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Population Y, the real First Americans?
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Djehuti: [qb] ^ The genomic data is clear that these Paleo-Indians are not related to Australo-Melanesians directly but [i]indirectly[/i] as [i]some[/i] Paleo-Americans and [i]some[/i] Australo-Melanesians share admixture from the same Population Y. This was addressed before in other threads like [URL=http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=8;t=010151]here[/URL] and [URL=http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=8;t=010136]here[/URL]. Population Y genomics aside, we also have non-metric odontological data showing that modern Amerindians predominantly have not only sinodonty but [i]super[/i]-sinodonty as shown by the 2016 Richard Scott et al. [URL=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296124472_Sinodonty_vs_Sundadonty_issues_of_source_populations_and_timing_in_the_settlement_of_the_Americas]paper[/URL], yet in certain parts of South and Central America there are traces of sundadonty which was more prevalent in paleolithic times as shown in the 2009 Richard Sutter [URL=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/48514779_Prehistoric_Population_Dynamics_in_the_Peruvian_Andes]paper[/URL]. And earlier this year a paper came out by James Chatter et al. about [URL=https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2021.1895531]Naia's dental morphology vs. other Paleo-indians[/URL]. ABSTRACT [i]The dental morphology of the earliest Americans is poorly known, partly because existing data are largely unpublished and partly because dental wear is typically extreme in the few complete dentitions available. The remains of Naia, a 13,000–12,000 year-old young woman from Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula, possess a complete dental record in perfect condition, offering the unique opportunity to record the dental morphology of an early Paleoindian and a chance to address the long-standing debate about whether these first people exhibited Sundadont or Sinodont dental morphology. [b]As an individual, her dentition would fit comfortably in the Sinodont grouping.[/b] However, when she is included in the population of North American skeletal remains that can be confidently placed before ∼9000 years ago, a different pattern emerges. [b]The Paleoindians fall neatly between the two dental patterns, suggesting that the founding North American population exhibits a dental pattern of its own, independent of its east Asian relatives.[/b][/i] [/qb][/QUOTE]The dental pattern of the paleoamericans does not deny their Negroid existence. Population Y was Negroid like the other ancient populations of the Americas. Anthropologist Christy Turner identified two patterns, Sinodonty and Sundadonty, for East Asia, within the "Mongoloid dental complex"[1]. The latter is regarded as having a more generalised, Australoid morphology and having a longer ancestry than its offspring, Sinodonty. Sino and Sunda refer to China and Sundaland, while 'dont' refers to teeth. He found the Sundadont pattern in the Jōmon of Japan, Taiwanese aborigines, Filipinos, Indonesians, Thais, Borneans, Laotians, and Malaysians, and the Sinodont pattern in the inhabitants of China, Mongolia, eastern Siberia, Native Americans, and the Yayoi. Sinodonty is a particular pattern of teeth common among Native Americans and some peoples in Asia, in particular the northern Han Chinese and some Japanese populations. The upper first two incisors are not aligned with the other teeth, but rotated a few degrees inward, and, moreover, they are shovel-shaped; the upper first premolar has one root (whereas the upper first premolar in Caucasians has normally two roots). The lower first molar in Sinodonts has three roots (whereas it has two roots in Caucasians). In the 1990s, Turner's dental measurements were frequently mentioned as one of three new tools for studying origins and migrations of human populations. The other two were linguistic methods like Joseph Greenberg's mass comparison of vocabulary or Johanna Nichols's statistical study of language typology and its evolution, and genetic studies pioneered by Cavalli-Sforza. The African type can be traced to the African type that lived in China. This Negro type was characterized by sindonty. The earliest examples of sindonty date back to the Choukoudian/Zhoudian Upper Cave type not the sundonty pattern which arrived in the Pacific with the classical mongoloid people found in Indonesia. The classical mongoloids entered Southeast Asia and the Pacific after African speaking Manding and Dravidian speaking people had already settled much of the Pacific. This is supported by the Sindonty pattern found among the Japanese ho have a Dravidian and African substratum in their language. Secondly, archaeological research makes it clear that Negroids were very common to ancient China. F. Weidenreich ([b] in Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. Peiping 13, (1938-30) noted that the one of the earliest skulls from north China found in the Upper Cave of Chou-k'ou-tien [Zhoudian], was of a Oceanic Negroid/Melanesoid " (p.163).[/b] In conclusion, the sindonty pattern is an African feature. C.G. Turner's research makes it clear that the early Americans were sindonty not sundonty (see: Turner, "Teeth and prehistory in Asia, Scientific American,(Feb.1989) 88-96), in fact he places the origin of these sindonty people in Northern China at Zhoukoudian Upper Cave. An African influence in the rise of man in the Americas is clearly supported by the archaeological, craniometric, toponymic and linguistic evidence. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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