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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Swenet: [QB] A Revised Timescale for Human Evolution Based on Ancient Mitochondrial Genomes http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982213002157 Another smack in face of nutties like Explorer who want everyone to believe that there was no Middle Paleolithic split between mtDNA L + carriers and mtDNA M, N carriers near the exit points of Middle Palaeolithic Africa, and that U6, even if aboriginal to Berbers today, can be seen as not ultimately Eurasian: [QUOTE][i]Human mutation rates are directly calculated using securely dated ancient human mtDNAs ► The study provides improved molecular estimates for human evolutionary events. [b]The last major gene flow event between Africans and non-Africans was calculated to 95 kya[/b][/i][/QUOTE]--Fu et al 2013 Surprising find: [QUOTE]All but one of the ancient modern human sequences from Europe belonged to mtDNA hg U, thus confirming previous findings that hg U was the dominant type of mtDNA before the spread of agriculture into Europe. [b]The exception was the Cro-Magnon 1 sample, which belonged to the derived hg T2b1, an unexpected hg given its putative age of 30,000 years. Since the radiocarbon date for this specimen was obtained from an associated shell, we dated the sample itself using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Surprisingly, the sample had a much younger age of about 700 years, suggesting a medieval origin.[/b] Consequently, this bone fragment has now been removed from the Cro-Magnon collection at the Musee de l’Homme in Paris. ... It has been argued that hg U5 is the most ancient subhaplogroup of the U lineage, originating among the first early modern humans in Europe. Our results support this hypothesis because we find that the two Dolni Vestonice individuals radiocarbon dated to 31.5 kya carry a type of mtDNA that is as yet uncharacterized, sits close to the root of hg U, and carries two mutations that are specific to hg U5. [/i][/QUOTE] [QUOTE]We were able to reconstruct three complete and six nearly complete mitochondrial genomes from ancient human remains that were found in Europe and Eastern Asia and span 40,000 years of human history. [b]All Paleolithic and Mesolithic European samples belong to mtDNA hg U, as was previously suggested for pre-Neolithic Europeans [15].[/b] Two of the three individuals from the Dolni Vestonice triple burial associated with the pre-ice age Gravettian culture, namely, 14 and 15, show identical mtDNAs, suggesting a maternal relationship. Furthermore, both individuals display a mitochondrial sequence that [b]falls basal in a phylo- genetic tree compared to the post-ice age hunter-gatherer samples from Italy and central Europe, as well as the contemporary mtDNA hg U5 (Figure 1).[/b] It has been argued that hg U5 is the most ancient subhaplogroup of the U lineage, originating among the first early modern humans in Europe [18]. Our results support this hypothesis because we find that the two Dolni Vestonice individuals radiocarbon dated to 31.5 kya carry a type of mtDNA that is as yet un- characterized, sits close to the root of hg U, and carries two mutations that are specific to hg U5. With our recali- brated molecular clock, we date the age of the U5 branch to approximately 30 kya, thus predating the LGM. [b]Because the majority of late Paleolithic and Mesolithic mtDNAs analyzed to date fall on one of the branches of U5[/b] (see also [15]), our data provide some support for maternal genetic continuity between the pre- and post-ice age Euro- pean hunter-gatherers from the time of first settlement to the onset of the Neolithic. U4, another hg commonly found in Mesolithic hunter-gatherers [15], has so far not been sequenced in a Paleolithic individual, and we find hgs U8 and U2 in pre-LGM individuals but not in later hunter-gath- erers. At present, the genetic data on Upper Paleolithic, and especially pre-ice age, populations are too sparse to comment on whether or not this is representative of a change in the genetic structure of the population, perhaps caused by a bottleneck during the LGM and a subsequent repopulation from glacial refugia.[/QUOTE] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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