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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Doug M: [QB] Nope. But thanks alTakruri for pointing it out, I will look for it. More on the antiquity of house building in Africa and the tradition of building with stone in the Western Sahel: http://phpbb-host.com/phpbb/viewtopic.php?p=2617&sid=8a79d3de251078be4227f758c266e2c9&mforum=thenile Dar Tichitt is known for its stown masonry buildings stretching back possibly as far as 4,000 B.C. or farther. Yet hardly is anything mentioned about this civilization when talking about ancient civilizations in the world. This style of building is still practiced in Mauretania and can be seen in the ancient Almoravid city of Azouga as well as Chinguetti. The settlement at Tichitt is said to have been built by Mande speaking people: [QUOTE] The Ghana Empire is believed to have started as a small agro-pastoralist settlement in a region known as Awkar, established around the middle of the fourth century. Then around 750 or 800 AD, a Mandé people known as the Soninke united under Majan Dyabe Cisse or Dinga Cisse in taking over Awkar. Archaeological testimony supports that the Mandé were among the first peoples on the continent, outside the Nile region and Ethiopia, to produce stone settlement civilizations. These were built on the rocky promontories of the Tichitt-Walata and Tagant cliffs of Mauritania where hundreds of stone masonry settlements, with clear street layouts, have been found. Dating from as early as 1600 BC, these towns had a unique four-tier hierarchy and tribute collection system. This civilization began to decline around 300 BC with the intrusion of Berber armies from the Sahara, but with later reorganization and new trade opportunities, the Wagadou/Ghana Kingdom arose. This polity seems to have inherited the social and economic organization of the Tichitt-Walata complex. [1] Over time, Wagadou became the center of power for trade in the region. The Dinga Cisse became the first Ghana (warrior king) and his clan became the rulers of the new state. To this day, the Cisse name is prominent in the politics of Mali and Mauritania. [/QUOTE] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Empire Meanwhile, to the East, the Kanem Bornu empire is said to have been derived from Nilo Saharan populations and is partly responsible for the spread of items, including horses from Dongola in Sudan and other things like the "Nubian" house style, IMO. [QUOTE] n the Lake Chad region, far to the east of the Niger bend, trans-Saharan trade was controlled by the state of Kanem, founded by Nilo-Saharan Kanuri nomads in about 800. By 1000 Kanem came under the leadership of the Saifawa clan, who established an Islamic dynasty and a settled capital at Njimi, north of Lake Chad. Kanem controlled the shortest route across the desert, by way of the highlands of Aïr (in what is now north central Niger) and the Libyan region of Fezzan. Its traders also had access, by way of the Sudanese regions of Darfūr and Kordofan, to the markets of the Sudanese Nile and ultimately to Egypt. Kanem traded copper and salt from the desert, horses from North Africa, and ivory, ostrich feathers, and slaves from the south. In the 13th century, Kanem’s army was 40,000 horsemen strong, and the state controlled trade as far north as Fezzan. Near the end of the century Kanem absorbed the state of Bornu, southwest of Lake Chad, and moved its capital to Birmi, in the grasslands of Bornu. In the 16th century the rulers of Kanem-Bornu strengthened their control over the region with firearms imported from Ottoman North Africa. [/QUOTE] http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572628_27/Africa.html [/QB][/QUOTE]
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