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Narmer Palette and Uruk Cylinder Seal Serpopard Motifs
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by NonProphet: [QB] [i]Since Bruce Williams published his Qutsul and Hedjet idea, Abydos digs have revealed AE royal graves which predate Qustul burials. Nubian archeologist W.Y. Adams said, "The evidence for William's theory is not convincing. At the time his theory was published, Qustul tombs antedated the earliest royal tombs of Egypt, of Naqada phase IIIb. But recently an Abydos tomb of IIIa has been found(U-j) so Qustul loses chronological primacy. There are unusual objects in Egyptian style at Qustul, but they are all likely to have been imports from Egypt, not products of Nubia. Two vessels, for example, have painted designs, according to Williams, the conquest of southern Egypt(Ta shemau) and of Nekhen. But the worn signs may be misread, and in any case would refer to conquests by the Egyptians over other Egyptians, since the vases are of Egyptian origin. Early in the 1st Dynasty, the A-group culture including Qustul ended and they were driven away not to return for about 600yrs. This can only have been due to organized Egyptian aggression, intended to place the valuable trade of stones and gold under their control. The Egyptians not only prevented Lower Nubian resettlement; early in the 4th Dynasty they founded several strategically placed towns, such as Buhen. These improved Egypt's access to Lower Nubian minerals and perhaps reflect an increased trade with Upper Nubia. However, some 160 yrs later Egypt abandoned these towns and Nubians began to resettle Lower Nubia..."[/i] [i]"The evidence from Umm el Gabb(Abydos) demonstates that not only pharaonic kingship, but also the primary elements of a centralized statesystem, including writing and a complex administrative governmental apparatus, were evolving in Egypt for several centuries prior to the 1st Dynasty and there is no comparable evidence for the long-term development of such institutions in the A-Group."[/i] Predynastic AE was trading partners with Lower Nubia so no surprise that the Nekhen AE style and made Qustul burner was discovered there along with other AE products. Horus King symbols, Rosette, AE style ships, Lotus/Papyrus plants, Hedjet crown, Hieroglyphs and proto-glyphs all have origins in Naqada AE cultures north of the 1st cataract. King Scorpion with Red and White(Hedjet)crowns c.3200BCE [IMG]http://www.crystalinks.com/scorpionking2.gif[/IMG] [IMG]http://www.susanwisebauer.com/wp-content/scorpionkingshadow.jpg[/IMG] [i] [b]In addition to maintaining trade contacts with Egypt, A-Group rulers employed symbols that were used by Egyptian pharaohs of that time. Some Nubian seal impressions depict a bow above a rectangle (right), probably the earliest writing of Ta-Seti, “Land of the Bow,” an ancient Egyptian name for Nubia.The A-Group flourished until it was destroyed by pharaohs of Egypt’s First Dynasty around 3100 BC. Much of northern Nubia was not inhabited for centuries afterwards, at least partly because of Egyptian military action. There is evidence of some occupation during this time, however; a settlement at Buhen near the 2nd cataract, with Egyptian and Nubian pottery, may have been a base for trade or copper working during the Egyptian Old Kingdom (2686–2125 BC).[/b] [/i] [IMG]http://oi.uchicago.edu/museum/nubia/i/Agroupmap.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://oi.uchicago.edu/museum/nubia/i/QIB-Header.jpg[/IMG] "Ancient Nubia: Egypt's Rival in Africa" Philadelphia: University Museum / Univ. of Penn. (W.Y. Adams 1985; Wegner 1996; O'Conner 1993) http://oi.uchicago.edu/museum/nubia/agroup.html http://oi.uchicago.edu/museum/nubia/aqib.html [/QB][/QUOTE]
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