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Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
 
Archaeological and cranial features research makes it clear that Negroids were very common to ancient China. Sanz (2014) and Weidenreich (1939) who have shown that the first anatomically modern humans in East Asia 24kya were Melanoid (i.e., Negroes), not mongoloids .


F. Weidenreich ( 1939) noted that the one of the earliest skulls of anatomically modern humans (amh) from north China found in the Upper Cave of Zhoukoudian, were Oceanic or Melanesoid (Negro) skeletons (Chang, 1977; Weidenreich, 1939). The Melanesoid skeletons are dated between 24-27kya (Sanz, 2014). The individual in the Lower Cave was a Homo Erectus hominid (Sinanthropus pekinensis ) .

The archaeological evidence indicates that the cranial features of the Negro or Sub-Saharan African phenotype was the dominant group in South China. Kwang-chih Chang, writing in the 4th edition of Archaeology of ancient China (1986) wrote that:" by the beginning of the Recent (Holocene) period the population in North China and that in the southwest and in Indochina had become sufficiently differentiated to be designated as Mongoloid and OCEANIC NEGROID races respectively…."(p.64). By the Upper Pleistocene the Negroid type was typified by the Liu-chiang skulls from Yunnan (Chang, 1986, p.69). As a result, the mongoloid populations in East Asia only arrive in the region during the recent Holocene , while amh SSA had been in East Asia for over 27,000.

Negroid skeletons dating to the early periods of Southern Chinese history have been found in Shangdong, Jiantung, Sichuan, Yunnan, Pearl River delta and Jiangxi especially at the initial sites of Chingliengang and Mazhiabang phases ( Chang, 1977, p.76) . The Chingliengang culture is often referred to as the Dawenkou culture of North China.

The presence of Negroid skeletal remains at Dawenkou sites make it clear that Negroes were still in the Northern East Asia in addition to South China. The Dawenkou culture predates the Lung-shan culture which is associated with the Xia civilization.



References:

Chang. K (1986). The archaeology of ancient China. New Haven, Yale University Press .

Chang. K (1977). The archaeology of ancient China. New Haven, Yale University Press .

Sanz, Nuria . (2014). Human origin sites and the World Heritage Convention in Asia. UNESCO.

Weidenreich. F.( 1939). On the earliest representative of modern mankind recovered on the soil of East Asia, Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. Peiping 13:161-173.

Winters,C. (2014). AFRICAN AND DRAVIDIAN ORIGINS OF THE MELANESIANS. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences , 4(3):694-704. http://www.cibtech.org/J-LIFE-SCIENCES/PUBLICATIONS/2014/Vol-4-No-3/JLS-103-JLS-073-JUN-CLYDE-AFRICAN-MELANESIANS.pdf

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Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
 
The first Blacks to settle China were the Anu or pgymies. After great flood the Anu, retreated to the Kunlun Mountains.

The Kushites after the flood made their way to China from two directions. The Megalithic Kushites came to East Asia by Sea between 3000-2500 BC. They spread across China depositing the megalithic and pyramid building culture in China from the coast up into North and Central China.

By 2300 BC the Elamites (Mande speakers) and Dravidians from the Indus Valley began to migrate through Central Asia into North China. They founded the Xia Dynasty recovered much of the land that was covered by water.

The Xia Dynasty declined and the Dravidians founded the first Shang dynasty. Most of the descendants of the Xia Dynasty that did not remain with Shang became the Qiang tribes.

In the Chinese literature the Blacks were called li-min, Kunlung, Ch'iang (Qiang), Yi and Yueh. The founders of the Xia Dynasty and the Shang Dynasties were blacks. These blacks were called Yueh and Qiang. There are many beautiful artifacts depicting these Blacks in the Shaanxi and Xian Museum: http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/xian3.html#02

In accordance with the oral traditions of China, the founders of Chinese civilization were Huangdi and Fu Xi. These legendary rulers like Dai Hao, were all buried in zhiu (burial mounds). The presence of this mound culture in China supports the traditions of burial of elects in mound tombs.

The skeletal remains from southern China are predominately negroid. (Chang 1964, p.70) The people practiced single burials.
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In northern China the blacks founded many civilizations. The three major empires of China were the Xia Dynasty (c.2205-1766 B.C), Shang/ Yin Dynasty (c.1700-1050 B.C) and the Zhou Dynasty.The Zhou dynasty was the first dynasty founded by the Mongoloid people in China called Hua (Who-aa).

The founders of Xia and Shang came from the Fertile African Crescent by way of Iran. According to Chinese legends the first man Pan Gu, used a hammer 18,000 years ago to make man.
The Chinese legends designate various culture heroes as the inventors of various aspects of Chinese civilization.

The Chinese term for emperor is Di. Huang Di (Yellow Emperor), is the Chinese culture hero credited with introducing boats, carts 'chariots, the bow and arrow, ceramics, wooded houses and writing.

Chinese civilization began along the Yellow river . Here the soil was fertile and black Chinese farmers grew millet 4000 years ago, and later soybeans. They also raised pigs and cattle. By 3500 B.C., the blacks in China were raising silkworms and making silk.

The culture hero Huang Di is a direct link of Africa. His name was pronounced in old Chinese Yuhai Huandi or Hu Nak Kunte. He was supposed to have arrived in China from the west in 2282 B.C., and settled along the banks of the Loh river in Shanxi. This transliteration of Huandgi, to Hu Nak Kunte is interesting because Kunte is a common clan name among the Manding speakers.

The Africans or blacks that founded civilization in China were often called li min "black headed people" by the Zhou dynasts. This term has affinity to the Sumero-Akkadian term sag- gig-ga "black headed people". These li min are associated with the Chinese cultural hero Yao.

In the Annals of the Bamboo Books, we learn that Yao devised a calendar to help regulate agrarian work through proper use of ritual and music and created a rudimentary government. The Annals of the Bamboo Books, makes it clear that Yao "he united and harmonized the myriad states [of his dominion], and the [li min] black headed people were reformed by his cordial agreement".

We also read that Shun, the successor of Yao, distinguished by his reputation as an obedient devoted son, noted to : "Ki [that] the Black headed people are suffering the distress of hunger". To help relieve the people Shun gave his throne over to Yu, the founder of the Shang Dynasty. Yu, in the Annals of the Bamboo Books, is reported to have noted that "...when a sovereign gives response to the people, he is kind, and the Black headed people cherish him in their heart". P> The first dynasty of China was Xia (She-ya). The Xia dynasty lasted from 2205 to 1766 B.C. According to the Guben zhu Shu zhi Nien, the Xia dynasty "from Yu to Zhieh had seventeen kings... and lasted 471 years". (Chang 1987)

Archaeologists believe that the major Xia sites are located in Shanxi and Henan. According to Chang (1987) northern Henan towards the end of the Longshan period was the eastern part of the Xia culture.

Xia was probably situated in the Yihe and Luohe river valleys, and along the Yinghe and Ruhe rivers. The capital of Xia was located in the Sangshan mountains.

The origins of Xia go back to the Longshan period. During the Longshan period burial goods included a large number of weapons, including stone lanceheads and arrows. This suggests that intersocial conflict was at its height during the Longshan periods, and warfare may have played a role in the rise of Xia. The Longshan neolithic is characterized by wheel-made pottery, bronze working, ceramics, wheeled vehicles, writing, rich grave goods and furnishings.

The Chinese histories tell us much about Xia. According to Chinese tradition the Xia built their settlements near rivers, lakes and streams. The Xia Dynasty is mentioned in the oracle bone records.

The leaders of Xia were granted rule based on their Ssu (clan) membership. The Xia naming system employed the ten celestial stems the same as the Shang people. (Chang 1980,p.353)

The national tree of the Xia li min was the pine. This tree was used in the earth ritual.
Xia social organization, and life was based on the clan .


The totems of the major Xia clans were aquatic animals: fish, tortoise, turtle and etc. This view is supported by the myth recorded in the Annals of the Bamboo Books, which claims that Yu's mother swallowed a spirits pearl before the birth of Di (Lord) Yu, founder of the Xia Dynasty. Moreover , the dragon motif is common at Xia sites. A pan vessel was found at Taosi, with a red painted dragon motif.

The Chinese histories make it clear that the Xia had writing and tortoise books. This view can be supported by the pottery marks on the Longshan and Erlitou pottery. (Chang 1987, p.265)

Xia is considered the first dynasty of the sandai (three Dynasties) of ancient China: Xia, Shang and Zhou. There are many references to the Xia people. The Xia people were recognized as westerners, because they settled the middle Yellow river region of China. As a result they were called the Hua Xia "the middle states people".

There are numerous textual references to Xia. Han Fei Tzu writing in the third century B.C., in his Shih Guo, observed that:
"Yu made the ritual vessels painting the interior black and the exterior in red."
The tradition recorded by Han, of the black-and-red ware for the Xia li min suggest some relationship of Xia to the Yangshao culture which also used BRW and analogous pottery signs.

Chang (1987) believes that the legendary sages and heroes of China, probably lived during the Lungshan culture period. The Lungshan culture had walled cities and evidence of rank and rituals. This clearly illustrates how archaeology can compliment textual history.
The artifacts of Erlitou include BRW, red-and-black and buff wares. These artifacts were made of stone, shell and bronze.

The bronze instruments found by archaeologists at Erlitou sites correspond to the descriptions by Yuan Kang, in the Yueh Zhueh Shu, quoting the philosopher Feng Hu Tzu of the tools made by the Xia. Yuan Kang wrote that:
"In the Age of Yu, weapons were made of bronze, for building canals...and..houses...."
The black-and-red ware (BRW) common to the Fertile African Crescent was also used in China. There is affinity between the BRW from Nubia, and the pottery from Yangshao sites in the Henan and Gansu sites of China.
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The textual history of Xia is synthesized in the Chinese book Shih Zhi. This evidence from the Shih Zhi, was used by Hsu Husheng , of the Chinese Institute of Archaeology, to find the xu (ruins) of Xia: the Xia xu. Hsu Husheng using this source hypothesized that the center for traditional Xia Dynasty towns was the Loyang plains and the Dengfeng river valley. This coincides with the Erlitou sites of this area which date to 2100- 1800 B.C.

The Xia people were recognized as being different people from the mongoloid Chinese they politically dominate China today as a people that came from the west (i.e., Iran), before they settled the middle Yellow river. A Zhou saying observed that :
"The rituals [or rules of] the Three Dynasties [sandai] are one".

The early Xia lived on mounds, in houses made of grass and mud. Pounded earth walls surrounded Xia villages to protect the li mim from attack. The Xia probably spoke a Manding language. This view is supported by the earlier discussion of the analogy between ancient Chinese and Manding.


The modern Chinese are descendants of the Hua tribes that founded Zhou. The second Shang Dynasty ( situated at Anyang) was founded by the Yin. As a result this dynasty is called Shang-Yin. The Yin or Oceanic Mongoloid type is associated with the Austronesian speakers ( Kwang-chih Chang, "Prehistoric and early historic culture horizons and traditions in South China", Current Anthropology, 5 (1964) pp.359-375 :375).

The Classical Mongoloids, Austronesian or Oceanic Mongoloid type were called Yin, Feng, Yen, Zhiu Yi and Lun Yi.

The Classical mongoloids appear to may have originated in Anatolia. The Han and Mongolians (the taller) mongoloids originated in the Tian Shan mountains.

During the Anyang-Shang period, the Qiang lived in Ch'iang Fang, a country to the west of Yin-Shang . The Qiang people were often referred to as the Ta Qiang "many Qiang", they were used as agricultural workers, and used in Yin-Shang ancestral rites as sacrifice victims.

The Dravidians mated with Classical mongoloids. The Classical mongoloids conquered the Shang, and founded the Anyang-Shang Empire.

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The Yueh /Yue zhi or Dravido-Shang retreated into Yunnan. In Yunnan they founded several States. The principal States founded by these Blacks before the rise of the Qin Chinese Empire were the States of Yue-Wu and Ba-Shu.
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Yunnan Bronze

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The Yue-Wu state was part of the ‘geometric impressed pottey culture of South China. The Yue-Wu culture extended from the South China Sea to Taiwan. Yue-Wu was conquered by the Chinese King Weiwang of the Chu State.

Ba-Shu was a Black state established in the southwestern part of Sichuen and the Dian state of Yunnan. It appears that Ba-Shu was state founded by the Anu or Pygmy people. They were later joined by Mande and Dravidian speakers from Xia and Shang.


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The diversity of ethnic groups in Ba-Shu is made evident in the Buckle ornament with a ritual scene from Lijishan in Jiangchuan, China. The people of Ba-Shu were referred to as the southern Man. They represent the ancestors of the Baiman, Puman and Wuman.

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The Ba state was centered in the area of Chengdu, Sihcuan. The Shu state was separated from the Central plains by Qin and Ba. They were known as great seamen .

The Ba-Shu made ordinary earthen pit graves and boat coffins. They worked in bronze and had their own writing system. The artifacts from Dapona resemble the bronze from Lake Dian, a centre of the Dong-son culture.

After the Black states of Yue, Ba and Shu were defeated by Qin, the Yueh people fled to the southwest and into Annam. During the Han Dynasty the fragmented Yueh states and people were incorporated in the Han Empire.

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The Yueh (Dravido-Shang), who were not incorporated in the Han Empire. began to migrate southward into Southeast Asia. By this time the major power in Southeast Asia, were the Naga kings from Ethiopia.

The Han/Mongolians began to migrate out of the Tian Shan mountains and took control of Anyang-Shang. This forced the classical Mongoloid people to migrate into Indonesia.

Other classical mongoloids began to migrate into Southeast Asia and onto the Islands as they fled East Asia (China). The Classical mongoloids and the megalithic Kushites are probably the ancestors of the Polynesians.

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Posted by Thereal (Member # 22452) on :
 
Probably population decline at a certain point and their group absorbing foreigner. As I came across this of native Tibetans,a guy name Samuel bournes was documenting different groups in the mid to late 1800s.
http://betterphotography.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Three_Tibetans_in_traditional_costume_1865-66.jpg
 
Posted by Mindovermatter (Member # 22317) on :
 
The Zhou were not Mongoloid, how many times do we have to go over this? The Zhou were White Indo-Europeans coming from Central Asia, and their chariots were identical to the Aryan chariots used in India.

Skeletons from the Zhou era show Europid genetic affinities and types moreso then mongoloid Chinese. The Zhou sacrificed white horses and they had a paternal land inheritance feudal system, and they had large scale chariot and horse burials. All these were characterical of Androvono white eurasian people's, and not any other peoples or cultures.

The Zhou invaded China right around the time period of the supposed Aryan migration to Southern Asia and they were a indo-European horse cavalry culture from the northern regions outside of China. I'm sorry but it's a fact that the Zhou were Indo-Europeans and you can't keep lying and making **** up in the age of the internrt, where we can search up evidence for subjects like these.

And all the evidence shows that the Zhou were White indo-European peoples, like the Scythians, Tocharians, Parthians, Seres, and Wusun. The evidence is just too overwhelming to deny it!


If the Zhou and Shang were not White Indo-European types from Central Asia and Siberia, which they were; then there is no Aryan migration event into Southern Asia; because the scenarios for these events are connected and denying one is tantamount to contradicting the other. If an Aryan migration did happen, then both the Shang and Zhou had to have been White indo-European peoples going by geography and dates and logic, ancient China is right next to India and is sorrounded by similar natural barriers.
 
Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by Clyde Winters:

The Classical Mongoloids, Austronesian or Oceanic Mongoloid type were called Yin, Feng, Yen, Zhiu Yi and Lun Yi.

The Classical mongoloids appear to may have originated in Anatolia. The Han and Mongolians (the taller) mongoloids originated in the Tian Shan mountains.
So the Oceanic Mongoloid originates in Anatolia and the Han originate in Central Asia.

Clyde correct me if I am wrong but that seems quite wacky
 
Posted by Doug M (Member # 7650) on :
 
As usual Clyde comes up with a convoluted argument and says the oldest Chinese remains were "Negroid" but then turns around and says that the earliest Chinese dynasties were Africans....

Black people generally are the oldest populations in Asia, as evidenced by New Guinea and Australia, along with other aboriginal groups in South Asia. This "African" connection to black populations in Asia because of "features" is simply absurd. The genetic lineages of these people are Asian as one would expect of very ancient aboriginal populations. But of course that wont stop Clyde from trying to connect every black population in the world in history to Mande speaking Africans....
 
Posted by jantavanta (Member # 20328) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by Doug M:
As usual Clyde comes up with a convoluted argument and says the oldest Chinese remains were "Negroid" but then turns around and says that the earliest Chinese dynasties were Africans....

Black people generally are the oldest populations in Asia, as evidenced by New Guinea and Australia, along with other aboriginal groups in South Asia. This "African" connection to black populations in Asia because of "features" is simply absurd. The genetic lineages of these people are Asian as one would expect of very ancient aboriginal populations. But of course that wont stop Clyde from trying to connect every black population in the world in history to Mande speaking Africans....
The entire Black populations of the Americas and Asia, are of African Origin. Clyde has done well by connecting every Black population in the world to Africans. His using the Mande, is the language he has access to. Others have used Igbo language in Nigeria.
 
Posted by jantavanta (Member # 20328) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by Clyde Winters:
Archaeological and cranial features research makes it clear that Negroids were very common to ancient China. Sanz (2014) and Weidenreich (1939) who have shown that the first anatomically modern humans in East Asia 24kya were Melanoid (i.e., Negroes), not mongoloids .


F. Weidenreich ( 1939) noted that the one of the earliest skulls of anatomically modern humans (amh) from north China found in the Upper Cave of Zhoukoudian, were Oceanic or Melanesoid (Negro) skeletons (Chang, 1977; Weidenreich, 1939). The Melanesoid skeletons are dated between 24-27kya (Sanz, 2014). The individual in the Lower Cave was a Homo Erectus hominid (Sinanthropus pekinensis ) .

The archaeological evidence indicates that the cranial features of the Negro or Sub-Saharan African phenotype was the dominant group in South China. Kwang-chih Chang, writing in the 4th edition of Archaeology of ancient China (1986) wrote that:" by the beginning of the Recent (Holocene) period the population in North China and that in the southwest and in Indochina had become sufficiently differentiated to be designated as Mongoloid and OCEANIC NEGROID races respectively…."(p.64). By the Upper Pleistocene the Negroid type was typified by the Liu-chiang skulls from Yunnan (Chang, 1986, p.69). As a result, the mongoloid populations in East Asia only arrive in the region during the recent Holocene , while amh SSA had been in East Asia for over 27,000.

Negroid skeletons dating to the early periods of Southern Chinese history have been found in Shangdong, Jiantung, Sichuan, Yunnan, Pearl River delta and Jiangxi especially at the initial sites of Chingliengang and Mazhiabang phases ( Chang, 1977, p.76) . The Chingliengang culture is often referred to as the Dawenkou culture of North China.

The presence of Negroid skeletal remains at Dawenkou sites make it clear that Negroes were still in the Northern East Asia in addition to South China. The Dawenkou culture predates the Lung-shan culture which is associated with the Xia civilization.



References:

Chang. K (1986). The archaeology of ancient China. New Haven, Yale University Press .

Chang. K (1977). The archaeology of ancient China. New Haven, Yale University Press .

Sanz, Nuria . (2014). Human origin sites and the World Heritage Convention in Asia. UNESCO.

Weidenreich. F.( 1939). On the earliest representative of modern mankind recovered on the soil of East Asia, Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. Peiping 13:161-173.

Winters,C. (2014). AFRICAN AND DRAVIDIAN ORIGINS OF THE MELANESIANS. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences , 4(3):694-704. http://www.cibtech.org/J-LIFE-SCIENCES/PUBLICATIONS/2014/Vol-4-No-3/JLS-103-JLS-073-JUN-CLYDE-AFRICAN-MELANESIANS.pdf

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Thank you for sharing your article.
I am interested in the comparison of Fijian and West African Place names. I would have liked to pin your article on my Pinterest board to reach more readers.

https://www.pinterest.com/gikit/asia-diaspora/


But your article, like most academic articles, is in PDF. It is difficult (maybe for copyright reasons) to share image excerpts from PDF documents onto Pinterest.
 
Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
quote:
Originally posted by Clyde Winters:

The Classical Mongoloids, Austronesian or Oceanic Mongoloid type were called Yin, Feng, Yen, Zhiu Yi and Lun Yi.

The Classical mongoloids appear to may have originated in Anatolia. The Han and Mongolians (the taller) mongoloids originated in the Tian Shan mountains.
So the Oceanic Mongoloid originates in Anatolia and the Han originate in Central Asia.

Clyde correct me if I am wrong but that seems quite wacky
It does seem wacky. but the research of Paul Kekai Manansala illustrated that the Austronesian languages had a genetic relationship with Sumerian language.

Paul's evidence for the linguistic connection indicated that the Classical mongoloids had to have been in close contact with the Sumerian speakers prior to their migration into East and Southeast Asia. It also suggested to me that the Classical mongoloids must have originated sometime during the Anu rule of Mesopotamia, given their short stature.

I believe that the earliest Classical mongoloids were part of the Çatalhöyük culture.

It appears that Classical mongoloids later migrated into East and Southeast Asia. They had limited success in China and did found the Anyang-Shang Empire. After the Zhou defeated the Classical mongoloids, they mainly migrated into Southeast Asia, Polynesia and especially Indonesia.
 
Posted by Thereal (Member # 22452) on :
 
Can you define these type Mongoloids so I can get a better understanding of who you're talking about.
 
Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by jantavanta:
quote:
Originally posted by Clyde Winters:
Archaeological and cranial features research makes it clear that Negroids were very common to ancient China. Sanz (2014) and Weidenreich (1939) who have shown that the first anatomically modern humans in East Asia 24kya were Melanoid (i.e., Negroes), not mongoloids .


F. Weidenreich ( 1939) noted that the one of the earliest skulls of anatomically modern humans (amh) from north China found in the Upper Cave of Zhoukoudian, were Oceanic or Melanesoid (Negro) skeletons (Chang, 1977; Weidenreich, 1939). The Melanesoid skeletons are dated between 24-27kya (Sanz, 2014). The individual in the Lower Cave was a Homo Erectus hominid (Sinanthropus pekinensis ) .

The archaeological evidence indicates that the cranial features of the Negro or Sub-Saharan African phenotype was the dominant group in South China. Kwang-chih Chang, writing in the 4th edition of Archaeology of ancient China (1986) wrote that:" by the beginning of the Recent (Holocene) period the population in North China and that in the southwest and in Indochina had become sufficiently differentiated to be designated as Mongoloid and OCEANIC NEGROID races respectively…."(p.64). By the Upper Pleistocene the Negroid type was typified by the Liu-chiang skulls from Yunnan (Chang, 1986, p.69). As a result, the mongoloid populations in East Asia only arrive in the region during the recent Holocene , while amh SSA had been in East Asia for over 27,000.

Negroid skeletons dating to the early periods of Southern Chinese history have been found in Shangdong, Jiantung, Sichuan, Yunnan, Pearl River delta and Jiangxi especially at the initial sites of Chingliengang and Mazhiabang phases ( Chang, 1977, p.76) . The Chingliengang culture is often referred to as the Dawenkou culture of North China.

The presence of Negroid skeletal remains at Dawenkou sites make it clear that Negroes were still in the Northern East Asia in addition to South China. The Dawenkou culture predates the Lung-shan culture which is associated with the Xia civilization.



References:

Chang. K (1986). The archaeology of ancient China. New Haven, Yale University Press .

Chang. K (1977). The archaeology of ancient China. New Haven, Yale University Press .

Sanz, Nuria . (2014). Human origin sites and the World Heritage Convention in Asia. UNESCO.

Weidenreich. F.( 1939). On the earliest representative of modern mankind recovered on the soil of East Asia, Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. Peiping 13:161-173.

Winters,C. (2014). AFRICAN AND DRAVIDIAN ORIGINS OF THE MELANESIANS. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences , 4(3):694-704. http://www.cibtech.org/J-LIFE-SCIENCES/PUBLICATIONS/2014/Vol-4-No-3/JLS-103-JLS-073-JUN-CLYDE-AFRICAN-MELANESIANS.pdf

.
Thank you for sharing your article.
I am interested in the comparison of Fijian and West African Place names. I would have liked to pin your article on my Pinterest board to reach more readers.

https://www.pinterest.com/gikit/asia-diaspora/


But your article, like most academic articles, is in PDF. It is difficult (maybe for copyright reasons) to share image excerpts from PDF documents onto Pinterest.
The illustrations were made by me so you can post them. First, just download the article. Next if you have a printer/scanner make copies of the illustrations in the art palatte if you have a PC. Finally, you can post the illustrations on line. You may also want to check out this article: https://www.academia.edu/340950/Dravidian_Settlements_In_Ancient_Polynesia
 
Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by Thereal:
Can you define these type Mongoloids so I can get a better understanding of who you're talking about.
The Classical mongoloids are represented by the smallest mongoloid populations like the Indonesians, Rohingya Boat People, Khmer, Thais, Filipinos and etc. Many of the Classical mongoioids are dark skin.

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The Mongolians and Chinese are the tall mongoloids. They can be either pale or dark skinned.

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Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by Mindovermatter:
The Zhou were not Mongoloid, how many times do we have to go over this? The Zhou were White Indo-Europeans coming from Central Asia, and their chariots were identical to the Aryan chariots used in India.

Skeletons from the Zhou era show Europid genetic affinities and types moreso then mongoloid Chinese. The Zhou sacrificed white horses and they had a paternal land inheritance feudal system, and they had large scale chariot and horse burials. All these were characterical of Androvono white eurasian people's, and not any other peoples or cultures.

The Zhou invaded China right around the time period of the supposed Aryan migration to Southern Asia and they were a indo-European horse cavalry culture from the northern regions outside of China. I'm sorry but it's a fact that the Zhou were Indo-Europeans and you can't keep lying and making **** up in the age of the internrt, where we can search up evidence for subjects like these.

And all the evidence shows that the Zhou were White indo-European peoples, like the Scythians, Tocharians, Parthians, Seres, and Wusun. The evidence is just too overwhelming to deny it!


If the Zhou and Shang were not White Indo-European types from Central Asia and Siberia, which they were; then there is no Aryan migration event into Southern Asia; because the scenarios for these events are connected and denying one is tantamount to contradicting the other. If an Aryan migration did happen, then both the Shang and Zhou had to have been White indo-European peoples going by geography and dates and logic, ancient China is right next to India and is sorrounded by similar natural barriers.
Logic has nothing to do with archaeological and historical research. To write history you look at primary and secondary sources, and artifacts. You have presented only an article in support of your proposition, without any hard data of an invasion of India and China by Caucasians around the same time.


You don't know what you're talking about. To support your proposition you need skeletal evidence and artifacts from some Central Asian ancient culture carried into India and China by these whites you have made up attacking these regions 1000BC. Please cite a reference to Caucasian skeletons dating back to Zhou times in China. The reconstruction of the Banpo skeleton does not look like a Caucasian as illustrated in the picture below.
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The depiction of the people at Banpo above is probably inaccurate, because the neolithic Chinese were Negroes. The Banpo culture dates back to 4500 BC. The earliest culture at Banpo dates back to the Lungshan and Dawenkou. The neolithic artifacts from this period depict Negroes or Black Chinese.

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K.C. Chang in 1977 edition of Archaeology of ancient China reported finding other Negroid skeletons dating to the early periods of Chinese history have been found in Shangdong, Jiantung, Sichuan, Yunnan, Pearl River delta and Jiangxi especially at the initial sites of Chingliengang and Mazhiabang phases ( p.76) . The Chingliengang culture is often referred to as the Dawenkou culture of North China. The presence of Negroid skeletal remains at Dawenkou sites make it clear that Negroes were still in the North in addition to South China. The Dawenkou culture predates the Lungshan culture which is associated with the Xia civilization.

I have read much of the archaeology but to date, I have only seen a discussion of only Negro/Melanoid and Mongoloid skeletons in China around that time.
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.
Secondly you claim that Indian civilizations and the Xia-Shang civilizations are near each other. Look at any map and you will see that they are thousands of miles away from each other.

It is clear that you have failed to read my sources. If you would have read the sources you would know that the Indo-European family of languages never existed. See: http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/40_Language/MarcantonioA2009IELanguageFamilyEn.htm . As a result there was never a migration of Indo-European people into India.
Although there was no Indo-European migration into India there was an Indo-Aryan invasion of India. The Indo-Aryans used a GreyWare that marks the introduction of a new population into South Asia.

Most linguist claim the Indo-European language family includes Indo-Aryan. A cursory examination of the history of Greece and their interactions with Asian populations fully explains the linguistic and genetic relationships that exist among, and between these populations.

I don't believe that Indo-Aryan speakers (Indians and Iranians) and Indo-Europeans (People of Europe) ever lived in some ancestral homeland. They speak similar languages due to extended periods in which spealers of these languages lived in bilingual communities.


I am beginning to believe that after the Hittites defeated the Hatti and Kaska and other peoples belonging to the Hurrian and Mitanni kingdoms, these people were uprooted and forced into Iran. The lost of Anatolia to the Hittites, probably forced these people to become nomads.

In Iran they probably formed a significant portion of the Proto-Arya population. Here they may have met Indo-Iranian speaking people,who may have practiced a hunter-gatherer existence, that adopted aspects of their culture , especially the religion and use of Mitanni religious terms and chariot culture. Joining forces with the Mitannian-Hurrian exiles they
probably attacked Dravidian and Austronesian speaking people who probably lived in walled cities.

The Austronesian and Dravidian people probably came in intimate contact during the Xia and Shang periods of China.

The first recorded Indo-European language is Hittite. Many researchers get the Hittites (Nesa) mixed up with the original settlers of Anatolia called Hatti according to Steiner “.[T]his discrepancy is either totally neglected and more or less skillfully veiled, or it is explained by the assumption that the Hittites when conquering the country of Hatti adjusted themselves to the Hattians adopting their personal names and worshipping their gods, out of reverence for a higher culture” .

Neshili, was probably spoken by the Hatti, not the IE Hittite. Yet, this language is classified as an IE langauge. Researchers maintain that the Hatti spoke 'Hattili' or Khattili “language of the Hatti”, and the IE Hittites spoke "Neshumnili"/ Neshili . Researchers maintain that only 10% of the terms in Neshumnili is IE. This supports the view that Nesumnili may have been a lingua franca. It is clear that the Anatolians spoke many languages including:Palaic, Hatti, Luwian and Hurrian, but the people as you know mainly wrote their writings in Neshumnili.

The first people to use this system as the language of the royal chancery were Hatti Itamar Singer makes it clear that the Hittites adopted the language of the Hatti . Steiner wrote that, " In the complex linguistic situation of Central Anatolia, in the 2nd Millennium B.C. with at least three, but probably more different languages being spoken within the same area there must have been the need for a language of communication or lingua franca [i.e., Neshumnili), whenever commercial transactions or political enterprises were undertaken on a larger scale" .

The language of the Hittites was more than likely a lingua franca, with Hattic, as its base. In Western Anatolia many languages were spoken including Hattic, Palaic, Luwian and Hurrian used Nesa as a lingua franca For example, the king of Arzawa, asked the Egyptian in the Amarna Letters, to write them back in Nesumnili rather than Egyptian .

Steiner notes that “In the complex linguistic situation of Central Anatolia in the 2nd Millennium B.C., with at least three, but probably more different languages being spoken within the same area there must have been the need for a language of communication or lingua franca whenever commercial transaction or political enterprises were undertaken on a larger scale” .

This led Steiner to conclude that “moreover the structure of Hittite easily allowed one to integrate not only proper names, but also nouns of other languages into the morphological system. Indeed, it is a well known fact the vocabulary of Hittite is strongly interspersed with lexemes from other languages, which is a phenomenon typical of a “lingua franca” .

The Persians also ruled the Greeks. The Greeks later conquered India, and Panini mentions Greeks in his grammar of Sanskrit. This suggest that Greeks lived in large numbers in India at this time.The fact that the Greeks, Hindus and Persians lived in intimate contact for hundreds of years naturally led to the adoption of many terms by the Greeks and Hindus of Persian, and later the adoption of many Greek terms by the Hindus. These states of bilingualism in North India, explains why the Indo-Iranian languages form one family , and are linked to the Indo-European languages via Greek.

The Harappans spoke a Dravidian language, Indo-Iranian probably originated after 589 BC. This is made clear by Darius in the Behistun inscription where he claims that he was the first to write in the Ariya language. Darius'- evidence for the first writing of Ariya, indicates that the idea of the continuity of Hindu civilization in India is a myth. The original inhabitants of India spoke Dravidian languages. Over time, the Dravidians were forced to adopt Hindi and other Indo-Iranian languages, yet remnants of these Dravidians in North India remain. This is why we find no evidence of the Vedic language until the Naga (Ethiopians) invented Sanskrit. It also explains the variations in the Vedic and Avestan manuscripts, which in the case of the later group date back only to 1288 AD.


The history of contact between Iranian and Indian speakers during Achaemenid rule , would explain the Indo-Iranian relationship, not the existence of a Proto-Indo-Iranian homeland in India. This history of Turkic, Persian, Sumerian, Elamite, Tamil, Ethiopic (/Naga)and Hindi speaking people living in diverse North Indian communities, is the most logical explanation of the relationships that exist between and among these languages.


I have to reject the Afghanistan origin for the Indo-Iranian speaking people because the cultures there in ancient times show no affinity to Indo-European civilization. Given the Austronesian and Dravidian elements in Sanskrit and etc., I would have to date the expansion of the Indo-Aryan people sometime after 800 BC, across Iran, India down into Afghanistan, since the Austronesian people probably did not begin to enter India until after the fall of the Anyang Shang Dynasty sometime after 1000 BC. This would explain why you declare that "the Vedic and
Avestan mantras are not carbon copies of each other", they may have had a similar genesis, but they were nativised by different groups of Indic and Iranian speakers after the settlement of nomadic Hurrian and Mitanni people in Iran.


In summary there is no such thing as an Indo-European family of languages; and India was not the homeland of the Indo-Iranian family of languages. The linguistic relationship between Persian and Greek result from the rule of these areas by the Achaeminid and later Greek rulers of India. This may explain why the Achaeminids depicted the Nubians (of Africa), the Hindus and King Darius with Africoid features.

The ability to explain the relationship of Sanskrit to Greek, and the Indo-Iranian linguistic relationship due to Persian/Elamite and Hindi contact, resulting from the historical connections between the speakers of these languages and bilingualism within North-India and Afganistan. This hypothesis supports the view that the Indo-European connection to Indian languages goes back to the Greek rule of India, not some hypothetical date millennia ago.
 
Posted by Doug M (Member # 7650) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by jantavanta:
quote:
Originally posted by Doug M:
As usual Clyde comes up with a convoluted argument and says the oldest Chinese remains were "Negroid" but then turns around and says that the earliest Chinese dynasties were Africans....

Black people generally are the oldest populations in Asia, as evidenced by New Guinea and Australia, along with other aboriginal groups in South Asia. This "African" connection to black populations in Asia because of "features" is simply absurd. The genetic lineages of these people are Asian as one would expect of very ancient aboriginal populations. But of course that wont stop Clyde from trying to connect every black population in the world in history to Mande speaking Africans....
The entire Black populations of the Americas and Asia, are of African Origin. Clyde has done well by connecting every Black population in the world to Africans. His using the Mande, is the language he has access to. Others have used Igbo language in Nigeria.
No they aren't. The DNA of the ancient aboriginal blacks in the Americas do not match any African population. The original populations of the Americas came from Asia and the initial groups were aboriginal black Asians from various parts of Asia and the Pacific.

I don't know why folks keep insisting that somehow black skin outside of Africa indicates RECENT African ancestry. Skin color and features are tied to the environment and there are environments outside Africa that support populations with those features. Black folks in Asia are Asians. They are aboriginal, meaning been in place since the original OOA migrations 60,000 years ago. Australian Aborigines are not recent African migrants. Solomon Islanders are not recent African migrants. The Aboriginal Populations of Thailand, the Philippines and so forth are not recent African migrants.....

That said, it doesn't mean there hasn't been African contact in these areas since OOA. It just means those contacts don't represent the basis of or reason for black skin in those areas. For example, Swahili trade with Asia.

Bororo Indian Brazil:
-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bororo

Not Africans no matter how they look, their DNA is primarily Type O.
 
Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by Doug M:
quote:
Originally posted by jantavanta:
quote:
Originally posted by Doug M:
As usual Clyde comes up with a convoluted argument and says the oldest Chinese remains were "Negroid" but then turns around and says that the earliest Chinese dynasties were Africans....

Black people generally are the oldest populations in Asia, as evidenced by New Guinea and Australia, along with other aboriginal groups in South Asia. This "African" connection to black populations in Asia because of "features" is simply absurd. The genetic lineages of these people are Asian as one would expect of very ancient aboriginal populations. But of course that wont stop Clyde from trying to connect every black population in the world in history to Mande speaking Africans....
The entire Black populations of the Americas and Asia, are of African Origin. Clyde has done well by connecting every Black population in the world to Africans. His using the Mande, is the language he has access to. Others have used Igbo language in Nigeria.
No they aren't. The DNA of the ancient aboriginal blacks in the Americas do not match any African population. The original populations of the Americas came from Asia and the initial groups were aboriginal black Asians from various parts of Asia and the Pacific.

I don't know why folks keep insisting that somehow black skin outside of Africa indicates RECENT African ancestry. Skin color and features are tied to the environment and there are environments outside Africa that support populations with those features. Black folks in Asia are Asians. They are aboriginal, meaning been in place since the original OOA migrations 60,000 years ago. Australian Aborigines are not recent African migrants. Solomon Islanders are not recent African migrants. The Aboriginal Populations of Thailand, the Philippines and so forth are not recent African migrants.....

That said, it doesn't mean there hasn't been African contact in these areas since OOA. It just means those contacts don't represent the basis of or reason for black skin in those areas. For example, Swahili trade with Asia.

Bororo Indian Brazil:
-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bororo

Not Africans no matter how they look, their DNA is primarily Type O.
jantavanta is right. You don't know what you're talking about. North American Native Americans are mainly mtDNA M (A and D4/M1) and y-Chromosome R1. Both haplogroups are carried by Africans. Haplogroup Q, is common to South American Native Americans.

The D haplogroup is nothing more than a African M haplogroup. The sub-clade D4, is the Asian name for the M1 haplogroup.

Haplotypes with HVSI transitions defining 16129-16223-16249-16278-16311-16362; and 16129-16223-16234-16249-16211-16362 have been found in Thailand and among the Han Chinese (Fucharoen et al, 2001; Yao et al, 2002) and these were originally thought to be members of Haplogroup M1

Haplogroup M was a common Paleoamerican haplogroup. Paleoamericans carried haplogroup M. the 5000 year old skeletons from China Lake, British Columbia carried the M haplogroup (Malhi et al., 2007). This was confirmed by Malhi et al (2007), who found that the skeletons belong to haplogroup M, exhibiting the AluI site gain at np 10397. He was unable to match the China Lake skeletons’ mtDNA to haplogroup C, D, or sub-haplogroup M7, M8, or M9.

Although, these haplogroups are assigned an Asian origin Africans also carry these M subclades including , for example, haplogroups A and M7. Some Native American present Sub-Saharan African admixture. The Mande speakers carry mtDNA haplogroup A, which is common among Mexicans namely the Mixe and Mixtecs . In addition to the Mande speaking people of West Africa, Southeast Africa Africans also carry mtDNA A.

Naia of Mexico was D1 and Anzick child was also D4. Most contemporary Native Americans carry mtDNA that belongs to the M macrohaplogroup, namely A and B.
The D haplogroup , is the name for M1, in Asia (Fucharoen et al, 2001; Yao et al, 2002). Haplotypes with HVSI transitions defining 16129-16223-16249-16278-16311-16362; and 16129-16223-16234-16249-16211-16362 have been found in Thailand and among the Han Chinese (Fucharoen et al, 2001; Yao et al, 2002) and these were originally thought to be members of Haplogroup M1.

However, on the basis of currently available FGS sequences, carriers of these markers are now labled D4a branch of Haplogroup D . Given the transitions in haplogroup D, it is the most widespread branch of M1 in East Asia (Fucharoen et al, 2001; Yao et al, 2002).

The transitions 16129,16189,16249 and 16311 are known to be recurrent in various branches of Haplogroup M, especially M1 and D4. Due to these transitions we can argue that Native Americans carrying D, are carrying African haplogroup M, especially M1 in the case of haplogroup D4.

References:

Fucharoen G, Fucharoen S, Horai S.(2001). Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in Thailand. J Hum Genet , 46:115-125.

Malhi , R. et al. (2006) Mitochondrial haplogroup M discovered in prehistoric North Am J Arch Scien 34 (2007), http://public.wsu.edu/~bmkemp/publications/pubs/Malhi_et_al_2007.pdf ; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222693166_Haplogroup_M_discovered_in_prehistoric_North_America

Yao YG, Kong QP, Bandelt HJ, Kivisild T, Zhang YP.(2002). Phylogeographic differentiation of mitochondrial DNA in Han chinese. Am J Hum Genet , 70:635-651.
 
Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by Doug M:
quote:
Originally posted by jantavanta:
quote:
Originally posted by Doug M:
As usual Clyde comes up with a convoluted argument and says the oldest Chinese remains were "Negroid" but then turns around and says that the earliest Chinese dynasties were Africans....

Black people generally are the oldest populations in Asia, as evidenced by New Guinea and Australia, along with other aboriginal groups in South Asia. This "African" connection to black populations in Asia because of "features" is simply absurd. The genetic lineages of these people are Asian as one would expect of very ancient aboriginal populations. But of course that wont stop Clyde from trying to connect every black population in the world in history to Mande speaking Africans....
The entire Black populations of the Americas and Asia, are of African Origin. Clyde has done well by connecting every Black population in the world to Africans. His using the Mande, is the language he has access to. Others have used Igbo language in Nigeria.
No they aren't. The DNA of the ancient aboriginal blacks in the Americas do not match any African population. The original populations of the Americas came from Asia and the initial groups were aboriginal black Asians from various parts of Asia and the Pacific.

I don't know why folks keep insisting that somehow black skin outside of Africa indicates RECENT African ancestry. Skin color and features are tied to the environment and there are environments outside Africa that support populations with those features. Black folks in Asia are Asians. They are aboriginal, meaning been in place since the original OOA migrations 60,000 years ago. Australian Aborigines are not recent African migrants. Solomon Islanders are not recent African migrants. The Aboriginal Populations of Thailand, the Philippines and so forth are not recent African migrants.....

That said, it doesn't mean there hasn't been African contact in these areas since OOA. It just means those contacts don't represent the basis of or reason for black skin in those areas. For example, Swahili trade with Asia.


Not Africans no matter how they look, their DNA is primarily Type O.
You're can't read. I said that the founders of Xia were Africans, because most of them came from Elam. They spoke a Mande language and belonged to the Mande clan Kunta.

These Africans came from Elam. The Elamites said they were Kushites. The Kushites came from Africa.

Stop lying, haplogroup O, is carried by Southeast Asians, not Native Americans.

The major American Indian male lineages include R1, C,D and Q3.There is evidence of African
admixture in the American y-chromosome haplogroups. The Q y-haplogroup has the highest
frequency among indigenous Mexicans. The frequency hg Q varies from a high of 54% for Q-M243,
and a low of 46% for QM (34).

African y-chromosome are associated with YAP+ and 9bp. The YAP-à associated with A-àG transition
at DYS271 is found among Native Americans. The YAP+ individuals include Mixe speakers (32-33).
YAP+ is often present in haplogroups (hg) C and D.
The DYS271 transition is of African origin (32).The DSY271 Alu insertion is found only in
chromosomes bearing Alu insertion (YAP+) at locus DYS287 (33). The DYS271 transition was found
among the Wayuu, Zenu and Inzano. The Mexican Native American y-chromosome bearing the
African markers is resident in haplogroups C and D (34).

R-M173 is also found in Mexico. Haplogroups R and Q are part of the CT microgroup which dates
back 56kya. Haplogroup R branches from hg Q, with the SNP M242.

The CT haplogroup has SNP mutation M168, along with P and M294. Haplogroup P (M45) has two
branches Q (M242) and R-M207 which share the common marker M45.

The M45 chromosome is subdivided by the biallelic variant M173 (35). In Africa we find P (M173),
R1b (M343) and V88; and R1b1a2 (M269).

Native Americans carry a high frequency of R-M173 (48). The predominate y-chromosome in North
America is R-M173. R-M173 is found only in the Northeastern United States along with mtDNA
haplogroup X (25%). Both haplogroups are found in Africa, but is absent in Siberia.

-

.
There are varying frequencies of y-chromosome M-173 in Africa and Eurasia. Whereas only between
8% and 10% of M-173 is carried by Eurasians, 82% of the carriers of this y-chromosome are found in
Africa.

It is becoming clear that R-M173 originated in Africa and was taken to Europe by Africans, just like it was transferred to North America.

Toomas Kivisild1 (2017).The study of human Y chromosome variation through ancient DNA. web page

Haplogroup V88 is the oldest R1 haplogroup. Kivisild et al (2017) is interesting. It is most interesting because it places V88 in ancient Europe.
Kivisild (2017) also made it clear that V88 is the earliest offshoot of R-M343 .

quote:


Late Neolithic, Early Bronze Age and Iron Age samples from Central and Western Europe have typically the R1b-L11, R1a1-Z283 and R1a-M417 (xZ645)
affiliation while the samples from the Yamnaya and Samara neighbourhood are different and belong to sub-clades R1b11-Z2105 and R1a2-Z93 (Allentoft et al. 2015; Cassidy et al. 2016; Haak et al. 2015; Mathieson et al. 2015; Schiffels et al. 2016).


-


The R1b11-Z2015 lineage is today common in the Caucasus and Volga-Uralic region while being virtually absent in Central and Western Europe (Broushaki et al.2016). Interestingly, the earliest offshoot of extant haplogroup R1b-M343 variation, the V88 subclade, which is currently most common in Fulani speaking populations in Africa (Cruciani et al. 2010) has distant relatives in Early Neolithic samples from across wide geographic area from Iberia, Germany to Samara (Fig. 7).
R1 was first introduced to North Americans by the Khoisan who introduced the Salutrean culture to North America. Other African migrants brought R1 to America in later years. As late as 1300 around 25,000 Malians came to America with Abubakari, many of these Malians carried R1. They were spread across North America.

The Malians spread across the North America via the Mound Culture in Mid-America and along the Coast. This is why some North American Native Americans spoke a Mande language or Mande is a substratum language.

A good example of the Malians in the North America are the Nanticokes. The Nanticokes were described by B.S Barton as very dark. This tribe of Black Native Americans formerly lived in the Chesapeake Bay and Delaware. They later settled in Wyoming, Oklahoma and Canada.

-

During the Revolutionary War, the Nanticoke sided with the British and many Nanticoke migrated to Canada, while others went into hiding or moved out West. By 1867, the Nanticoke moved to Kansas with the Lenape. There chiefdoms were called Monie, Wicomoco and Manokin (,Mandekan ?).

In 1741-51, J.C. Pyrlaeus collected the Numerals of the Nanticoke. This was before the Revolutionary War. Around this time the Conoy people joined their tribe.

The numerals collected by Pyrlaeus when they were compared to other numerals by Murray in 1873, they did not match numerals in any known Indian language. Brinton found that they were identical to Malinke-Bambara numerals.

-

These numerals make it clear the Nanticoke were descendants of the Malian explorers.

Below are Nanticoke at the Lenape-Nanticoke annual celebration.


-


.
-

.

The Nanticoke make it clear that they are "Muurs".

The nanticoke have two origin traditions. The first is that they formerly lived in the Central U.S. and migrated eastward 300 years before the coming of the Europeans to avoid incessant warfare. The interesting thing about this tradition is that it would place their origin in the Central U.S., to around the time Abubakari sailed to the Americas and built many mounds along the Mississippi River.

Another, Nanticoke tradition traces their descent to "Muurish" sailors who were shipwrecked on the Maryland shore. See:



-

.
This is very interesting given the presence on R-M173 is found among many American Indian groups
(48). R-M173 among the North American Algonquian group range from Ojibwe (79%), Chipewyan
(62%), Seminole (50%), Cherokee (47%), Dogrib (40%) and Papago (38%) . These Indian groups
have a long association with Africans and many live in areas were Europeans found Black Native
Americans.

In most studies of North American Indians, any evidence of African haplogroups are excluded from
all analyses (47). Exclusion of evidence of non-Amerindian admixture and non-foundational
Amerindian haplogroups is regularly left out of publications on Native American DNA (49).

The R haplogroup is carried by Mexicans. The frequency of hg R varies from Tarahumara (5.6%),
Otomi (14.3%), Yucateca Maya (10.5%). There is also a high frequency of haplogroup R among the
Ch'ol and Chontal which stood around 15% (38). The Ch'ol and Chontal also carry E1b1b (38). The
Spanish identified the Otomi as a Black Native American tribe(11).

African ancestry has been found among indigenous groups that have had no historical contact with
African slaves and thus support an African presence in America, already indicated by African
skeletons among the Olmec and Mayan people. Lisker et al, noted that "The variation of Indian
ancestry among the studied Indians shows in general a higher proportion in the more isolated groups, except for the Cora, who are as isolated as the Huichol and have not only a lower frequency but also a certain degree of black admixture. The black admixture is difficult to explain because the Cora reside in a mountainous region away from the west coast" (22).

A recent study of African - Mexican admixture yielded a frequency range between 22-41% (25). In
one study the researcher found that 3% of Native Americans showed African haplogroups (25).
Underhill et al , noted that:" One Mayan male, previously [has been] shown to have an African Y
chromosome" (31). This is very interesting because the Maya language illustrates a Mande
substratum, in addition to African genetic markers (3) Plus the Chontal were identified as a Black
Native American tribe (11).

The African haplogroups among indigenous Mexicans include L0a1a'3, L2a1, L3b, L3d, and U6a (25).
Interestingly, an individual at Laguna de los Condores, Peru dating between AD 1000-1500 carried L3 (36). Green et al also found Indians with African genes in North Central Mexico, including the L1 and L2 clusters (25).

An important indicator of African admixture is 9bp (22,27). Haplogroup B is defined by 9bp (27) and is linked to haplogroup A.

The 9bp marker is reported among the North Mexicans. It is common among the Mixtec (27).
Some indigenous Mexicans show the G6PD deficiency. In a study of Yucatecos, Tzellzal-Tzoltzil,
Mixteca and Mestizo it was found that people on the Oaxaca coast suffered from G6PD deficiency
(22). Lisker also found G6PD deficiency in Costa Chica (22). The G6PD deficiency is usually carried
by SSA.

Indigenous Indians at Tlaxcala contains 8% African genes, but historically no Africans lived in the area (37). Researchers have also found L1, L2 & L3 clusters among many Mexicans including the Cora,
Mixtec and Zapotecs (39-41)

It is interesting to note that the proportion of African haplotypes roughly equivalent to the proportion of European haplotypes [among North Central Mexican Indians] cannot be explained by recent admixture of African Americans for the United States (41). This is especially the case for the Ojinaga area, which presently is, and historically has been largely isolated from U.S. African Americans. In the Ojinaga sample set, the frequency of African haplotypes was higher than that of European hyplotypes"(41).

Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) polymorphism is used to investigate ethnic relationships and
origins. Africans and Indigenous Mexicans share HLA alleles. In Table 2 we outline the
relationship. Gutherie in a study of the HLAs in indigenous American populations, found that the V
antigen of the Rhesus system, considered to be an indication of African ancestry, among Indians in
Belize and Mexico centers of Mayan civilization (45). Dr. Gutherie also noted that A*28 common
among Africans has high frequencies among Eastern Maya (45).

-

In addition to A*28 , there is a high frequency of HLA B*35 among Mexicans and SSA (46). The
frequency of HLA B*35 among indigenous Mexicans and SSA is high ranging between 22-31%
among SSA populations and 30-45% among MA groups (46). It is interesting to note that the Otomi, a
Mexican group identified as being of African origin and six Mayan groups show the B Allele of the ABO system that is considered to be of African origin.

It is time that researchers stop claiming the first Native Americans were not Negroes.


Reference:
 
Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by Doug M:
quote:
Originally posted by jantavanta:
quote:
Originally posted by Doug M:
As usual Clyde comes up with a convoluted argument and says the oldest Chinese remains were "Negroid" but then turns around and says that the earliest Chinese dynasties were Africans....

Black people generally are the oldest populations in Asia, as evidenced by New Guinea and Australia, along with other aboriginal groups in South Asia. This "African" connection to black populations in Asia because of "features" is simply absurd. The genetic lineages of these people are Asian as one would expect of very ancient aboriginal populations. But of course that wont stop Clyde from trying to connect every black population in the world in history to Mande speaking Africans....
The entire Black populations of the Americas and Asia, are of African Origin. Clyde has done well by connecting every Black population in the world to Africans. His using the Mande, is the language he has access to. Others have used Igbo language in Nigeria.
No they aren't. The DNA of the ancient aboriginal blacks in the Americas do not match any African population. The original populations of the Americas came from Asia and the initial groups were aboriginal black Asians from various parts of Asia and the Pacific.

I don't know why folks keep insisting that somehow black skin outside of Africa indicates RECENT African ancestry. Skin color and features are tied to the environment and there are environments outside Africa that support populations with those features. Black folks in Asia are Asians. They are aboriginal, meaning been in place since the original OOA migrations 60,000 years ago. Australian Aborigines are not recent African migrants. Solomon Islanders are not recent African migrants. The Aboriginal Populations of Thailand, the Philippines and so forth are not recent African migrants.....

That said, it doesn't mean there hasn't been African contact in these areas since OOA. It just means those contacts don't represent the basis of or reason for black skin in those areas. For example, Swahili trade with Asia.

Bororo Indian Brazil:
-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bororo

Not Africans no matter how they look, their DNA is primarily Type O.
You claim the Melanesians are not recent Africans. You say they came to the Pacific Islands 60,000 years ago. If they are not recent Africans explain why the Melanesians have the same names for culture items and place names.

-

-

Shared place names in Melanesia suggest that the Melanesians recently came to the Pacific from Africa, as claimed by the Fijians.

-


The Melanesians probably belonged to the Niger-Congo and Dravidian speaking communities that formerly lived in the Sahara-Sahel region until 5-6kya. The Melanesians formerly lived in Africa and/or South China/Southeast Asia before they sailed to the Pacific Islans, probably as part of the Lapita migrations.

In figure 3 we see cognate Mande and Melanesian terms for vase, pot, arrow, cattle/ox, and fish. They also shared agricultural terms as well




-

As you can see the Melanesians and Africans are not only negroid they also share placenames and culture terms. No way they date back to 60,000 BC and have recent African place-names for their settlements.
 
Posted by Thereal (Member # 22452) on :
 
I've watched some of these DNA testing videos on you were some black Americans had Melanesian DNA and i was wonder is it from black indians?.
 
Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by Thereal:
I've watched some of these DNA testing videos on you were some black Americans had Melanesian DNA and i was wonder is it from black indians?.
As I have stated earlier the Dravidians belonged to the C-Group people who were Kushites. The ancestors of the Melanesians were descendants of the Kushites who expanded across the world after 3500 BC. The Melaneian DNA is just African DNA given a different name. For example, mtDNA D(4), is nothing more than M1.

Until recently it was accepted that all Blacks in Africa and the Pacific Islands were Negroes. The problem came when it was discovered by researchers in the 1990's and early 2000's that Africans and Melanesians were carrying all the mutations carried by the Eurasians. As a result, the Federation of Genealogical Societies (FGS) began to rename the African genes carried by the Melanesians so it could appear that Eurasians (Europeans and Asians) were different from Africans.

The best examples of this change in nomenclature was the change of African y-Chromosome R1 into V88, and African mtDNA M1 into D(4)in Asia by 2010.


I have presented DNA evidence linking Melenesians and Africans.

-

Here are the genetic markers which point to a relationship between the Melanesians, Australians and Africans according to Cordaux et al.,Mitochodrial DNA analysis reveals diverse tribal histories of tribal populations from India, Eur. J Hum Genet (2003)11(2):253-264, in figure 2 notes that Clusters X1 and X are found in Africa and the Pacific.

.
-


Figure 2: Cordaux

This Figure makes it clear Africans, Australians and Melanesians share haplogroups.

The D haplogroup is nothing more than a African M haplogroup. The sub-clade D4, is the Asian name for the M1 haplogroup.

Haplotypes with HVSI transitions defining haplogroup M1 are 16129-16223-16249-16278-16311-16362; and 16129-16223-16234-16249-16211-16362. The D haplogroup , is the name for M1, in Asia (Fucharoen et al, 2001; Yao et al, 2002). Haplotypes with HVSI transitions defining 16129-16223-16249-16278-16311-16362; and 16129-16223-16234-16249-16211-16362 have been found in Thailand and among the Han Chinese (Fucharoen et al, 2001; Yao et al, 2002) and these were originally thought to be members of Haplogroup M1.

However, on the basis of currently available FGS sequences, carriers of these markers are now labled D4a branch of Haplogroup D . Given the transitions in haplogroup D, it is the most widespread branch of M1 in East Asia (Fucharoen et al, 2001; Yao et al, 2002).

The transitions 16129,16189,16249 and 16311 are known to be recurrent in various branches of Haplogroup M, especially M1 and D4. Due to these transitions we can argue that Native Americans carrying D, are carrying African haplogroup M, especially M1 in the case of haplogroup D4.



In addition to comparing mtDNA M1 and D(4), I compared was the relationship between the African and Melanesian M haplogroups.


-

http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0052022


The map below illustrates the distribution of the M haplogroups in Africa. Africans also carry mtDNA haplogroups M and M7 like the Melanesians.


-

References:

Fucharoen G, Fucharoen S, Horai S.(2001). Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in Thailand. J Hum Genet , 46:115-125.

Yao YG, Kong QP, Bandelt HJ, Kivisild T, Zhang YP.(2002). Phylogeographic differentiation of mitochondrial DNA in Han chinese. Am J Hum Genet , 70:635-651.
 
Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
 
Oceanic and Africans share a common bloodline.

Today people have stopped calling the Oceanic people Negroes. But up until the 1990's the generic term Negro was used for Blacks worldwide. For the past 200 years it was used to identify Blacks in Africa and Asia. This was confirmed by crianiometric meseaurement and blood grouping. I shouldn't have to tell you this, but crianiometrics can distinguish Negroes from Mongoloid or Caucasian populations.


-

DNA is showing the same correspondence.



The ancestors of the Melanesians belonged to Niger-Congo people who lived in Middle Africa as the C-Group people. the melanesians introduced the African megalithic culture to the Pacific. The Proto-Melanesians continued to build pyramids in the Pacific like they did in Africa.


-

Tonga step pyramid


First, the Fijians claim they came from Africa. We know a megalithic culture expanded from Africa into the Indian/Pacific Ocean areas after 2000 BC.


-

Pyramid of Mauritius


Secondly, African place names are found in the Pacific and correspondences between lexical items.





The ancient Austronesians cultivated rice, millet, yams and sugarcane. (Bellwood 1990, p.92)

It would appear that the Polynesians learned agriculture from the Manding as illustrated below:


This evidence provides linguistic and anthropological support for the Fiji tradition. It is wrong that you guys deny a people history just because your European masters to do not present evidence in support of a native tradition.

If you keep waiting for Europeans to verify our history you will have a long wait.


Recently Williams John Page (1988) discussed the Lakato Hypothesis. The Lakato Hypothesis stated simply implies that the Melanesian people of Fiji were carried to the Pacific Islands by Indonesian maritime merchants after they had colonized parts of East and central Africa. In these Indonesian centers, Page (1988) believes that the Africans "gravitated into the Indonesian inspired trade". Page (1988) wrote that :
code:
"It is further suggested that the Lakato colonies in
Africa were the principal contributors to the earliest
settlements of Malagasy and responsible for the traces
of Indonesian influence in Africa which have endured into
modern times, as identified by previous investigators".
To support this hypothesis Page (1988) presents place names that are made up of African ethnic names (AEN) as roots for Fijian placenames. These toponyms include a multitude of hills, streams and villages composed of a simple AEN root plus a Fijian placenames e.g.,koro, wai-ni-, vatu and na-. Page (1988, p.34) found 270 AEN's forming part of Fijian place names (FPN). The interesting fact about the AEN and FPN cognates is that they are found in West Africa and not East Africa. (Page 1988, p.47)

This fact negates Page's (1988) hypothesis because there are no rivers in Africa that link East Africa and West Africa. This suggest that Africans who later settled West Africa must have been in the Pacific long before the Austronesians arrived on Madagascar. This view is supported by the fact that the classical mongoloid people did not arrive in the Pacific area until after 500 B.C.

Page (1988,p.66) believes that the AEN-FPN cognates are the result of the establishment of Indonesian colonies first along the Zambia river and from there into Central and Western Africa between the fourth and eleventh centuries A.D. During this period Bantu speakers are believed to have been incorporated into the Indonesian Lakota culture and between the eleventh to sixteenth A.D. settled in Melanesia by Lakota fleets. (Page 1988, p.66) Although Page's (1988,p.67) theory is interesting the fact that the AENs that are FPN's are prefixed to a multitude of hills, streams and villages" indicate that these place names are very old because the names for hills and streams are rarely changed.

Page (1988, p.67) noted four common prefixes used in the FPN's: Koro 'village,hill', wai-ni- 'water of'; vatu- 'stone'; and na- 'the'. These terms are closely related to Manding terms as illustrated below:
code:
FPN English Manding
koro hill kuru
koro village so-koro
wai-ni water of ba-ni 'course
of water' 
vatu stone bete
na the ni
As illustrated above the AENs and Manding terms are analogous for 'hill', 'the' and 'of'. It would appear that the FPN /w/ corresponds to Manding /b/. Due to the thousands of miles separating the Manding and AENs, this cognate can be explained as loan words. Given the full agreement of these terms suggest a genetic relationship between AENs and Manding and descent from Paleo-African.

In addition to AENs serving as FPNs we find many toponyms in Oceania that corresponds to West African place names. Below we see 36 place names from Oceania and WestAfrica that share full correspondence. Manding ,Polynesian and Melanesian share many terms for kinship, dwellings, topographical features, dwellings and utensils.




See full article: http://olmec98.net/pac1.htm


In fact, they also share common placenames. Shared place names in Melanesia suggest that the Melanesians recently came to the Pacific from Africa, as claimed by the Fijians.

-


The Melanesians probably belonged to the Niger-Congo and Dravidian speaking communities that formerly lived in the Sahara-Sahel region until 5-6kya. The Melanesians formerly lived in Africa and/or South China/Southeast Asia before they sailed to the Pacific Islans, probably as part of the Lapita migrations.

In figure 3 we see cognate Mande and Melanesian terms for vase, pot, arrow, cattle/ox, and fish. They also shared agricultural terms as well




-

As you can see the Melanesians and Africans are not only negroid they also share genes, placenames and culture terms.
 
Posted by Real tawk (Member # 20324) on :
 
What happened to the kinky hair Chinese? Oh, wait! they never existed. Just debunked your dumb, "Black Chinese," bullshit.
 
Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by Real tawk:
What happened to the kinky hair Chinese? Oh, wait! they never existed. Just debunked your dumb, "Black Chinese," bullshit.
Stupid Euronut. Many Black Chinese proud of their kinky hair.

.


-

-

.
Note the kinky hair and combs in the hair.

-
.
 
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by Real tawk:
What happened to the kinky hair Chinese?
Oh, wait! they never existed.
Just debunked your dumb, "Black Chinese," bullshit.
Gee Real tawk, you are extremely confused in your thinking.

On the one hand you ask a great question; why do modern Chinese have STRAIGHT HAIR,
not the curly hair MOST Negroid Blacks have.

But on the other hand, you crow that there are NO BLACK CHINESE!

.
On the issue of Black Chinese:

-
.

Fool - what do you suppose THIS is?
 
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by Real tawk:
What happened to the kinky hair Chinese?
Oh, wait! they never existed.
Just debunked your dumb, "Black Chinese," bullshit.
Now on the issue of straight hair, you have a great point.

Check these points of similarity and dis-similarity in humans out.

AUSTRALIAN PEOPLE:

Men from Bathurst Island (northern coast), 1939

(Curly Hair)

-


Mainland Australian

(straight hair)

-


Tasmania Australian (extinct); Animalistic Albinos murdered them all.

(Curly hair)

-
 
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
Chinese grandmother;

-
.

Australian grandmother;

-

.

Everyone please notice that there is only two features DIFFERENT
between the Chinese woman and the Australian woman.


Black Skin and a lack of the Epicanthic fold on the Australian woman!
 
Posted by mena7 (Member # 20555) on :
 
Nice post of Black Chinese Yunan artifacts Clyde.
 
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
^So then, the REAL issue is STRAIGHT HAIR!

What accounts for it?

And why do MOST Blacks still in Africa have curly hair?

First - we need to determine if STRAIGHT HAIR is an ADVANCED mutation,
or a RECESSIVE mutation (Like White Skin).
We can do that by looking at a variety of creatures on Planet Earth.


Straight hair:

-


-

-


-


-




-
 
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
^The evidence clearly indicates that since almost
ALL of the worlds low-level animals have STRAIGHT HAIR,
then straight hair in HUMANS MUST be a RECESSIVE mutation.

So HOW does this recessive mutation occur?
.


-
.
Note that this "Curly Haired"
Nigerian families Albino baby, has STRAIGHT HAIR!
 
Posted by Mindovermatter (Member # 22317) on :
 
I like how Clyde, after having been disproven and refuted by me in various numbers of his claims regarding this subject; instead decides to spam this thread endlessly with giant numbers of pictures that ruin the thread, text walls and outdated anachronistic sources, in order to drown out any opposing posts and arguments to his ridiculous theories; or simply ignores and pretend they don't exist at all.

And then he keeps repeatedly switching his original arguments and stances, pivoting from one stance to another and then denying arguments he made in the past, as in the Aryan migration theory; and then switches and claims other things just to substantiate and push forward his bogus theories in threads like this. Also there is no such thing as a "caucasian" race which has been debunked and refuted here before....


Sorry! But the evidence shows that the Shang, Zhou, Qin and Tang dynasties were all White Indo-European Eurasian barbarian dynasties set up by foreigners and outsiders! And there is plenty of more evidence that I have given to this forum in the past proving just that....
 
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by Mike111:
^The evidence clearly indicates that since almost
ALL of the worlds low-level animals have STRAIGHT HAIR,
then straight hair in HUMANS MUST be a RECESSIVE mutation.

So HOW does this recessive mutation occur?
.


-
.
Note that this "Curly Haired"
Nigerian families Albino baby, has STRAIGHT HAIR!
.

All right, now we know that STRAIGHT HAIR is a RECESSIVE genetic trait. We know that because almost
ALL lower order ANIMALS have straight hair, whereas, NATURAL AND NORMAL "Original" Humans (Africans),
do NOT normally have straight hair - though some do.
 
Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by Mike111:
[QB] ^So then, the REAL issue is STRAIGHT HAIR!

What accounts for it?

And why do MOST Blacks still in Africa have curly hair?

First - we need to determine if STRAIGHT HAIR is an ADVANCED mutation,
or a RECESSIVE mutation (Like White Skin).
We can do that by looking at a variety of creatures on Planet Earth.


-
 
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
^But as with the Australians above, out of three tribes of the SAME ethnic people (Australians),
two were CURLY haired, and one was STRAIGHT haired.

WHAT FUNCTIONING OF NATURE COULD ACCOUNT FOR THAT????

Simple - the variable INTENSITIES of Albinism.

AND the fact that Albinism does NOT have to effect the ENTIRE Human Body.
.

Here this Boys Albinism effects ONLY his EYES, which are BLUE.

-


Here, this Mans Albinism effects only the color of his HAIR - it's RED!

-


Here this Boys Albinism effects ONLY his HAIR:
Not only did Albinism STRAIGHTEN his Hair, Albinism also made it BLONDE!


-
 
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
^So Cass - I have just invested some time into educating you and other Albinos into some of the intricacies and mysteries of Human beings.

Now please go out into the world and share your new-found knowledge with other Albinos. All of you need to know this stuff.
 
Posted by DD'eDeN (Member # 21966) on :
 
So, why did coiled hair evolve?

As sensorial antennae to detect low dome hut ceiling. Straight hair evolved due to the change in climate exposure, under-canopy tropical rainforest -> small rainproof shelters, open-sky tall wind-proof shelters.
 
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by DD'eDeN:
So, why did coiled hair evolve?

As sensorial antennae to detect low dome hut ceiling.
Straight hair evolved due to the change in climate exposure,
under-canopy tropical rainforest -> small rainproof shelters,
open-sky tall wind-proof shelters.
.
You are a very strange Boy/Girl.

Are you autistic like Cass?
 
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
Dr. Yosef Ben-Jochannan wrote something very similar on the function of kinky hair.

Hair, like skin, is part of our genetically malleable, adaptable, outer layer, protecting us from the elements, the heat, cold, wetness, dryness, and utilizing the visible and not-so-visible light (energy) spectrum. Tightly coiled, moisture resistant head-hair created an enhanced barrier to ultra-violet (UV) radiation by turning many times on itself. This configuration also allows the release of perspiration droplets into a more optimal evaporative state whereby the droplets capture the heat of air moving around the coils before the perspiration rolls off and evaporates said heat away from the body. Presto! Cool scalp, cool brain, and greater endurance.

Conversely, straight hair would be a liability, as it is more moisture absorbent, becoming heavy and causing it to stick to adjacent hair shafts and the scalp, effectively blocking the airflow required for heat exchange and dissipation.

Which would lead one to wonder:

If straight hair HINDERS body cooling, why do MOST Animals, including NON-Negroid Humans, have straight hair?

The answer is quite simple:

ONLY HUMANS AND HORSES (which have short hair) "SWEAT" OVER THEIR ENTIRE BODIES FOR COOLING!

Animals with few sweat glands, such as dogs, accomplish temperature regulation by panting, which evaporates water from the moist lining of the oral cavity and pharynx.

Primates and horses have armpits (the axilla) that sweat like those of humans. Although sweating is found in a wide variety of mammals, relatively few (exceptions include humans and horses) produce large amounts of sweat in order to cool down.

That is why STRAIGHT HAIR IS "PRIMITIVE" AND A RECESSIVE TRAIT!
 
Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by Mike111:


That is why STRAIGHT HAIR IS "PRIMITIVE" AND A RECESSIVE TRAIT! [/QB]
^ genius
 
Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by Mindovermatter:
I like how Clyde, after having been disproven and refuted by me in various numbers of his claims regarding this subject; instead decides to spam this thread endlessly with giant numbers of pictures that ruin the thread, text walls and outdated anachronistic sources, in order to drown out any opposing posts and arguments to his ridiculous theories; or simply ignores and pretend they don't exist at all.

And then he keeps repeatedly switching his original arguments and stances, pivoting from one stance to another and then denying arguments he made in the past, as in the Aryan migration theory; and then switches and claims other things just to substantiate and push forward his bogus theories in threads like this. Also there is no such thing as a "caucasian" race which has been debunked and refuted here before....


Sorry! But the evidence shows that the Shang, Zhou, Qin and Tang dynasties were all White Indo-European Eurasian barbarian dynasties set up by foreigners and outsiders! And there is plenty of more evidence that I have given to this forum in the past proving just that....
LOL. How can books published on Chinese Archaeology by Yale University and articles in Current Anthropology be considered "outdated anachronistic sources"? Moreover, you have not presented one source claiming the Shang and Zhou were Caucasians or whites with references to scholarly primary research.

Post the evidence that a Caucasian race does not exist.

I have never denied the Aryan invasion theory (AIT). I contend that an Indo-European language family never existed.

I have presented evidence that the neolithic and Dynastic Empires were founded by African and mongoloid people with skeletal evidence. Please post the skeletal evidence of white Qin, Shang and Zhou. cite the articles where researchers discuss the existence of Caucasian/white Zhou skeletons. I have already proven that the Banpo skeletons were not of white people.

.
 
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
quote:
Originally posted by Mike111:

That is why STRAIGHT HAIR IS "PRIMITIVE" AND A RECESSIVE TRAIT!
^ genius
.
Thanks;

Kinky hair is a great advancement for the survival of a San Bushman in the Kalahari like these people.

-

-
.
But it's not all milk and honey for those who wish to emulate straight hairstyles. Like everything else, it's a two-edged sword.

Huffington Post
The Missing Education on Black Hair

There are five classifications of Afro-textured hair, all of which are variations of curly hair. These classifications range from a looser curl texture to a tightly curly or coily texture. While the biochemical composition of Afro-textured hair is identical to that of Caucasians and Asians, it is its morphological difference in elasticity and comb-ability that causes Afro-textured hair to have different needs. This curly disposition leaves the hair more susceptible to breakage. Styling tools such as combs and brushes, for example, force the curls to elongate, but the curls naturally resist, resulting in breakage. Delicate care is thus needed to preserve hair growth and avoid hair damage.

The curliness of Afro-textured hair also causes it to have less moisture content than other ethnic groups. Every ethnic group’s scalp naturally produces a lubricant called sebum, which is an oily substance that moisturizes and protects the hair follicle. Water is the second source of moisture that all ethnic groups need to moisturize their hair. Both sebum and water travel down the hair shaft to lubricate the hair, but when these two elements are not able to travel all the way down the hair shaft or absorb into the hair strand, it leads to dry hair. The shape of curly hair, especially tightly curly hair, does not create a straight path for sebum and water to travel all the way down the hair shaft — this is why afro textured hair looses moisture quickly after washing. Dry hair, or hair without moisture, reduces hair pliability and makes it even more difficult to manipulate the hair without breakage, which is one of the reasons that moisture retention is very important for healthy Afro-textured hair.

Afro-textured hair, furthermore, does not benefit from daily washing. When hair is washed everyday it is stripped of its natural essential oils, which leads to dryness and weathering of the hair fiber. People with Afro-textured hair already have naturally dry hair so washing the hair frequently only increases this dryness and leads to damage.
 
Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by Clyde Winters:
The original Europeans were Khoisan. They went into the caves and turned white through depigmentation. As a result, whites are not recently out of Africa their ancestors go back to the Khoisan who first settled Europe.

 
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
A full page on the advantages of "Black" hair.

http://realhistoryww.com./world_history/ancient/Misc/Hair_2/Hair_2.htm
 
Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by Mike111:
Question - Why do most White and Mongol people have Straight Hair, while most Black people have Curly or Kinky Hair?

The answer is Albinism.
-


-


-

stop being stupid, thanks
 
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
A full page on why straight hair is due to Albinism.

http://realhistoryww.com./world_history/ancient/Misc/Hair_2/Hair_2.htm
 
Posted by Elmaestro (Member # 22566) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by Mike111:

Here this Boys Albinism effects ONLY his HAIR:
Not only did Albinism STRAIGHTEN his Hair, Albinism also made it BLONDE!


-
Are these Solomon Islanders? If not, do you know if they're hey Boca/Roca?
 
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by Elmaestro:
Are these Solomon Islanders? If not, do you know if they're hey Boca/Roca?
.
Your ignorance is laughable;

Solomon Islanders are not the only Blonde Blacks.
 
Posted by Elmaestro (Member # 22566) on :
 
....that's why I'm asking the question.
 
Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 
-

Mike is a liar
 
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
-

Mike is a liar
.
Damn lioness - you keep getting stupider and stupider, but I'll play along.

.
-


-
 
Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 
So you're playing along with the fact that these pictures show you're lying?
 
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
Damn you're STUPID!

Mike111 over and out.
 
Posted by DD'eDeN (Member # 21966) on :
 
Originally posted by DD'eDeN:
So, why did coiled hair evolve?

As sensorial antennae to detect low dome hut ceiling.
Straight hair evolved due to the change in climate exposure,
under-canopy tropical rainforest -> small rainproof shelters,
open-sky tall wind-proof shelters.

KhoiSan have low dome huts, coiled hair is useful there as well.
 
Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
 
The first Blacks to settle China were the Anu or pgymies. After great flood the Anu, retreated to the Kunlun Mountains.

The Kushites after the flood made their way to China from two directions. The Megalithic Kushites came to East Asia by Sea between 3000-2500 BC. They spread across China depositing the megalithic and pyramid building culture in China from the coast up into North and Central China.

By 2300 BC the Elamites (Mande speakers) and Dravidians from the Indus Valley began to migrate through Central Asia into North China. They founded the Xia Dynasty recovered much of the land that was covered by water.

The Xia Dynasty declined and the Dravidians founded the first Shang dynasty. Most of the descendants of the Xia Dynasty that did not remain with Shang became the Qiang tribes.

In the Chinese literature the Blacks were called li-min, Kunlung, Ch'iang (Qiang), Yi and Yueh. The founders of the Xia Dynasty and the Shang Dynasties were blacks. These blacks were called Yueh and Qiang. There are many beautiful artifacts depicting these Blacks in the Shaanxi and Xian Museum: http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/xian3.html#02

In accordance with the oral traditions of China, the founders of Chinese civilization were Huangdi and Fu Xi. These legendary rulers like Dai Hao, were all buried in zhiu (burial mounds). The presence of this mound culture in China supports the traditions of burial of elects in mound tombs.

The skeletal remains from southern China are predominately negroid. (Chang 1964, p.70) The people practiced single burials.
.
-


.
In northern China the blacks founded many civilizations. The three major empires of China were the Xia Dynasty (c.2205-1766 B.C), Shang/ Yin Dynasty (c.1700-1050 B.C) and the Zhou Dynasty.The Zhou dynasty was the first dynasty founded by the Mongoloid people in China called Hua (Who-aa).

The founders of Xia and Shang came from the Fertile African Crescent by way of Iran. According to Chinese legends the first man Pan Gu, used a hammer 18,000 years ago to make man.
The Chinese legends designate various culture heroes as the inventors of various aspects of Chinese civilization.

The Chinese term for emperor is Di. Huang Di (Yellow Emperor), is the Chinese culture hero credited with introducing boats, carts 'chariots, the bow and arrow, ceramics, wooded houses and writing.

Chinese civilization began along the Yellow river . Here the soil was fertile and black Chinese farmers grew millet 4000 years ago, and later soybeans. They also raised pigs and cattle. By 3500 B.C., the blacks in China were raising silkworms and making silk.

The culture hero Huang Di is a direct link of Africa. His name was pronounced in old Chinese Yuhai Huandi or Hu Nak Kunte. He was supposed to have arrived in China from the west in 2282 B.C., and settled along the banks of the Loh river in Shanxi. This transliteration of Huandgi, to Hu Nak Kunte is interesting because Kunte is a common clan name among the Manding speakers.

The Africans or blacks that founded civilization in China were often called li min "black headed people" by the Zhou dynasts. This term has affinity to the Sumero-Akkadian term sag- gig-ga "black headed people". These li min are associated with the Chinese cultural hero Yao.

In the Annals of the Bamboo Books, we learn that Yao devised a calendar to help regulate agrarian work through proper use of ritual and music and created a rudimentary government. The Annals of the Bamboo Books, makes it clear that Yao "he united and harmonized the myriad states [of his dominion], and the [li min] black headed people were reformed by his cordial agreement".

We also read that Shun, the successor of Yao, distinguished by his reputation as an obedient devoted son, noted to : "Ki [that] the Black headed people are suffering the distress of hunger". To help relieve the people Shun gave his throne over to Yu, the founder of the Shang Dynasty. Yu, in the Annals of the Bamboo Books, is reported to have noted that "...when a sovereign gives response to the people, he is kind, and the Black headed people cherish him in their heart". P> The first dynasty of China was Xia (She-ya). The Xia dynasty lasted from 2205 to 1766 B.C. According to the Guben zhu Shu zhi Nien, the Xia dynasty "from Yu to Zhieh had seventeen kings... and lasted 471 years". (Chang 1987)

Archaeologists believe that the major Xia sites are located in Shanxi and Henan. According to Chang (1987) northern Henan towards the end of the Longshan period was the eastern part of the Xia culture.

Xia was probably situated in the Yihe and Luohe river valleys, and along the Yinghe and Ruhe rivers. The capital of Xia was located in the Sangshan mountains.

The origins of Xia go back to the Longshan period. During the Longshan period burial goods included a large number of weapons, including stone lanceheads and arrows. This suggests that intersocial conflict was at its height during the Longshan periods, and warfare may have played a role in the rise of Xia. The Longshan neolithic is characterized by wheel-made pottery, bronze working, ceramics, wheeled vehicles, writing, rich grave goods and furnishings.

The Chinese histories tell us much about Xia. According to Chinese tradition the Xia built their settlements near rivers, lakes and streams. The Xia Dynasty is mentioned in the oracle bone records.

The leaders of Xia were granted rule based on their Ssu (clan) membership. The Xia naming system employed the ten celestial stems the same as the Shang people. (Chang 1980,p.353)

The national tree of the Xia li min was the pine. This tree was used in the earth ritual.
Xia social organization, and life was based on the clan .


The totems of the major Xia clans were aquatic animals: fish, tortoise, turtle and etc. This view is supported by the myth recorded in the Annals of the Bamboo Books, which claims that Yu's mother swallowed a spirits pearl before the birth of Di (Lord) Yu, founder of the Xia Dynasty. Moreover , the dragon motif is common at Xia sites. A pan vessel was found at Taosi, with a red painted dragon motif.

The Chinese histories make it clear that the Xia had writing and tortoise books. This view can be supported by the pottery marks on the Longshan and Erlitou pottery. (Chang 1987, p.265)

Xia is considered the first dynasty of the sandai (three Dynasties) of ancient China: Xia, Shang and Zhou. There are many references to the Xia people. The Xia people were recognized as westerners, because they settled the middle Yellow river region of China. As a result they were called the Hua Xia "the middle states people".

There are numerous textual references to Xia. Han Fei Tzu writing in the third century B.C., in his Shih Guo, observed that:
"Yu made the ritual vessels painting the interior black and the exterior in red."
The tradition recorded by Han, of the black-and-red ware for the Xia li min suggest some relationship of Xia to the Yangshao culture which also used BRW and analogous pottery signs.

Chang (1987) believes that the legendary sages and heroes of China, probably lived during the Lungshan culture period. The Lungshan culture had walled cities and evidence of rank and rituals. This clearly illustrates how archaeology can compliment textual history.
The artifacts of Erlitou include BRW, red-and-black and buff wares. These artifacts were made of stone, shell and bronze.

The bronze instruments found by archaeologists at Erlitou sites correspond to the descriptions by Yuan Kang, in the Yueh Zhueh Shu, quoting the philosopher Feng Hu Tzu of the tools made by the Xia. Yuan Kang wrote that:
"In the Age of Yu, weapons were made of bronze, for building canals...and..houses...."
The black-and-red ware (BRW) common to the Fertile African Crescent was also used in China. There is affinity between the BRW from Nubia, and the pottery from Yangshao sites in the Henan and Gansu sites of China.
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The textual history of Xia is synthesized in the Chinese book Shih Zhi. This evidence from the Shih Zhi, was used by Hsu Husheng , of the Chinese Institute of Archaeology, to find the xu (ruins) of Xia: the Xia xu. Hsu Husheng using this source hypothesized that the center for traditional Xia Dynasty towns was the Loyang plains and the Dengfeng river valley. This coincides with the Erlitou sites of this area which date to 2100- 1800 B.C.

The Xia people were recognized as being different people from the mongoloid Chinese they politically dominate China today as a people that came from the west (i.e., Iran), before they settled the middle Yellow river. A Zhou saying observed that :
"The rituals [or rules of] the Three Dynasties [sandai] are one".

The early Xia lived on mounds, in houses made of grass and mud. Pounded earth walls surrounded Xia villages to protect the li mim from attack. The Xia probably spoke a Manding language. This view is supported by the earlier discussion of the analogy between ancient Chinese and Manding.


The modern Chinese are descendants of the Hua tribes that founded Zhou. The second Shang Dynasty ( situated at Anyang) was founded by the Yin. As a result this dynasty is called Shang-Yin. The Yin or Oceanic Mongoloid type is associated with the Austronesian speakers ( Kwang-chih Chang, "Prehistoric and early historic culture horizons and traditions in South China", Current Anthropology, 5 (1964) pp.359-375 :375).

The Classical Mongoloids, Austronesian or Oceanic Mongoloid type were called Yin, Feng, Yen, Zhiu Yi and Lun Yi.

The Classical mongoloids appear to may have originated in Anatolia. The Han and Mongolians (the taller) mongoloids originated in the Tian Shan mountains.

During the Anyang-Shang period, the Qiang lived in Ch'iang Fang, a country to the west of Yin-Shang . The Qiang people were often referred to as the Ta Qiang "many Qiang", they were used as agricultural workers, and used in Yin-Shang ancestral rites as sacrifice victims.

The Dravidians mated with Classical mongoloids. The Classical mongoloids conquered the Shang, and founded the Anyang-Shang Empire.

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The Yueh /Yue zhi or Dravido-Shang retreated into Yunnan. In Yunnan they founded several States. The principal States founded by these Blacks before the rise of the Qin Chinese Empire were the States of Yue-Wu and Ba-Shu.
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Yunnan Bronze

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The Yue-Wu state was part of the ‘geometric impressed pottey culture of South China. The Yue-Wu culture extended from the South China Sea to Taiwan. Yue-Wu was conquered by the Chinese King Weiwang of the Chu State.

Ba-Shu was a Black state established in the southwestern part of Sichuen and the Dian state of Yunnan. It appears that Ba-Shu was state founded by the Anu or Pygmy people. They were later joined by Mande and Dravidian speakers from Xia and Shang.


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The diversity of ethnic groups in Ba-Shu is made evident in the Buckle ornament with a ritual scene from Lijishan in Jiangchuan, China. The people of Ba-Shu were referred to as the southern Man. They represent the ancestors of the Baiman, Puman and Wuman.

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The Ba state was centered in the area of Chengdu, Sihcuan. The Shu state was separated from the Central plains by Qin and Ba. They were known as great seamen .

The Ba-Shu made ordinary earthen pit graves and boat coffins. They worked in bronze and had their own writing system. The artifacts from Dapona resemble the bronze from Lake Dian, a centre of the Dong-son culture.

After the Black states of Yue, Ba and Shu were defeated by Qin, the Yueh people fled to the southwest and into Annam. During the Han Dynasty the fragmented Yueh states and people were incorporated in the Han Empire.

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The Yueh (Dravido-Shang), who were not incorporated in the Han Empire. began to migrate southward into Southeast Asia. By this time the major power in Southeast Asia, were the Naga kings from Ethiopia.

The Han/Mongolians began to migrate out of the Tian Shan mountains and took control of Anyang-Shang. This forced the classical Mongoloid people to migrate into Indonesia.

Other classical mongoloids began to migrate into Southeast Asia and onto the Islands as they fled East Asia (China). The Classical mongoloids and the megalithic Kushites are probably the ancestors of the Polynesians.

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Posted by xyyman (Member # 13597) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by Clyde Winters:
quote:
Originally posted by Doug M:
quote:
Originally posted by jantavanta:
quote:
Originally posted by Doug M:
As usual Clyde comes up with a convoluted argument and says the oldest Chinese remains were "Negroid" but then turns around and says that the earliest Chinese dynasties were Africans....

Black people generally are the oldest populations in Asia, as evidenced by New Guinea and Australia, along with other aboriginal groups in South Asia. This "African" connection to black populations in Asia because of "features" is simply absurd. The genetic lineages of these people are Asian as one would expect of very ancient aboriginal populations. But of course that wont stop Clyde from trying to connect every black population in the world in history to Mande speaking Africans....
The entire Black populations of the Americas and Asia, are of African Origin. Clyde has done well by connecting every Black population in the world to Africans. His using the Mande, is the language he has access to. Others have used Igbo language in Nigeria.
No they aren't. The DNA of the ancient aboriginal blacks in the Americas do not match any African population. The original populations of the Americas came from Asia and the initial groups were aboriginal black Asians from various parts of Asia and the Pacific.

I don't know why folks keep insisting that somehow black skin outside of Africa indicates RECENT African ancestry. Skin color and features are tied to the environment and there are environments outside Africa that support populations with those features. Black folks in Asia are Asians. They are aboriginal, meaning been in place since the original OOA migrations 60,000 years ago. Australian Aborigines are not recent African migrants. Solomon Islanders are not recent African migrants. The Aboriginal Populations of Thailand, the Philippines and so forth are not recent African migrants.....

That said, it doesn't mean there hasn't been African contact in these areas since OOA. It just means those contacts don't represent the basis of or reason for black skin in those areas. For example, Swahili trade with Asia.


Not Africans no matter how they look, their DNA is primarily Type O.
You're can't read. I said that the founders of Xia were Africans, because most of them came from Elam. They spoke a Mande language and belonged to the Mande clan Kunta.

These Africans came from Elam. The Elamites said they were Kushites. The Kushites came from Africa.

Stop lying, haplogroup O, is carried by Southeast Asians, not Native Americans.

The major American Indian male lineages include R1, C,D and Q3.There is evidence of African
admixture in the American y-chromosome haplogroups. The Q y-haplogroup has the highest
frequency among indigenous Mexicans. The frequency hg Q varies from a high of 54% for Q-M243,
and a low of 46% for QM (34).

African y-chromosome are associated with YAP+ and 9bp. The YAP-à associated with A-àG transition
at DYS271 is found among Native Americans. The YAP+ individuals include Mixe speakers (32-33).
YAP+ is often present in haplogroups (hg) C and D.
The DYS271 transition is of African origin (32).The DSY271 Alu insertion is found only in
chromosomes bearing Alu insertion (YAP+) at locus DYS287 (33). The DYS271 transition was found
among the Wayuu, Zenu and Inzano. The Mexican Native American y-chromosome bearing the
African markers is resident in haplogroups C and D (34).

R-M173 is also found in Mexico. Haplogroups R and Q are part of the CT microgroup which dates
back 56kya. Haplogroup R branches from hg Q, with the SNP M242.

The CT haplogroup has SNP mutation M168, along with P and M294. Haplogroup P (M45) has two
branches Q (M242) and R-M207 which share the common marker M45.

The M45 chromosome is subdivided by the biallelic variant M173 (35). In Africa we find P (M173),
R1b (M343) and V88; and R1b1a2 (M269).

Native Americans carry a high frequency of R-M173 (48). The predominate y-chromosome in North
America is R-M173. R-M173 is found only in the Northeastern United States along with mtDNA
haplogroup X (25%). Both haplogroups are found in Africa, but is absent in Siberia.

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There are varying frequencies of y-chromosome M-173 in Africa and Eurasia. Whereas only between
8% and 10% of M-173 is carried by Eurasians, 82% of the carriers of this y-chromosome are found in
Africa.

It is becoming clear that R-M173 originated in Africa and was taken to Europe by Africans, just like it was transferred to North America.

Toomas Kivisild1 (2017).The study of human Y chromosome variation through ancient DNA. web page

Haplogroup V88 is the oldest R1 haplogroup. Kivisild et al (2017) is interesting. It is most interesting because it places V88 in ancient Europe.
Kivisild (2017) also made it clear that V88 is the earliest offshoot of R-M343 .

quote:


Late Neolithic, Early Bronze Age and Iron Age samples from Central and Western Europe have typically the R1b-L11, R1a1-Z283 and R1a-M417 (xZ645)
affiliation while the samples from the Yamnaya and Samara neighbourhood are different and belong to sub-clades R1b11-Z2105 and R1a2-Z93 (Allentoft et al. 2015; Cassidy et al. 2016; Haak et al. 2015; Mathieson et al. 2015; Schiffels et al. 2016).


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The R1b11-Z2015 lineage is today common in the Caucasus and Volga-Uralic region while being virtually absent in Central and Western Europe (Broushaki et al.2016). Interestingly, the earliest offshoot of extant haplogroup R1b-M343 variation, the V88 subclade, which is currently most common in Fulani speaking populations in Africa (Cruciani et al. 2010) has distant relatives in Early Neolithic samples from across wide geographic area from Iberia, Germany to Samara (Fig. 7).
R1 was first introduced to North Americans by the Khoisan who introduced the Salutrean culture to North America. Other African migrants brought R1 to America in later years. As late as 1300 around 25,000 Malians came to America with Abubakari, many of these Malians carried R1. They were spread across North America.

The Malians spread across the North America via the Mound Culture in Mid-America and along the Coast. This is why some North American Native Americans spoke a Mande language or Mande is a substratum language.

A good example of the Malians in the North America are the Nanticokes. The Nanticokes were described by B.S Barton as very dark. This tribe of Black Native Americans formerly lived in the Chesapeake Bay and Delaware. They later settled in Wyoming, Oklahoma and Canada.

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During the Revolutionary War, the Nanticoke sided with the British and many Nanticoke migrated to Canada, while others went into hiding or moved out West. By 1867, the Nanticoke moved to Kansas with the Lenape. There chiefdoms were called Monie, Wicomoco and Manokin (,Mandekan ?).

In 1741-51, J.C. Pyrlaeus collected the Numerals of the Nanticoke. This was before the Revolutionary War. Around this time the Conoy people joined their tribe.

The numerals collected by Pyrlaeus when they were compared to other numerals by Murray in 1873, they did not match numerals in any known Indian language. Brinton found that they were identical to Malinke-Bambara numerals.

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These numerals make it clear the Nanticoke were descendants of the Malian explorers.

Below are Nanticoke at the Lenape-Nanticoke annual celebration.


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The Nanticoke make it clear that they are "Muurs".

The nanticoke have two origin traditions. The first is that they formerly lived in the Central U.S. and migrated eastward 300 years before the coming of the Europeans to avoid incessant warfare. The interesting thing about this tradition is that it would place their origin in the Central U.S., to around the time Abubakari sailed to the Americas and built many mounds along the Mississippi River.

Another, Nanticoke tradition traces their descent to "Muurish" sailors who were shipwrecked on the Maryland shore. See:



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This is very interesting given the presence on R-M173 is found among many American Indian groups
(48). R-M173 among the North American Algonquian group range from Ojibwe (79%), Chipewyan
(62%), Seminole (50%), Cherokee (47%), Dogrib (40%) and Papago (38%) . These Indian groups
have a long association with Africans and many live in areas were Europeans found Black Native
Americans.

In most studies of North American Indians, any evidence of African haplogroups are excluded from
all analyses (47). Exclusion of evidence of non-Amerindian admixture and non-foundational
Amerindian haplogroups is regularly left out of publications on Native American DNA (49).

The R haplogroup is carried by Mexicans. The frequency of hg R varies from Tarahumara (5.6%),
Otomi (14.3%), Yucateca Maya (10.5%). There is also a high frequency of haplogroup R among the
Ch'ol and Chontal which stood around 15% (38). The Ch'ol and Chontal also carry E1b1b (38). The
Spanish identified the Otomi as a Black Native American tribe(11).

African ancestry has been found among indigenous groups that have had no historical contact with
African slaves and thus support an African presence in America, already indicated by African
skeletons among the Olmec and Mayan people. Lisker et al, noted that "The variation of Indian
ancestry among the studied Indians shows in general a higher proportion in the more isolated groups, except for the Cora, who are as isolated as the Huichol and have not only a lower frequency but also a certain degree of black admixture. The black admixture is difficult to explain because the Cora reside in a mountainous region away from the west coast" (22).

A recent study of African - Mexican admixture yielded a frequency range between 22-41% (25). In
one study the researcher found that 3% of Native Americans showed African haplogroups (25).
Underhill et al , noted that:" One Mayan male, previously [has been] shown to have an African Y
chromosome" (31). This is very interesting because the Maya language illustrates a Mande
substratum, in addition to African genetic markers (3) Plus the Chontal were identified as a Black
Native American tribe (11).

The African haplogroups among indigenous Mexicans include L0a1a'3, L2a1, L3b, L3d, and U6a (25).
Interestingly, an individual at Laguna de los Condores, Peru dating between AD 1000-1500 carried L3 (36). Green et al also found Indians with African genes in North Central Mexico, including the L1 and L2 clusters (25).

An important indicator of African admixture is 9bp (22,27). Haplogroup B is defined by 9bp (27) and is linked to haplogroup A.

The 9bp marker is reported among the North Mexicans. It is common among the Mixtec (27).
Some indigenous Mexicans show the G6PD deficiency. In a study of Yucatecos, Tzellzal-Tzoltzil,
Mixteca and Mestizo it was found that people on the Oaxaca coast suffered from G6PD deficiency
(22). Lisker also found G6PD deficiency in Costa Chica (22). The G6PD deficiency is usually carried
by SSA.

Indigenous Indians at Tlaxcala contains 8% African genes, but historically no Africans lived in the area (37). Researchers have also found L1, L2 & L3 clusters among many Mexicans including the Cora,
Mixtec and Zapotecs (39-41)

It is interesting to note that the proportion of African haplotypes roughly equivalent to the proportion of European haplotypes [among North Central Mexican Indians] cannot be explained by recent admixture of African Americans for the United States (41). This is especially the case for the Ojinaga area, which presently is, and historically has been largely isolated from U.S. African Americans. In the Ojinaga sample set, the frequency of African haplotypes was higher than that of European hyplotypes"(41).

Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) polymorphism is used to investigate ethnic relationships and
origins. Africans and Indigenous Mexicans share HLA alleles. In Table 2 we outline the
relationship. Gutherie in a study of the HLAs in indigenous American populations, found that the V
antigen of the Rhesus system, considered to be an indication of African ancestry, among Indians in
Belize and Mexico centers of Mayan civilization (45). Dr. Gutherie also noted that A*28 common
among Africans has high frequencies among Eastern Maya (45).

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In addition to A*28 , there is a high frequency of HLA B*35 among Mexicans and SSA (46). The
frequency of HLA B*35 among indigenous Mexicans and SSA is high ranging between 22-31%
among SSA populations and 30-45% among MA groups (46). It is interesting to note that the Otomi, a
Mexican group identified as being of African origin and six Mayan groups show the B Allele of the ABO system that is considered to be of African origin.

It is time that researchers stop claiming the first Native Americans were not Negroes.


Reference:

 


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