Hamat Tiberias is an ancient archaeological site and an Israeli national park known as Hamat Tverya National Park that is located on the Tiberias-Zemach road that runs along the shore of the Kinneret to Tiberias. Second century Hammata is believed to have been built on the ruins of the biblical city of Hammath.[1]
Tiberias thermal baths, 1925 The 17 springs of Hamat Tiberias have been known since antiquity for their curative properties. The site was discovered in 1920 when the Tiberias-Zemach road was being constructed.
The Hamei Tveriya natural hot springs are located on the grounds of the park. According to the sages of the Talmud, the springs were constantly hot as they stream past the entrance of Hell.[2]
Synagogue[edit]
Ancient Greek inscription on the Hellenistic mosaic floor belonging to the synagogue in Hamat Tiberias The Hammat Tiberias Synagogue is an ancient synagogue on the outskirts of Tiberias, Israel, located near the hot springs just south of the city. The synagogue dates to 286 and 337 CE, when Tiberias was the seat of the Sanhedrin. Two synagogue sites have been excavated at Hammat Tiberias. The first, uncovered in 1921 by Nachum Slouschz, working under the sponsorship of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society, was a watershed event in the history of Israeli archaeology as the first archaeological dig conducted under Jewish auspices.[3] A limestone menorah uncovered there is now on display at the Israel Museum. The mosaic floor is made up of three panels featuring the zodiac and Helios the sun god. Women symbolizing the four seasons appear in each corner.[4]
The second synagogue site, excavated by Moshe Dothan, is noted for its elaborate mosaic floor. The synagogue, dated to the last half of the fourth century C.E., was named after an inscription that reads, in Greek, "Severus the pupil of the most illustrious patriarchs," an apparent reference to the leaders of the Jewish community.
In the center of one large mosaic is the Sun god, Helios, sitting in his chariot holding the celestial sphere and a whip. Nine of the 12 signs of the zodiac survived intact. Another panel shows a Torah ark flanked by two the seven-branched menorahs and other Jewish ritual objects.
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Beth Alpha is a sixth-century synagogue located at the foot of the northern slopes of the Gilboa mountains near Beit She'an, Israel.[1] It is now part of Bet Alfa Synagogue National Park and managed by the Israel Nature and Parks Authority
Excavations[edit]
The Beth Alpha synagogue was uncovered in 1928 by members of the nearby Kibbutz Hefzibah, who stumbled upon the synagogue’s extensive mosaic floors during irrigation construction.[3] Excavations began in 1929 under the auspices of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and were led by Israeli archaeologist, Eleazar Sukenik.[4] A secondary round of excavations, sponsored by the Israel Antiquities Authority in 1962, further explored the residential structures surrounding the synagogue.[5]
In addition, a hoard of 36 Byzantine coins were found in a shallow depression in the floor apse.[6]
Architecture[edit]
Architectural remains from the Beth Alpha synagogue indicate that the synagogue once stood as two-story basilical building and contained a courtyard, vestibule, and prayer hall.[7] The first floor of the prayer hall consisted of a central nave measuring 5.4 meters wide, the apse, which served as the resting place for the Torah Ark, the bema, the raised platform upon which the Torah would have been read, and benches.[8] The Torah Ark within the apse was aligned southwest, in the direction of Jerusalem.
Dedicatory Inscriptions[edit]
Dedicatory Inscriptions The northern entryway features two dedicatory inscriptions in Aramaic and Greek. Although partially destroyed, the Aramaic inscription indicates that the synagogue was built during the reign of Roman Emperor, Justin I (518-527 CE) and was funded by communal donations.[9] The Greek inscription thanks artisans “Marianos and his son Hanina,” whom were also listed as the artisans of the nearby Beth Shean synagogue.[10] The inscriptions are flanked on either side by a lion and a buffalo, who serve as the synagogue’s symbolic guardians.[11]
Nave Mosaics[edit]
Northern Panel—Binding of Isaac[edit]
Binding of Isaac The northern panel depicts the “Binding of Isaac” (Genesis 22: 1-18). To the right, Abraham is depicted dangling Isaac over the fiery altar as he raises his hand to perform the sacrifice. In the center, God, symbolized by the small fire- encircled hand appearing in the upper center, instructs Abraham to sacrifice a nearby ram instead of Isaac. The hand of God is aptly labeled with “al tishlah” or “do not raise,” taken from God’s command to the angel that Abraham not “raise his hand against the boy [Isaac]” (Genesis 22:12).[12] In the lower center of the composition, immediately below the hand of God, the ram that served as Isaac’s substitute is positioned standing sideways, trapped in the nearby thicket.[13] The odd positioning of the ram may perhaps be a convention the artists used to convey the distance that the Bible says separated Abraham and Isaac, from the two servant boys (Genesis 22:5), who accompanied Abraham and Isaac on their journey, and are depicted standing to the left. All the figures in the scene, except for the two servants, are identified with Hebrew labels.
The iconographic significance of the “Binding of Isaac” is unclear. There is a wide variety of opinions, with some scholars seeing this narrative as an affirmation of God’s mercy, others as symbolic of his continuing covenant with Israel, and others as embodying the rabbinic notion of "zechut avot" or the merit of the fathers.[14] In contemporaneous Christian church art, where the “Binding of Isaac” was also a popular theme, the narrative was seen as a typological pre-figuration for the crucifixion.[15]
Central Panel—Zodiac Wheel[edit]
Zodiac Wheel with Hebrew Labels The central panel features a Jewish adaptation of the Greco-Roman zodiac. The zodiac consists of two concentric circles, with the twelve zodiac signs appearing in the outer circle, and Helios, the Greco-Roman sun god, appearing in the inner circle.[16] The outer circle consists of twelve panels, each of which correspond to one of the twelve months of the year and contain the appropriate Greco-Roman zodiac sign. Female busts symbolizing the four seasons appear in the four corners immediately outside the zodiac.[17] In the center, Helios appears with his signature Greco-Roman iconographic elements such as the fiery crown of rays adorning his head and the highly stylized quadriga or four-horse-drawn chariot.[18] The background is decorated with a crescent shaped moon and stars. As in the “Binding of Isaac” panel, the zodiac symbols and seasonal busts are labeled with their corresponding Hebrew names.
This zodiac wheel, along with other similar examples found in contemporaneous synagogues throughout Israel such as Naaran, Susiya, Hamat Tiberias, Huseifa, and Sepphoris, rest at the center of a scholarly debate regarding the relationship between Judaism and general Greco-Roman culture in late-antiquity.[19] Some interpret the popularity that the zodiac maintains within synagogue floors as evidence for its Judaization and adaptation into the Jewish calendar and liturgy.[20] Others see it as representing the existence of a “non-Rabbinic” or a mystical and Hellenized form of Judaism that embraced the astral religion of Greco-Roman culture.[21]
Southern Panel—Synagogue Scene[edit]
The southern panel, which was laid before the synagogue’s Torah Shrine, is a liturgically oriented scene that emphasizes the centrality of the Torah Shrine. The Torah Shrine stands at the center of the composition and is depicted with a gabled roof. The Torah Shrine is decorated with ornamented panels featuring diamonds and squares.[22] The floating conch shell seen in the center of the roof, is a stylized representation of the Torah Shrine’s inset arch.[23] A hanging lamp is suspended from the gable of the roof.[24] As a symbolic marker of its importance, the lower register of the Torah Shrine is flanked by two roaring lions and is surrounded by Jewish ritual objects such as the lulav, etrog, shofar, and incense shovel.[25] Two birds flank the gabled roof in the upper register of the Torah Shrine.[26]
Snapshot of Synagogue Scene Two large seven-branched Menorah (singular Menorah, plural Menorot) candelabras stand on either of the Torah Shrine. It is interesting to note that the base and branches of the two Menorahs are not identical in form; the right-hand Menorah has an upright base, while the left-hand Menorah has two crescent shaped legs and one upright leg.[27] Lastly, the entire scene is framed by the two pulled back curtains, which served to demarcate the sacred space of the Torah Shrine.[28]
The presence of the Menorah, which originally stood in the Jerusalem Temple, comes to highlight the continuing importance that the Jerusalem Temple occupied in the development of the synagogue.[29] Additionally, the Menorah also maintained a practical function, as the primary light source for the area around the Torah Shrine.[30] Sukenik believed that the two Menorot depicted flanking the Torah Shrine in this scene, likely stood adjacent to the Torah Shrine within the actual Beth Alpha synagogue.[
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Tukuler
multidisciplinary Black Scholar
Member # 19944
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And for further reading may I suggest Astrological Secrets of the Hebrew Sages one of the books from my now lost library
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Tukuler this book is out of print hopefully they release it in ebook format kindle, Nook, Google and Ipad. The book is also available second hand. Astrology is part of all the world major religions.
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