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lioness productions = something you flush down the toilet.
To Beyoku, I couldn't find a full text version of the paper you cited however I am reminded of a study I read years ago by Hassan et al. that talked about the presence of R1b-M343 in Fulani, particularly the Fulani tribes of Sudan. Mind you there are also Fulani of Ethiopia who carry hg T.
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quote:Originally posted by beyoku: ^ You sure there are Fulani in Ethiopia?
Yes the Fula peoples are a major nomad group that spans the Sahel right across the continent from Senegal in the west to Ethiopia in the east. Those Fulani of Ethiopia range through Sudan and perhaps Chad as well.
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Fula or Fulani or Fulbe (the latter being an Anglicization of the word in their language, Fulɓɓe)
Origins and Spread The early origin of Fulani People is most fascinating and deepened in mystery with widely divergent opinions. Many scholars believe that they are of Judaeo-Syrian origin. However, it is generally recognized that Fulani descended from nomads from both North Africa and from sub-Sahara Africa. They came from the Middle-East and North Africa and settled into Central and West Africa from the Senegal region they created the Tekruur Empire which was contemporary to the Ghana Empire. Then, they spread in all the countries in West-Africa, continuing to lead their nomadic life style. They created here and there mixed states where they sometimes were the dominant group. But more often, they were absorbed by the indigenous population whom they had dominated.
While some have speculated over the origin of Fulani people, current linguistic and genetic evidence suggests an indigenous West African origin among the Peul. The vast majority of genetic lineages associated with them reflect those most commonly seen in other West Africans. Their language is also of West African origin, most closely related to that of the Wolof and Serer ethnic groups. Historical and archaeological records indicate that Peul-speakers have resided in western Africa since at least the 5th century A.D. as well. Interestingly, rock paintings in the Tassili-n-Ajjer suggests the presence of proto-Fulani cultural traits in the region by at least the fourth millennium B.C. Scholars specializing in Fulani culture believe that some of the imagery depicts rituals that are still practiced by contemporary Fulani people.
The Fulani were the first group of people in West Africa to convert to Islam through jihads, or holy wars, and were able to take over much of West Africa and establish themselves not only as a religious group but also as a political and economic force. They are the missionaries of Islam and continued to conquer much of West Africa. The Fulani are primarily nomadic herders and traders. Through their nomadic lifestyle they established numerous trade routes in West Africa. Many times the Fulani go to local markets and interact with the people, getting news and spreading it through much of West Africa.
The History of the Fulani? The history of the Fulani seems to begin with the Berber people of North Africa around the 8th or 11th century AD. As the Berbers migrated down from North Africa and mixed with the peoples in the Senegal region of West Africa the Fulani people came into existence. Over a thousand year period from AD 900 - 1900, they spread out over most of West Africa and even into some areas of Central Africa. Some groups of Fulani have been found as far as the western borders of Ethiopia. As they migrated eastward they came into contact with different African tribes. As they encountered these other peoples, they conquered the less powerful tribes.
Along the way many Fulani completely or partially abandoned their traditional nomadic life in favor of a sedentary existence in towns or on farms among the conquered peoples. The nomadic Fulani continued eastward in search of the best grazing land for their cattle. Their lives revolved around and were dedicated to their herds. The more cattle a man owned, the more respect he was given. Today, some estimate as many as 18 million Fulani people stretch across the countries of West Africa. They remain to be the largest group of nomadic people in the world.
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This was further confirmed by Murdock (1959:415), who linked the Fulani to theTukular tribe
Mbororo Social and Cultural Development Association of Cameroon
MBORORO-FULANI History of the Mbororo–Fulani
The question about the origin of the Mbororo-Fulani remains unanswered in the annals of history although the bulk of the speculations are similar. Several scholars have shown interest in the identity of the Mbororo-Fulani; however a satisfactory conclusion has not yet been reached. Despite this seeming loophole, various theories have been exposed relating to the origin of the Mbororo-Fulani. Delafosse (1912) attributed the origin of the Mbororo–Fulani to the Syrians of Semitic (Aramaic) speech. ates that the fruits of the marriage between Oukba and Bajjo Mango were four children, Deita, Woya, Roroba and Nasi. He claims that, they are the actual ancestors of the Fulani who started speaking Fulfude. Arnott (1970:8), agreeing with the above view, further note that after some time the ancestors separated and one of the group moved to Futa–Toro (Senegal Basin). This was further confirmed by Murdock (1959:415), who linked the Fulani to the Tukular tribe who still inhabit the middle region of Senegal. This view is supported by Sa’ad (1977) in the following statement. “The earliest centre of the Fulani in the western Sudan was the region of Senegal Basin but today, they are found as far as Sudan and Ethiopia…” In another work by St. Croix (1945: 9), he narrates a legend which explains the origin of the nomadic Fulani. The narration indicates that the nomadic Fulani are descendants of a baby who was left in the bush by the mother due to a quarrel between she and her husband. A spirit found the baby and promised him that, he would roam continuously in the bush but would be rewarded with a lot of wealth. The boy was advised to go to a river where in a line of cattle would emerge. He was counseled by the spirit to lead the line of emerging cattle and not to glance behind. The boy failed to obey the instruction and looked behind. He did so and the emerging cattle from of the river stopped when the most beautiful beast was emerging. The various opinions and narrations presented above point to the fact that the question of Mbororo–Fulani origin and identity is yet to be answered. Moreover, the latter entered the African continent from Cyrenaica about 200 A.D. He recounts that the Fulani are the descendants of a hybrid between Jews and some local tribes in North Africa. Palmer (1967) supports the aforementioned perspective and further recounts that the hybrid and Arabs, who eventually penetrated into the Maghrib in North Africa about 650-750 A.D. mixed with another group of people, the Duradae. According to Palmer, the Duradae are the source of the “Fulani proper”. Meek (1913) on the other hand, links the Fulani with proto-Egyptians and an ancient Libyan tribe. He arrived at this proposition by studying the physique of the Fulani. Furthermore, many writers have traced and attributed the origin of the Fulani to the Arabs as in the case of St. Croix (1945) and Mohammad (1976: 29-33). One of the legends narrated from the latter, explain that the Fulani are descendants of one of the five offspring of Oukba- an Arab, and Bajjo Mango – a Sarakoule. He further narr The Fulani did not remain or settle permanently along the Senegal River as some of them moved eastward to other parts of Africa, as indicated by Mohammad (1959:226–227). The migration of the nomadic Fulani from Futa–Toro into Ferlo in the south and Kaarto in the east is confirmed by Murdock (1959:417). The Fulani arrived in Masina through Sonika and Bambara in the 14th century, while a vanguard of them infiltrated into Futa Jalon from Senegal. Further migration took them into Hausa land around Sokoto and in Bauchi in Northern Nigeria. Muhammad (1976: 153) explains that the eastward movement was due to the following reasons; the large ocean, which lies to the west; in the north, the Sahara desert is a hindrance and to the south, the thick forest, which breeds the tse-tse fly, made the eastward movement the best option. The Mbororo–Fulani, who are the largest nomadic group in the world, play a crucial economic role as seen in the following remark by Weeks (1978: 133), “Their herds of cattle and sheep are the major source of meat for hundreds of villagers, towns and cities from Wadai, beyond the shore of lake Chad to the Atlantic coast of Senegal” The Mbororo-Fulani arrived Cameroon in the early eighteen century, entering through the Adamaoua and Northen Provinces. They later migrated and settled in eight of Cameroon’s ten provinces to the exception of the South and Litoral Provinces which are not suitable for cattle rearing. The Mbororo-en share a number of characteristics with the other pastoralist Fulani tribal groups including the Fulfulde language, Haematic ‘racial’ origin, Islam, and a cultural code of contact know as ‘Pulaaku’. However, the Mbororo-Fulani exhibit several distinct socio-economic and political features to the extent that they constitute a distinct ethnic category. The critical difference is their pastoral livelihood, which, in spite of the changing political economy of cattle rearing is still closely aligned to Mbororo identity (Azarya 1999: xiii –xix). The Mbororo-Fulani can be divided into three major ethnic groups identified by the colour of their cattle, style of decoration of their bowls, and migratory movements. These are the ‘Aku-en’, Bodaabe and the ‘Jafun-en’. In Cameroon Mbororo’en (singular: Mbororo) are found all over the national territory under four Lamidats (the paramount traditional institution) under whom are found community leaders called Ardos. The four Lamidats are found in Fuigil in the North Province, Lompta in the Adamaoua Province, Sabga in the North West Province and Didango in the West Province. The economy of the Mbororo–Fulani in the early 19th century was exceedingly simple. Cattle had little economic significance and the number a man owned was an index of his wealth and importance. The women were responsible for milking and they carried the milk, with pats of butter floating in it, in large shallow gourds to local markets, where it was exchanged for food grown by cultivators. Expenditure was on food, salt, payment for ‘gainakos ’(herdsmen) and ‘jangali’ (cattle tax), with occasional purchase of cloth, household goods and saddlery. Mbororo–Fulani sold cattle with the utmost reluctance; the number sold will depend on the expenditures that cannot be met by receipts from the sale of milk and butter by the women. The greater parts of such expenditure were on annual cattle tax paid to the local councils.
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Lioness, You just copy things and pass them off as some kind of serious research. Your above piece(Foulah, Peul, Pular, etc.) is just tendentious and smacking of Eurocentric colonial trash-talk. The
Ethnic groups that are dominant pass their languages on to others they have conquered. The claim is that the Fulani are a dominant nomadic group, so if their language is West Atlantic--as classified--it must have been so from the start. If the Fulani were of non-West African origin why is their language so proximate to other languages of the region, Serer and Wolof.
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quote:Originally posted by lamin: Lioness, You just copy things and pass them off as some kind of serious research. Your above piece(Foulah, Peul, Pular, etc.) is just tendentious and smacking of Eurocentric colonial trash-talk. The
Ethnic groups that are dominant pass their languages on to others they have conquered. The claim is that the Fulani are a dominant nomadic group, so if their language is West Atlantic--as classified--it must have been so from the start. If the Fulani were of non-West African origin why is their language so proximate to other languages of the region, Serer and Wolof.
Some basic background on Fulani needed to be laid out. The issue had been raised of their spread to as far as Ethiopia beyoku wasn't aware of it. I posted some background info in the Fulani which confirmed mention of this. I also posted something from a Cameroonian website which mentioned a different issue, Delafosse's apparently well known theory the Mbororo–Fulani orignated in Syria.
I don't know if it's true but I put up both points of view the first piece arguing African origin. I hadn't been aware of that Syria claim, it's interesting. I wonder what great Sage thinks, I seem to recall some Fula not wanting to be associated with other Africans, I'm not sure though it's true
lioness productions living life to the fullest
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posted
^ lamin raises a good point though that one should always make a distinction between biogenesis and ethnogenesis as Keita has often said. Culture and especially language is easily transmittable without actual gene-flow. While Fula maybe an ethnic or even linguistic group, there many tribes and branches. It has been remarked many times that the nomad groups in the Western Sahel have overwhelmingly West African lineages despite their so-called 'Caucasoid' appearance. I don't know too much about the Fula of the eastern Sahel especially Ethiopia in regards to phenotype, but all I know is that they carry hg T in Y-chromosome. But then again West African Cameroonians carry R so...
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posted
Does the fact that Cameroonians have R mean that Europeans are more related to Camerooians in particular compared to other Africans? same question, Dogon
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