Bioanthropological analysis of human remains from the archaic and classic period discovered in Puyil cave, Mexico
María Teresa Navarro-Romero, María de Lourdes Muñoz, Ben Krause-Kyora, Javiera Cervini-Silva, Enrique Alcalá-Castañeda, Randy E. David 2024
Abstract Objectives Determine the geographic place of origin and maternal lineage of prehistoric human skeletal remains discovered in Puyil Cave, Tabasco State, Mexico, located in a region currently populated by Olmec, Zoque and Maya populations.[/n]
Materials and Methods All specimens were radiocarbon (14C) dated (beta analytic), had dental modifications classified, and had an [b]analysis of 13 homologous reference points conducted to evaluate artificial cranial deformation (ACD). Following DNA purification, hypervariable region I (HVR-1) of the mitogenome was amplified and Sanger sequenced. Finally, Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) was performed for total DNA. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants and haplogroups were determined using BioEdit 7.2 and IGV software and confirmed with MITOMASTER and WebHome softwares.
Results Radiocarbon dating (14C) demonstrated that the inhabitants of Puyil Cave lived during the Archaic and Classic Periods and displayed tabular oblique and tabular mimetic ACD. These pre-Hispanic remains exhibited five mtDNA lineages: A, A2, C1, C1c and D4. Network analysis revealed a close genetic affinity between pre-Hispanic Puyil Cave inhabitants and contemporary Maya subpopulations from Mexico and Guatemala, as well as individuals from Bolivia, Brazil, the Dominican Republic, and China.
Conclusions Our results elucidate the dispersal of pre-Hispanic Olmec and Maya ancestors and suggest that ACD practices are closely related to Olmec and Maya practices. Additionally, we conclude that ACD has likely been practiced in the region since the Middle-Archaic Period.
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Modern Indigenous American populations trace their gene pool to Asian groups who colonized northeastern Siberia, including parts of Beringia, prior to the last glacial period (Farmer et al., 2023). Haplotypes of Asian ancestry were differentially preserved, and some may have been lost in Beringian enclaves. Nevertheless, novel haplotypes and alleles arose in situ in Beringia due to new hereditary mutations, which gave rise to major founder mtDNA types (Achilli et al., 2008; Fagundes et al., 2008; Perego et al., 2009; Schroeder et al., 2009; Tamm et al., 2007). The northern Asian lineages differentiated into mtDNA haplogroups A, B, C and D, and most likely diversified before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in Siberia (Perego et al., 2010), giving rise to the indigenous mtDNA founder haplogroups of A2, B2, C1b, C1c, C1d, C4c, D1, and D4h3a.
In addition, mtDNA lineages D2a, D3 and X2a were restricted to northern North America, where they occur at lower frequencies (Achilli et al., 2008; Hooshiar Kashani et al., 2012; Kemp et al., 2007; Malhi et al., 2010; Perego et al., 2009; Tamm et al., 2007). MtDNA haplogroup A2, found at elevated frequency in the Americas, is also found in northeastern Asia, particularly Siberia, where it is at its greatest diversity, indicating the spread of people across Beringia into the Americas (O'Rourke & Raff, 2010; Volodko et al., 2008). All major Indigenous American mtDNA haplogroups can be traced back to Siberia/Northeastern Asia, as related lineages are also present among human population inhabiting these areas (Derenko et al., 2010; Starikovskaya et al., 2005). Early studies of mtDNA haplogroups in pre-Hispanic Maya populations using restriction enzymes identified haplogroups A and C at relatively elevated frequencies, and haplogroups B and D at relatively lower frequencies (González-Oliver et al., 2001). Recently, mtDNA haplogroups A, A2, A2v, C, C1, C1b14, and D were identified in pre-Hispanic Maya individuals from Palenque, Chiapas, and Comalcalco and Sueños de Oro, Tabasco (Muñoz-Moreno et al., 2021; Ochoa-Lugo & Muñoz, 2016).
Posted by -Just Call Me Jari- (Member # 14451) on :
^^^^^^Afrocentrism Mike/Clyde aint gonna like that..
Posted by BrandonP (Member # 3735) on :
quote:Originally posted by -Just Call Me Jari-: ^^^^^^Afrocentrism Mike/Clyde aint gonna like that..
Most likely, they’ll bury their heads in the sand as usual. You know how guys like them operate. Nothing you can show them can change their minds. They’re what I call willful morons.
Posted by -Just Call Me Jari- (Member # 14451) on :
I know, and its so sad because Africana is now associated with Afrocentrism....Like there's a legitimate "Black" presence in A. Egypt but we can't have a serious discussion because people immediatly think "Hotep" etc.
quote:Originally posted by BrandonP: [QUOTE]Originally posted by -Just Call Me Most likely, they’ll bury their heads in the sand as usual. You know how guys like them operate. Nothing you can show them can change their minds. They’re what I call willful morons.
Posted by BrandonP (Member # 3735) on :
quote:Originally posted by -Just Call Me Jari-: I know, and its so sad because Africana is now associated with Afrocentrism....Like there's a legitimate "Black" presence in A. Egypt but we can't have a serious discussion because people immediatly think "Hotep" etc.
Tell me about it. I honestly don’t like the term “Afrocentrism” because it’s become a snarl word for anything contradicting melanophobic narratives about Africa. On the other hand, pro-Black history spaces do tend to attract revisionists claiming almost anything under the sun for Black people. In addition to Clyde’s claims about the Olmecs, we have Tariq Nasheed’s “Hidden Colors” documentary going so far as to claim the ancient Chinese were all Black, and so on. All that stuff is on par with the History Channel’s “Ancient Aliens” crap, and it’s tiresome seeing it infiltrate spaces for Black or African history.
Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
this ain't Afrocentric ?
Posted by BrandonP (Member # 3735) on :
^ Believing that the people at Gobekli Tepe could have been dark-skinned and had African ancestry like Natufians, or that Cleopatra might have had partial African ancestry, is not as implausible or improbable as the claims I had mentioned, believe me.
Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
Black Gobekli is no different from Black Olmec You have not put a question mark in the titles or anything indicating "could have been" or "might have been" and nothing that conveys "partial ancestry" as opposed to just "African"
I asked a rhetorical question The above is clearly Afrocentric art, no different from Clyde Winters I'm not saying it's right or wrong but it is what it is, you are an Afrocentric artist (IMO), despite more nuanced comments in the forum As for your art it's time to wear the title proudly.
Posted by Djehuti (Member # 6698) on :
^ I think it's unfair to say Brandon's black Gobekli Tepe is the same as Clyde's black Olmec. The former area is much closer to Africa and one cannot discount migration or geneflow from that continent.
I'm not saying the Gobekli people were black per say but that it wouldn't surprise me if they recieved black presence or influence. The Natufians weren't far away from them after all.
^ Where did all that Hadza brown in Anatolians and other West Eurasians come from?
Posted by BrandonP (Member # 3735) on :
^ Exactly what I meant to get at.
Posted by Baalberith (Member # 23079) on :
Shitty map
Posted by Djehuti (Member # 6698) on :
^ LOL I got it from Wikipedia. It is based on the Schlebusch et al. paper on Early Holocene populations.
Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
Djehuti you post these maps with no links and that white one at the bottom a million times So no one would be able tell if you made it or it came from an article and if the article came from a credible source It is not based on Schlebusch, a map maker who posted to wiki commons "Arain23IN (who dat?) does not mention Schlebusch. The explanation is based on Loosdrecht 2018 (although they cite Fregal about Lazraidis but Fregal got it wrong talking about Lazradis 2018 Lazaridis 2018 references Loosdrecht but to disagree about Taforalt being 1/3 SSA, Lazarids says "rather than" what Loosdrecht said (quote below) The map maker should have cited the source for his map concept Loosdrecht, not Fregal (secondary) or Lazaridis
It's not from an article. Some anonymous person on wiki commons created it
at this wiki commons link, that map has a large paragraph of commentary by the maker of it and also take a look at their other maps below it (at the link)
File:Ancient North African Iberomaurusian cline Afroasiatic origin model 2023.png
description:
"a preprint from Lazaridis et al. (2018) has contested this conclusion based on new evidence from Paleolithic samples from the Dzudzuana site in Georgia (25,000 years BCE). When these samples are considered in the analysis, Taforalt can be better modeled as a mixture of a Dzudzuana component and a sub-Saharan African component..."
Own work, see also:https://brill.com/display/book/9789004500228/BP000019.xml; excerpt: "Lazaridis et al. (2016)
Lazaridis et al. (2016) observed that Eurasian populations could be explained as a mixture of four sources of ancestry: Iranian Neolithic, Levantine Neolithic, East European Paleolithic and West European Paleolithic. When Taforalt people were compared to previously published ancient and modern DNA data, Upper Paleolithic North Africans can be modeled as a mixture of Natufians (Epipaleolithic populations from the Levant) and West Africans, without the contribution of Paleolithic Europe (van de Loosdrecht et al., 2018). This result suggests that Iberomaurusian populations in North Africa were related to Paleolithic people in the Levant, but also that migrations of sub-Saharan African origin reached the Maghreb during the Pleistocene. However, a preprint from Lazaridis et al. (2018) has contested this conclusion based on new evidence from Paleolithic samples from the Dzudzuana site in Georgia (25,000 years BCE). When these samples are considered in the analysis, Taforalt can be better modeled as a mixture of a Dzudzuana component and a sub-Saharan African component. They also argue that it is the Taforalt people who contributed to the genetic composition of Natufians and not the other way around. More evidence will be needed to determine the specific origin of the North African Upper Paleolithic populations, but the presence of an ancestral U6 lineage in the Dzudzuana people is consistent with this population being related to the back migration to Africa.
^^ refers to the below Lazaridis 2018 preprint that was never published but Fregal mischaracterizes Lazaridis (below)
and below that Loosdrecht's article also 2018, that is that actual article that represents the idea Taforalt populations have a third of their ancestry from sub-Saharan Africa.
Paleolithic DNA from the Caucasus reveals core of West Eurasian ancestry Iosif Lazaridis, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Swapan Mallick, Nick Patterson, Olivia Cheronet, Nadin Rohland, Guy Bar-Oz, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Nino Jakeli, Eliso Kvavadze, David Lordkipanidze, Zinovi Matzkevich, Tengiz Meshveliani, Brendan J. Culleton, Douglas J. Kennett, Ron Pinhasi, David Reich doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/423079
September 21, 2018
Extended Data Figure 7: Differential relationship of Basal ancestry to Africa. Basal ancestry (conservative estimate) is negatively correlated with the statistic f4(X, Kostenki14, Ust’Ishim, Yoruba) which quantifies allele sharing between X and Ust’Ishim, consistent with this type of ancestry diluting the affinity of populations to this 45kya Siberian (earliest known modern human for which there are genomic data). For Taforalt and some populations from the Near East and North Africa this statistic is more negative, suggesting that they have North or Sub-Saharan-related ancestry that cannot be accounted for by any combination of the ancient West Eurasian sources whose convex hull is shown.
...our model predicts that West Africans (represented by Yoruba) had 12.5±1.1% ancestry from a Taforalt-related group rather than Taforalt having ancestry from an unknown Sub-Saharan African source 11; this may have mediated the limited Neanderthal admixture present in West Africans23. An advantage of our model is that it allows for a local North African component in the ancestry of Taforalt, rather than deriving them exclusively from Levantine and Sub-Saharan sources.11
11.↵van de Loosdrecht, M. et al. Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations. Science, (2018).
Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations Marieke van de Loosdrech 2018
To investigate this conundrum, Van de Loosdrecht et al. sequenced high-quality DNA obtained from bone samples of seven individuals from Taforalt in eastern Morocco dating from the Later Stone Age, about 15,000 years ago. The Taforalt individuals were found to be most closely related to populations from the Near East (Natufians), with a third of their ancestry from sub-Saharan Africa.
The map maker has this weird graphic where its says
Ancestral East/ West Africans Niger-Congo and Nilo Saharans
but the oval does not really cover all that and a bag chips
>> although we are way off topic here, it's an article on Mexico !!!
Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
![[Big Grin]](biggrin.gif)
