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Author Topic: Selection for black skin
Wolofi
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How long ago in thousands of years did people stop being black?

In Northeast Asia there have been people inhabiting that area for 30,000 years. Were these people black and if not what color or body type were they?

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rasol
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quote:
How long ago in thousands of years did people stop being black?
This might depend upon what shade of skin color you use to delimit black.

It is clear that there is and original -genetic- base for dark skin which likely precedes homo sapien.

These genes appear to have originated 1.2 millions years ago in association with the loss of 'fur'.

At this time hominid skin exposed to African sun began producing Melanin and the modern genetic bases of Melanin receptors were established.

Depigmented populations of Europe have mutations on this skin receptor which -causes- their skin to be white by virtue of disabling the production of Melanin.

These mutations appear to be 6 to 12 thousand years old in origin.

There are some light skinned populations of North East Asia as well - but they appear to have independant mutations for skin color.

The NorthEast Asians who are not as light, do not have as much of these mutations and so retain some of their original pigment.

The dark skinned peoples of Southern Asia and Australia retain their original ancient genes for skin color that predate the settlement of the rest of the world from Africa.

Understand too that dark skin color is also subject to selection - if it is not retained thru selection, then it is lost in its absense, [atrophy]. In situ redevelopment of dark skin would then require new genes.

In the case of non African Blacks of South Asia this is *not* what has happened.

Based on genetics, they were -never- light, they have rather retained their Blackness.

It is theorised for example that Equatorial South American Indians some of whom are relatively light - lost their skin color in Northern Eurasia or America - and then could not get it back thru selection because the original genes for dark skin are gone.

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Wolofi
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Thanks, is there any info on the body type of those North East Asian populations 30,000 years ago?
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rasol
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quote:
Originally posted by Wolofi:
Thanks, is there any info on the body type of those North East Asian populations 30,000 years ago?

African Exodus, Chris Stringer, discussed in this thread: http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=15;t=000148;p=1
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Djehuti
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Again let me point out that in the case of Asians many people have the stereotypical view of East Asians being 'yellow' or fair in complexion but there are still plenty of darker 'brown' Asians not just in the Southeast but in central and northern Asia as well. So there is color variation. As for Europeans they had a special situation due to isolation in Ice Age glaciers.
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Wolofi
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Hey rasol, I heard that darker skinned people especially blacks have denser bones based on higher levels of vitamin D from receiving UV rays. I also heard that the darker the person the less vitamin D they lack and are less prone to cancers, but I read this from wikipedia which contradicts what I heard.

---While dark skin preserves vitamin B, it can lead to a vitamin D deficiency.[citation needed] To address this issue, some countries have programs to ensure fortification of milk with vitamin D. The advantage of light skin is that it does not block sunlight as effectively, leading to increased production of vitamin D3, necessary for calcium absorption and bone growth.---

Can you explain this to me? I thought darker people got MORE vitamin D than light skinned people.

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Habari
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quote:
It is theorised for example that Equatorial South American Indians some of whom are relatively light - lost their skin color in Northern Eurasia or America - and then could not get it back thru selection because the original genes for dark skin are gone.
We have to be careful...migration from the Pacific islands shouldn't be excluded...and recent scientific findings indicate that many South America Natives originated from the Pacific islands...
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Wolofi
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Can you give these studies in Native Americans coming from the Pacific islands and how they got there?
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rasol
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quote:
Originally posted by Wolofi:
[QB] Hey rasol, I heard that darker skinned people especially blacks have denser bones based on higher levels of vitamin D from receiving UV rays. I also heard that the darker the person the less vitamin D they lack and are less prone to cancers, but I read this from wikipedia which contradicts what I heard.

Sort of. It is the case that Europeans combined diet low in vitamin D with low amounts of sunlight for synthesis of vitamin D resulting in higher propensity for bone density problems such as osteoporosis.

quote:
While dark skin preserves vitamin B, it can lead to a vitamin D deficiency.
True. In theory. But Vitamin D is also found in food, including milk. In Africa many of the darkest people living in the sunniest climates are also capable of drinking milk, and do not have the bone density issues of Europeans.

The precise relatationships between bone, density, vitamin deficiency, sunlight, and lactose tolerance is not understood.

It's a complicated equasion.

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rasol
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quote:
We have to be careful...migration from the Pacific islands shouldn't be excluded...
I don't exclude such.

There are also South American Indians who are very dark, essentially 'Blacks', and *native* South American.

Perhaps I should have put the qualifier *some of whom*, in caps and boldface. [Wink]

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Habari
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To Wolofi, Nangadef!,
quote:


Confirming a South Pacific and Japanese Migration


Based on the mutations found in the mtDNA, most researchers think that groups A, C and D, entered America from Siberia across Beringia some time around 35.000 B.C. Group B, they assert, probably came to America from the South Pacific or Japan via boats. It is believed the B groups began this migration not long after the A, C, and D groups arrived. However, the majority of the B group arrived about 11.000 B.C. This leaves open the possibility of several migrations by the B group from different locations.


It should be noted that a few geneticists have proposed that each of these tour haplogroups came in four separate migrations. And many Clovis supporters argue that all the groups migrated together.





An Unknown and Unexpected Migration Group Confirmed


In 1997, a fifth mtDNA haplogroup was identified in Native Americans. This group, called ‘"X," is present in three percent of living Native Americans. Haplogroup X was not then found in Asia, but was found only in Europe and the Middle East where two to four percent of the population carry it. In those areas, the X haplogroup has primarily been found in parts of Spain, Bulgaria, Finland, Italy, and Israel. In July 2001, a research letter was published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, relating that a few people with the ‘X' type had been identified in a tribe located in extreme southern Siberia.



These people, called the Altasians, or Altaics, as Russian geneticists refer to them, have always lived in the Gobi Desert area. Archaeologists and geneticists are certain that the presence of "X" in America is not the result of historic intermarriages. It is of ancient origin. In addition, the 'X’ type has now been found in the ancient remains of the Basque. Among Native American tribes, the X haplogroup has been found in small numbers in the Yakima, Sioux, and Navaho tribes. It has been found to a larger degree in the Ojibway, Oneota, and Nuu-Chah-Nulth tribes.



The X haplogroup has also been discovered in ancient remains in Illinois near Ohio and a 'few’ other areas near the Great Lakes. It has not (so far) been found in South or Central American tribes including the Maya. The X haplogroup appears to have entered America in limited numbers perhaps as long ago as 34.000 B.C. Around 12,000 B.C. to 10.000 B.C. it appeared in much greater numbers.



It is important to note that not all Native American tribes have been categorized by mtDNA analysis and that relatively few ancient remains have been tested.





The Significance of mtDNA Research


The mtDNA research confirms most of’ the other new findings in archaeology. The Americas were settled early and many different racial groups came. Several different waves of migration probably occurred. The initial wave seems to have occurred around 35.000 B.C. However, it may have been far earlier since some of the recent radiocarbon dates that have emerged from areas like California and the southwest point to 50,000 B.C. But it must be kept in mind that mtDNA analysis is still in its infancy. Not all current Native American tribes and very few remains have been tested.



But the picture the mtDNA research findings paint of ancient America is astonishing. It may’ seem that the apparent widespread presence of the X type (from Canada and Washington State, to Arizona, to the Plains, to the Great Lakes area) could indicate a wide initial dispersal. However, the history of several of these tribes tells a different 'story’. The X type in ancient America appears to be linked to the Iroquois.



This tribe, of course, was, according to Cayce, partly the remnant of Atlantean survivors from its final destruction in 10.000 B.C. The finding of the X group in the north Gobi-dwelling Altasians is hailed as proof that all American migrations came from Siberia via the Bering Straits, yet it seems unlikely.



With the X type being present in the Middle East, Europe, the ancient Basques, and America, a migration from the Gobi to all of these areas is doubtful.


The Cayce readings cite a series of large and small migrations of Atlanteans to very specific parts of the world. These migrations occurred at several times, but especially during the years approaching 10.000 B.C. One of these places was to the Gobi in extreme southern Siberian Asia.



If we assume that haplotype X originated from Cayce’s Atlantis, some of the X haplotype should be found in the Gobi region— but very little of this group should be found elsewhere in Siberia. This is what has been found.





B Haplogroup may Originate from Mu


The B haplogroup, found only in aboriginal groups in Southeast Asia, China, Japan, Melanesia, and Polynesia, may represent Cayce’s people of Mu. Both Chinese and Japanese archaeologists take the idea of Mu seriously, and the B haplogroup findings closely match the story Cayce told about the continent. Most of the people of Mu who escaped the destruction in 50,000 B.C. escaped to China, India, and Japan. Some time later, descendants of these peoples could have traveled to America.



While Cayce said that some people from Mu entered the Americas about 50,000 B.C., he did not indicate that date as the time period when the majority of them came. We only know that it was after 50,000 B.C. and prior to 28,000 B.C.





A,C,&D Haplogroups – from Siberia?


The Cayce readings do indicate that people entered the Americas from both the east and west in 28.000 B.C. These migrants came from Atlantis. China, and from "across the Pacific." The 28.000 B.C. date matches well with the haplogroups A, B, C, and D proposed dates of entry into America. The Cayce readings do have references to the Bering Straits, but Cayce did not relate that there were migrations across it.



In fact, no one ever thought to ask him about this, so it remains an open question in the Cayce story. But the A, C, and D haplogroups clearly originated in Siberia just as the archaeologists have speculated. Cayce stated that the "yellow" or Mongol race of humanity originated in the 'Gobi and gradually’ spread throughout Asia.



Thus, according to Cayce, haplogroups A, C, and D probably originated in the Gobi and would be the migrations Cayce cited as coming from "across the Pacific."





The Atlantean Haplogroup may be X


Cayce indicated that the largest migration from Atlantis occurred just before 10.000 B.C. The majority of these Atlantean survivors went to the Northeastern coastal areas of America and Canada becoming the Iroquois. It should be recalled that Cayce also stated that not all of the Iroquois were Atlantean. The Atlanteans migrating to the Americas merged with the people already present in America by that time.



The Atlanteans became kaders of the tribes. Cayce’s story’ makes it clear that the Atlanteans had serious disputes among themselves that were reflected in ongoing violent conflict. (This was the struggle between the Belial and Law of One groups.)



This is confirmed by the Iroquois’ ancient history that tells of constant battles resulting in distant displacements of entire tribes to ensure their survival. Perhaps the most astonishing confirmation of Cayce’s story of ancient America is the presence of haplogroup X. What is known is that the X haplogroup first showed up in America perhaps 34,000 years ago, but its main entry occurred in 10,000 B.C.



These dates match Cayce’s timeframe for Atlantean migrations as well as the occurrence of X in the specific tribes predicted by his statements. The X group also appears to have shown up in ancient Iberia and in the Basques about the same time as well as in the Gobi.



These dates match Cayce’s story of the final two destructions of Atlantis and the resulting migrations to these areas.


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Wolofi
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^^^Man what the hell is this crap? Talking about Atlantis and Mu? LOL! Dude, you can do better than this.
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Habari
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Let me explain it to you: genetics show that many native South Americans have ancestors who came from the South Pacific islands as opposed to mainland Asia or through the Bering strait...do you get that?
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Quetzalcoatl
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quote:
Originally posted by Habari:
Let me explain it to you: genetics show that many native South Americans have ancestors who came from the South Pacific islands as opposed to mainland Asia or through the Bering strait...do you get that?

can you quote a published genetics paper that says that?
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