the city. In these houses each one placed his mayordomo, who bore as his sign of authority a short thick baton, and who was called the Caluac. This officer held supervision over the villages and those in charge of them, to whom he sent advices as to the things needed in the chief's establishment, as birds, maize, honey, salt, fish, game, clothing and other things. The Caluac always attended in the chief's house, seeing what was needed and providing it promptly, his house standing as the office of his chief. It was the custom to hunt out the crippled and the blind in the villages, and give them their necessities. The chiefs appointed the governors and, if worthy, confirmed their offices to their sons. They enjoined upon them good treatment of the common people, the peace of the community, and that all should be diligent in their own support and that of the lords. Upon all the lords rested the duty of honoring, visiting and entertaining Cocom, accompanying and making festivals for him, and of repairing to him in difficult affairs. They lived in peace with each other, and with much diversion according to their custom, in the way of dances, feasts and hunting. The people of Yucatan were as attentive to matters of religion as of government, and had a High Priest whom they called Ahkin May, or also Ahaucan May, meaning the Priest May, or the High Priest May. He was held in great reverence by the chiefs, and had no allotment of Indians for himself, the chiefs making presents to him in addition to the offerings, and all the local priests sending him contributions. He was succeeded in office by his sons or nearest kin. In him lay the key to their sciences, to which they most devoted themselves, giving counsel to the chiefs and answering their inquiries. With the matter of sacrifices he rarely took part, except on it festivals or business of much moment. He and his disciples appointed priests for the towns, examining them in their sciences and ceremonies; put in their charge the affairs of their office, and the setting of a good p. 13 example to the people; he provided their books and sent them forth. They in turn attended to the service of the temples, teaching their sciences and writing books upon them. They taught the sons of the other priests, and the second sons of the chiefs, who were brought to them very young for this purpose, if they found them inclined toward this office. The sciences which they taught were the reckoning of the years, months and days, the festivals and ceremonies, the administration of their sacraments, the omens of the days, their methods of divination and prophecies, events, remedies for sicknesses, antiquities, and the art of reading and writing by their letters and the characters wherewith they wrote, and by pictures that illustrated the writings. They wrote their books on a long sheet doubled in folds, which was then enclosed between two boards finely ornamented; the writing was on one side and the other, according to the folds. The paper they made from the roots of a tree, and gave it a white finish excellent for writing upon. Some of the principal lords were learned in these sciences, from interest, and for the greater esteem they enjoyed thereby; yet they did not make use of them in public. %%%%%%% p. 14 SEC. XIII. ARRIVAL OF THE TUTUL-XIUS AND THE ALLIANCE THEY MADE WITH THE LORDS OF MAYAPAN. TYRANNY OF COCOM, THE RUIN OF HIS POWER AND OF THE CITY OF MAYAPAN. The Indians relate that there came into Yucatan from the south many tribes with their chiefs, and it seems they came from Chiapas, although this the Indians do not know; but the author so conjectures from the many words and verbal constructions that are the same in Chiapas and in Yucatan, and from the extensive indications of sites that have been abandoned. They say that these tribes wandered forty years through the wilderness of Yucatan, having in that time no water except from the rains; that at the end of that time they reached the Sierra that lies about opposite the city of Mayapán, ten leagues distant. Here they began to settle and erect many fine edifices in many places; that the inhabitants of Mayapán held most friendly relations with them, and were pleased that they worked the land as if they were native to it. In this manner the people of the Tutul-xiu subjected themselves to the laws of Mayapán, they intermarried, and thus the lord Xiu of the Tutul-xius came to find himself held in great esteem by all. * p. 15 These tribes lived in such peace that they had no conflicts and used neither arms nor bows, even for the hunt, although now today they are excellent archers. They only used snares and traps, with which they took much game. They also had a certain art of throwing darts by the aid of a stick as thick as three fingers, hollowed out for a third of the way, and six palms long; with this and cords they threw with force and accuracy. † They had laws against delinquents which they executed rigorously; such as against an adulterer, whom they turned over to the injured party that he might either put him to death by throwing a great stone down upon his head, or he might forgive him if he chose. For the adulteress there was no penalty save the infamy, which was a very serious thing with them. One who ravished a maiden was stoned to death, and they relate a case of a chief of the Tutul-xiu who, having a brother accused of this crime, had him stoned and afterwards covered with a great heap of rocks. They also say that before the foundation of the city they had another law providing the punishment of adulterers by drawing out the intestines through the navel. The governing Cocom began to covet riches, and to that end negotiated with the garrison kept by the kings of Mexico in Tabasco and Xicalango, that he would put the city in their charge. In this way he introduced the Mexicans into Mayapán, oppressed the poor, and made slaves of many. The chiefs would have slain him but for fear of the Mexicans. The lord of the Tutul-xiu never gave his consent to this. Then those of Yucatan, seeing themselves so fixed, learned from the Mexicans the art of arms, and thus became masters of the bow and arrow, of the lance, the axe, the buckler, and strong cuirasses made of quilted cotton ‡ together with other implements of war. Soon they no longer stood in awe of nor feared the Mexicans, but rather held them of slight moment. In this situation several years passed. This Cocom was the first who made slaves; but out of this evil carne the use of arms to defend themselves, that they might not all become slaves. Among the successors of the Cocom dynasty was another p. 16 one, very haughty and an imitator of Cocom, who made another alliance with the Tabascans, placing more Mexicans within the city, and began to act the tyrant and to enslave the common people. The chiefs then attached themselves to the party of Tutul-xiu, a man patriotic like his ancestors, and they plotted to kill the Cocom. This they did, killing at the same time all of his sons save one who was absent; they sacked his dwelling and possessed themselves of all his property, his stores of cacao and other fruits, saying that thus they repaid themselves what had been stolen from them. The struggles between the Cocoms, who claimed that they had been unjustly expelled, and the Xius, went on to such an extent that after having been established in this city for more than five hundred years, they abandoned and left it desolate, each going to his own country. %%%%%%%% Tozzer, A. E. ed. and trans. 1941 Landa’s Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan Papers of the Peabody Museum Harvard University vol. XVIII Cambridge: Harvard University Press pp. 27- 35 (skipping the footnotes) The natives of Yucatan were as attentive to the matters of religion as to those of government, and they had a high priest whom they called Ah Kin Mai, or the High Priest Mai. He was very much respected by the lords and had no repartimiento of Indians, but besides the offerings, the lords made him presents and all the priests of the towns bro9ught contributions to him, and his sons or his nearest relatives succeeded him in his office. In him was the key of their learning and it was to these matters that they dedicated themselves mostly; and they gave advice to the lords and replies to their questions. He seldom dealt with matters pertaining to the sacrifices except at the time of the principal feasts or in very important matters of business. They provided priests for the towns when they were needed, examining them in the sciences and ceremonies, and committee to them the duties of their office, and the good example to the people and provided them with books and send them forth. And they employed themselves in the duties of the temples and in teaching their sciences as well as in writing books about them. They taught the sons of the other priests and the second sons of the lords who brought them for this purpose from their infancy, if they saw that they had an inclination for this profession. The sciences which they taught were he computation of the years, months, and days, the festivals and ceremonies, the administration of their sacraments, the fateful days and seasons, their methods of divination and their prophesies, events and the cures for diseases, and their antiquities and how to read and write with the letters and characters, with which they wrote, and drawings which illustrate the meaning of the writings. Their books were written on a large sheet doubled in folds, which was enclosed entirely between the two boards which they decorated, and they wrote on both sides in columns following the order of the folds. And they made this paper of the roots of a tree and gave it a white gloss upon which it was easy to write. And some of the principal lords leaned about these sciences from curiosity and were very highly thought of on this account although they never made use of them publicly. [NOTE—a whole new paragraph separate from the previous section] The Indians say that numerous tribes with their chiefs came to Yucatan from the south, and it appears that they came from Chiapas, although the Indians have no more knowledge about it. But this author [Landa] conjectures it because many terms and word constructions are identical in Chiapas and in Yucatan, and because there are in Chiapas many remains of places which have been abandoned. And they say that these tribes wandered around in the uninhabited parts of Yucatan for forty years, without there being any water in that time except that which came from the rain, and that at the end of that time they reached the mountains which lie almost opposite the city of Mayapan and ten leagues from it. And there they began to settle and construct very good buildings in many places, and the people of Mayapan became very good friends with them and were glad to see that they cultivated the land as the natives do; and in this way those of Tutul Xiu subjected themselves to the laws of Mayapan and they thus intermarried, and as the Lord Xiu of the Tutul Xius was such he came to be very much esteemed by everybody. . . . . The Governor Cocom began to covet riches and for this reason he arranged with the troops of the garrison, which the kings of Mexico kept at Tabasco and Xicalango, to hand over the city to them. And thus he brought the Mexican people into Mayapan, and oppressed the poor and made many slaves, and the lords would have put him to death but for the fear which they had of the Mexicans. %%%%%%% Landa, Fr. D. de 1973[1864] Relación de las Cosas de Yucatán 10th ed. A. Ma. Garibay, ed. Mexico:Porrua The original Spanish version instead of a translation. It has the division into sections which Tozzer omitted and Gates kept. [My rough translation] pp. 14-15 VII GOVERNMENT, PRIESTHOOD, SCIENCES, LETTERS AND BOOKS OF YUCATAN . . . They [the people of Yucatan] taught the sons of the other priests and the second sons of the lords, who were led to this since childhood, if they saw that they had an aptitude for this. That the sciences they taught them were the count of the years, months, and days, the feasts and ceremonies, the administration of their sacraments, the evil days and periods, their ways of divination, their cures for diseases, the antiquities, to read and write with their letters and characters with which they wrote with symbols that represented their writing. That they wrote their books on a large sheet that was doubled in folds that were enclosed between two boards which they highly decorated and they wrote on both sides in columns according to the folds. And they made this paper from the roots of a tree, which they colored white on which it was easy to write. And that some principal lords learned about these sciences through curiosity, and for this they were more respected even if they did not use them in public. pp. 15-17 VIII ARRIVAL OF THE TUTUL-XIU AND THE ALLIANCE THEY MADE WITH THE LORDS OF MAYAPAN.—TYRANNIES OF COCOM, RUINATION OF HIS POWER AND OF THE CITY [/QB][/QUOTE]
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