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European nations established only from Medieval times - whites are very new to Europe
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Knowledgeiskey718: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Grumman: [qb] Knowledgeiskey718 says: [b]''Agriculture caused Europeans to turn pale, because, agriculture caused Europeans to drastically lose Vitamin D, from their foregoing hunter gatherer fisher herder lifestyle, which they dropped for agriculture which left Europeans in a need for another way to absorb Vitamin D, in which they did, from cow milk which Europeans also recently developed a gene to tolerate lactose, along with the ability to produce vitamin D from synthesizing UVB. These two recent evolutions played a vital role in Europeans after agriculture, and the loss of a ready made Vitamin D diet.''[/b] How long do you reckon it took for the white boys and girls to pull themselves together after dramatically losing Vitamin D before running down to the nearest herd of cows to juice up? A couple of weeks? Months? Years? Maybe dozens of years? Can I get some hundreds up in here? How long does your grabbag full of tricks allow for this? Help me out, I'm trying to find the answer. Since the big D promotes bone density and stuff and general good health maybe some of these guys crawled down the pasture to get the milk instead of walking? What does ''recently developed a gene'' mean? Are you talking about horizontal evolution? This will speed up things somewhat I understand, but I'm thinking next month is out of the question. [/qb][/QUOTE]Man all of your questions were answered already, seriously what is so hard to understand? Pale skin was acquired to admit sunlight for Vitamin D synthesis, but since Early Europeans diet already consisted of high levels of Vitamin D, they retained their melanin, until agriculture spread, and Europeans no longer ate foods that contained the vitamin D they needed, since agriculture took away the rich Vitamin D diet that Europeans needed to keep their skin dark, Europeans needed to absorb Vitamin D in other ways, but still wasn't equal to their foregoing highly enriched vitamin D diet, and they began turning pale. [IMG]http://img46.imageshack.us/img46/4784/eurospaleonlyrecentlypu0.jpg[/IMG] Quote from above article [b]"Either way, the implication is that our European ancestors were brown-skinned for tens of thousands of years [/b] --a suggestion made 30 years ago by Stanford University geneticist L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza. He argued that the [b]early immigrants to Europe, who were hunter-gatherers, herders, and fishers, survived on ready-made sources of vitamin D in their diet. But when farming spread in the past 6000 years, he argued, Europeans had fewer sources of vitamin D in their food and needed to absorb more sunlight to produce the vitamin in their skin.[/b] Cultural factors such as heavier clothing might also have favored increased absorption of sunlight on the few exposed areas of skin, such as hands and faces, says paleoanthropologist Nina Jablonski of PSU in State College." ---------- http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/07/science/07evolve.html?_r=4&pagewanted=2&oref=slogin&oref=slogin&oref=slogin Still Evolving, Human Genes Tell New Story Dr. Wells, of the National Geographic Society, said Dr. Pritchard's results were fascinating and would help anthropologists explain the immense diversity of human populations even though their genes are generally similar. The relative [b]handful of selected genes[/b] that Dr. Pritchard's [b]study has pinpointed[/b] may hold the answer, he said, adding, "Each gene has a story of some pressure we adapted to." Dr. Wells is gathering DNA from across the globe to map in finer detail the genetic variation brought to light by the HapMap project. Dr. Pritchard's list of selected genes also includes five that affect skin color. The selected versions of the genes occur solely in Europeans and are presumably responsible for pale skin. [b]Anthropologists have generally assumed that the first modern humans to arrive in Europe some 45,000 years ago had the dark skin of their African origins, but soon acquired the paler skin needed to admit sunlight for vitamin D synthesis.[/b] [b]The finding of five skin genes selected 6,600 years ago could imply that Europeans acquired their pale skin much more recently. Or, the selected genes may have been a reinforcement of a process established earlier, Dr. Pritchard said. The five genes show no sign of selective pressure in East Asians.[/b] Because Chinese and Japanese are also pale, Dr. Pritchard said, evolution must have accomplished the same goal in those populations by working through different genes or by changing the same genes — but many thousands of years before, so that the signal of selection is no longer visible to the new test. ------------ Early Europeans Unable To Stomach Milk — The first direct evidence that early Europeans were unable to digest milk has been found by scientists at UCL (University College London) and Mainz University. In a study, published in the journal 'PNAS', the team shows that [b]the gene that controls our ability to digest milk was missing from Neolithic skeletons dating to between 5840 and 5000 BC. [/b] However, through exposure to milk, lactose tolerance evolved extremely rapidly, in evolutionary terms. [b]Today, it is present in over ninety per cent of the population of northern Europe and is also found in some African and Middle Eastern populations but is missing from the majority of the adult population globally.[/b] Dr Mark Thomas, UCL Biology, said: [b]"The ability to drink milk is the most advantageous trait that's evolved in Europeans in the recent past. Without the enzyme lactase, drinking milk in adulthood causes bloating and diarrhoea.[/b] Although the benefits of milk tolerance are not fully understood yet, they probably include: the continuous supply of milk compared to the boom and bust of seasonal crops; its nourishing qualities; and the fact that it's uncontaminated by parasites, unlike stream water, making it a safer drink. [b] All in all, the ability to drink milk gave some early Europeans a big survival advantage."[/b] The team carried out DNA tests on Neolithic skeletons from some of the earliest organised farming communities in Europe. Their aim was to find out whether these early Europeans from various sites in central, northeast and southeast Europe, carried a version of the lactase gene that controls our ability to produce the essential enzyme lactase into adulthood. The team found that it was absent from their ancient bone DNA. This led the researchers to conclude that the consumption and tolerance of milk would have been very rare or absent at the time. [b]Scientists have known for decades that at some point in the past all humans were lactose intolerant. What was not known was just how recently lactose tolerance evolved.[/b] Dr Thomas said: "To go from lactose tolerance being rare or absent seven to eight thousand years ago to the commonality we see today in central and northern Europeans just cannot be explained by anything except strong natural selection. [b]Our study confirms that the variant of the lactase gene appeared very recently in evolutionary terms and that it became common because it gave its carriers a massive survival advantage.[/b] Scientists have inferred this already through analysis of genes in today's population but we've confirmed it by going back and looking at ancient DNA." This study challenges the theory that certain groups of Europeans were lactose tolerant and that this inborn ability led the community to pursue dairy farming. [b]Instead, they actually evolved their tolerance of milk within the last 8000 years due to exposure to milk.[/b] Dr Thomas said: "There were two theories out there: one that lactose tolerance led to dairy farming and another that exposure to milk led to the evolution of lactose tolerance. This is a simple chicken or egg question but one that is very important to archaeologists, anthropologists and evolutionary biologists. [b]We found that the lactose tolerance variant of the lactase gene only became common after dairy farming, which started around 9 thousand years ago in Europe.[/b] "This is just one part of the picture researchers are gathering about lactose tolerance and the origins of Europeans. Next on the list is why there is such disparity in lactose tolerance between populations. [b]It's striking, for example, that today around eighty per cent of southern Europeans cannot tolerate lactose even though the first dairy farmers in Europe probably lived in those areas.[/b] Through computer simulations and DNA testing we are beginning to get glimpses of the bigger early European picture." [/QB][/QUOTE] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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