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A-Group Nubians Caucasoid?
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Djehuti: [QB] Getting back to the issue of A-Group Nubians LoStranger cites an old paper from anthropologist Eugen Strouhal. Strouhal's findings still hold valid and were verified by more recent studies as I will show. The problem with Strouhal like many anthropologists of his day is the way he interprets his findings via use of the racial typological terms like "Caucasoid" to describe certain features. Other than that, he is correct that A-Group remains closely resemble those of their neighbors. [i] [b]Neolithic Egyptians and their origin[/b] In contrast to the sturdy nomadic or semi-sedentary human groups of presumed Saharan origin, [b]the first agriculturalists and cattle-breeders, living in Nubia with a culture labelled by archaeologists as Group A in the 5th millennium BC, were slim and gracile, dolichocranic, with small faces and slightly broader noses. Their physical features were Caucasoid, not distinguishable from the contemporary Predynastic Upper Egyptians of the Badarian and Nagadian cultures[/b] (Billy 1975, Simon, Menk 1985). The origin of the Egyptians was looked for in the course of almost two centuries in nearer or more distant regions in all possible directions. It has not been, however, established yet with certainty. Predynastic Egyptians seem to be similar to the Capsian Mesolithic people of North Africa and to the historical Berbers. Recently it has been supposed that they had entered the Nile Valley from Neolithic Sahara through the Western Oases, bringing with them the archaic way of agriculture and cattle breeding (Strouhal 1988). The problem of the Egyptians' origins has been intensively studied by linguists, too. Greenberg (1955) proved that Hamitic and Semitic languages are genetically bound, as both developed from a common Hamito-Semitic (recently called Afro-Asian) language. Later it was split into an Asian (Semitic) and four African branches: the Tchadian, Berberic, Egyptian, and Kushitic. The Old Egyptian language, being the most archaic known one, has retained its original Hamito-Semitic character. It assumed a central geographic position, while the three other language families further polarized during migrations and evolution of their speakers.[/i] By the way 'A-Group' a.k.a. Qustul Culture is associated with this area of the Nile. [IMG]https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/images/archive/museum/nubia/Agroupmap.jpg[/IMG] ^ Qustul Culture stretched from just north of the 2nd Cataract to as far north as the town of Kubaniyya in Upper Egypt. The Egyptians called these people 'Setiu' (bowmen) and their land Ta-Seti (Land of the Bow), though interestingly enough the Egyptians distinguished between the 1st nome of Upper Egypt Ta-Seti nwt in Aswan from Ta-Seti khast which is the foreign kingdom beyond the 1st Cataract. But more on that soon. For now, to answer LoStranger's question, there have been many studies done elucidating the relations of Qustuli Nubians with other Nile Valley populations since that Strouhal study. For example here are some charts from craniometric studies showing who the Qustuli most resembled and they all agree that they have the closest affinity with Wawati (C-Group) Nubians. [b]Carlson 1974[/b] [IMG]https://i.ibb.co/FYCdT0f/Carlson1974.png[/IMG] [b]Brothwell 2016[/b] [IMG]https://i.ibb.co/KqK7WJh/Brothwell2016-Chart.png[/IMG] [b]Irish 2010[/b] [IMG]https://i.ibb.co/J75YMb9/Mukherj-Cranial-M.png[/IMG] ^ Note Sub-Saharan Tigray from Ethiopia craniometrically cluster with Nubians specifically the D-Group sample. Now here are a couple of charts from nonmetric studies which yield a more accurate indications of genetic relations. [b]Godde 2018 (cranial nonmetrics)[/b] [IMG]https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0018442X18300295-gr2.jpg[/IMG] [b]Irish 2010 (dental nonmetrics)[/b] [IMG]https://i.ibb.co/6H8qrV4/Mukherj-Dental-NM.png[/IMG] Note that in both A-Group strays away from the nucleus of Nile Valley groups, but note that in Irish's graph A-Group clusters with the Ethiopian Tigray sample. And here are both of Irish's charts to show the contrast between craniometrics and dental nonmetrics with the latter being more reliable in genetic relations. [IMG]https://i.imgur.com/khODy8D.png[/IMG] What's interesting about these nonmetric findings is that there seems to be support from Y-DNA evidence. [i]Bone samples from different skeletal elements of burial sites from Neolithic, Meroitic, Post-Meroitic and Christian periods in Sudan were collected from Sudan National Museum. aDNA extraction was successful in 35 out of 76 samples, PCR was performed for sex determination using Amelogenin marker. Fourteen samples were females and 19 were males. To generate Y-chromosome specific haplogroups A-M13, B-M60, F-M89 and Y Alu Polymorphism (YAP) markers, which define the deep ancestral haplotypes in the phylogenetic tree of Y-chromosome were used. [b]Haplogroups A-M13 was found at high frequencies among Neolithic samples.[/b] Haplogroup F-M89 and YAP appeared to be more frequent among Meroitic, Post-Meroitic and Christian periods. Haplogroup B-M60 was not observed in the sample analyzed.[/i] [URL=https://www.docdroid.net/8GAIp0X/genetic-patterns-of-y-chromosome-and-mitochondrial-hassan-2009.pdf]Hassan 2009[/URL] Ironically haplogroup A is the oldest clade in the world and is known as "Sub-Saharan" yet it was common among Qustuli Nubians. [IMG]https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-8618334e12f0b6054e638f0179d7b754-pjlq[/IMG] ^ It also seems that hg A is also found in the Tigray region of Ethiopia as well. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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