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Classic Greece and its population's origins
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by alTakruri: [QB] The alpha cluster of the E3b-M78, a European development of a gene originating in "black" Africa shows dispersion in the area delimitted by Winchell's "Pelasgian Empire" (pre-Indo European north Mediterranean, Balkans, and west Anatolia), substantiates a "black" African component in their overall makeup possibly explaining occasional occurences of inner African phenotypical elements displayed by some of them. Ancient mythographers unaware of the science could have incorporated this presence in epics of migration using eponymous ancestors like Cadmus, Danaos, and others, -- even more so in the indigenous Inachus, Phoroneus, Io, Epaphos, and Pelasgus himself -- though the protohistorical evidence of contacts with the Levant and northern Africa cannot be ruled out. [QUOTE] The three main subclades of haplogroup E3b ([b]E-M78[/b], E-M81, and E-M34) and the paragroup E-M35* are not homogeneously distributed on the African continent: * [b]E-M78 has been observed in both northern and eastern Africa[/b], * E-M81 is restricted to northern Africa, * E-M34 is common only in eastern Africa, and * E-M35* is shared by eastern and southern Africans (Cruciani et al. 2002). . . . . Several observations point to [b]eastern Africa as the homeland for haplogroup E3b[/b]—that is, it had (1) the highest number of different E3b clades, (2) a high frequency of this haplogroup and a high microsatellite diversity, (3) the exclusive presence of the undifferentiated E3b* paragroup. . . . . Haplogroup [b]E-M78[/b] was observed over a wide area, including * eastern (21.5%) and * northern (18.5%) Africa, * Near East (5.8%), * [b]Europe (7.2%)[/b], where it represents by far the most common E3b subhaplogroup. . . . . The network of the [b]E-M78[/b] chromosomes reveals a strong geographic structuring, since each of the clusters [b]a[/b], b, and g reaches high frequencies in only one of the regions analyzed. [b]Cluster a[/b] ... is [i]very common in the Balkans (with frequencies of 20%–32%)[/i], and its frequencies decline toward western Europe, 7.4% in Sicily, 7.0% in continental Italy, 4.3% in Corsica, 3.0% in France, 2.2% in Iberia and 1.1% in Sardinia, and northeastern (2.6%) Europe. In the Near East, this cluster is essentially limited to Turkey (3.4%). The relatively high frequency of DYS413 24/23 haplogroup E chromosomes in Greece suggests that [b]cluster a[/b] of the [b]E-M78[/b] haplogroup is common in the Aegean area, too. . . . . ... later (and previously undetected) demographic population expansions involving * clusters [b]a[/b] in Europe (TMRCA [b]7.8 ky[/b]; 95% CI 6.3–9.2 ky), * b in northwestern Africa (5.2 ky; 95% CI 3.2–7.5 ky), and * g in eastern Africa (9.6 ky; 95% CI 7.2–12.9 ky) should be considered the main contributors to the relatively high frequency of haplogroup E-M78 in the surveyed area. The present distributions of these clusters also suggest episodes of range expansions. ...the clinal frequency distribution of [b]E-M78a[/b] within Europe testifies to important dispersal(s), most likely Neolithic or [b]post-Neolithic[/b]. These took place from the Balkans, where the highest frequencies are observed, in all directions, as far as Iberia to the west and, most likely, also to Turkey to the southeast. Thus, it appears that, in Europe, the overall frequency pattern of the haplogroup [b]E-M78[/b], the most frequent E3b haplogroup in this region, is mostly ... consistent with either [i]a smallscale leapfrog migration from Anatolia into southeastern Europe at the beginning of the Neolithic[/i] or with [i]an expansion of indigenous people in southeastern Europe in response to the arrival of the Neolithic cultural package[/i]. At the present level of phylogenetic resolution, it is difficult to distinguish between these possibilities. . . . . In conclusion, we detected the signatures of several distinct processes of migration and/or recurrent gene flow associated with the dispersal of haplogroup [b]E3b[/b] lineages. Early events involved the dispersal of E-M78d chromosomes from eastern Africa into and out of Africa, as well as the introduction of the E-M34 subclade into Africa from the Near East. Later events involved shortrange migrations within Africa (E-M78g and E-V6) and from northern Africa into Europe (E-M81 and E-M78b), as well as [b]an important range expansion from the Balkans to western and southern-central Europe [i](E-M78alpha)[/i]. This latter expansion was the [i]main contributor[/i] to the present distribution of E3b chromosomes in Europe[/b]. [b]Fulvio Cruciani,[/b] et al [i]Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa[/i] Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74:1014–1022, 2004 [/QUOTE] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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