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Author Topic: Meluhha: Punt/ Northeast Africa
Clyde Winters
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Some people believe that Meluhha was the ancient name of the Harappan civilization of India. This is wrong, Meluhha was the name for the ancient civilization of Punt.

In Sumerian text, it is claimed that the Puntites traded with the people of the Indus Valley or Dilmun. According to S.N. Kramer in The Sumerians, part of Punt was probably called Meluhha, and Dilmun was probably the ancient name of the Indus Valley. (Today some scholars maintain that Oman,where we find no ancient cities was Dilmun and the Indus Valley may have been Meluhha).


The Mesopotamians applied the term Meluhha to ancient Kush and Punt, the countries below and east of Egypt according to Samuel Noah Kramer, in The Sumerians ( University of Chicago Press, 1963, pp.276-285). The Akkadians, according to Kramer said that Meluhha was “the place of black men” (see p.277) . Since the Sumerians were called the “black headed” people, the reference to Meluhha as the land of the black man probably refers to Kush-Punt as the original homeland of the Sumerians. This was also the homeland of the Dravidans as supported by the discovery of similar styles among the Kushites and Harappans.

The first mention of the Meluhha in Egyptian texts were written during the rule of Ramses II letter to the Hittites (KUB III 52) where he mentions that he was ending men of Meluhha to the Hittite royal court. During this period and later periods Meluhha=Kashi (Kush).

In many text written by Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal the terms Kashi and Meluhha interchange repeatedly (see: W.F. Albright, “Magan,Meluha and the synchronism between Menes and Naram-Sim, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, vol.7, pp.80-87). The Assyrians frequently referred to the Meluhha as salmuti ‘black’. The Meluhhaites according to the inscriptions of Sargon II (c. 712 BC) mention the “bowmen, chariots and horses of the king of Meluhha”, together with the Egyptians fought the Assyrians in Palestine. Later the Assyrian king Assurbanipal of Assyria, noted in his inscriptions that he “ marched against Magan (Egypt) and Meluhha (Kush) in order to defeat the armies of Tarku (Taharqa), king of Egypt and Kush (D. Potts, “The road to Meluhha”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 41(4) (1982) pp.279-288).

Kramer believes that Dilmun was the name the Sumerians called the Indus Valley. This name Dilmun~Dilmon could have been pronounced as *teļmaņ This view is supported by the fact that part India was called Dilmun. An important part of North India-Pakistan is Saurastra. This was a major center of Harappan civilization and the Brahmana Dravida (R. Thapar,p.185-86).

The Harappans or Dilmunites often wore braids and a headband. The braids and headband was a common feature of the Kushites.

The must significant evidence of the relationship between the Meluhhaites and Harappans is the headband worn by the Harappan priest-king, and the headbands worn by the Meluhhaites-Puntites recorded on the Hatshepsut mission to Punt and the Kushite soldiers.

In summary Meluhha was located in Africa. Meluhha would correspond to the ancient African nations the Egyptians called Kush-Punt. Dilmun was probably the name of the Indus Valley civilization. Since original home of the Dravidians was Kush, it was natural that many of the Harappans wore headbands and braids like their Kinsmen from Kush-Meluhha.

This view is supported by the place name located in Northern India in Kathiawar. The fact that these areas were known as centers of the brahmana Dravida support the view that the Dravidians founded the Indus Valley civilization, and explains close relationship between Sumerian and Tamil, since the original speakers of these languages formerly lived in Meluhha or ancient Kush the home of the “black men” according to the Assyrians and the Akkadians..

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Arwa
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^^^^^^^more of this Clyde [Smile]

I am from Puntland [Smile]

(hahaha, I bet Yunis had no idea that I was from Puntland [Big Grin] )

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Arwa
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^ you know what Clyde. You will meet quite resistance to convince your article to Somali people. Most Somali people believe the other direction >>> that it was Indian people who influenced us by how they dress and eat etc..

My cousin wrote books in the 70s about Ancient Egyptian connection to Puntland, and he was threaten by English people he used to work with not to write these issues.
I always wanted to read his books.

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Arwa
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^^ in fact, Somali ancient script looked like the Indian script. I think I posted here before.
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Explorador
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...assuming "Pwnt" is interchangeable with modern "Puntland", in the first place.

--------------------
The Complete Picture of the Past tells Us what Not to Repeat

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Clyde Winters
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quote:
Originally posted by Arwa:
^^ in fact, Somali ancient script looked like the Indian script. I think I posted here before.

I would be interested in seeing the script. There is a relation between the Indians and Puntitess which results from the early rule of Indians by the Naga, who originated in Puntland.

.

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Clyde Winters
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Naga/Nagash was also the title 'King' for the ancient Semitic speaking people of modern Ethiopia who lived in Arwe, and ancient kingdom in Punt. In addition, the ability of the Ethiopians as sailors, is supported by the title bahr nagash, "ruler of the maritime province" or Eritrea.

According to Ethiopian traditions the first empire was founded by Za Besi Angabo, of the Arwe line which ruled Ethiopia for 350 years. This dynasty began in 1370 B.C. The traditions of this dynasty are recorded in the Kebra Nagast , or "Glory of Kings". (Doresse 1971)

The greatest and most famous of the rulers of
Arwe was the Queen of Sheba, known as Makeda of Tigre, and Bilkis to her subjects in South Arabia. (Windsor 1969, p.38-39)

Za Sebado, was the grandfather of Makeda, he
ruled Ethiopia from 1076-1026 B.C., his wife was named Cares. Makeda was born in 1020 B.C., and ascended the throne in 1005 B.C., she ruled Ethiopia and South Arabia until 955 B.C. During her rule she visited King Solomon of the Jews. Here Makeda was impregnated by Solomon.

Makeda had a son. He was named Ebna Hakim, from his descendants Hebrewism came to Ethiopia.

Queen Makeda had a residence near Axum, but the main capital of Arwe was located along the southern end of the African shores of the Red Sea in a district called Azab, Asabe or Saba, which meant in the Tigrinya language of the time "the southern lands".

The name Sheba , was a variation of the name Saba or a specific designation. (Doresse 1971)

When Ebna Hakim took the throne, his mother had already established colonies in Arabia and India. Hakim took the name of Menelik I in 955 B.C. At Axum, Menelik established his capital. The first city of Axum was at Dar'o Addit Kilte.

Menelik I, ruled an empire extending from the
Blue Nile to Eastern India. He later, according to tradition, made the empire much larger. After Menelik the people of Arwe worshipped either Hebrewism or the serpent Arwe.

The most important King of Arwe ,after Menelik was King Geder of the city of Nouh, or Sabo, a suburb of Axum. The Kings of Arwe controlled the gold of the Fezoli region of Ethiopia, as revealed by archaeological excavation in the Kerem district in the North and the Edola area in the southern Ethiopia.

Their gold fields in Meroitic Kush, and Sofala in Mozambique produced considerable amounts of gold.

The civilizations of modern Ethiopia are
characterized by the practice of agriculture via
irrigation and terracing. Ethiopians had a knowledge of wheat and barley long before 1000 B.C. Soft wheat cultivation was concentrated around the centers of Axum, Harar and Addis Ababa.

The farmers of Arwe used the plough and the hoe or digging stick to prepare their fields for cultivation. From here the plough was taken to South Arabia.

The Puntites have had many religions. Before
Christianity and Hebrewism their religion consisted of several gods. The people worshipped the serpent Arwe.

The other gods were good and evil. These gods evolved into a series of distinctly Puntite gods including: Sin, the moon god (he was called Amuqah in Aowa);Ashtar, the planet Venus; Nuru, the Shinning One; Bahr, the sea god; Medr, the earth god; and Mahram , the god of war. The god Mahram was often identified with the planet Mars.

Due to trade relations of Punt with other lands Puntites originally probably used the Proto-Saharan script to keep proper records. Over time this writing system was modified, to form an alphabetic system.

The first writing created by the Puntites was
Sabaean. The earliest inscriptions written in this script were found at Haoulti , Ethiopia. These inscriptions are over 3000 years old. The
Ethiopians also took writing to South Arabia and later India. Both Thamudic and Ethiopic scripts are derived from the Sabaean writing. (Drewes 1962; Doresse 1971)

In fact the Ethiopians ruled much of India. These Ethiopians were called Naga. It was the Naga who created Sanskrit.

A reading of ancient Dravidian literature which dates back to 500 BC, gives us considerable information on the Naga. In Indian
tradition the Naga won central India from the Villavar (bowmen) and Minavar (fishermen). The Naga were great seamen who ruled much of India, Sri Lanka and Burma. To the Aryans they described as half man and snake. The
Tamil knew them as warlike people who used the bow and noose.

The earliest mention of the Naga, appear in the Ramayana , they are also mentioned in the Mahabharata. In the Mahabharata we discover that the Naga had the capital city in the Dekkan, and other cities spread between the Jumna and Ganges as early as 1300 BC. The Dravidian classic, the
Chilappathikaran made it clear that the first great kingdom of India was Naganadu.

The Naga probably came from Kush-Punt/Ethiopia. The Puntites were the greatest sailors of the ancient world. In the Egyptian inscriptions there
is mention of the Puntite ports of Outculit, Hamesu and Tekaru, which corresponds to Adulis, Hamasen and Tigre.

In Sumerian text, it is claimed that the Puntites traded with the people of the Indus Valley or Dilmun. According to S.N. Kramer in The
Sumerians, part of Punt was probably called Meluhha, and Dilmun was probably the
ancient name of the Indus Valley. (Today some scholars maintain that Oman, where we find no ancient cities was Dilmun and the Indus Valley may have been Meluhha).

Ancient Ethiopian traditions support the rule of Puntites or Ethiopians of India. In the Kebra Nagast, we find mention of the Arwe kings who ruled India. The founder of the dynasty was Za Besi Angabo. This dynasty according to the Kebra Nagast began around 1370 BC. These rulers of
India and Ethiopia were called Nagas. The Kebra Nagast claims that " Queen Makeda "had servants and merchants; they traded for her at sea and on land in the Indies and Aswan". It also says that her son Ebna Hakim or Menelik I, made a campaign in the Indian Sea; the king of India made gifts and donations and prostrated himself before him". It is also said that Menalik ruled an empire that extended from the rivers of Egypt (Blue Nile) to the west and from the south Shoa to eastern India", according to the Kebra
Nagast. The Kebra Nagast identification of an eastern Indian empre ruled by the Naga, corresponds to the Naga colonies in the Dekkan, and on the East coast between the Kaviri and Vaigai rivers.

The presence of Meluhhaites/ Puntites in India may expain the Greek tradition of Kusites ruling India up to the Ganges. It would also explain
the Aryan traditions of Mlechchas ( Sanskrit name for some of the non-Aryan people) as one of the aboriginal groups of India. Many scholars associate the name Mlechchas with Meluhha.

The major Naga tribes were the Maravar, Eyinar, Oliyar, Oviyar, Aru-Valur and Parathavar. The Nagas resisted the invansion of the Cholas .
In the Kalittokai IV,1-5, the Naga are described as being "of strong limbs and hardy frames and fierce looking tigers wearing long and curled locks of hair." The Naga kings of Sri Lanka are mentioned in the: Mahawanso, and are said to have later become Dravidians, as testified to by the names of these people: Naganathan, Nagaratnam, Nagaraja and etc.

The major gift of the Naga to India was the writing system: Nagari. Nagari is the name for the Sanskrit script. Over a hundred years ago Sir
William Jones, pointed out that the ancient Ethiopic and Sanskrit writing are one and the same.

William Jones, explained that the Ethiopian origin of Sanskrit was supported by the fact that both writing systems the writing went from left to right and the vowels
were annexed to the consonants. Today Eurocentric scholars teach that the
Indians taught writing to the Ethiopians, yet the name Nagari for Sanskrit
betrays the Ethiopia origin of this form of writing. Moreover, it is
interesting to note that Sanskrit vowels: a,aa,',I,u,e,o, virama etc., are
in the same order as Geez.

The Ethiopian script has influenced many other writing systems. Y.M. Kobishnor, in the Unesco History of Africa, maintains that Ethiopic was used as the model for Armenian writing, as was many of the Transcaucasian scripts. Dravidian literature indicate that the Naga may have introduced worship of Kali, the Serpent, Murugan and the Sun or Krishna. It is interesting to note that a god called Murugan is worshipped by many people in East Africa.

It is interesting that Krishna, who was associated with the Sun, means Black, this is analogous to the meaning of Khons of the Kushites. Homer, described Hercules asfollows: "Black he stood as night his bow uncased, his arrow string for
flight". This mention of arrows identifies the Kushites as warriors who
used the bow, a common weapon of the Kushites and the Naga.
Kumarinadu

The Naga or Ethiopians were defeated by Dravidian speaking people
from Kumarinadu. Kamarinadu is suppose to have formerly existed as a large
Island in the India ocean which connected India with East Africa. This
landmass is mentioned in the Silappadikaram, which said that Kamarinadu was
made up of seven nadus or regions. The Dravidian scholars Adiyarkunallar and
Nachinaar wrote about the ancient principalities of Tamilaham, which
existed on Kamarinadu.

Kumarinadu was ruled by the Pandyans/Pandians at Madurai before it
sunk beneath the sea. The greatest king of Kumarinadu was Sengoon.
According to Dravidian scholars the Pandyans worshipped the goddess Kumari
Amman. This Amman, probably corresponds to the ancient god Amon of the
Kushites. The Kalittokai 104, makes it clear that after the Pandyans were
forced to migrate off their Island home into South India, "to compensate
for the area lost to the great waves of the sea, King Pandia without
tiresome moved to the other countries and won them. Removing the emblems of
tiger (Cholas) and bow (Cheras) he, in their place inscribed his reputed
emblem fish (Pandia's) and valiantly made his enemies bow to him".

.

--------------------
C. A. Winters

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nomorelies
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I think he might be talking about the "Ciismanya" or "Osmanya" script.
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Clyde Winters
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The Indian Ethiopians called Naga, made one important improvement over the Ethiopic alphabetic scripts. This improvement was the addition of vowels to the alphabet.
The major contribution to the Ethiopian Nagas was the Indian writing system called Deva-Nagari. Nagari is the name for the Sanskrit writing system. Over a hundred years ago Sir William Jones, pointed out that Ge'ez and Sanskrit writing are one and the same. He explained that this was supported by the fact that both writing systems went from left to right, Sanskrit and Ge'ez share udentical vowels in the same order, and the vowels were annexed to the consonants. Today Eurocentric scholars teach that the Indians taught writing to the Ethioipians, or Ethiopian writing came from Yemen, yet the name Nagari for Sanskrit betrays the Ethiopian origin for this form of writing. In Ge'ez the term nagar means 'speech, to speak'. Thus we have in Ge'ez, with the addition of pronouns: nagara 'he spoke, nagast 'she spoke' and nagarku 'I spoke'.

The origin of Devanagari was as a trade language or lingua franca is evident in any discussion of this term. Sanskrit was, and has always been mainly an oral language until Panini and others wrote a grammar for it . This is why neither the Ge'ez or Sanscript word for 'writing' was ever applied to Devanagari. It is for this reason that it was called Deva+nagari 'the sacre speech'.


There is no Indian etymology that explains Nagari as the name for the Sanskrit language. It is clear that Devanagari means 'Divine city' or 'Sacre city' or 'City of God'. That is why the term script, is placed in brackets in your definitions:" meaning the "urban(e) [script] of the deities (= gods)", i.e. "divine urban(e) [script]". There is nothing in Sanascrit that allows the term Deva+nagari to represent anything but Deva (sacre, deity, god)+ nagari (city, of the city). For example lets look at deva+ , e.g., devata+maya 'containing all the gods'; deva+putra 'son of god'; deva+nadi 'divine river'; deva+linga 'statue of god ; and deva+nagari 'sacre city'. Lets look at nagari: avanti+nagari 'the city of Uggayini; Yama-nagari 'city of Yama'; and Indra+nagari 'city of Indra'.

These Sanskrit examples make it clear that Deva and nagari has nothing to do with 'writing'. Some researchers have claimed that devanagari= "sacre urbane [wiritng]", because they want to have an etymology for this term. Yet as noted by the Wikipedia site Sanskrit is often simply known as "Nagari" .

This supports my earlier view that the Ethiopian term Nagari, was used to represent writing by the inventors of Sanskrit, which was probably used as a lingua franca by the Ethiopians who ruled India and lived primarially in Indian urban areas. This means that Deva+nagari = 'Sacre Writing', not 'urbane [script] of the Deity'.


They used the term nagari, due to the fact that Sanskrit was originally a lingua franca used by the Ethiopians to communicate with their subjects and other diverse people in India. Because of its possible origin as a trade language, spoken Sanskrit acquired the name "Nagari" 'speech'.

Since it probably originated as a lingua franca, it was later written in Ge'ez or some other Ethiopian script. When Panini and others wrote grammars of Sanskrit they continued to call it by the name given it by its creator: Nagari 'speech'.

This is why attempts to provide a native etymology for nagari 'city, urban(e)' when interpreting Devanagari fails, it fails because Devanagari was a lingua franca and over time the proper meaning of the term was lost as various grammarian refined Sanskrit.

First of all Ge'ez dates back to 500 BC, whereas Brahmi dates to 264-271BC. As a result Devanagari has nothing to do with Brahmi. Brami is a syllabary whereas Devanagari is abugida.

Here is the Brahmi script

 -
Here is the Devanagari script
 -

Here is Ge'ez script

 -
A cursory comparison of the scripts, indicates that Ge'ez shows more similarity to Devanagari that Brahmi does to Devanagari.


A comparison of Devanagari and Ge'ez shows many similar signs.
code:
Deavanagari …………..Ge'ez

Ka………………………k'a, k'e

Þa…………………….ta

Þha……………….ta

Ya…………………ye

^Jha ……………he

Ha………………he

Va………………wa

Ra……………..rä

Dha………….da

Ba…………….be

Ra…………….rä

Da………………dä

Œa…………..ze

Sa…………..zu

Vowels

u………….u

e…………ä

u………..a

It is clear fron this comparison of Devanagari and Ge'ez we see the following consonantal patterns:

K/k

Þ/t

D/d

S/z

Œ/z
Vowel pattern

A/ä

U/ u

U/a

A/e

This comparison of Ge'ez and Devanagari suggest a stronger influence of Ge'ez on Devanagari than Brahmi.


As you can clearly see from a comparison of the scripts that Ge'ez shows more similarity to Devanagari that Brahmi does to Devanagari.

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Arwa
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Peace Clyde,

Please note, I have not forgot this topic. Currently, I am searching the e-mail of of my cousin, and it is best if you write to him.

But it is common knowledge that Somali people used similar script as Hindi.

~ Arwa

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Clyde Winters
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Bump up^

--------------------
C. A. Winters

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BrandonP
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quote:
Originally posted by Clyde Winters:
The Akkadians, according to Kramer said that Meluhha was “the place of black men” (see p.277).

I have Kramer's book. While he does use a reference to Meluhha as a place of "black men" to back up his assertion that Meluhha was Ethiopia, he doesn't attribute the reference specifically to the Akkadians. He simply says that it comes from the post-Sumerian period, which is a broad range of time that doesn't only include Akkadian rule. Besides, more likely than not, the Akkadians were black themselves, so why would they point out the blackness of Meluhha's inhabitants?
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Djehuti
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Wasn't Meluhha southern Arabia? This is suggested by all the sources I've read and mentioned most recently here by Dana.
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BrandonP
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quote:
Originally posted by Djehuti:
Wasn't Meluhha southern Arabia? This is suggested by all the sources I've read and mentioned most recently here by Dana.

Maybe it is. Kramer's book dates back to the 1960s, so it's probably outdated.

This source suggests that Meluhha may have been India.

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Clyde Winters
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quote:
Originally posted by Truthcentric:
quote:
Originally posted by Djehuti:
Wasn't Meluhha southern Arabia? This is suggested by all the sources I've read and mentioned most recently here by Dana.

Maybe it is. Kramer's book dates back to the 1960s, so it's probably outdated.

This source suggests that Meluhha may have been India.

Although the consensus is that Meluhha was an eastern country the evidence points to the fact that prior to 1500 BC Meluhha = Kush , just as it designated this empire after 1500.

quote:



Subject: Desperately Seeking Dilmun (sans Magan and Meluhha)


I posted this response to the Athena list by mistake and am forwarding
it to ANE.

My earlier post to this thread was prompted by Tony Sagrillo's response
to Clyde Winters, which implied that no intelligent person could review
the archaeological evidence concerning the location of Dilmun and
not agree with Mr. Sagrillo:

<Apparently you have missed out on the bulk of the literature for
_at least_ the past 25 yrs regarding Arabian Gulf archaeology.
Secondly, as for the ID of Dilmun=Bahrayn/NE Saudi not
fitting the archaelogical data, you are _seriously_ mistaken. . >
etc.

I am pleased that Sagrillo has provided us with specific citations in
his followup so that we can concentrate on the evidence.

I would not go as far as to maintain that it is established beyond all
doubt that Magan is Oman and Meluhha the Indus Valley, but I agree with
Sagrillo that the archaeological and literary evidence tends to support
these identifications, at least in the early periods.

My comments focus on Dilmun. Note that I did not side with Winters in
identifying Dilmun as the Indus Valley (nor do I agree with his
theories on Sumerian origins!). My comments were limited to
demonstrating that Sagrillo's castigation was excessive because the
"bulk of the archaeological literature for at least 25 yrs" does not
establish that Dilmun MUST be Bahrain/NE Saudi.

I have rearranged Sagrillo's nine points in chronological order:

1. the Dilmun sign appears in archaic lists [3200 BC]
2. archaeological evidence of fourth and third m.
3. a Kassite period inscription found on a foundation stone on
Bahrain (~1400-1200)
4. a reference in a text from the court of Sargon II (Neo-Assyrian
king, 721-705)
5. interpretation of a reference to 30 berus from source #2.
6. a second Sargon II reference
7. an inscription by Assurbanipal (NeoAssyrian king, 668-627)
8. linguistic analysis of Greek and Syriac names of Bahrain
9. dates grow in NE Saudi

Seven of Sagrillo's citations refer to literary evidence. Of course
the literary evidence must be considered, and Sagrillo is quite right
that some of the texts suggest an island location in the gulf.

But literary evidence is not archaeological evidence. Sagrillo
attacked Winters for stating that "your identification of Dilmun with
the Arabian gulf does not fit the archaeological data," and my previous
post cited specific archaeological findings. Sagrillo responded by
listing _literary_ evidence and vaguely asserting that Kitchen
maintains that archaaeological evidence has been found on Bahrain and
Saudi:

“Archaeological evidence from 3rd/2nd mill. shows links between
Saudi and Bahrayn. Before 3rd mill., no evidence of major
civilization on Bahrayn, but lots in Saudi going back to 4th mill.
(with connections to Mesop.) Implication is that Dilmun was
originally located on the Saudi mainland and latter applied to
Bahrayn as well.”


Let's look at this statement more closely. What specifically is the
archaeological evidence that "a major civilization" _ever_ extended to
the small, mostly barren island of Bahrain? I am not aware of anything
found on Bahrain before the 2nd m. other than a few dozen stone
cottages. And assigning a 2100 BC date to these is stretching the
evidence because artifacts found in association with these huts are
more indicative of a later date (see my previous post for citations).

Later in the 2nd m. there are modest provincial settlements, evidence
of copper mining, burials with no trace of luxury goods, a few isolated
imports, weights conforming to the Harappan standard, a temple
sequence.

The material culture of Bahrain displays affinities with the mainland
coastal areas of Oman and Saudi. The archaeological record shows that
the Arabian Gulf areas had contact with each other and with
Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley, and that they mined and exported
copper and stone. But the provincial nature of the material culture of
the Arabian Gulf does not support the contention that the
Arabian littoral was ever a major international hub, a flourishing
emporium of exotic and precious merchandise.

Sagrillo states that Bahrain is a source of pearls -- but the texts
that list Dilmun pearls are mid-3rd m. economic texts from Ur, and
there is nothing on Bahrain at this time. The Ur texts also mention
Dilmun ivory, Dilmun gold, Dilmun furniture, Dilmun lapis, Dilmun
semi-precious stones, Dilmun wood -- but none of these items come from
Bahrain, or from Saudi for that matter. We also hear about Dilmun
dates, and as he points out, dates grow in SE Saudi. They also grow
just about everywhere else in the Middle East.

People want to get around the embarrassing fact that comprehensive and
sustained excavations revealed no evidence that Bahrain had a major
port or that it was involved in the production or trade of luxury goods
at any time. Now we hear that Dilmun is Saudi (five years ago it was
Falaika, ten years ago Oman). Maybe it is, maybe it isn't. But "the
bulk of the literature on the Gulf archaeology during the past 25
years" hasn't established diddly about Dilmun as far as I can see. If
there is evidence to the contrary, please bring it to my attention and
supply the names of the excavators, sites, and a description of finds
over the past 25 years.

One last note . . . I wonder if intellectual exhaustion is the real
reason we cling to the Bahrain equation, despite the underwhelming
evidence. The Dilmun debates raged for years, and it must have been a
great relief to set the problem aside with the assurance that everyone
who mattered agreed that it was Bahrain.

Kate

http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/library/ane/digest/v03/v03.n153




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AswaniAswad
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Clyde naga is the indian order the ones who hold the axe right. Yes in tigrinia nagar is speech and nagasi is king. Meluhha is not really certain but i think its near Sudan,Ethiopia.

However, much-later texts documenting the exploits of King Assurbanipal of Assyria was a civilization centered on the Upper Tigris river, in Mesopotamia , that came to rule regional empires a number of times in history. It was named for its original capital, the ancient city of Assur...
(668–627 BC), long after the Indus Valley civilization had ceased to exist, seemingly imply that Meluhha is to be found somewhere near Egypt, in Africa.


Indians and Ethiopians have had long history of fights in the indian ocean as well as trade. If im not mistaken there is documented books in India about the these fights and how they would both keep as slaves the captives of eachside. The Indians of Malabar Karyala are Jacobite Christians and have had close relations with abyssinia there co-religious.

Clyde Arwa is consider the Serpent that ruled Abyssinia and they gave there first born to the Gebel King=Serpent King which was called Arwa then Negasti Azeb with her Father slew the serpent and became the royal family this is a story having a different meaning according to most ethiopian Monks.

Clyde Sir William Jones, and another German scholar both came to that conclusion but it has not been researched anymore to my knowledge. Rawlison used Oromo,Geez,Mahra to decipher Babylonian.

Clyde ever wonder about the similarities between the sounding of words as well as long names and long words of the Assyrians,Sumerians,Meroitic,Indians, like King Assurbanipal sounds more indian as well as the similarities in statues of Sumer,Babylon,and India as well as Meoritic

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Clyde Winters
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 -
Move it up for Dana.

--------------------
C. A. Winters

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