One of the spiritual beliefs held by the Egyptians that was considered truly "unique" in the ancient world was their belief in the anatomy of the spiritual being.
This "spirit anatomy" can be quite confusing, since the Egyptians believed there are various spiritual aspects that made up the whole of a single individual.
The Concept of the Soul in Ancient Egypt The Five Parts of Man
The concept of the Ka and the Ba is an ancient one which is not so easy to understand for our western minds.
The ancient Egyptians regarded the human being as made up of five different elements; the Ba, the Ka, the Akh, the Name and the Shadow.
The Ba
has sometimes been equalized with our concept of the soul, (the definition of which also varies according to whom you may ask) but there are several differences.
The Ba refers to all those non-physical qualities that make up the personality of a human. But it also has to do with power - and gods as well as humans can have a Ba. Certain deities were even described as being the Ba of another god, i.e. the Ba of Re was the Benu bird at Heliopolis, and the Apis bull was considered the Ba of Osiris.
An important function of the Ba was to make it possible for the deceased to leave his tomb and rejoin his Ka. As the pysical body could no longer do this, the Ba, transformed into a bird with a human head, which could fly between the tomb and the underworld. It was also believed that the Ba could take on any form it chose, and that it had to reunite with the deceased every night in order for the deceased person to live forever and become an Akh; an ancestor.
So the Ba was very much attached to the physical body, contrary to the concept of the soul or the spirit. It was even thought that the Ba had physical needs, like food and water.
The Ka
Originally the word Ka meant 'bull', but soon its meaning became intellectual and spiritual power.
It is almost impossible to translate the concept into our words, but try to think of it as the 'creative power in any being, wether human or divine'. The word 'sustenance' has also been used as description.
It was thought that the creator god Khnum created a person´s Ka when he created the person on his potter´s wheel. The Ka then followed the person like a shadow or a double all through life, but when the person died, the Ka returned to its heavenly abode. It was also dependent on food offerings, either real ones or carved as depictions on tomb walls. Unlike the Ba, the Ka was not thought to eat these offerings, but to assimilate their energy in the same way that the cult statues of the gods 'assimilated' the energy from the offerings set before them.
In daily life, when giving food or drink to someone, the ancient Egyptians often used the phrase: For your Ka to observe the life-giving energy of the Ka.
Akh
This was the form in which the blessed dead lived on in the hereafter. It was also the result of the union between the Ba and the Ka. An Akh was believed to live on unharmed for eternity, they were sometimes referred to as 'The Shining Ones'.
Name
The Name (ren) was a very important part of an individual. It was regarded as a living part of the individual and it was believed that the name or the word was the perfect expression of the person or thing in question. A newborn child had to get a name immediately or it would not come properly into existence.
To get a good understanding of the importance of a Name, one can think of the Memphite Theology where it is expressed that the creator god Ptah created the world by uttering all the names for everything.
Often the ancients did not want to pronounce a deity´s name, but used differnt synonyms instead, like Yinepu (Gr: Anubis) was often called: 'He who is before the divine booth', meaning the mummification house. In that way the true name of the god could remain hidden and protected.
It was thought that 'whosoever´s name is uttered, then he lives', which make us remember that to give offerings and utter a deceased loved one´s name meant that the person lived on among 'The Shining Ones'. And the only person who could destroy demonic powers was he who knew their names. When travelling through the Underworld, the dangers that were encountered, were repelled with : 'I know you and I know your names'.
Shadow
Finally, the Shadow (shwt) was also believed to be a living, essential part of the individual. Now, we must realize that in a country such as Egypt, shadow can be a blessing and protection from the burning rays of the sun. It was also seen as an entity with power, and which could move at great speed.
Just as the Shadow can protect, it needs to be protected, in likewise manner. Here´s the ancient Egyptian duality can be seen, which means that everything exists also in its complementary form. Nothing existed isolated, only for itself. The function was always intertwined with their universe, with Netjer and with Man
These multiple spiritual aspects or components that are uniquely Egyptian are in fact also African and are common in the spiritual beliefs found in other parts of Africa, so are the beliefs in names!
Like in West Africa for example, many peoples believe a person has multiple spirits, many of which are strikingly similar to Egyptian beliefs! The Fang people believe that a person has three spirits: One spirit was tied to the body as its power, another could come and go until as long as the body existed, and still another soul had permanent existence independent of the body. There are others like the Akan who believe in 4 or 5 spiritual components of a person and there are even a few West African groups who identify as many as 7 spirit components for one individual!
Another belief is superstition of names. Many Africans believe that words have power and the most powerful words are of course names. As I understand, the ancient Egyptians were weary of giving their names to strangers because a person could use the name for magic. Like writing down a name on a piece of paper and burning it. A popular myth is how the goddess Aset(Isis) gained power over Ra by learning his secret name. Even today in some parts of Africa, people don't give their names to strangers and in some societies people keep their real names a secret while a false name is used publicly!
Just another of the many links to African culture!
Posts: 26239 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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All traditional African peoples agree that the soul of an individual lives on after death. Some people distinguish more than one spiritual essence living within one person, the life-soul or biospirit which disappears at the moment of definitive death, and the thought-soul which keeps his individual identity even after it is separated from the body. The life-soul can, according to some peoples in Africa and Asia, be separated during a person's life, in times of danger, and be kept hidden in a safe place, so that its owner can be harmed, mortally wounded even, but not killed, as long as his life-soul is safe. When the danger is past, the life-soul can be restored to the body and the person is hale and hearty again. The thought-soul lives on after death, but not for ever, it may gradually die and be forgotten. Souls of little children who died young, those of weak minds and insignificant persons will fade away after some years lingering. If, however, an individual had a strong personality, a rich and famous man, a mother of many children, a chief, someone who was loved or admired, that soul will live on for many generations. Evil souls, too, may have a long afterlife: witches, sorcerers, the souls with a grudge, who have a score to settle, will wait for their revenge and haunt the living for years. The oldest concept of the place where the dead continue their existence is the forest. The impenetrable depth of the great forests of Africa is the heartland of the spirits and of all magical beings. Where there are steep rocks, the dead reside in deep, dark caves, where their souls flutter about disguised as bats. Below the surface of rivers and lakes is the habitat of many souls. Many others linger on near the graveyards where they were buried. The good souls of the loved ones who have died, the wise parents' souls still accompany their living children and grandchildren.
The Yoruba (Nigeria) believe that each person has at least three spiritual beings. Firstly there is the spirit, emi, literally 'breath', which resides in the lungs and heart and is fed by the wind through the nostrils, just as the fire is fed through the twin openings in the blacksmith's bellows. This emi is the vital force which makes a man live, that is, breathe, rise up, walk, be aware, be active, work, speak, see, hear and make love. There is also the shadow or shade, ojiji, which follows its owner like a dog. When he dies, it awaits his return in heaven. The third is the eleda 'spirit' or ori 'head', also translated as 'guardian soul'; from time to time it has to be 'fed' by sacrifices. At death these spiritual aspects of a person leave the body and wait for him or her in heaven. An individual is expected to return to his clan as a newborn baby. Babatunde, 'Father returns' is a name which is given to a child when it resembles his father's father; Yetunde 'Mother returns' for a girl. Physical resemblances determine the identity of the baby. Before death, the emi-spirit may visit relatives, clan-members who will thus learn in a dream that their kinsman or -woman is going to die soon. Even in daytime, the cold presence of a dying relative may be felt from far away, as if he were close by. The ghosts of those who died in mid-life may go and live in distant towns and assume a quasi-physical existence there. A man who died early in life might even marry, his wife would not even know that her husband was dead already, a mere ghost. When the final hour arrives, the man dies a second time. After death the guardian soul arrives in heaven and confesses to the Supreme God Olorun what it has done on earth. The good souls will then be sent to the Good Heaven, Orun Rere. The souls of the wicked, those who are guilty of theft, murder or cruelty, poisoning, witchcraft or slander, will be sent to Orun Buburu, the Bad Heaven, as punishment.
African artists almost always remain anonymous because of the power they assign to names, which are considered the essence of the things named. A man may have three names, two of which are secret, and different from the name that is connected to his physical body. The craftsman does not perceive himself as an "artist" worthy of connecting his name to a "creation."
In the philosophy of many West African peoples, the spoken 'word' is equated with life-force. It contains the power that gives life and effectiveness to all things. The 'word' is 'water and seed and blood in one'. It is through the spoken word that humans can create and give life to inanimate objects.{11}
In many West African societies, the act of naming is used to bring 'things' to life. For instance, a new-born child becomes a complete human
"only when the father ... gives him a name and pronounces it. Before this the little body is ... a thing; if it dies, it is not even mourned ... A creature which is sharply distinguished from the animal and has its place in the community of men is produced not by the act of birth, but by the word-seed: it is designated."
For many West African peoples, naming is not a single event, but a continuous activity in which an individual may inherit several layers of names. Among the Hausa of Northern Nigeria and Niger, a 'secret' name is whispered to a 3-or 4-day-old infant in its mother's hut. Then a 'public' name is given at a ceremony at 7 days of age. This name is either from the Koran or the name of an ancestor. An infant will also receive several names from elders and siblings, reflecting events surrounding the birth, or personal traits of the named. Later, grandparents will often give additional names to the growing child in reference to its character and accomplishment. A Hausa adult may also acquire a 'praise name' in reference to occupation; it is usually a critique, positive or negative, of the person's actions."{13} In many parts of Ghana a child also receives a 'secret' name, a 'day' name (stating the day of birth) and several other names. The practice of multiple naming seems to be a pan-West African phenomenon."{14}
The systematic destruction of African cultures by slavery ensured that many facets of these cultures were lost in the U.S.. In fact, the name was one of the first aspects of African culture to be stripped from an African, even before arrival in the New World.{15}
[This message has been edited by Djehuti (edited 16 July 2005).]
Posts: 26239 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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posted
You could say that a watered down version of Egyptian spiritual reflectiveness is what produced many of the fundamental concepts of Islam, Judasim and Christianity as well as a proto-psychology more resonant of CG Jung's Gnostic reconcilliations than Freud's Greek inspired conflict-orientation. For what it's worth, I consider the latter to be the extremely twisted outcome of ultra-rationalist tendencies typical of a 19th Century Western reductionist-mechanist orientation. Other folks like Kierkegarrd in Europe or Thoreau. Emerson, Whitman, James, Twain and the trancendentalist school echo the type of wholism - unity in diversity - Egyptians were proposing back when. Joseph Campbell's investigations are an intrisic part of a generally positivist/optimistic Oriental-Egyptian picture. Opposedly, it is easy to see why corporate psychiatry of the worst and most Nazi-like kind becomes the neo-Freudian "psuedo-scientific" response to primary issues of ontology and the one favoured by a not-so-above-board Western medical establishment.
quote:Originally posted by Pimander: You could say that a watered down version of Egyptian spiritual reflectiveness is what produced many of the fundamental concepts of Islam, Judasim and Christianity as well as a proto-psychology more resonant of CG Jung's Gnostic reconcilliations than Freud's Greek inspired conflict-orientation. For what it's worth, I consider the latter to be the extremely twisted outcome of ultra-rationalist tendencies typical of a 19th Century Western reductionist-mechanist orientation. Other folks like Kierkegarrd in Europe or Thoreau. Emerson, Whitman, James, Twain and the trancendentalist school echo the type of wholism - unity in diversity - Egyptians were proposing back when. Joseph Campbell's investigations are an intrisic part of a generally positivist/optimistic Oriental-Egyptian picture. Opposedly, it is easy to see why corporate psychiatry of the worst and most Nazi-like kind becomes the neo-Freudian "psuedo-scientific" response to primary issues of ontology and the one favoured by a not-so-above-board Western medical establishment.
There are more things in heaven and earth...
a bientot DMc
I don't see how these particular beliefs reflect in any of the modern religions.
Posts: 26239 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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posted
No offence - but are you sure you "know" how to look and where?
If you're looking for corroboration, Egyptian icons bring most of the pieces together and Thoth-Djehudi is one of the more elborate composites. Since it is impossible to separate the form of Neter icons from their function or their place in "action" within a unified whole - Egyptian physiology, psychology, ontology and ritual become one. Parallels exist in Indian Ayurvedic medicine - but Egypt was where Greek, Jewish and Persian doctors went for their "cures". I am led to believe that Egypt was without peer when it came to melding psychosomatic with physiological elements of the same practice.
Egyptian magico-medico traditions fuse with some of the more stridently suppressed elements of the three major religions - or rather - renegade segments of them. Shared terminology exists - one of the better known being the "rukh" - "double" or divine breath. This takes on at least a couple of forms/connotations in Egypt - the rkhyt bird among them.
Just a brief gust. I'd have to trot out some old notes to give you a breeze.
posted
here goes another African aspect to Egyptian spiritual beliefs. (read first 2 posts)
Posts: 26239 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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posted
Any replies to this thread? This topic is another significant one that reveals how African the Egyptians were. Of course I don't expect the trolls to answer lest they spin and scramble like always.
Posts: 26239 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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This was the form in which the blessed dead lived on in the hereafter. It was also the result of the union between the Ba and the Ka. An Akh was believed to live on unharmed for eternity, they were sometimes referred to as 'The Shining Ones'.
Thought Writes:
Very interesting. It would be likewise interesting to compare this philosophy with the uniting of papa legba and the correlation found at the cross-roads of fate/genetics and freewill....
Posts: 2720 | Registered: May 2004
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posted
The point of this thread is to show that even the very core spiritual beliefs of the Egyptians was African, but you never hear about such beliefs being African.
Posts: 26239 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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posted
Put into the simplist of terms it is not that difficult to understand the spiritual aspects of the Ba, the Ka, Ankh and so forth.
Basically a man is composed of material elements which sustains his spiritual element. Within the spiritual element there is one component which we could call the lower or animal self, and there is a higher component, in addition there is a universal element, the soul of the entire world.
The individual soul is a part of the universal soul, which divides roughly into the higher and lower. The higher being a fragment of the universal soul of god, and the lower being the ego of man.
All the components are represented by various gods but are really just facets of the One God.
Posts: 304 | From: egypt | Registered: Dec 2005
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posted
Yes; Judaism, Christianity and Islam all come from Egypt and they are more watered down mimics of original Egyptian dogma, myth and thought and Gods. The Gods Jehovah and Allah comes from the God Amen[hence the reason they say "amen" at the end of prayers] in Egypt and was passed down by high priests in Palestine to start these ridiculous religions that people believe in today lol.
Posts: 6 | Registered: Apr 2006
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posted
^^realstupid, please do not pollute my thread with any more of your senseless banter!
You were whining about Egyptians having no cultural connections with "Sub-Saharan" Africa, well read the first 2 posts I wrote and you can see for yourself only a scant few of MANY things they share in common, especially spiritually!!
If you have nothing intelligent to say, I suggest you not say anything at all! Posts: 26239 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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posted
The first 2 posts of this thread reveal strikingly similar spiritual beliefs between Egyptians and other Africans...
What beliefs could be more spiritual than beliefs in the spirit itself?!
Posts: 26239 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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posted
This is a good thread. I read somewhere about nine different parts of the soul in Egyptian cosmology. It is certainly streching my mind in terms of how to identify nine attributes of a person cause in our Judaic-Christian-Islamic understanding, we have just spirit, soul, and body. And of course the soul has different attributes, such as volition, mind, reasoning, etc. But it is understood to be part of the soul. With nine attributes in the Egyptian understanding of self....man, it isn't easy to understand. At least not at first glance. Salaam
Posts: 826 | From: U.S.A. | Registered: Jun 2006
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posted
^^Your welcome. Of course, my second point in creating this thread was to show the striking parallels between the beliefs of the Egyptians and those of West Africa.
Posts: 26239 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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quote:Originally posted by Djehuti: ^^Your welcome. Of course, my second point in creating this thread was to show the striking parallels between the beliefs of the Egyptians and those of West Africa.
Nice thread but lacks the depth that I require. I have actually read all this stuff somewhere else before (on many different sites too) but it doesn't give me something "meaty" enough. The closest I've come to "practical" Egyptian sprituality is reading Ra Un Nefer Amen's books... unfortunately, the dude seems to pull stuff out of "thin air".
Can anyone help?
How about some "practical egyptian spirituality" people?
Posts: 3423 | From: the jungle - when y'all stop playing games, call me. | Registered: Jul 2006
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quote:Originally posted by Djehuti: ^^What do you have in mind?
Places where rituals are performed... ways in which one can communicate with ancestors... knowledge can only go so far.
I get the suspicion that many of the ancient civilisations who had a real grasp of spirituality where perhaps just intoxicated by drugs such as Ayahusca, Cannabis, Magic Mushrooms e.t.c... Perhaps, using these substances IS THE WAY of communicating with the Neteru (or perhaps not, who knows?). It is not so far fetched when you consider that these plants are as natural and mysterious as we humans (or anything else on the planet) is.
Also, I have read/watched that the ancient Egyptians may have been capable of astral projection....
Posts: 3423 | From: the jungle - when y'all stop playing games, call me. | Registered: Jul 2006
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quote:Originally posted by herukhuti: Places where rituals are performed... ways in which one can communicate with ancestors... knowledge can only go so far.
Unfortunately, most of what we know about Egyptian religion comes from texts written by the elite e.g. Pharoahs and priests. As far as places where rituals were performed, of course there are temples but these were strictly for the priesthood and the Pharaoh and not the general public. And unfortunately, most of these rituals were not written down or recorded since like many ancient religions, were assumed or expected to be known or passed down through practice alone. It is mostly names and magical incantations that were written in texts.
One of the rituals we do know was that the Egyptians like many Afrasian speaking peoples believed rocks and stones can be sacred because they can be inbued with the spirit of the gods, especially if that stone was carved in the god's image. One of the daily rituals of the temple priests were to make offerings, clothe, and even feed stone idols of their gods.
quote:I get the suspicion that many of the ancient civilisations who had a real grasp of spirituality where perhaps just intoxicated by drugs such as Ayahusca, Cannabis, Magic Mushrooms e.t.c... Perhaps, using these substances IS THE WAY of communicating with the Neteru (or perhaps not, who knows?). It is not so far fetched when you consider that these plants are as natural and mysterious as we humans (or anything else on the planet) is.
Yes, there are many cultures that believe in communion with the spirit world through intoxication, but there was no evidence of that in Egypt that I am aware of. In fact I don't know of any such rituals in Africa, unless you know one. Also not all deeply spiritual cultures have intoxication as a ritual. For example, meditation in many Eastern cultures and religions was a way of contacting the spirit world.
quote:Also, I have read/watched that the ancient Egyptians may have been capable of astral projection....
LOL Dude, I think you've gotten into the realm of pseudo-science here. Although the astral body was one of the Egyptian spirit aspects.
Posts: 26239 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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quote:Originally posted by Djehuti: Yes, there are many cultures that believe in communion with the spirit world through intoxication, but there was no evidence of that in Egypt that I am aware of. In fact I don't know of any such rituals in Africa, unless you know one. Also not all deeply spiritual cultures have intoxication as a ritual. For example, meditation in many Eastern cultures and religions was a way of contacting the spirit world.
I don't know of any in Africa... but there was a documentary on one of the discovery (or similar) channels that mentioned the Zulu using cannabis when they were in a battle with (and defeated) the British army. But I don't think that has anything to do with rituals or the sort.
In Nigeria, drugs are a real taboo. You can't even share a peace pipe in public like one can often do here in the UK Posts: 3423 | From: the jungle - when y'all stop playing games, call me. | Registered: Jul 2006
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posted
^^LOL Or perhaps the pipe smoked in Amsterdam?!
Zar is another ritual used for communion with spirits. It's just like intoxication in that the mind is in an altered dilusional state, but of course a natural one with no drugs.
There is just so much we don't know about Egyptian religious rituals or even all of their beliefs.
For example, there is part of King Tut's treasures, I believe his trove chest which feature many strange and wonderous scenes that no Egyptologists has a clue as to what they symbolize or mean.
I will try to find these examples and post them here if I can.
Posts: 26239 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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quote:Originally posted by realstory: Yes; Judaism, Christianity and Islam all come from Egypt and they are more watered down mimics of original Egyptian dogma, myth and thought and Gods. The Gods Jehovah and Allah comes from the God Amen[hence the reason they say "amen" at the end of prayers] in Egypt and was passed down by high priests in Palestine to start these ridiculous religions that people believe in today lol.
realstory, you are absolutely right. Unfortunately people who live in psychological fantasy land of the wrongly learned tend to view such truths as "stupid" or "nothing intelligent". For those kinds of people, I must admit, it is tempting for one to resort to strong verbal insults only to discover it is counter productive and a waste of precious time.
It is true that most organized religions today are contaminated, watered down version of Ancient Egyptian (Black African) spiritual beliefs still practice today by Black Africans (inside and outside of Africa).
The universal law of co-existence provides more than ample room (virtually unlimited) to contain a wide range of beliefs each one governed by their direct effects on the lives of like groups/individuals while exterminating and/or greatly suppressing that which is instinctively viewed as threatening to human survival (homosexuality, satanism, and so on...)
Virtually all modern day religion are lightweights in comparison to Ancient and modern day Black African beliefs. Euro-Definations of terms like "The Ba ", "The Ka", "Ren" are almost too laughable. Posts: 179 | From: United States | Registered: Jan 2007
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There is just so much we don't know about Egyptian religious rituals or even all of their beliefs.
For example, there is part of King Tut's treasures, I believe his trove chest which feature many strange and wonderous scenes that no Egyptologists has a clue as to what they symbolize or mean.
I will try to find these examples and post them here if I can.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Is there a follow up to this ?
k.
Posts: 14 | From: Hampton Roads, Va | Registered: Sep 2006
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posted
^ It is the akh which itself is a combination of both ba and ka.
Posts: 26239 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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posted
Up above it says the 5 parts of man. Which one represents the human body in flesh? Or does the 5 only cover the spiritual part of man?
And what is the basis of the judgment of Osiris? Is it a universal judgment on all men or only Egyptians?
And why does Osiris have to judge? What did Egyptians say gives him the right to do so?
Posts: 5905 | From: The Hammer | Registered: Aug 2008
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quote:Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova: Up above it says the 5 parts of man. Which one represents the human body in flesh? Or does the 5 only cover the spiritual part of man?
The five listed only covers the spiritual parts. The physical body itself was called the khat. Of the five aspects listed, the akh is really the sum of both ba and ka. Really the fifth individual aspect of a person according to Egyptian belief is the jb (heart). To the Egyptians the heart was not only a physical organ, it also housed the consciousness of a person his good and bad qualities which then follows to your questions below.
quote:And what is the basis of the judgment of Osiris? Is it a universal judgment on all men or only Egyptians?
Because the heart was viewed as the seat of consciousness, the Egyptians believed good deeds made it light whereas bad deeds or 'sins' made it heavy. Therefore after death, once a deceased person makes it through the journey to Duat (the underworld) he/she is to go through a trial. Where the heart is put on a scale against the feather of the goddess Maat.
If the person was wicked in life and his heart weighed heavily, he would then be devoured by the goddess Ammet. If not, he/she would then go on to the life eternal.
I assume the Egyptians viewed this as being universal as these views applied to all humans, though the Egyptians no doubt saw themselves as more privileged than foreigners, hence their spells that will get them to the afterlife quicker etc.
quote:And why does Osiris have to judge? What did Egyptians say gives him the right to do so?
Ausar (Osiris) was said to be not only the first king not only of Egypt but on Earth, he was said to have been the 'perfect king' full of justice and righteousness. He was the conveyer of Maat and par-exemplar that when he died he was chosen by the gods to judge all mortals.
And the judgement really was simple as was described above.
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