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New genetic data show “Back to Africa” migration in Neolithic times By Philip Guelpa 23 October 2015
Newly reported human DNA from a cave in Ethiopia supports previous evidence that a major migration of Eurasians back to Africa occurred sometime between 3,000 and 4,000 years ago (Llorente et al., “Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture throughout the African continent,” Science, 12 October 2015). The study by an international team of 19 researchers was based on a genetic sample from a human skeleton, the remains of a hunter-gatherer man, found in a cave, known as Mota, in highland Ethiopia.
The man lived approximately 4,500 years ago, based on radiocarbon assay. Genetic analysis demonstrated that “Mota Man” was closely related to the modern Ari population living in the same area. The particular importance of this find is that it yielded no indication of Eurasian genetic admixture. It lacks 4 to 7 percent of the genetic material found in modern Ari. This result provides firmer dating for previous evidence that a significant “backflow” of people into Africa occurred after the original “Out of Africa” migration of modern humans more than 40,000 years ago.
Until now, the study of ancient human DNA has largely been restricted to samples from temperate and Arctic regions, due to the generally poorer preservation of the molecule in hot and humid climates. Consequently, the genetic history of humans in Africa has, heretofore, had to rely on extrapolations based on the characteristics of very recent populations. The Mota specimen, recovered from a dry, high-altitude cave, retained its DNA and thus affords a datable “baseline” for geographic and chronological comparisons.
It has long been known that Neolithic farmers from the Near East and Anatolia, where agriculture had developed following the end of the last glacial period, roughly 10,000 years ago, had moved into Europe around 8,000 years ago. It was also known that a similar migration had taken place into Africa, based on the presence of Eurasian genes in modern African populations. However, the timing and scale of this movement were poorly understood.
By using the DNA from the Mota specimen, which had no indication of Eurasian genes, researchers drew the conclusion that the backflow had to have occurred later than its age of 4,500 years ago, thus supporting the previous estimates for this migration event dated back to between 4,000 and 3,000 years ago.
In addition, the researchers conducted further genetic studies on contemporary African populations. This analysis demonstrates that, although the Eurasian admixture was greatest in East Africa (i.e., closest to the Near East), it reached all the way into western and southern Africa as well. Furthermore, they found that the genetic contribution from the immigrants overall was greater than had previously been thought. Even relatively isolated African populations, such as the Yoruba and Mbuti, had 7 percent and 6 percent Eurasian admixture, respectively.
This new evidence complicates the use of modern African genomes as a “baseline” to define the ancestral genetic makeup of modern humans. Africa was the “cradle” of anatomically modern humans, at least 80,000 to 100,000 years ago. They began to migrate into Eurasia more than 40,000 years ago. Subsequent population movements within Eurasia are known to have taken place, based on archaeological, genetic, and linguistic data.
Among the principal motivators of such migrations was the development of agriculture in the Near East, Southeast Asia, and elsewhere. The growing populations permitted by farming would have, over time, prompted territorial expansion in the search for additional fertile land, subsuming or displacing resident hunter-gatherers or those with less productive agricultural practices in Europe, interior Asia, and Africa.
The new findings do not necessarily indicate that Eurasian individuals themselves spread across the whole of Africa. More likely, the actual movement of people was confined to the northeastern part of the continent, where the highest proportions of Eurasian genes are found. Subsequent internal migrations or interactions between resident populations would have spread the new genes to the rest of the continent. However, the relatively high proportion of foreign genetic material even in the farthest reaches of Africa implies the movement of large numbers of individuals. This process may also have spread new agricultural crops, though agriculture was already being practiced there.
In recent years, DNA analysis has demonstrated that as modern humans moved into Eurasia they intermingled with resident populations, including Neanderthals. Modern Eurasians contain a small component, 2 to 3 percent, of Neanderthal DNA, while modern Africans were said to have none. The research by Llorente and his colleagues found that there is, in fact, a minute, yet detectible percentage of Neanderthal genetic material present in post-reflux African populations. This further supports the interpretation that some modern humans, having spent time in Eurasia and intermingling with the existing populations there, returned to Africa and contributed genetically to the modern population of that continent.
Using a single genetic sample to characterize the modern human African genome prior to the Eurasian “reflux” should be viewed with some caution. The authors recommend that even earlier African genetic samples should be sought to further elucidate the history of ancient human migrations.
In addition to its valuable scientific contribution, these new data and analysis reinforce the understanding of the overwhelming genetic unity of modern humans. From the beginning of the genus Homo, adaptation to new environments, increasingly permitted by technological and other cultural innovations, has led humans to move across the landscape and eventually populate the globe. The movement of populations and the genetic intermixing that inevitably followed were accelerated by the development of agriculture. The Mota study is a reminder that this movement did not take place only in one direction or at a single time.
The relatively minor genetic diversity that exists among humans in modern times is merely a momentary “snapshot,” a slice in time, which is the result of millennia of mixing and remixing of populations, a mosaic produced by the dialectic of stability and change. The variations in skin color and other superficial characteristics we currently observe are far outweighed by this fundamental genetic unity.
This new study once again demonstrates that racist ideas alleging the existence of significant biological and intellectual differences between different human populations, supposedly based on long-standing genetic differentiation, have no scientific support.
The Scientific Truth Has Dealt Your Black Ass a Fatal Blow!!!
quote:Originally posted by sudaniya: The hair found on AE mummies is wavy and is indigenous to Africa. You can see this type of hair in the Upper Egypt, North Sudan, Somalia, Mali, Niger and apparently even in Uganda. Descendants of the pharaohs in Egypt, Sudan and Somalia:
quote:Originally posted by iTrump: Boy! You're Really Stupid!!
These Eurasians were Ancient Ancient Egyptians and They Were Never Black from the start!!!
The climate alone, should give your stupid black ass something to think about!!! LOL
quote:Originally posted by kdolo: ITrump.
You moron.
The Eurasian backflow were Blacks who walked out of Africa and then returned dummy.
He,he,he,he:
Damn, Albino delusion is really something!
Okay ITrump, going along with this stupidness for a minute: please tell us how you place a color on the people in question.
Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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The Eurasian backflow were Blacks who walked out of Africa and then returned dummy.
You have to remember that this poor sap is mentally ill. The document does not state that these back migrating Eurasians were Egyptians, but to a mentally deranged person that simply doesn't matter, because he'll read into the text what isn't there.
It doesn't seem to matter that this back migration took place thousands of years after the AE civilization had already been established by people from predynastic cultures in Southern Egypt, Nubia and the once green Sahara. The contentions in this paper do not comport with the delusions of our resident mentally ill fantasist; there is no mention of Egypt being a conduit for back migrating Eurasians. These back migrating Eurasians came from the Levant -- not Egypt. Eurasians in the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula also have African DNA. It goes both ways. It should be understood that these Eurasian markers only extend to a few tribes in Ethiopia -- not the whole country.
This is not relevant to Egypt at all. The mentally ill charlatan is grasping at straws.
The Somalis have very little Eurasian DNA.
Posts: 1568 | From: Pluto | Registered: Sep 2008
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Sadly, this Sadistic Sudanese does not understand the whole picture and only wishes to believe his or her fantasy portions that support their limited vision.
Be secure and learn to be objective!
Egyptians created all Eurasians and they're cousins.
Black Africans have had some contact with Ancient Egypt, but that does not make them Egyptians.
Posts: 496 | From: Greenland | Registered: Mar 2011
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The nation is located in the extreme North East Corner of Africa and is a transcontinental Nation that Connects Africa to Asia. It also is protected from the rest of Africa by gigantic vast deserts and NILE CATARACTS. learning to Naldo is essential
quote:Originally posted by kdolo:
where is Egypt located and where do the ancient egyptians come from ?
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There is not a single academic that contends that Eurasians directly descend from the AE. Not one. Instead, academics contend that Egypt was used as a conduit (not the source) for the Africans that then went out to populate the rest of the world 60-70 thousand years ago. There were no Eurasians at this point. None, zilch, nada. No Europeans, no Asians... nobody but Africans -- black people. I suggest that people collectively regard and treat the reading challenged, mentally incapacitated and clearly crazy charlatan as any but worthy of attention. He's an insignificant, vacuous, attention seeking whore that probably lives in his mother's basement, getting jollies from attention that he couldn't otherwise get in the real world.
Posts: 1568 | From: Pluto | Registered: Sep 2008
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quote:Originally posted by iTrump: Where is that map that shows the variations of skin color according to regional latitudes around the world??
North African, Southwest Asia, and the Southern Mediterranean Nations share similar climates.
Why Do I Have to Feed People, Who Are Too Lazy To Do Their Own Research? LOL
Lol, another joke account. This is literally like watching a cartoon show.
That map he's talking about is based on a theory by a man (I forget the name, don't tend to keep records of people who don't hold truth or who are promoted to decieve), who seem to have done nothing but introduce the theory and disappear. Though I think I'll look into the origin of the man in my spare time, brought up my curiousity again.
Actually name is Von Luschan, he's a joke if you look him up. 1800s, most of his works seem like nothing but propaganda. People can feel free to look into him more as well.
The account holder is either an idiot, or playing games bringing up junk like this map.
Posts: 310 | From: US | Registered: Jun 2015
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It's very hard to teach Afro Idiots, because they believe that everything is a conspiracy meant to destroy their little sensitive egos. People, learn to be objective!! This world is hard hitting and does not look kindly on Dummies!
Science is Science and no amount of Afro Topia is going to overshadow the truth!!
Posts: 496 | From: Greenland | Registered: Mar 2011
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Yawn, again this thing? smh lets do a review.
quote:Originally posted by Snakepit1: Error Found in Study of First Ancient African Genome Finding that much of Africa has Eurasian ancestry was mistaken
quote:An error has forced researchers to go back on their claim that humans across the whole of Africa carry DNA inherited from Eurasian immigrants.
This week the authors issued a note explaining the mistake in their October 2015 Science paper on the genome of a 4,500-year-old man from Ethiopia—the first complete ancient human genome from Africa. The man was named after Mota Cave, where his remains were found (For more about the initial findings, please read the following article: “First Ancient African Genome Reveals Vast Eurasian Migration”).
Although the first humans left Africa some 100,000 years ago, a study published in 2013 found that some came back again around 3,000 years ago; this reverse migration has left its trace in African genomes.
In the Science paper, researchers confirmed this finding. The paper also suggested that populations across the continent still harbour significant ancestry from the Middle Eastern farmers who were behind the back-migration. Populations in East Africa, including Ethiopian highlanders who live near Mota Cave, carried the highest levels of Eurasian ancestry. But the team also found vestiges of the ‘backflow’ migration in West Africans and in a pygmy group in Central Africa, the Mbuti. Andrea Manica, a population geneticist at the University of Cambridge, UK, who co-led the study, says the team made a mistake in its conclusion that the backflow reached western and central Africa. “The movement 3,000 years ago, or thereabouts, was limited to eastern Africa,” he says. Incompatible software Manica says that the error occurred when his team compared genetic variants in the ancient Ethiopian man with those in the reference human genome. Incompatibility between the two software packages used caused some variants that the Ethiopian man shared with Europeans (whose DNA forms a large chunk of the human reference sequence) to be removed from the analysis. This made Mota man seem less closely related to modern European populations than he actually was—and in turn made contemporary African populations appear more closely related to Europeans. The researchers did have a script that they could have run to harmonize the two software packages, says Manica, but someone forgot to run it.
Pontus Skoglund, a population geneticist at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts, says that he was surprised by the claim that as much as 6–7% of the ancestry of West and Central African groups came from the Eurasian migrants. But after obtaining the Mota man’s genome from Manica’s team, he and his colleague David Reich carried out their own comparison and found no evidence for that conclusion. They informed Manica’s team, who then discovered the processing error.
“Almost all of us agree there was some back-to-Africa gene flow, and it was a pretty big migration into East Africa,” says Skoglund. “But it did not reach West and Central Africa, at least not in a detectable way.” The error also undermines the paper’s original conclusion that many Africans carry Neanderthal DNA (inherited from Eurasians whose ancestors had interbred with the group).
Skoglund praised the paper—“the genome itself is just fantastic,” he says—and the researchers’ willingness to share their data and issue a speedy note about the error: they posted it online on January 25. When asked to confirm whether and when it would publish the researchers' update, a representative for Science said the journal couldn't yet comment.
Manica is not yet sure if Science will change the title of the paper, ‘Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture throughout the African continent’. But if the team had caught the error earlier, he says, “I’m sure we would have phrased things differently”.
This article is reproduced with permission and was first published on January 29, 2016.
quote:Originally posted by iTrump: It's very hard to teach Afro Idiots, because they believe that everything is a conspiracy meant to destroy their little sensitive egos. People, learn to be objective!! This world is hard hitting and does not look kindly on Dummies!
Science is Science and no amount of Afro Topia is going to overshadow the truth!!
A theory isn't science you toony reject, let only is it any "truth". Go back to your comic books.
Posts: 310 | From: US | Registered: Jun 2015
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Even funnier is that this supposed back migration "gene" is based on Neaderthal spectrum. Isn't that one funny?
The Episode of Genetic Drift Defining the Migration of Humans out of Africa Is Derived from a Large East African Population Size
PLoS One. 2014; 9(5): e97674. Published online 2014 May 20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097674
quote:Fig. S8. Phylogeny used in f4 ratio analysis. Phylogeny composed of three populations A, B, and C, and an outgroup O all descending from the same ancestor R. An additional population, X, is a mixture of B and C.
[...]
Table S4. Mutations defining the E1b1 haplogroup of Mota. Mutations are reported with respect to the Reconstructed Sapiens Reference Sequence. Mutations found in our sample, which are present in the reported haplogroup are shown here unless marked in bold or underlined. Underlined mutations are those present in our samples but not associated with the haplogroup determined. Bold mutations are those expected for the assigned haplogroup but absent from the sample.
[...]
Previous page: Table. S5. The proportion of West Eurasian ancestry for all African populations in our global panel. λYoruba,Druze gives estimates using Yoruba as the non-admixed reference and Druze as the source, λMota,Druze using Mota as the non-admixed reference and Druze as the source, and λMota,LBK using Mota as the non-admixed reference and LBK as a source. SE are the standard errors for these quantities.
[...]
Table S6. D statistics determining the possible source of West Eurasian ancestry in Yoruba. D(Yoruba, Mota; X, Han); where X is a range of European populations that represent possible sources of gene flow.
[...]
Table S7. D statistics determining the possible source of West Eurasian ancestry in Mbuti. D(Mbuti, Mota; X, Han); where X is a range of European populations that represent possible sources of gene flow.
[...]
Table S8. Neanderthal component D statistics. D(AltaiNea, CAnc; Mota, X), where AltaiNea is the Altai Neanderthal, MezNea is the Mezmaiskaya Neanderthal, CAnc is the reconstructed human-chimpanzee common ancestor, Mota is the reference and X is the tested genome.
[...]
Table S9. Neanderthal component based on f4 ratio. f4 (AltaiNea, Denisovan; X, Mota) / f4 (AltaiNea, Denisovan; X, MezNea), where Mota is the unadmixed reference and X is the tested population.
[...]
Table S10. Denisovan component D statistics. DYoruba, D(Denisovan, CAnc; Yoruba, X), where Yoruba is the reference and X is the tested genome, and DMota, D(Denisovan, CAnc; Mota, X), where CAnc is the reconstructed human-chimpanzee common ancestor, Mota is the reference and X is the tested genome.
---M. Gallego Llorente
Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture throughout the African continent
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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So based on supposed Neaderthal "DNA" they claim this magic back migration?
While the Red Sea always had the similar people living there, ever since the Paleolithic time. So, I don't understand what went "back"?
Remarkably funny is also that Neanderthal settlements have been found at the Levant. So, basically these folks have been saying/ claimed that the Neanderthal who originated from Africa anyway, never set foot on the Africsn continent afterwards, but just remained at the border of Northeast Africa/ Levant, for hundreds and thousands of years. As the Neanderthal progressed and traveled further away. Too funny. lol
quote: The ancestors of Neanderthals left Africa about 400,000 to 800,000 years ago. They evolved over the millennia mostly in what are now France, Spain, Germany and Russia. They went extinct, or were simply absorbed into the modern human population, about 30,000 years ago.
quote:Originally posted by Djehuti: ^ This is why I think the genetic components they think are "neanderthal" may in fact be a common hominid genetic component that happens to be retained in certain human populations.
quote:
The southern most Neanderthal in the world (Amud Cave, Israel)
quote:
THE NEANDERTHALS: A HUMAN RACE
To the above can be seen the Homo sapiensne ander thalensis Amud 1 skull, discovered in Israel. It is estimated that the owner of this skull would have stood 1.80 meters (5 feet, 11 inch es) tall. Its brain volume is the largest so far encountered for Neanderthals, at 1,740 cubic centimeters.
quote:"While the largest Homo erectus brains were about 1250 ml (2 imperial pints) and modern brains average about 1200–1500 ml in volume, female Neanderthal brains were about 1300 ml and those of males about 1600 ml, extending to 1740 ml in the Amud man."
Standardized Result - 1200–1500 cm3
Stringer, Christopher & Gamble, Clive. In Search of the Neanderthals. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1993.
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Remarkable this latest study shows that the genetic drift in human genome diversity came from Africa. And was carried out by small pockets of outmigration Africans, who populated the world.
"Why are other populations of humans so much less genetically varied than Africans? The answer, Henn explains, lies in our ancestors’ history; the groups of people that migrated out of Africa and spread throughout other continents were smaller subsets of that original, genetically diverse population. "
"AND WITHIN EACH OF THESE GROUPS THERE IS AN AMAZING AMOUNT OF DIVERSITY,[...] THE DIVERSITY IS INDIGNIOUS TO AFRICAN POPULATIONS":
quote:Colored dots indicate genetic diversity. Each new group outside of Africa represents a sampling of the genetic diversity present in its founder population. The ancestral population in Africa was sufficiently large to build up and retain substantial genetic diversity.
--Brenna M. Henna, L. L. Cavalli-Sforzaa,1, and Marcus W. Feldmanb,2 Edited by C. Owen Lovejoy, Kent State University, Kent, OH, and approved September 25, 2012 (received for review July 19, 2012)
quote: According to the current data East Africa is home to nearly 2/3 of the world genetic diversity independent of sampling effect. Similar figure have been suggested for sub-Saharan Africa populations [1]. The antiquity of the east African gene pool could be viewed not only from the perspective of the amount of genetic diversity endowed within it but also by signals of uni-modal distribution in their mitochondrial DNA (Hassan et al., unpublished) usually taken as an indication of populations that have passed through ‘‘recent’’ demographic expansion [33], although in this case, may in fact be considered a sign of extended shared history of in situ evolution where alleles are exchanged between neighboring demes [34].
Figure S1 Neighbor joining (NJ). NJ tree of the world populations based on MT-CO2 sequences. The evolutionary relationship of 171 sequences and evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method. The optimal tree with the sum of branch length = 0.20401570 is shown. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood method and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site. Codon positions included were 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated from the dataset. There were a total of 543 positions in the final dataset. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted in MEGA4. Red dots: east Africa, Blue: Africa, Green: Asia, Yellow: Australia, Pink: Europe and gray: America. (TIF)
Figure S2 Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). The 2nd and 3rd coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 nuclear microsatellite loci from 469 individuals of 24 world populations. MDS uses pairwise IBS data based on the 848 loci generated by PLINK software and plotted using R version 2.15.0. The figure, besides a separate clustering of east Africans, indicates the substantial contribution of Africans and east Africans to the founding of populations of Europe and Asia. (TIF)
Figure S3 Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). The 3rd and 4th coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 Microsatellite loci, across the human genome in 469 individuals from 24 populations from Africa, Asia and Europe. MDS uses pairwise IBS data based on the 848 loci generated by PLINK software and plotted using R version 2.15.0. The central position of east Africans and some other Africans emphasizes the founding role of east African gene pool and the disparate alignment on coordinates along which the world populations were founded including populations of Aftica aligning along the 4th dimension. (TIF)
Figure 4. Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). A. First and second coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 Microsatellite Marshfield data set across the human genome for 24 populations from Africa, Asia and Europe. MDS plot was constructed from pairwise differences FST generated by Arlequin program (Table S3). B. First and second coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 Microsatellite loci, across the human genome in 469 individuals from 24 populations from Africa, Asia and Europe. MDS uses pairwise IBS data based on the 848 loci generated by PLINK software and plotted using R version 2.15.0. East Africans cluster to the left of the plot, while Beja (red cluster in the middle), assumes intermediate position. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097674.g004
Figure S4 Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). First and second coordinates of an MDS plot based on MT-CO2 data set constructed from pairwise differences FST generated by Arlequin v3.11. Population code as follows: Nara: Nar, Kunama (Kun), Hidarb (Hid), Afar (Afa), Saho (Sah), Bilen (Bil), Tigre (Tgr), Tigrigna (Tig), Rashaida (Rsh), Nilotics (Nil), Beja (Bej), Ethiopians(Eth), Egyptians (Egy), Moroccans (Mor), Southern Africans (Sth), Pygmy (Pyg), Saudi Arabia (Sdi), Asia (Asi), Europe (Eur), Native Americans (NA), Australians (Ast), Nubians (Nub), Nuba (Nba) (TIF)
--Jibril Hirbo, Sara Tishkoff et al.
The Episode of Genetic Drift Defining the Migration of Humans out of Africa Is Derived from a Large East African Population Size
PLoS One. 2014; 9(5): e97674. Published online 2014 May 20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097674
quote:Originally posted by iTrump: Boy! You're Really Stupid!!
These Eurasians were Ancient Ancient Egyptians and They Were Never Black from the start!!!
The climate alone, should give your stupid black ass something to think about!!! LOL
quote:Originally posted by kdolo: ITrump.
You moron.
The Eurasian backflow were Blacks who walked out of Africa and then returned dummy.
Now, that's the dumbest argument I've read on the forum. What about the climate? lol
quote: "Ancient Egypt belongs to a language group known as 'Afroasiatic' (formerly called Hamito-Semitic) and its closest relatives are other north-east African languages from Somalia to Chad. Egypt's cultural features, both material and ideological and particularly in the earliest phases, show clear connections with that same broad area. In sum, ancient Egypt was an African culture, developed by African peoples, who had wide ranging contacts in north Africa and western Asia."
--Robert Morkot (2005) The Egyptians: An Introduction. p. 10)
quote:"The ancient Egyptians were not 'white' in any European sense, nor were they 'Caucasian'... we can say that the earliest population of ancient Egypt included African people from the upper Nile, African people from the regions of the Sahara and modern Libya, and smaller numbers of people who had come from south-western Asia and perhaps the Arabian penisula."
--Robert Morkot (2005). The Egyptians: An Introduction. pp. 12-13
quote:"Over the last two decades, numerous contemporary (Khartoum Neolithic) sites and cemeteries have been excavated in the Central Sudan.. The most striking point to emerge is the overall similarity of early neolithic developments inhabitation, exchange, material culture and mortuary customs in the Khartoum region to those underway at the same time in the Egyptian Nile Valley, far to the north." (Wengrow, David (2003) "Landscapes of Knowledge, Idioms of Power: The African Foundations of Ancient Egyptian Civilization Reconsidered," in Ancient Egypt in Africa, David O'Connor and Andrew Reid, eds. Ancient Egypt in Africa. London: University College London Press, 2003, pp. 119-137)
--O'Connor, David B., Reid, Andrew
Ancient Egypt in Africa
quote:Originally posted by iTrump:
It has long been known that Neolithic farmers from the Near East and Anatolia, where agriculture had developed following the end of the last glacial period, roughly 10,000 years ago, had moved into Europe around 8,000 years ago. It was also known that a similar migration had taken place into Africa, based on the presence of Eurasian genes in modern African populations. However, the timing and scale of this movement were poorly understood.
quote:Originally posted by iTrump: Boy! You're Really Stupid!!
These Eurasians were Ancient Ancient Egyptians and They Were Never Black from the start!!!
The climate alone, should give your stupid black ass something to think about!!! LOL
You obviously need to get your head checked.
quote:There is now a sufficient body of evidence from modern studies of skeletal remains to indicate that the ancient Egyptians, especially southern Egyptians, exhibited physical characteristics that are within the range of variation for ancient and modern indigenous peoples of the Sahara and tropical Africa.
In general, the inhabitants of Upper Egypt and Nubia had the greatest biological affinity to people of the Sahara and more southerly areas [...]
Any interpretation of the biological affinities of the ancient Egyptians must be placed in the context of hypothesis informed by the archaeological, linguistic, geographic or other data.
In this context the physical anthropological evidence indicates that the early Nile Valley populations can be identified as part of an African lineage, but exhibiting local variation.
This variation represents the short and long term effects of evolutionary forces, such as gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection influenced by culture and geography"
--Kathryn A. Bard (STEPHEN E. THOMPSON Egyptians, physical anthropology of Physical anthropology)
quote:"As a result of their facial prognathism, the Badarian sample has been described as forming a morphological cluster with Nubian, Tigrean, and other southern (or "Negroid") groups (Morant, 1935, 1937; Mukherjee et al., 1955; Nutter, 1958, Strouhal, 1971; Angel, 1972; Keita, 1990). Cranial nonmetric trait studies have found this group to be similar to other Egyptians, including much later material (Berry and Berry, 1967, 1972), but also to be significantly different from LPD material (Berry et al., 1967). Similarly, the study of dental nonmetric traits has suggested that the Badarian population is at the centroid of Egyptian dental samples (Irish, 2006), thereby suggesting similarity and hence continuity across Egyptian time periods. From the central location of the Badarian samples in Figure 2, the current study finds the Badarian to be relatively morphologically close to the centroid of all the Egyptian samples. The Badarian have been shown to exhibit greatest morphological similarity with the temporally successive EPD (Table 5). Finally, the biological distinctiveness of the Badarian from other Egyptian samples has also been demonstrated (Tables 6 and 7).
These results suggest that the EDyn do form a distinct morphological pattern. Their overlap with other Egyptian samples (in PC space, Fig. 2) suggests that although their morphology is distinctive, the pattern does overlap with the other time periods. These results therefore do not support the Petrie concept of a \Dynastic race" (Petrie, 1939; Derry, 1956). Instead, the results suggest that the Egyptian state was not the product of mass movement of populations into the Egyptian Nile region, but rather that it was the result of primarily indigenous development combined with prolonged small-scale migration, potentially from trade, military, or other contacts.
This evidence suggests that the process of state formation itself may have been mainly an indigenous process, but that it may have occurred in association with in-migration to the Abydos region of the Nile Valley. This potential in-migration may have occurred particularly during the EDyn and OK. A possible explanation is that the Egyptian state formed through increasing control of trade and raw materials, or due to military actions, potentially associated with the use of the Nile Valley as a corridor for prolonged small scale movements through the desert environment."
--Sonia R. Zakrzewski. (2007). Population Continuity or Population Change: Formation of the Ancient Egyptian State. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 132:501-509)
quote:Originally posted by iTrump: Boy! You're Really Stupid!!
These Eurasians were Ancient Ancient Egyptians and They Were Never Black from the start!!!
The climate alone, should give your stupid black ass something to think about!!! LOL
How about a double brain check? Because you seem really misfit.
quote:"Many of the sites reveal evidence of important interactions between Nilotic and Saharan groups during the formative phases of the Egyptian Predynastic Period (e.g. Wadi el-Hôl, Rayayna, Nuq’ Menih, Kurkur Oasis). Other sites preserve important information regarding the use of the desert routes during the Protodynastic and Pharaonic Periods, particularly during periods of political and military turmoil in the Nile Valley (e.g. Gebel Tjauti, Wadi el-Hôl)."
quote:Pleistocene through to the Christian periods, reveals a break in population continuity between the Pleistocene (Jebel Sahaba) and the Final Neolithic (Gebel Ramlah, dating to the first half of the fifth millennium BC) samples. The dental traits from Jebel Sahaba align more closely with modern sub-Saharan populations, while Gebel Ramlah and later align closer to Egypt specifically and to the Sahara in general."
--Michael Brass
Reconsidering the emergence of social complexity in early Saharan pastoral societies, 5000 – 2500 B.C.
quote:"The ancient Egyptians were not 'white' in any European sense, nor were they 'Caucasian'... we can say that the earliest population of ancient Egypt included African people from the upper Nile, African people from the regions of the Sahara and modern Libya, and smaller numbers of people who had come from south-western Asia and perhaps the Arabian penisula."
--Robert Morkot (2005). The Egyptians: An Introduction. pp. 12-13
quote:Morphological variation of the skeletal remains of ancient Nubia has been traditionally explained as a product of multiple migrations into the Nile Valley. In contrast, various researchers have noted a continuity in craniofacial variation from Mesolithic through Neolithic times. This apparent continuity could be explained by in situ cultural evolution producing shifts in selective pressures which may act on teeth, the facial complex, and the cranial vault.
A series of 13 Mesolithic skulls from Wadi Halfa, Sudan, are compared to Nubian Neolithic remains by means of extended canonical analysis. Results support recent research which suggests consistent [b]trends of facial reduction and cranial vault expansion from Mesolithic through Neolithic times.
--Meredith F. Small* et al.
The nubian mesolithic: A consideration of the Wadi Halfa remains
quote:Previous analyses of cranial variation found the Badari and Early Predynastic Egyptians to be more similar to other African groups than to Mediterranean or European populations (Keita, 1990; Zakrzewski, 2002). In addition, the Badarians have been described as near the centroid of cranial and dental variation among Predynastic and Dynastic populations studied (Irish, 2006; Zakrzewski, 2007). This suggests that, at least through the Early Dynastic period, the inhabitants of the Nile valley were a continuous population of local origin, and no major migration or replacement events occurred during this time.
Studies of cranial morphology also support the use of a Nubian (Kerma) population for a comparison of the Dynastic period, as this group is likely to be more closely genetically related to the early Nile valley inhabitants than would be the Late Dynastic Egyptians, who likely experienced significant mixing with other Mediterranean populations (Zakrzewski, 2002). A craniometric study found the Naqada and Kerma populations to be morphologically similar (Keita, 1990). Given these and other prior studies suggesting continuity (Berry et al., 1967; Berry and Berry, 1972), and the lack of archaeological evidence of major migration or population replacement during the Neolithic transition in the Nile valley, we may cautiously interpret the dental health changes over time as primarily due to ecological, subsistence, and demographic changes experienced throughout the Nile valley region."
-- AP Starling, JT Stock. (2007). Dental Indicators of Health and Stress in Early Egyptian and Nubian Agriculturalists: A Difficult Transition and Gradual Recovery. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 134:520–528
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by iTrump: Boy! You're Really Stupid!!
These Eurasians were Ancient Ancient Egyptians and They Were Never Black from the start!!!
The climate alone, should give your stupid black ass something to think about!!! LOL
You are a mental disaster. And you have the never to call people stupid? lol
quote:There were also 10 ivory combs and numerous tools and weapons. The tomb owner’s body had been badly disturbed, but the remains indicate he was 17-20 years of age when he died. The tomb had been disturbed and the wooden building above it was burnt, probably in predynastic times, as an act of aggression. It was later restored in the early First Dynasty.
quote:Six ivory combs were found in the same area of the tomb. One of them has carved on its top the figurine of an animal with long legs and a prominent nose, but broken off ears. It is possibly a donkey. The other five combs have flat tops and are square or rectangular in shape. These are all made of hippopotamus ivory.
Three more combs with flat tops were found together on the north side of the tomb. Near the center of the tomb was a comb with the figurine of a hippopotamus carved on its top. A spot on the top of the hippo figure’s back seems to have been intentionally burnt potentially as a way to protect against the danger the hippopotamus might pose. This comb was found just above the remains of the tomb owner’s pelvis.
On the west side of the tomb, at a level lower than the human figurines and the vessel, two finely serrated triangular flint knife blades were found near two quartzite grinding stones, a rubbing pebble, and a retouched flint flake. The grinding stones had been used in life and are a unique addition within a predynastic tomb. They are perhaps connected with food preparation in the afterlife.
On the floor of the tomb were found traces of matting. The objects date the tomb to the Naqada IIA-B period, roughly 3700-3600 BC.
The almost complete removal of the human bones from the floor of the tomb, while many objects were left in place suggests that the disturbance of the tomb took place in very ancient times, probably in the predynastic period. This seems to have been an act of aggression against the tomb owner, rather than merely robbery. The tomb’s superstructure was then burnt down, along with other posts within Structure F. It then seems that the tomb was covered with sand and gravels when Structure F was rebuilt, probably in the early First Dynasty. This involved a new external wall running parallel to, but at a higher level than the earlier one. Also several of the columns were replaced, but not those immediately around Tomb 72. Nevertheless the rebuilding may be a restoration of the tomb complex, but more research will be needed to determine this for certain.
The orientation of Structure F and Tomb 72 suggests that it was the main tomb for the complex of tombs on the eastern side of the cemetery, which included the burials of several young humans, a leopard, wild cattle, baboons, sheep with modified horns, goats, dogs and possibly an ostrich. Thus the owner of Tomb 72 may have been one of ancient Hierakonpolis’ Predynastic kings. The discovery of this nearly intact tomb provides us with much new information about funerary ritual and practices and the later respect paid to the deceased ancestors.
The Scientific Truth Has Dealt Your Black Ass a Fatal Blow!!!
quote:Originally posted by sudaniya: The hair found on AE mummies is wavy and is indigenous to Africa. You can see this type of hair in the Upper Egypt, North Sudan, Somalia, Mali, Niger and apparently even in Uganda. Descendants of the pharaohs in Egypt, Sudan and Somalia:
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Physical variations in any given trait tend to occur gradually rather than abruptly over geographic areas. And because physical traits are inherited independently of one another, knowing the range of one trait does not predict the presence of others. For example, skin color varies largely from light in the temperate areas in the north to dark in the tropical areas in the south; its intensity is not related to nose shape or hair texture. Dark skin may be associated with frizzy or kinky hair or curly or wavy or straight hair, all of which are found among different indigenous peoples in tropical regions. These facts render any attempt to establish lines of division among biological populations both arbitrary and subjective.
quote:Originally posted by iTrump: The nation is located in the extreme North East Corner of Africa and is a transcontinental Nation that Connects Africa to Asia. It also is protected from the rest of Africa by gigantic vast deserts and NILE CATARACTS. learning to Naldo is essential
quote:Originally posted by kdolo:
where is Egypt located and where do the ancient egyptians come from ?
lol Anyone with common sense and knowledge on the subject knows that Egypt arose from Kerma and Naqada, which are at the South.
North of this habitation, about forty burials were dated to the Epipalaeolithic (7700-7000 B.C.) and generally do not contain any furnishings. On the other hand, the Neolithic cemetery (6000-5500 B.C.) located further south comprises about a hundred burials often containing artefacts (adornment, ceramics, flint or bone objects).
quote:(Reading the part of the study starting with the title: The Peopling of the Sahara During the Holocene is very interesting. I assume people have read it)
The Barbed Points (aqualithic) and Ounanian culture are both ancient indigenous African culture. According to the study, the Aqualithic African culture spread following the expansion of aquatic resources in the Holocene which made the Sahara attractive to populations with existing fishing and riverine hunting skills. The Ounanian culture (Niger-congo speakers) from North West Africa would have spread southward and Eastward following big land animals with their bow and arrow hunting skills.
We already know Ancient Egypt may have been the combination of many ethnic groups distributed along many sepats. The numbering of the sepats starting at one with Nubia in the south. I wonder if the population of Ancient Kemet and Nubia/Kush are not the product further down the line of both those cultures. Ancient Egyptians being closer to Ounanian (Niger-congo speakers) while Kushite closer to Aqualithic (Nilo-saharan) with a lot of mixage involved. Also the Kushite (nilo-saharan) would have been slightly darker in hue than Ancient Egyptians (Niger-congo) in general. Although it must be noted that Ancient Egyptian culture spread from Upper Egypt (south) to Lower Egypt (north). Maybe it's the interaction (admixage) between the descendants of ancestral Ounanians cultures and Aqualithic cultures which laid the foundation of Ancient Kemet which later spreads further north toward Lower Egypt to form the whole Ancient Egyptian territory.
--Nick A. Drake
Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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The Eurasian backflow were Blacks who walked out of Africa and then returned dummy.
You have to remember that this poor sap is mentally ill. The document does not state that these back migrating Eurasians were Egyptians, but to a mentally deranged person that simply doesn't matter, because he'll read into the text what isn't there.
It doesn't seem to matter that this back migration took place thousands of years after the AE civilization had already been established by people from predynastic cultures in Southern Egypt, Nubia and the once green Sahara. The contentions in this paper do not comport with the delusions of our resident mentally ill fantasist; there is no mention of Egypt being a conduit for back migrating Eurasians. These back migrating Eurasians came from the Levant -- not Egypt. Eurasians in the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula also have African DNA. It goes both ways. It should be understood that these Eurasian markers only extend to a few tribes in Ethiopia -- not the whole country.
This is not relevant to Egypt at all. The mentally ill charlatan is grasping at straws.
The Somalis have very little Eurasian DNA.
Consigned!
quote:Originally posted by Ish Gebor: I applaud Staab studios, for these awesome reconstructions.
Kiffian
Forensic reconstruction Resin, University of Chicago and Project Exploration
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