The Khazars were a semi-nomadic Turkic people who created one of the largest states of medieval Eurasia, Khazaria, with its capital at Atil. As one of the major arteries of commerce between northern Europe and southwestern Asia, Khazaria commanded the western marches of the Silk Road and played a key commercial role as a crossroad between China, the Middle East, and Europe. Starting in the 8th century, the Khazar royalty and much of the aristocracy are reported to have converted to Judaism. Between 965 and 969, the Khazar state was conquered by the Kievan Rus under Sviatoslav I of Kiev, who conquered Atil in 967.
Yiddish language;
The language originated in the Ashkenazi culture that developed from about the 10th century in the Rhineland and then spread to Central and Eastern Europe and eventually to other continents. In the earliest surviving references to it, the language is called לשון־אַשכּנז (loshn-ashknez = "language of Ashkenaz") and טײַטש (taytsh, a variant of tiutsch, the contemporary name for the language otherwise spoken in the region of origin, now called Middle High German). In common usage, the language is called מאַמע־לשון (mame-loshn, literally "mother tongue"), distinguishing it from Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic, which are collectively termed לשון־קודש (loshn-koydesh, "holy tongue"). The term "Yiddish" did not become the most frequently used designation in the literature of the language until the 18th century.
Ashkenazi Jews of late 19th century Eastern Europe portrayed in Jews Praying in the Synagogue on Yom Kippur (1878), by Maurycy Gottlieb (a Jew). Note the inclusion of the Black man in the middle and the mulatto on the right - to legitimize?
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
Israel seeks to decrease number of black population, reports say;
President Obama meets with Miss Israel 2013, Yityish Aynaw
Can't you just see it in his eyes (Will the Niggers buy this?) Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
^Except for lioness, is anyone buying it?
Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
quote:Originally posted by Mike111:
_________________^^^^ Mike can you explain why this guy has "Black" features
while the below guy does not ??? >
quote:Originally posted by Mike111: ^But more importantly, just as we have found that the Albinos lied about the ethnicity of the Celts, might they have also lied about the ethnicity of the late medieval people of Russia?
As an example:
There is "NO WAY" that this guy is an Albino!
Tsar Fedor I (1557 - 1598)
quote:Originally posted by Mike111:
Also are you saying the Assyrian at left is also Black? he has the same curly hair tetxure as the Hebrew capitives?
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,:
Also are you saying the Assyrian at left is also Black? he has the same curly hair tetxure as the Hebrew capitives?
Nah - Assyrians were as White as "Snow".
It's just everyone "Around" them who was Black.
Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
So Mike as we know the Assyrians were the begininng of the end for Egyptian empire and they were Negroes. Ok fine who were the first white occupiers of Egypt?
Mike you're Mesopotamian?
Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
Mike is it possible Judaism actually started in Africa and Israel should not be seen as it's center?
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: So Mike as we know the Assyrians were the begininng of the end for Egyptian empire and they were Negroes. Ok fine who were the first white occupiers of Egypt?
Mike you're Mesopotamian?
No lioness - people like Kittles and Gates are Negroes, the Assyrians were Black people.
The first Mulattoes were the Macedonians (Alexander), and the Romans.
The first Albinos were the Turks.
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: Mike is it possible Judaism actually started in Africa and Israel should not be seen as it's center?
Stop being such an ass, no one except Khazars would suggest that Judaism is anything other than a combination religion, starting with the Kemetan religion.
Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
quote:Originally posted by Mike111:
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: Mike is it possible Judaism actually started in Africa and Israel should not be seen as it's center?
Stop being such an ass, no one except Khazars would suggest that Judaism is anything other than a combination religion, starting with the Kemetan religion.
I never heard of the term "combnation religion" How was Judaism a combination religion? One of the things distinctly different from Egyptian religion is that they forbade worship of any more than one god. That is the major difference
quote:Originally posted by Mike111:
No lioness - people like Kittles and Gates are Negroes, the Assyrians were Black people.
The first Mulattoes were the Macedonians (Alexander), and the Romans.
I assume by "Black" you mean dark skinned rather that of recent African descent
Aside form a few Emperors who had half berber ancestry you would charcterize the Romans as "mulattoes"? That seems dumb. Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
THE KHAZARS
The history of Khazaria presents us with a fascinating example of how Jewish life flourished in the Middle Ages. In a time when Jews were persecuted thruout Christian Europe, the kingdom of Khazaria was a beacon of hope. Jews were able to flourish in Khazaria because of the tolerance of the Khazar rulers, who invited Byzantine and Persian Jewish refugees to settle in their country. Due to the influence of these refugees, the Khazars found the Jewish religion to be appealing and adopted Judaism in large numbers.
Most of the available information about the Khazars comes from Arabic, Hebrew, Armenian, Byzantine, and Slavic sources, most of which are reliable. There is also a large quantity of archaeological evidence concerning the Khazars that illuminates multiple aspects of the Khazarian economy (arts and crafts, trade, agriculture, fishing, etc.) as well as burial practices.
Origins. The Khazars were a Turkic1 people who originated in Central Asia. The early Turkic tribes were quite diverse, although it is believed that reddish hair was predominant among them prior to the Mongol conquests. In the beginning, the Khazars believed in Tengri shamanism, spoke a Turkic language, and were nomadic. Later, the Khazars adopted Judaism, Islam, and Christianity, learned Hebrew and Slavic, and became settled in cities and towns thruout the north Caucasus and Ukraine. The Khazars had a great history of ethnic independence extending approximately 800 years from the 5th to the 13th century.
The earliest history of the Khazars in southern Russia, prior to the middle of the 6th century, is hidden in obscurity. From about 550 to 630, the Khazars were part of the Western Turkish Empire, ruled by the Celestial Blue Turks (Kök Turks). When the Western Turkish Empire was broken up as a result of civil wars in the middle of the 7th century, the Khazars successfully asserted their independence. Yet, the Kök kaganate under which they had lived provided the Khazars with their system of government. For example, the Khazars followed the same guidelines as the Kök Turks regarding the succession of kings.
Political power. At its maximum extent, the independent country of Khazaria included the geographic regions of southern Russia, northern Caucasus, eastern Ukraine, Crimea, western Kazakhstan, and northwestern Uzbekistan. Other Turkic groups such as the Sabirs and Bulgars came under Khazar jurisdiction during the 7th century. The Khazars forced some of the Bulgars (led by Asparukh) to move to modern-day Bulgaria, while other Bulgars fled to the upper Volga River region where the independent state of Volga Bulgharia was founded. The Khazars had their greatest power over other tribes in the 9th century, controlling eastern Slavs, Magyars, Pechenegs, Burtas, North Caucasian Huns, and other tribes and demanding tribute from them. Because of their jurisdiction over the area, the Caspian Sea was named the "Khazar Sea", and even today the Azeri, Turkish, Persian, and Arabic languages designate the Caspian by this term (in Turkish, "Hazar Denizi"; in Arabic, "Bahr-ul-Khazar"; in Persian, "Daryaye Khazar").
In addition to their role in indirectly bringing about the creation of the modern Balkan nation of Bulgaria, the Khazars played an even more significant role in European affairs. By acting as a buffer state between the Islamic world and the Christian world, Khazaria prevented Islam from significantly spreading north of the Caucasus Mountains. This was accomplished thru a series of wars known as the Arab-Khazar Wars, which took place in the late 7th and early 8th centuries. The wars established the Caucasus and the city of Derbent as the boundary between the Khazars and the Arabs.
Cities. The first Khazar capital was Balanjar, which is identified with the archaeological site Verkhneye Chir-Yurt. During the 720s, the Khazars transferred their capital to Samandar, a coastal town in the north Caucasus noted for its beautiful gardens and vineyards. In 750, the capital was moved to the city of Itil (Atil) on the edge of the Volga River. In fact, the name "Itil" also designated the Volga River in the medieval age. Itil would remain the Khazar capital for at least another 200 years. Itil, the administrative center of the Khazar kingdom, was located adjacent to Khazaran, a major trading center. In the early 10th century, Khazaran-Itil's population was composed mostly of Muslims and Jews, but a few Christians lived there also. The capital city had many mosques. The king's palace was located on an island nearby, which was surrounded by a brick wall. The Khazars stayed in their capital during the winter, but they lived in the surrounding steppe in the spring and summer to cultivate their crops.
The great capital city of modern Ukraine, Kiev, was founded by Khazars or Hungarians. Kiev is a Turkic place name (Küi = riverbank + ev = settlement). A community of Jewish Khazars lived in Kiev. Other towns of the Khazars, many of which also had important Jewish communities, included Kerch (Bospor), Feodosia, Tamatarkha (Tmutorokan), Chufut-Kale, Sudak, and Sarkel. The local governor of Samandar was Jewish, and it may be assumed that many of the governors of these other localities were also Jewish. A major brick fortress was built in 834 in Sarkel, along the Don River. It was a cooperative Byzantine-Khazar venture, and Petronas Kamateros, a Greek, served as chief engineer during the construction.
Civilization and trade. The staple foods for the Khazars were rice and fish. Barley, wheat, melons, hemp, and cucumbers were also harvested in Khazaria. There were many orchards and fertile regions around the Volga River, which the Khazars depended upon due to the infrequency of rain. The Khazars hunted foxes, rabbits, and beavers to supply the large demand for furs.
Khazaria was an important trade route connecting Asia and Europe. For example, the "Silk Road" was an important link between China, Central Asia, and Europe. Among the things traded along the Khazar trade routes were silks, furs, candlewax, honey, jewelry, silverware, coins, and spices. Jewish Radhanite traders of Persia passed thru Itil on their way to western Europe, China, and other locations. The Iranian Sogdians also made use of the Silk Road trade, and their language and runic letters became popular among the Turks. Khazars traded with the people of Khwarizm (northwest Uzbekistan) and Volga Bulgharia and also with port cities in Azerbaijan and Persia.
The Khazars' dual-monarchy was a Turkic system under which the kagan was the supreme king and the bek was the civilian army leader. The kagans were part of the Turkic Asena ruling family that had provided kagans for other Central Asian nations in the early medieval period. The Khazar kagans had relations with the rulers of the Byzantines, Abkhazians, Hungarians, and Armenians. To some extent, the Khazarian kings influenced the religion of the Khazar people, but they tolerated those who had different religions than their own, so that even when these kings adopted Judaism they still let Greek Christians, pagan Slavs, and Muslim Iranians live in their domains. In the capital city, the Khazars established a supreme court composed of 7 members, and every religion was represented on this judicial panel (according to one contemporary Arab chronicle, the Khazars were judged according to the Torah, while the other tribes were judged according to other laws).
Ancient communities of Jews existed in the Crimean Peninsula, a fact proven by much archaeological evidence. It is significant that the Crimea came under the control of the Khazars. The Crimean Jewish communities were later supplemented by refugee Jews fleeing the Mazdaq rebellion in Persia, the persecutions of Byzantine emperors Leo III and Romanus I Lecapenus, and for a variety of other reasons. Jews came to Khazaria from modern-day Uzbekistan, Armenia, Hungary, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, and many other places, as documented by al-Masudi, the Schechter Letter, Saadiah Gaon, and other accounts. The Arabic writer Dimashqi wrote that these refugee Jews offered their religion to the Khazar Turks and that the Khazars "found it better than their own and accepted it". The Jewish Radhanite traders may have also influenced the conversion. Adopting Judaism was perhaps also a symbol of political independence for Khazaria, holding the balance of power between Muslim Caliphate and the Christian Byzantine Empire.
Under the leadership of kings Bulan and Obadiah, the standard rabbinical form of the Jewish religion spread among the Khazars. King Bulan adopted Judaism in approximately the year 838, after supposedly holding a debate between representatives of the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim faiths. The Khazar nobility and many of the common people also became Jews. King Obadiah later established synagogues and Jewish schools in Khazaria. The books of the Mishnah, Talmud, and Torah thus became important to many Khazars. Saint Cyril came to Khazaria in 860 in a Byzantine attempt to convert the Khazars to Christianity, but he was unsuccessful in converting them away from Judaism. He did, however, convince many of the Slavs to adopt Christianity. By the 10th century, the Khazars wrote using Hebrew letters. The major Khazar Jewish documents from that period were written in the Hebrew language. The Ukrainian professor Omeljan Pritsak estimated that there were as many as 30,000 Jews in Khazaria by the 10th century. In 2002, the Swedish numismatist Gert Rispling discovered a Khazar Jewish coin.
In general, the Khazars may be described as a productive and tolerant people, in contact with much of the rest of the world and providing goods and services at home and abroad. Many artifacts from the Khazars, exhibiting their artistic and industrial talents, have survived to the present day.
Decline and fall. During the 10th century, the East Slavs were united under Scandinavian overlordship. A new nation, Kievan Rus, was formed by Prince Oleg. Just as the Khazars had left their mark on other peoples, so too did they influence the Rus. The Rus and the Hungarians both adopted the dual-kingship system of the Khazars. The Rus princes even borrowed the title kagan. Archaeologists recovered a variety of Khazar or Khazar-style objects (including clothing and pottery) from Viking gravesites in Chernigov, Gnezdovo, Kiev, and even Birka (Sweden). The residents of Kievan Rus patterned their legal procedures after the Khazars. In addition, some Khazar words became part of the old East Slavic language: for example, bogatyr ("brave knight") apparently derives from the Khazar word baghatur.
The Rus inherited most of the former Khazar lands in the late 10th century and early 11th century. One of the most devastating defeats came in 965, when Rus Prince Svyatoslav conquered the Khazar fortress of Sarkel. It is believed that he conquered Itil two years later, after which he campaigned in the Balkans. Despite the loss of their nation, the Khazar people did not disappear. Some of them migrated westward into Hungary, Romania, and Poland, mixing with other Jewish communities.2
Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
what percentage of Khazar are modern European Jews?
Posted by mena7 (Member # 20555) on :
Iron Lion posted an article early this year of white Israeli doctor sterilising black Ethiopian women causing there birthrate to fall by 50%.There wasnt any complaint by Amnesty international, Human Right Watch and civil right org.CNN and Fox news didnt report anything.Now they are using the so call miss black Israel as a front to hide their racism.
Lioness you are right Judaisme and Christianity derived from the Khushite-Egyptian religion.Judaisme is nothing but the Atenisme of Akhenaton and is Levite priesthood.The oldest Hebrew city in the world is not Jerusalem in Palestine but Akhetaton and Malevi/Malawi meaning the city of the Levite in Lower Egypt.The Hebrew God Adon ai is the Egyptian God Aton, The Hebrew God El is the Egpt God Le/La aka Re/Ra, The Hebrew God Yahweh is the Egyptian God Yahu.With the passage of time the Hebrew God became different.
The original Hebrew were black lower Egyptian who migrated from Egypt to Palestine, Syria and Arabia.The Hebrew in West, Central and South Africa are still black .The Khazar Jew are Turk white central Asian that converted to Judaisme in the 8 cent BC because of political and economical reason.Khazar King Bulan didnt want to convert to Christianity who was against banking and Islam who was agaainst drinking alcohol, he converted to Judaisme that allowed banking and drinking.Conspiracy researcher states the white Khazar (Turkish German)Jew are ruthless people that control the Western world banking and world banking today.By controling money the Khazar jew bankers control Western politicians and world politicians.They also control the world media.
Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,:
(Judaism) One of the things distinctly different from Egyptian religion is that they forbade worship of any more than one god. That is the major difference
quote:Originally posted by mena7:
Lioness you are right Judaisme and Christianity derived from the Khushite-Egyptian religion.
did you hear me say that?
Posted by mena7 (Member # 20555) on :
There is no such thing as a religion worshiping one God.A good religion need the principle of opposite represented as a good God versus a bad God.A good religion need also the principle of gender another form of the principle of Opposite represented by a God and a Goddess.The one male God stuff is a major degradation of religion or dumbing down of religion.
Jew were not monotheist and are not monotheist.Jew worshiped the Elohim the Gods of the bible.According to Texe Marrs the Elohim are Yaweh, El, Adonai, Remphan, Chiun, Moloc, Mammon, Leviathan, Sin, The God of the Kabala, the God of the Talmud, Baphomet etc.According to Acharya S Jew in the bible were condamned by their jealous God for worshiping Baal, Astarteh, Asherath Grove, Moloc etc.
Islam hide its many Gods in the 99 names of Allah.Allah, Ar Rahman, Ar Rahim, Al Malik,Al Quddus, As Salam, Al Mum in, Al Muhaymin, Al Aziz etc.
The so call Monotheist Jew worship 72 angels or spirits. Achaia, Cathetel, Elemiah, Lelahel,Mahasiah, Sitael, Vehuiah, Yeliel, Aladiah, Hahaiah, Hariel, Heziel etc.
The Jew also have the 72 Kabalah Gods.
The Christian religion have many Gods the trinity of Yahwe, Jesus and Mary.You have the evil God Satan and you have the many Saints or Spirits of the Catholic and Orthodox Church.
The so call Western religions that white people copied from African and never understand are not different to African Neterism, Orisha, Bantu with one creator God and the many smaller Gods or Spirits.According to John G Jackson book Christianity before Christ the Egyptian didnt invent Christianity.The Twa people of central Africa originated the Christian religion.
Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
quote:Originally posted by mena7:
Jew were not monotheist and are not monotheist.Jew worshiped the Elohim the Gods of the bible.According to Texe Marrs the Elohim are Yaweh, El, Adonai, Remphan, Chiun, Moloc, Mammon, Leviathan, Sin, The God of the Kabala, the God of the Talmud, Baphomet etc.According to Acharya S Jew in the bible were condamned by their jealous God for worshiping Baal, Astarteh, Asherath Grove, Moloc etc.
Islam hide its many Gods in the 99 names of Allah.Allah, Ar Rahman, Ar Rahim, Al Malik,Al Quddus, As Salam, Al Mum in, Al Muhaymin, Al Aziz etc.
you cannot compare differnt names of Allah to the Egyptian or Greek pantheons of gods and godesses where they worship each one in separate temples and have different images representing them. Jews and Muslims don't do that
The most fundamental belief of Jews and Muslims has is that there is only one God. The Muslims have their shahada which clearly states: "I bear witness that there is no God except Allah, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah"
^^^ and even though 99 names are listed for Alllah Muslims don't worship Allah by those other names
Ten Commndments 1,2
1, Thou shalt have no other gods before me
2. Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I the Lord thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me; And shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me, and keep my commandments.
quote:Originally posted by mena7:
There is no such thing as a religion worshiping one God.
yes there is it's called monothesim
At any time somebody could invent religion and have only one God in it
Do you belive in more than one God? Please mention a few of the gods you believe in
Posted by mena7 (Member # 20555) on :
Lioness the 10 commandments was a goal, a hope not something the Jew realy followed.In the Bible itself the Jew didnt followed the 10 commandments.In real life Jew lied, killed, stealed, worshiped Gods, angels etc.The Talmud help white Jew circumvent the bible 10 commandments
There are different way for people to worhip many Gods.Sometime they do it in secret.
There are thousands of statuetes and figurines of Gods and Godesses found in Palestine dating from the time of the Hebrew.There is nothing wrong with statues.The Jewish menorah, Muslim calligraphy and carpet, christian cross play the same symbolic role as statue.
Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
quote:Originally posted by mena7: Lioness the 10 commandments was a goal, a hope not something the Jew realy followed.In the Bible itself the Jew didnt followed the 10 commandments.In real life Jew lied, killed, stealed, worshiped Gods, angels etc.The Talmud help white Jew circumvent the bible 10 commandments
There are different way for people to worhip many Gods.Sometime they do it in secret.
There are thousands of statuetes and figurines of Gods and Godesses found in Palestine dating from the time of the Hebrew.There is nothing wrong with statues.The Jewish menorah, Muslim calligraphy and carpet, christian cross play the same symbolic role as statue.
you think traditional Jews and Muslims of today worship more than one god? name some
How about you, who do you pray to other than God?
Posted by IronLion (Member # 16412) on :
JERUSALEM — Devout Jews around the world on Wednesday observed a ritual performed only once every 28 years, saying their morning prayers under the open sky in a ceremony called the “blessing of the sun.”
Tens of thousands of worshippers stood next to the Western Wall in Jerusalem’s walled Old City, the holiest site where Jews can pray. Hundreds headed to the ancient desert fortress of Masada, while others prayed on the roof of a Tel Aviv high-rise and congregated on road sides.
“God created the world in seven days,” said Yona Vogel, one of the estimated 50,000 who attended the Western Wall prayers. “On the fourth day he put the sun into orbit and every 28 years it returns to the original place that it stood when God created the world.”
The special blessing _ called the Birkat Hachamah in Hebrew _ was marked in many time zones, starting with members of the small Jewish community in New Zealand. In hundreds of places, from Israel and Italy to New Zealand and Kyrgyzstan, observant Jews rose before dawn for outdoor prayers and dancing.
The prayer came on the eve of the weeklong Passover festival, in which Jews commemorate the exodus from slavery in Egypt. The timing was coincidental, but added to the joyous feeling felt by many worshippers.
In a New York rabbi was to lead a morning gathering near the United Nations. Another group was to pray on the deck of a 17th-story penthouse near ground zero, the site of the demolished World Trade Center.
A Birkat Hachamah ceremony in 1981 was held on the 107th-story observation deck of the World Trade Center’s South Tower, and the rabbi was dedicating Wednesday’s blessing to the memory of those who died in the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks.
Organizers of a ceremony on the boardwalk in Long Beach, New York, on Long Island, said they would distribute sunglasses to worshippers. But they might go unused; the forecast was for a cloudy morning…. …………………………. More @ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/08/blessing-of-the-sun-jews-_n_184562.html Posted by xyyman (Member # 13597) on :
Lioness. Maybe you can help me understand what is being said in this paper? Since you got a thing for the Levant. Tell me really, what this paper is saying. Those African Saharans keep showing up in Arabia!!! In case you don’t get it Arabians(Yemenis) and Ethiopians are the same people. The question to be answered now is who originally occupied the Levant. Africans or Ottoman Turks.
========
Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture(2013 hot off the press!!)
Soria-Hernanz9, R. Spencer Wells9, Jaume Bertranpetit1, Comas , Pierre A. Zalloua2,11.* et al
The Levant is a geographical area in the eastern Mediterranean region bounded by Anatolia, Egypt, and the Arabian Desert. It includes Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, and often Cyprus and historical Armenia.
A recent study by Moorjani et al. [8], estimated that Jewish admixture with African genes ended much earlier (,75 generations ago) than other Levantines (Muslims) (,32 generations ago). However, it is not known if this different admixture history is the result of out-migration from the region and the discontinued gene flow from neighboring populations or if it is a result of cultural isolation in a predominantly Christian (,100–650 CE) and later Muslim (,650 CE-present) environment. Would today’s Christians from the Levant also show older dates for cessation of African admixture than other Levantines, reflecting cultural/genetic isolation from their surrounding neighbors? By exploring the genetic isolation of populations like the Christians and Druze, it would then be possible to assess the pre- Islamic genetic structure of the Levantines and accurately construct the genetic relationships with neighboring populations. In this study we analyze newly-generated genome-wide data from Lebanon in addition to individuals from 48 published global populations [7,9]. We aim to assess the genome-wide genetic relationships of the Levantines and to resolve previous uncertainties about population structure in the Levant region
In 986 CE, the Druze faith developed as a movement within Islam, and from 1030 AD, a person could only be Druze if born Druze
These results are consistent with previous studies reporting higher European genome-wide admixture in Ashkenazi Jews compared with other Jews [11] and higher Y-chromosomal gene flow to Lebanese Muslims from the Arabian Peninsula compared with other Lebanese [5].
The population tree (Figure 3A) splits Levantine populations in two branches: one leading to Europeans and Central Asians that includes Lebanese, Armenians, Cypriots, Druze and Jews, as well as Turks, Iranians and Caucasian populations; and a second branch composed of Palestinians, Jordanians, Syrians, as well as North Africans, Ethiopians, Saudis, and Bedouins. The tree shows a correlation between religion and the population structures in the Levant: all
The predominantly Muslim populations of Syrians, Palestinians and Jordanians cluster on branches with other Muslim populations as distant as Morocco and Yemen. It should be noted here that the results depend SIGNIFICANTLY on populations included in the analysis as well as recent admixture events, and so should be treated as an approximate guide to similarity, rather than a full population history.
ChromoPainter’s coancestry matrix (Figure 3B, Figure S4) shows the haplotype chunks donated from the world populations to the Levantines and shows that Jordanians, Palestinians, and Syrians receive more chunks from sub-Saharan Africans and from Middle Easterners compared with other Levantines. We explored the sub-Saharan/Middle Eastern gene flow to the Levantines further by employing a previously developed method (ROLLOFF) [8] that estimates the time since admixture with sub-Saharan African genes using the rate of exponential decline of admixture LD. Previous simulations [8] showed that bias from ROLLOFF estimates is removed with increased sample size, so we used the entire Lebanese religious subgroups after carrying out a rigorous outlier removal based on PCA [17] and keeping the main core clusters (336 Christians, 85 Druze, 747 Muslims) (Text S1). We found that Christians have the oldest admixture dates (2,375-2,025 years ago, y.a) with bounds coinciding with the decline of Phoenicia and the control of the region by the Hellenistic rulers. The time since the observed Druze admixture (1,275-1,025 y.a) closely precedes the development of the Druze faith and their divergence from other Muslims. The Muslims appear to have maintained contact with populations carrying sub-Saharan genes until 675-625 y.a, [which overlaps with the rise of the Ottoman Empire and formation of a semi-autonomous state in Lebanon.
ADMIXTURE identifies at K= 10 an ancestral component (light green) with a geographically restricted distribution representing ,50% of the individual component in Ethiopians, Yemenis, Saudis, and Bedouins, decreasing towards the Levant, with higher frequency (,25%) in Syrians, Jordanians, and Palestinians, compared with other Levantines (4%–20%). The geographical distribution pattern of this component (Figure 4A, 4B) correlates with the pattern of the Islamic expansion, but its presence in Lebanese Christians, Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews, Cypriots and Armenians might suggest that its spread to the Levant could also represent an earlier event. BESIDES THIS COMPONENT, the most frequent ancestral component (shown in dark blue) in the Levantines (42–68%) is also present, at lower frequencies, in Europe and Central Asia (Figure 4A, 4C). We found that this Levantine component is closer to the European component (dark green) (FST = 0.035) than to the Arabian Peninsula/East Africa component (light green) (FST = 0.046). Our estimates show that the Levantine and the Arabian Peninsula/East African components diverged ,23,700-15,500 y.a., while the Levantine and European components diverged ,15,900-9,100 y.a. We note here that our divergence time
Posted by Troll Patrol (Member # 18264) on :
^ deep!
Posted by xyyman (Member # 13597) on :
To those that want to keep up. This 2013 SNP paper essentially carraborates DNATribes Feb2013 report. The southern Arabia region is essentially an extension of Africa. Saharans to the North and South Saharans to the South. Penetrations of Levantines started in pre-history which may have originated in Turkey and/or points further North.
The Turks still have remnants of SSA and Saharans which led the authors to comment on the demographics of the Levant and points further has shifted dramatically. The Ottoman Invasion closed the books of African dominance in the Levant.
