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Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :

.
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2014/01/29/1313787111.abstract

Ancient west Eurasian ancestry in southern and eastern Africa

Joseph K. Pickrell et al. 2014

The history of southern Africa involved interactions between indigenous hunter–gatherers and a range of populations that moved into the region. Here we use genome-wide genetic data to show that there are at least two admixture events in the history of Khoisan populations (southern African hunter–gatherers and pastoralists who speak non-Bantu languages with click consonants). One involved populations related to Niger–Congo-speaking African populations, and the other introduced ancestry most closely related to west Eurasian (European or Middle Eastern) populations. We date this latter admixture event to ∼900–1,800 y ago and show that it had the largest demographic impact in Khoisan populations that speak Khoe–Kwadi languages. A similar signal of west Eurasian ancestry is present throughout eastern Africa. In particular, we also find evidence for two admixture events in the history of Kenyan, Tanzanian, and Ethiopian populations, the earlier of which involved populations related to west Eurasians and which we date to ∼2,700–3,300 y ago. We reconstruct the allele frequencies of the putative west Eurasian population in eastern Africa and show that this population is a good proxy for the west Eurasian ancestry in southern Africa. The most parsimonious explanation for these findings is that west Eurasian ancestry entered southern Africa indirectly through eastern Africa.

Posted by KING (Member # 9422) on :

Europeans at it again. Bahahahahahaha

Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :

It's Arabian penninsula entry into coastal East Africa and then to Southern Africa and goes back hundreds of years before Islam

Posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :

quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
It's Arabian penninsula entry into coastal East Africa and then to Southern Africa and goes back hundreds of years before Islam

In other words white supremacy.

The authors are so self absorbed and self indulged. They completely forgot about the ancient Ethiopian kingdom ruling, in the Middle East and abroad. Which likely facilitated a genetic bottleneck and drift from people who entered there and returned to the of Horn Africa, and spread from there to various places in Africa. Instead of the lie what these folks claim, to be. You of course quickly hopped on the lie, with that empty head.

AKSUM c. AD 100–700: TEACHERS’ NOTES

Introduction

quote:
Aksum was the name of a city and a kingdom which is essentially modern-day northern Ethiopia (Tigray province) and Eritrea. Research shows that Aksum was a major naval and trading power from the 1st to the 7th centuries AD. As a civilisation it had a profound impact upon the people of Egypt, southern Arabia, Europe and Asia, all of whom were visitors to its shores, and in some cases were residents. The peak of Aksum’s power came with the invasions into South Arabia in the 3rd, 4th and 6th centuries, and the invasion of Meroe around AD 320, which caused the final decline of the Kushite kingdom.

Despite its power and reputation – it was described by a Persian writer as one of the four greatest powers in the world at the time – very little is known about it. Aksum had written scripts, but no histories or descriptions have been found to make this African civilisation come alive.

History

quote:
Not much is known of the history of Aksum, other than what can be gleaned from the inscriptions left by various kings on their achievements. Ezana, c. 321–360, is probably the
best known of the rulers, or at least the best at publicising himself, and he is credited with the introduction of Christianity, as well as waging campaigns to secure tribute and expand territory. It is known from inscriptions that at the time he came to the throne, Aksum ruled over much of modern Ethiopia, as well as the kingdom of Meroe to the north and most of South Arabia.

https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/KingdomOfAksum_TeachersNotes.pdf

Posted by typeZeiss (Member # 18859) on :

quote:
Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:

quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
It's Arabian penninsula entry into coastal East Africa and then to Southern Africa and goes back hundreds of years before Islam
In other words white supremacy.

The authors are so self absorbed and self indulged. They completely forgot about the ancient Ethiopian kingdom ruling, in the Middle East and abroad. Which likely facilitated a genetic bottleneck and drift from people who entered there and returned to the of Horn Africa, and spread from there to various places in Africa. Instead of the lie what these folks claim, to be. You of course quickly hopped on the lie, with that empty head.

AKSUM c. AD 100–700: TEACHERS’ NOTES

Introduction

quote:
Aksum was the name of a city and a kingdom which is essentially modern-day northern Ethiopia (Tigray province) and Eritrea. Research shows that Aksum was a major naval and trading power from the 1st to the 7th centuries AD. As a civilisation it had a profound impact upon the people of Egypt, southern Arabia, Europe and Asia, all of whom were visitors to its shores, and in some cases were residents. The peak of Aksum’s power came with the invasions into South Arabia in the 3rd, 4th and 6th centuries, and the invasion of Meroe around AD 320, which caused the final decline of the Kushite kingdom.

Despite its power and reputation – it was described by a Persian writer as one of the four greatest powers in the world at the time – very little is known about it. Aksum had written scripts, but no histories or descriptions have been found to make this African civilisation come alive.

History

quote:
Not much is known of the history of Aksum, other than what can be gleaned from the inscriptions left by various kings on their achievements. Ezana, c. 321–360, is probably the
best known of the rulers, or at least the best at publicising himself, and he is credited with the introduction of Christianity, as well as waging campaigns to secure tribute and expand territory. It is known from inscriptions that at the time he came to the throne, Aksum ruled over much of modern Ethiopia, as well as the kingdom of Meroe to the north and most of South Arabia.

https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/KingdomOfAksum_TeachersNotes.pdf

Maybe the researches didn't know of Habasha/Aksums past? I believe that is part of the problem with some of these researchers. They are wholly focused on their own field of study and they ignore other things like historical facts.

Posted by Omo Baba (Member # 18816) on :

Albinos show hatred and contempt toward Africa yet they try desperately to insert themselves into Africa's history? What gives?

Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :

I think the full paper is not coming out for another year

However there is a large wus supplement available

http://www.pnas.org/content/suppl/2014/01/29/1313787111.DCSupplemental/sapp.pdf

Posted by typeZeiss (Member # 18859) on :

quote:
Originally posted by Omo Baba:
Albinos show hatred and contempt toward Africa yet they try desperately to insert themselves into Africa's history? What gives?

If we compare Europe in the early era that Europeans claim gave rise to civilization i.e. around 4,000 BCE to 3,000 BCE (this is a theory I don't believe in, I believe civilization, kingship etc is MUCH older) you don't find Europeans having the same things. So they try to steal Mesopotamia as their own. except the problem is Elamites are being described as Negros by all archeological evidence. Sumerians seem to have either been negro or had a STRONG negro component. Again you don't see these same sorts of accomplishments in Europe. So yeah they want to give themselves something they don't have.

I also think a lot of this goes back to the European slave grade where in Africans imported millions of slaves into Africa as well as ancient writings that call their fathers barbarians. We see Greeks calling "Ethiopians" tall and beautiful. The first in the world to do all sorts of things. We see Egyptians calling their white counterparts barbarians, but we do not see them saying the same thing about Nahisi (Southerners). I just think they are trying to give themselves a false sense of pride and identity which to me is sad. Europeans have done remarkable things, they don't need to corrupt other peoples history to make themselves feel good.

Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :

quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
I think the full paper is not coming out for another year

However there is a large wus supplement available

http://www.pnas.org/content/suppl/2014/01/29/1313787111.DCSupplemental/sapp.pdf

xyyman, you love suppliments, try reading this maybe you can find where they are hiding the good stuff

Posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :

quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
I think the full paper is not coming out for another year

However there is a large wus supplement available

http://www.pnas.org/content/suppl/2014/01/29/1313787111.DCSupplemental/sapp.pdf

xyyman, you love suppliments, try reading this maybe you can find where they are hiding the good stuff

Are you kiddin' me?

code:

 




Figure 41: Assumed population phylogeny for f4 estimation of west Eurasian ancestry
culturalist ancestry.

 To partition the ancestry of all southern African groups into Khoisan, putative
in African populations. 



To calculate the proportion of west Eurasian ancestry in each southern
Partitioning non-Khoisan ancestry into putative eastern African and putative agri-
and eastern African population, we used the following phylogeny for the Khoisan populations.
culturalist ancestry. 


To partition the ancestry of all southern African groups into Khoisan, putative 12
X represents the test population, Y represents the Yoruba, Z represents either the Druze, O
represents the Orcadians, H represents the Han, &#955; represents the proportions of west Eurasian 12
ancestry in X, and F represents the proportion of Yoruba-like ancestry in Z. The red branch is
the relevant one for estimating west Eurasian ancestry. If we let l be the length of the red branch,
f4(H,O;X,Z)=(1&#8722;&#955;&#8722;F)l,andf4(H,O;Y,Z)=(1&#8722;F)l.Thus,thef4ratiof4(H,O;X,Z) =1&#8722;&#955;&#8722;F. f4(H,O;Y,Z) 1&#8722;F

References

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Behar, D. M., Yunusbayev, B., Metspalu, M., Metspalu, E., Rosset, S., Parik, J., Rootsi, S., Chaubey, G., Kutuev, I., Yudkovsky, G., et al., 2010. The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people. Nature, 466(7303):238–42.
Chakraborty, R. and Weiss, K. M., 1988. Admixture as a tool for finding linked genes and detecting that difference from allelic association between loci. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 85(23):9119–23.
Chen, G. K., Marjoram, P., and Wall, J. D., 2009. Fast and flexible simulation of DNA sequence data. Genome Res, 19(1):136–42.
Galassi, M., Davies, J., Theiler, J., Gough, B., Jungman, G., Alken, P., Booth, M., and Rossi, F., 2002. GNU scientific library.
Haber, M., Gauguier, D., Youhanna, S., Patterson, N., Moorjani, P., Botigu ́e, L. R., Platt, D. E., Matisoo- Smith, E., Soria-Hernanz, D. F., Wells, R. S., et al., 2013. Genome-wide diversity in the levant reveals recent structuring by culture. PLoS Genet, 9(2):e1003316.
Henn, B. M., Gignoux, C. R., Jobin, M., Granka, J. M., Macpherson, J. M., Kidd, J. M., Rodr ́ıguez-Botigu ́e, L., Ramachandran, S., Hon, L., Brisbin, A., et al., 2011. Hunter-gatherer genomic diversity suggests a southern African origin for modern humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 108(13):5154–62.
Li, J. Z., Absher, D. M., Tang, H., Southwick, A. M., Casto, A. M., Ramachandran, S., Cann, H. M., Barsh, G. S., Feldman, M., Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., et al., 2008. Worldwide human relationships inferred from genome-wide patterns of variation. Science, 319(5866):1100–1104.
Loh, P.-R., Lipson, M., Patterson, N., Moorjani, P., Pickrell, J. K., Reich, D., and Berger, B., 2013. Inferring admixture histories of human populations using linkage disequilibrium. Genetics, 193(4):1233–54.
Meyer, M., Kircher, M., Gansauge, M.-T., Li, H., Racimo, F., Mallick, S., Schraiber, J. G., Jay, F., Pru ̈fer, K., de Filippo, C., et al., 2012. A high-coverage genome sequence from an archaic Denisovan individual. Science, 338(6104):222–6.
Moorjani, P., Patterson, N., Hirschhorn, J. N., Keinan, A., Hao, L., Atzmon, G., Burns, E., Ostrer, H., Price, A. L., and Reich, D., et al., 2011. The history of African gene flow into Southern Europeans, Levantines, and Jews. PLoS Genet, 7(4):e1001373.
Pagani, L., Kivisild, T., Tarekegn, A., Ekong, R., Plaster, C., Gallego Romero, I., Ayub, Q., Mehdi, S. Q., Thomas, M. G., Luiselli, D., et al., 2012. Ethiopian genetic diversity reveals linguistic stratification and complex influences on the Ethiopian gene pool. Am J Hum Genet, 91(1):83–96.
Patterson, N., Moorjani, P., Luo, Y., Mallick, S., Rohland, N., Zhan, Y., Genschoreck, T., Webster, T., and Reich, D., 2012. Ancient admixture in human history. Genetics, 192(3):1065–93.

Patterson, N., Petersen, D. C., van der Ross, R. E., Sudoyo, H., Glashoff, R. H., Marzuki, S., Reich, D., and Hayes, V. M., 2010. Genetic structure of a unique admixed population: implications for medical research. Hum Mol Genet, 19(3):411–9.
Patterson, N., Price, A. L., and Reich, D., 2006. Population structure and eigenanalysis. PLoS Genet, 2(12):e190.
Pickrell, J. K., Patterson, N., Barbieri, C., Berthold, F., Gerlach, L., Gu ̈ldemann, T., Kure, B., Mpoloka, S. W., Nakagawa, H., Naumann, C., et al., 2012. The genetic prehistory of southern Africa. Nat Commun, 3:1143.
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Schlebusch, C. M., Skoglund, P., Sj ̈odin, P., Gattepaille, L. M., Hernandez, D., Jay, F., Li, S., De Jongh, M., Singleton, A., Blum, M. G. B., et al., 2012. Genomic variation in seven Khoe-San groups reveals adaptation and complex African history. Science, 338(6105):374–9.

Posted by xyyman (Member # 13597) on :

There is a reason why I ignore certain research paper.

Many of us do not understand that AIM/SNP and nRYDNA/MTDNA need to be considered TOGETHER to label AIM as Eurasian. There is no R1b-M269 in Africa. Which mean the label "Eurasian" AIM/SNP is an attention grabber. Which means there is no migration FROM Europe.

Nothing more to say. This is a waste of time.

Posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova (Member # 15718) on :

quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
.
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2014/01/29/1313787111.abstract

Ancient west Eurasian ancestry in southern and eastern Africa

Joseph K. Pickrell et al. 2014

The history of southern Africa involved interactions between indigenous hunter–gatherers and a range of populations that moved into the region. Here we use genome-wide genetic data to show that there are at least two admixture events in the history of Khoisan populations (southern African hunter–gatherers and pastoralists who speak non-Bantu languages with click consonants). One involved populations related to Niger–Congo-speaking African populations, and the other introduced ancestry most closely related to west Eurasian (European or Middle Eastern) populations. We date this latter admixture event to ∼900–1,800 y ago and show that it had the largest demographic impact in Khoisan populations that speak Khoe–Kwadi languages. A similar signal of west Eurasian ancestry is present throughout eastern Africa. In particular, we also find evidence for two admixture events in the history of Kenyan, Tanzanian, and Ethiopian populations, the earlier of which involved populations related to west Eurasians and which we date to ∼2,700–3,300 y ago. We reconstruct the allele frequencies of the putative west Eurasian population in eastern Africa and show that this population is a good proxy for the west Eurasian ancestry in southern Africa. The most parsimonious explanation for these findings is that west Eurasian ancestry entered southern Africa indirectly through eastern Africa.

Yawn.. hardly earth shattering. 900 to 1800kya is
a few centuries AD. 2700-3000kya is 1000BC, long AFTER
Egyptian civ, which was already in place and flourishing.
And sure there has always been "Eurasian" flow into
Africa- traders, war captives, nomads etc- nothing
special, just latecomers after tings were already
established and going on. ANd nothing credible proffered
on how significant (if any significance at all in
terms of population impact), assorted "Eurasians" had...

XYZ says:
here is a reason why I ignore certain research paper.

Many of us do not understand that AIM/SNP and nRYDNA/MTDNA need to be considered TOGETHER to label AIM as Eurasian. There is no R1b-M269 in Africa. Which mean the label "Eurasian" AIM/SNP is an attention grabber. Which means there is no migration FROM Europe.

Indeed. And speaking of admixture, there is plenty of data
to sow that Europeans are a mixed breed themselves.
So if we are gonna be hollering but who "mixed race," let's
start with Europeans.

----------------------------------------

And seems there there Greeks also are "mixed"..
So again, if we talking who "mixed" let's start with Europe..

Other elements like Benin Sickle Cell traits
are also found among the Greeks and various Africans
and some skeletal/cranial studies find African
elements in Greece (Angel 1972 for example)
QUOTE:

"A late Pleistocene-early Holocene northward migration (from Africa to the Levant and to Anatolia) of these populations has been hypothesized from skeletal data (Angel 1972, 1973; Brace 2005) and from archaeological data, as indicated by the probable Nile Valley origin of the "Mesolithic" (epi-Paleolithic) Mushabi culture found in the Levant (Bar Yosef 1987). This migration finds some support in the presence in Mediterranean populations (Sicily, Greece, southern Turkey, etc.; Patrinos et al.; Schiliro et al. 1990) of the Benin sickle cell haplotype. This haplotype originated in West Africa and is probably associated with the spread of malaria to southern Europe through an eastern Mediterranean route (Salares et al. 2004) following the expansion of both human and mosquito populations brought about by the advent of the Neolithic transition (Hume et al 2003; Joy et al. 2003; Rich et al 1998). This northward migration of northeastern African populations carrying sub-Saharan biological elements is concordant with the morphological homogeneity of the Natufian populations (Bocquentin 2003), which present morphological affinity with sub-Saharan populations (Angel 1972; Brace et al. 2005). In addition, the Neolithic revolution was assumed to arise in the late Pleistocene Natufians and subsequently spread into Anatolia and Europe (Bar-Yosef 2002), and the first Anatolian farmers, Neolithic to Bronze Age Mediterraneans and to some degree other Neolithic-Bronze Age Europeans, show morphological affinities with the Natufians (and indirectly with sub-Saharan populations; Angel 1972; Brace et al 2005), in concordance with a process of demic diffusion accompanying the extension of the Neolithic revolution (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994)."

-- F. X. Ricaut, M. Waelkens. (2008). Cranial Discrete Traits in a Byzantine Population and Eastern Mediterranean Population Movements Human Biology - Volume 80, Number 5, October 2008, pp. 535-564

ADDITIONAL DATA: AFRICAN HAPLOGROUP E FOUND IN GREEKS

QUOTE:
"Underhill et al. (2001) showed that the frequency of the
YAP+ Y haplogroup commonly referred to as haplogroup E or
(III) is relatively high (about 25%) in the Middle East
and Mediterranean. This haplogroup E is the major haplogroup
found in sub-Saharan Africa (over 75% of all Y chromosomes).
SPecifically, Europeans contain the E3b subhaplogroup, which
was derived from haplogroup E in sub-Saharan Africa and
currently is distributed along the North and East of Africa..
It appears that the 171 AIM test subject of this chapter may
recognize the haplogroup E character as West African."

--T. Frudakis. 2006. Molecular photofitting: predicting ancestry and phenotype using DNA

So who is really "mixed"?

Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :

quote:
Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova:
SO who is really "mixed"?

all of them

Posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova (Member # 15718) on :

So your beloved Caucasoid folk are "mixed race" you are saying?

Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :

quote:
Originally posted by xyyman:
There is a reason why I ignore certain research paper.

Many of us do not understand that AIM/SNP and nRYDNA/MTDNA need to be considered TOGETHER to label AIM as Eurasian. There is no R1b-M269 in Africa. Which mean the label "Eurasian" AIM/SNP is an attention grabber. Which means there is no migration FROM Europe.

Nothing more to say. This is a waste of time.

In a new article on the R1 clade, The genetic landscape of Equatorial Guinea and the origin and migration routes of the Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88 Gonzalez et al, argue that R1 probably spread across Europe from Iberia to the east given the distribution of R1 in Africa.

In my paper POSSIBLE AFRICAN ORIGIN OF Y-CHROMOSOME R1-M173 ; I argue that the P clade originated in Africa because 1) the age of R-V88 and 2) the widespread nature of R1 in Africa. Researchers have found that the TMRCA of V88 was 9200-5600 kya (Cruciani et al, 2010). Eurasians carry the M269 (R1b1b2) mutation. The subclades of R1b1b2 include Rh1b1b2g (U106) (TMRCA 8.3kya) and R1b1b2h (U152) (TMRCA 7.4kya). The most recent common ancestor for R1b1b2 in Europe is probably 8kya (Balaresque et al, 2010). Y-Chromosome R1b1b2 has high frequencies in England, France, Italy and Germany (Balaresque et al, 2010). Clearly, R-V88 is older than R-M269 .

The Gonzalez et al article is further proof of the African origin for y-chromosome R1’ The researchers found that 10 out of 19 subjects in the study carried R1b1-P25 or M269. This is highly significant because it indicates that 53% of the R1 carriers in this study were M269, this finding is further proof of the widespread nature of this so-called Eurasian genes in Africa among populations that have not mated with Europeans.

Gonzalez et al proposes a West to East spread for P-25, with a possible entry of this clade via Gibraltar.

Most Eurasians carry the M269 (R1b1b2) mutation. The subclades of R1b1b2 include Rh1b1b2g (U106) (TMRCA 8.3kya) and R1b1b2h (U152) (TMRCA 7.4kya)

The most recent common ancestor for R1b1b2 in Europe is probably 8kya (Balaresque et al, 2010). Y-Chromosome R1b1b2 has high frequencies in England, France, Italy and Germany (Balaresque et al, 2010).Clearly, R-V88 is older than R-M269 .

You can find the statistics in the Supplementary Files that are free.

See: http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/vaop/ncurrent/suppinfo/ejhg2012167s1.html?url=/ejhg/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ejhg2012167a.html

Finding Africans carrying R-M269 is nothing new.
As early as 2009 R-M269 was found in Africa. Berniell-Lee et al (2009) found in their study that 5.2% carried Rb1*. The frequency of among the Bantu ranged from 2-20. The bearers of R1b1 among the Pygmy populations ranged from 1-25% (Berniell-Lee et al, 2009). The frequency of R1b1 among Guinea-Bissau populations was 12% (Carvalho et al,2010).Gonzalez et al found a higher percent of R-M269 in Guinea.

,

Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :

quote:
Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova:
So your beloved Caucasoid folk are "mixed race" you are saying?

yes the Caucasoid is part Negroid

aka Mulattoid

Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :

.

Humanity's forgotten return to Africa revealed in DNA

20:00 03 February 2014 by Catherine Brahic

http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24988-humanitys-forgotten-return-to-africa-revealed-in-dna.html#.UxQQs0Z4S9s

Not so isolated: Khoisan tribes have European DNA

Call it humanity's unexpected U-turn. One of the biggest events in the history of our species is the exodus out of Africa some 65,000 years ago, the start of Homo sapiens' long march across the world. Now a study of southern African genes shows that, unexpectedly, another migration took western Eurasian DNA back to the very southern tip of the continent 3000 years ago.

According to conventional thinking, the Khoisan tribes of southern Africa, have lived in near-isolation from the rest of humanity for thousands of years. In fact, the study shows that some of their DNA matches most closely people from modern-day southern Europe, including Spain and Italy.

Because Eurasian people also carry traces of Neanderthal DNA, the finding also shows – for the first time – that genetic material from our extinct cousin may be widespread in African populations.

The Khoisan tribes of southern Africa are hunter-gatherers and pastoralists who speak unique click languages. Their extraordinarily diverse gene pool split from everyone else's before the African exodus.

Ancient lineages

"These are very special, isolated populations, carrying what are probably the most ancient lineages in human populations today," says David Reich of Harvard University. "For a lot of our genetic studies we had treated them as groups that had split from all other present-day humans before they had split from each other."

So he and his colleagues were not expecting to find signs of western Eurasian genes in 32 individuals belonging to a variety of Khoisan tribes. "I think we were shocked," says Reich.

The unexpected snippets of DNA most resembled sequences from southern Europeans, including Sardinians, Italians and people from the Basque region (see "Back to Africa – but from where?"). Dating methods suggested they made their way into the Khoisan DNA sometime between 900 and 1800 years ago – well before known European contact with southern Africa (see map).

Archaeological and linguistic studies of the region can make sense of the discovery. They suggest that a subset of the Khoisan, known as the Khoe-Kwadi speakers, arrived in southern Africa from east Africa around 2200 years ago. Khoe-Kwadi speakers were – and remain – pastoralists who make their living from herding cows and sheep. The suggestion is that they introduced herding to a region that was otherwise dominated by hunter-gatherers.

Khoe-Kwadi tribes

Reich and his team found that the proportion of Eurasian DNA was highest in Khoe-Kwadi tribes, who have up to 14 per cent of western Eurasian ancestry. What is more, when they looked at the east African tribes from which the Khoe-Kwadi descended, they found a much stronger proportion of Eurasian DNA – up to 50 per cent.

That result confirms a 2012 study by Luca Pagani of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in Hinxton, UK, which found non-African genes in people living in Ethiopia. Both the 2012 study and this week's new results show that the Eurasian genes made their way into east African genomes around 3000 years ago. About a millennium later, the ancestors of the Khoe-Kwadi headed south, carrying a weaker signal of the Eurasian DNA into southern Africa.

The cultural implications are complex and potentially uncomfortably close to European colonial themes. "I actually am not sure there's any population that doesn't have west Eurasian [DNA]," says Reich.

"These populations were always thought to be pristine hunter-gatherers who had not interacted with anyone for millennia," says Reich's collaborator, linguist Brigitte Pakendorf of the University of Lyon in France. "Well, no. Just like the rest of the world, Africa had population movements too. There was simply no writing, no Romans or Greeks to document it."

Twist in tale

There's one more twist to the tale. In 2010 a research team – including Reich – published the first draft genome of a Neanderthal. Comparisons with living humans revealed traces of Neanderthal DNA in all humans with one notable exception: sub-Saharan peoples like the Yoruba and Khoisan.

That made sense. After early humans migrated out of Africa around 60,000 years ago, they bumped into Neanderthals somewhere in what is now the Middle East. Some got rather cosy with each other. As their descendants spread across the world to Europe, Asia and eventually the Americas, they spread bits of Neanderthal DNA along with their own genes. But because those descendants did not move back into Africa until historical times, most of this continent remained a Neanderthal DNA-free zone.

Or so it seemed at the time. Now it appears that the Back to Africa migration 3000 years ago carried a weak Neanderthal genetic signal deep into the homeland. Indeed one of Reich's analyses, published last month, found Neanderthal traces in Yoruba DNA (Nature, DOI: 10.1038/nature12886).

In other words, not only is western Eurasian DNA ancestry a global phenomenon, so is having a bit of Neanderthal living on inside you.

Journal reference: PNAS, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1313787111

Back to Africa – but from where?
Reich and his colleagues found that DNA sequences in the Khoisan people most closely resemble some found in people who today live in southern Europe. That, however, does not mean the migration back to Africa started in Italy or Spain. More likely, the migration began in what is now the Middle East.

We know that southern Europeans can trace their ancestry to the Middle East. However, in the thousands of years since they – and the ancestors of the Khoisan – left the region, it has experienced several waves of immigration. These waves have had a significant effect on the genes of people living in the Middle East today, and and means southern Europeans are much closer to the original inhabitants of the Levant than modern-day Middle Easterners.

Posted by Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :

^

Another one of your lies is being exposed here.

quote:
Breton et al. analyze lactase persistence variants and genome-wide SNPs among southern African groups and show that Khoe pastoralists have partial East African ancestry. This finding suggests that an East African group migrated south, brought pastoralism to southern Africa, and admixed with local hunter-gatherers to form the ancestors of Khoe.

--Gwenna Breton et al.

Lactase Persistence Alleles Reveal Partial East African Ancestry of Southern African Khoe Pastoralists

Received: November 26, 2013; Received in revised form: December 20, 2013; Accepted: February 15, 2014; Published Online: April 03, 2014
Published: April 3, 2014
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.02.041

http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822-14-00209-7

Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :

when they looked at the east African tribes from which the Khoe-Kwadi descended, they found a much stronger proportion of Eurasian DNA – up to 50 per cent.

That result confirms a 2012 study by Luca Pagani of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in Hinxton, UK, which found non-African genes in people living in Ethiopia.

Posted by Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :

quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
when they looked at the east African tribes from which the Khoe-Kwadi descended, they found a much stronger proportion of Eurasian DNA – up to 50 per cent.

That result confirms a 2012 study by Luca Pagani of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in Hinxton, UK, which found non-African genes in people living in Ethiopia.

Of which markers did they speak, exactly?

I ask so, because quite a few times already it was discovered that some of these "scientists" have lied, when being verified.

Posted by Djehuti (Member # 6698) on :

^ Indeed I too await answers. I've long been weary of claims of 'Eurasian' genetic influence in populations of rural Africa, but when these findings of Khoisan came out, I really am skeptical. Please describe which markers and or genes on what locus or loci are Eurasian and why?

Posted by Djehuti (Member # 6698) on :

quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:

It's Arabian penninsula entry into coastal East Africa and then to Southern Africa and goes back hundreds of years before Islam

Okay, but what does this have to do with Khoisan peoples?? Saying Horn Africans having Eurasian DNA is one thing since the Horn IS right next to Eurasia (if you divorce Arabia and Levant from Africa), but then to say the Khoisan folk of southern Africa share the same ancestry from the 1st millennium BC is a claim that's outrageous as it is comical.