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Grasshopper!!! will you stop teasing lil sis??...I want to encourage her to post more historical stuff. Anyways don't mind him lil sis He just a bad ol puddy tat Here is some thing to go along with your pics.
Nok culture The Nok civilization appeared in Nigeria around 500 B.C. and mysteriously vanished around 200 AD. The civilization’s social system was highly advanced. The Nok civilization was considered to be the earliest sub-Saharan producer of life-sized Terracotta. Nok culture terracottas are heralded as the prime evidence of the refinement of African civilizations, and it is suggested that the society eventually evolved into the later Jos Plateau community. The refinement of this civilization is attested to by the image of a Nok dignitary at the Metropolitan Museum in New York. The dignitary is portrayed wearing a "shepherds crook" affixed with an elastic material to the right arm. The dignitary is also portrayed sitting with flared nostrils, and an open mouth suggesting rhetorical performance. According to some accounts, based on artistic similarities between early Yoruba art forms and Nok forms, there may be connections between Nok culture and contemporary Jos Plateau people. Later brass and terracotta sculptures of the Ife and Benin cultures show significant similarities with those found at Nok.
Iron use, in smelting and forging for tools, appears in Nok civilization in Africa by 500 BC.
Sculptures Nok sculptures also depict animals and humans. Their function is still unknown, since scientific field work is still missing. For the most part, the terracotta is preserved in the form of scattered fragments. That is why Nok art is well known today only for the heads, both male and female, whose hairstyles are particularly detailed and refined. The statues are in fragments because the discoveries are usually made from alluvial mud, in terrain made by the erosion of water. The terracotta statues found there are hidden, rolled, polished, and broken. Rarely are works of great size conserved intact making them highly valued on the international art market. The terracotta figures are hollow, coil built, nearly life sized human heads and bodies that are depicted with highly stylized features, abundant jewellery, and varied postures. Some artifacts have been found illustrating a plethora of physical ailments, including debilitating disease and facial paralysis. Other associated pieces include plant and animal motifs.
Little is known of the original function of the pieces, but theories include ancestor portrayal, grave markers, and charms to prevent crop failure, infertility, and illness. Also, based on the dome-shaped bases found on several figures, they could have been used as finials for the roofs of ancient structures.
Margaret Young-Sanchez, Associate Curator of Art of the Americas, Africa, and Oceania in The Cleveland Museum of Art, explains that most Nok ceramics were shaped by hand from coarse-grained clay and subtractively sculpted in a manner that suggests an influence from wood carving. After some drying, the sculptures were covered with slip and burnished to produce a smooth, glossy surface. The figures are hollow, with several openings to facilitate thorough drying and firing. The firing process most likely resembled that used today in Nigeria, in which ceramic pieces are covered with grass, twigs, and leaves and burned for several hours.
In 1928, the first find was accidentally unearthed at a level of 24 feet in an alluvial tin mine in the vicinity of the village of Nok near the Jos Plateau region of Nigeria (Folorunso 32). As a result of natural erosion and deposition, Nok terracottas were scattered at various depths throughout the Sudan grasslands, causing difficulty in the dating and classification of the mysterious artifacts.
Luckily, two archaeological sites, Samun Dukiya and Taruga, were found containing Nok art that had remained unmoved. Radiocarbon and thermo-luminescence tests narrowed the sculptures’ age down to between 2000 and 2500 years ago, making them some of the oldest in tropical Africa. Because of the similarities between the two sites, archaeologist Graham Connah believes that "Nok artwork represents a style that was adopted by a range of iron-using farming societies of varying cultures, rather than being the diagnostic feature of a particular human group as has often been claimed."
Discovery The Nok civilization was discovered in 1928 on the Jos Plateau during tin mining. The first pieces were unearthed but then forgotten. In 1932, a group of 11 statues in perfect condition were discovered near the city of Sokoto. Since that time, statues coming from the city of Katsina were brought to light. Although there are similarities to the classical Nok style, the connection between them is not clear yet.
Later still, in 1943, near the village of Nok, in the center of Nigeria, a new series of clay figurines were discovered by accident while mining tin. A worker had found a head and had taken it back to his home for use as a scarecrow, a role that it filled (successfully) for a year in a yam field. It then drew the attention of the director of the mine who bought it. He brought it to the city of Jos and showed it to the trainee civil administrator, Bernard Fagg, an archaeologist who immediately understood its importance. He asked all of the miners to inform him of all of their discoveries and was able to amass more than 150 pieces. Afterwards, Bernard and Angela Fagg ordered systematic excavations that revealed many more profitable lucky finds dispersed over a vast area, much larger than the original site. In 1977, the number of terra cotta objects discovered in the course of the mining excavation amounted to 153 units, mostly from secondary deposits (the statuettes had been carted by floods near the valleys) situated in dried-up riverbeds in savannahs in Northern and Central Nigeria (the Southwestern portion of the Jos Plateau).
Later, new discoveries had been found in an increasingly larger area, including the Middle Niger Valley and the Lower Benue Valley. the parts that could have exploded when fired.
References
Breunig, P. & Rupp, N. (2006). Nichts als Kunst. Archäologische Forschungen zur früheisenzeitlichen Nok-Kultur in Zentral-Nigeria. Forschung Frankfurt 2-3, 73-76. Boullier, C.; A. Person; J.-F. Saliège & J. Polet (2001). Bilan chronologique de la culture Nok et nouvelle datations sur des sculptures. Afrique: Archéologie & Arts 2, 9-28. Fagg, A. (1972). A preliminary report on an occupation site in the Nok valley, Nigeria: Samun Dukiya, AF/70/1. West African Journal of Archaeology 2, 75-79. Fagg, B. (1959). The Nok Culture in prehistory. Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria.
Posts: 6546 | From: japan | Registered: Feb 2009
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That possiblity exist, maybe they are ancestral to the people of Ile Ifa and hence to Dahomey and other groups...tomrrow I'll try to find out more.
Posts: 6546 | From: japan | Registered: Feb 2009
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OK folks more from the Nok and other urban cities in Nigeria:
Encarta Encyclopedia; Johnstone and Mandryk
Historical Factors
Human cultures developed differently in the northern and southern parts of Nigeria. In the early centuries AD, kingdoms in the drier, northern savanna, prospered from trade ties with North Africa. At roughly the same time, in the wetter, southern forested areas, city- states and other federations arose and were supported by agriculture and coastal trade. Both of these developments changed when Europeans entered in the late 15th century, slave trade arose during the 16th through 19th centuries, and formal colonization by Britain began at the end of 19th century. While Nigeria achieved independence in 1960.
In the North The Nok culture, that flourished between 500 BC and AD 200, became the earliest identifiable civilization in Nigeria’s north. This culture is also the earliest of West Africa’s known ironworkers. The real identity of the Nok culture is unknown. The culture is named for a village where miners first unearthed their artifacts. The Nok are famous for their figurines—finely crafted people and animals in terra-cotta. Most of these figures have been found near Akure but some are evidenced on the Jos Plateau. Evidence suggests that some of these people had practiced settled agriculture since at least 5000 BC. The Nok people influenced centuries of central Nigerian sculpture. Today the art of several central Nigerian peoples continues to reflect Nok style.
The Kanem-Bornu Empire is the northern region’s first well-documented state. This Empire, the kingdom of Kanem, emerged east of Lake Chad in what is now southwestern Chad by the 9th century AD. The existence of the Kanem-Bornu kingdom is attested by Arabic writers. In the northern regions of Hausaland, the Bayajidda legend claims some middle-eastern ancestors for the Hausa. Islam came early to the northern parts, including the region of the Hausa. Kanem profited from trade ties with North Africa and the Nile Valley, from which it also received Islam. The Saifawas, Kanem’s ruling dynasty, periodically enlarged their holdings by conquest and marriage into the ruling families of vassal states. The empire, however, failed to maintain a lasting peace. During one conflict-ridden period sometime between the 12th and 14th centuries, the Saifawas were forced to move across Lake Chad into Bornu, in what is now far northeastern Nigeria. There, the Kanem intermarried with the native peoples, and the new group became known as the Kanuri. The Kanuri state, centered first in Kanem and then in Bornu, known as the Kanem-Bornu Empire, is often referred to as Bornu.
The Kanuri eventually returned to Chad and conquered the empire lost by the Saifawas. Its dominance thus assured, Bornu became a flourishing center of Islamic culture that rivaled Mali to the far west. The kingdom also grew rich in trade, which focused on salt from the Sahara and locally produced textiles. In the late 16th century, the Bornu king Idris Alooma expanded the kingdom again, and although the full extent of the expansion is not clear, Bornu exerted considerable political influence over Hausaland to the west. In the mid- and late 18th century, severe droughts and famines weakened the kingdom, but in the early 19th century Bornu enjoyed a brief revival under al-Kanemi, a shrewd military leader who resisted the Fulani revolution that swept over much of Nigeria. Al- Kanemi’s descendants continued as traditional rulers within Bornu State. The Kanem- Bornu Empire ceased to exist in 1846 when it was absorbed into the Wadai sultanate to the east. Encarta Ency. Britannica The Hausa-Fulani cultures assumed a dominant role in Nigeria early in history.
The Hausa cultures were smelting iron as early as the 7th century AD. The exact beginnings of the Hausa culture is unknown but they seem to have begun in northwestern and north central Nigeria, to Bornu’s west. Legend holds that Bayajidda, a traveler from the Middle East, married the Queen of Daura, with whom he produced seven sons. Each son is reputed to have founded one of the seven Hausa kingdoms: Kano, Rano, Katsina, Zazzau (Zaria), Gobir, Kebbi, and Auyo. However founded, the seven city-states developed as strong trading centers, typically surrounded by a wall and with an economy based on intensive farming, cattle raising, craft making, and later slave trading. In each Hausa state, a monarch, probably elected, ruled over a network of feudal lords, most of whom had embraced Islam by the 14th century.
The states maintained persistent rivalries, which at times made them easy prey to the expansion of Bornu and other kingdoms. A perhaps greater, if more subtle, threat to the Hausa kingdoms was the immigration of Fulani pastoralists, who came from the west to make a home in the Nigerian savanna and who gained control over large areas of Hausaland over several centuries.
In 1804 a Fulani scholar, Usuman dan Fodio, declared a jihad (holy war) against the Hausa states, whose rulers he condemned for allowing Islamic practices to deteriorate. Local Fulani leaders, motivated by both spiritual and local political concerns, received Usuman’s blessing to overthrow the Hausa rulers. With their superior cavalry and organization, the Fulani overthrew the Hausa rulers and also conquered areas beyond Hausaland, including Adamawa to the east and Nupe and Ilorin to the south.
After the war, a loose federation of 30 emirates emerged, each recognizing the supremacy of the Sultan of Sokoto, located in what is now far northwestern Nigeria. The first sultan of Sokoto was Usuman. After Usuman died in 1817, he was succeeded by his son, Muhammad Bello. The Sokoto Caliphate dominated the region throughout the 19th century through military and economic power.
In the Southern Regions Nigeria’s oldest archaeological site lies in its forested region, at Iwo Elero near Akure in southwestern Nigeria. Stone tools and human remains at the site date from 9000 BC. The first well-documented kingdom in southwestern Nigeria was centered at Ife, which was established as the first of the Yoruba kingdoms in the 11th or 12th century. Over the next few centuries, the Ife spread their political and spiritual influence beyond the borders of its small city-state. Ife artisans were highly skilled, producing, among other things, bronze castings of heads in a highly naturalistic style. Terra-cotta, wood, and ivory were also common media. Shortly after the rise of Ife, the Kingdom of Benin emerged to the east. Although it was separate from the Yoruba kingdoms, Benin legends claim that the kingdom’s first rulers were descended from an Ife prince. By the 15th century, Benin was a large, well-designed city sustained by trade. Its cultural legacy includes a wealth of elaborate bronze plaques and statues recording the nation’s history and glorifying its rulers.At about the same time as Benin’s ascendance, the major Yoruba city-state of Oyo arose.
Situated northwest of Ife, Oyo used its powerful cavalry to replace Ife as Yorubaland’s political center. Ife, however, continued to serve as the spiritual center of Yorubaland. When the Portuguese first arrived in the late 15th century, it was the Oyo who controlled trade with them, first in goods such as peppers, which they secured from the northern interior lands and transferred to the southern coast, and later in slaves.
In Oyo, as elsewhere throughout coastal West Africa, the traffic in slaves had disastrous results—not just on those traded, who were largely from the interior, but also on the traders. As African nations vied for the lucrative commerce, conflicts increased, and the people worked at slavery rather than other forms of agricultural and economic advancement. As a result, when Britain banned the slave trade in the early 19th century, Oyo was hard-pressed to maintain its prosperity. The Oyo state of Ilorin broke away from the empire in 1796 and later joined the northern Sokoto Caliphate in 1831 after Fulani residing in Ilorin seized power. The Oyo empire collapsed, plunging all of Yorubaland,Oyo, Ife, and other areas into a bloody civil war that lasted for decades. Along with the Yoruba, the Igbo arose as a strong cultural and political influence in early periods. In southeastern Nigeria, archaeological sites confirm sophisticated civilizations dating from at least AD 900, when fine bronze statues were crafted by predecessors of the modern-day Igbo people. These early peoples, who almost certainly had well-developed trade links, were followed by the Nri of northern Igboland. With these exceptions, Igboland did not have the large, centralized kingdoms that characterized other parts of Nigeria. A few clans maintained power, perhaps the strongest of which was the Aro. The Aro lived west of the Cross River, near present-day Nigeria’s southeastern border, and rose to prominence in the 17th and 18th centuries. The Aro were oracular priests for the region and used this role to secure large numbers of slaves. The slaves were sold in coastal ports controlled by other groups such as the Ijo. Colonial History in Nigeria Compared with other parts of West Africa, Nigeria felt the influence of Europe later.
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Discussion about Nok by members on the sister site Nok Statuary in NigeriaPosts: 8014 | From: the Tekrur in the Western Sahel | Registered: Feb 2006
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Are the Noh of Japan descendant from the Nok of Nigeria? Noh masks show a population completely unlike any population found in Japan today while at the same time so similar to the masks and traditions of the Nok of Nigeria.
I'd say that even if there is no substantive relationship in statuary, masks, and traditions that the similarities are really very uncanny.
The text on that page is so cramped you can't read it. This is what the 4th paragraph says:
Japan was populated from yet another route before the 10th century AD and that was from Southeast and Central Asia from which by the 8th century arose its Buddhist population - also African (see pics 1, 2, 3).
The Noh tribe of Japan terminates in the aspirant "oh" which also serves for the soft "k" which should be pronounced "Nok". And today exists a Nigerian tribe known as the Nok. It was the Noh, also populating Japan from Southeast Asia (near the 8th century AD) that served as the source of contemporary Japan's traditional theatre!!!
And African theatre traditions, drum, and mask used are similar. The Japanese indeed call their theatre Noh and formally recognized its prehistoric origins.
Noh masks used in contemporary traditional Japanese theatre as found in 7 - 14 (and see link 3). Ultimately, SE and Central Asian cultures had African origins, geneticists claim (e).
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Marc,the Nok..was not the real name of that civilization or people..their real name like the Olmecs is lost to history...the Noh masks has it's roots in Chinese Buddhism...checkout Chinese theater and mask.notthing to do with Nigeria. Now Japan did have settlers from South Asia...as well as Migrants from north east Asia.
Posts: 6546 | From: japan | Registered: Feb 2009
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Brada. You could well be right about the naming of the Nok. So many tribes and peoples were named by their neighbors and those names carried down through history.
Where Chinese Buddhism is concerned, this is what those Buddhists looked like:
I don't think that either you or I have enough information to definitively say whether or not the Noh tradition of Japan is or is not related to the Nok or (perhaps more likely) other African peoples and traditions.
I will add this further page showing in C, D, E, and F that yesterday's population in Japan was, by phenotype, African and wholly different from today's population which mostly arrived after the 15th century AD:
Brada. You wrote the Noh masks has it's roots in Chinese Buddhism.
Earlier, from above, I said pretty much the same thing writing:
Japan was populated from yet another route before the 10th century AD and that was from Southeast and Central Asia from which by the 8th century arose its Buddhist population - also African (see pics 1, 2, 3).
You might challenge the African origins of those peoples. This is a free world and you are certainly entitled to your opinions.
Buddhist missionaries from India sent by King Asoka brought Buddhism to China. Yet, in Japan we have the major Buddhist religious center from at least the 7th century AD I believe also called Asoka.
Actually, 6th century Prince Shotoku, I believe it was, who was centrally responsible for aiding the establishment of Buddhism in Japan (first in Nara) - but it was Korea rather than China that played the lion's share of the role in bringing Buddhism to Japan through Shotoku. Or, am I wrong about that?
I've always wondered if it was King Asoka's eponym. Would you know?
Interesting that in English people say, "Jesus!" to indicate strong emotion. When I was in Japan, the Japanese often said, "Asoka!" meaning (Arwa would know), something, like, Is that so?" or Yes, that's so. The name of the revered finds its way into everyday usage where in church and after prayers or as used by blacks to voice support we say, Amen; which, of course, is from the great god Amun that the Romans never let go.
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Marc,as you and I well know Buddhism went from India to China then on to Korea and Japan...that means Buddhist art and literature...travel with the religion. so if the original..Buddhist missionaries comming out of India were Blacks then Blacks showing up in some of the art works in some stylized fashion is to be expected.example lions in front of certain temples in Japan...as far as I know lions never existed in Japan.
Posts: 6546 | From: japan | Registered: Feb 2009
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I agree. And, not to be trite, the stylized lion, we could go so far to say, the paired lions from antiquity was, it seems, shorthand for the creation of the universe and even of the creation of each day.
Here is a note on that with the paired lion of the Shang seen in picture 5:
The paired lions made their rounds, didn't they? And seen ubiquitously today though our civilization has forgotten the meaning behind the symbolism.
My favorite paired lions (from my own travels) are those at the Central Library on 5th Avenue (I think) in New York, in front of Univ of Penn's Museum library, and at the head of the major bridge in Budapest.
They are living in "glory" in the shell of the ancient civilizations of (by phenotype) Africans worldwide.
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So Marc,there are cauple of things going on here 1 original Blacks of Asia sometimes isolated sometimes living in the millions in their own countries. 2 deffusion of art/religion along with trade goods back and forth through an ancient high-way called the Silk-Road...that starts in the Persian Gulf and terminates in Eastern China. 3 Africans not Black Asians who were traders soldiers,sailors see Ethiopians sailors before the Portugese etc. 4 The Indians who cannot be ignored weither Hindu or Buddhist who had tremendous cultural/religious and economic sway over South Asia.
If you are serious one would take the time to separate and focus on their own individual histories and contributions instead of lumping them all by phenotype...now they often over-lap so that must be shown also Afterall an Ethiopian or a Swahili ship making port call in some of the Black Islands is still African.
Posts: 6546 | From: japan | Registered: Feb 2009
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I might add for you consideration that what may be referred to as Black Asians have been determined by Asian scientists to be, in fact, African.
Here is an article from Science on that:
African Origin of Modern Humans in East Asia: A Tale of 12,000 Y Chromosomes, Science, 292:5519, pp. 1151-1153, Issue of 11 May 2001.
And here is a page considering China's prehistoric population up to and including the historical Shang and also looking at cultural materials found in both ancient Afrigypt and China of roughly the same period:
Red and black figurine rock art
cattle brecia altars
Sphinx
Monumental feline before sphinx
An Avenue of the Rams
The paired feline guards
The page text looks at identical African and Chinese tribal names as well
There seems to have been an unbroken African cultural sphere that spanned from Africa through Asia including China.
That whites accomplished a worldwide presence during the Age of Exploration and Colonization roughly between 500 AD and 1500 AD (including the Germanic Migration Period which people Germany, North Europe, Britain and West Europe), that they did it in 1000 years shows, I think, that in the preceding 10,000 years Africans easily populated the entire world - and China, too.
Meaning Black Asians are really Africans - if we are to believe the Chinese scientists from Stanford and other places.
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By the way. When I used to go to the Chinese market in Budapest, I was shocked by how many black Chinese I saw with full noses and lips. With the exception of straight hair (earned when the Bushmen who populated Mongolia encountered whites expanding outwards from the Russian Steppes slowly from 1000 BC (?); kinky-haired until then no doubt)
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so if the original..Buddhist missionaries comming out of India were Blacks then Blacks showing up in some of the art works in some stylized fashion is to be expected.
I think this page could be related to that showing (by phenotype) African Buddhists as the protectors of Japan in pre-Medieval times - the 8th century:
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Well Marc,we will continue to dissagree on calling Black Asians...Africans...especially if they are more related genetically to the twanney colored lank haired people around them.
Concerning the how Buddhism got to Japan...it was mostly through China and Korea that was the bridge...Japan got a lot of it's inspiration from China including it's writing systems....as a matter of fact Japans first Imperial dynasty may well have been of Chinese and Korean origin:
Invasion Theory The Japanese could not agree upon any specific date as to their prehistory. Conventional world history book cited the event that happened in the year of AD 391 as something corrobarated by three parties, China, Japan and Korea. The Chinese record is to be searched yet for this claim. The Koreans flatly denied that it was an invasion into Korea by Wa Japan at all.
But in this year, http://home.earthlink.net/~dlturk/japanhistory/yamatohistory.html stated that the "Japanese forces cross to Korea, defeat Paekche and Silla armies and establish a small colony (called Mimana) on the southern tip of the pennensula. To thank the Japanese for helping save his territory from the Silla, the king of Paekche sends scholars to Japan. With them they bring the Chinese writing system." http://home.earthlink.net/~dlturk/japanhistory/yamatohistory.html made a rough time table for the Yamato Period to be AD 300-550. By adopting AD 300-550, the Jimmu Tenno Invasion would have happened around AD 300, instead of something like in the middle of first millennium BC. This certainly is close to the Korean claim that in 369 AD, Paekche's Prince Homuda led a expeditionary force to Japan and colonized the country as Yamato.
What happened then in the fourth century at all?
Wontack Hong, at http://gias.snu.ac.kr/wthong/, firmly believed that the so-called invasion of Mimana in southern Korea was not an action on the part of the Wa Japan, but an on-route campaign by Paekche armies. The Paekche armies, in order to cross the see to Japan, would have no choice but to go through the territories of Mimana. Hong borrowed some research from a Japanese scholar called Egami (1964) who claimed that "Mimaki-iri-biko from Mimana" ( a Chinhan ruler with connection to Puyo people) was "the leader of the horse riding invasion force". In contrast with Egame, Hong claimed that it would be the Paekche who invaded Wa Japan and set up the Yamato State. Hong believed that Egame could not divest himself from the imperialist Japanese viewpoint that Japanese could never be subjugated by an inferior race like the Koreans. In an academic article, Egami (1964) stated the 'Horserider Invasion' which was to say that "the alien people called the gods of heaven were a North East Asian people related to the peoples of Fu-yu [Puyeo] and Kao-chu-li [Koguryeo]... immediately prior to their invasion of Japan, they [the horseriding invaders] were based on the Mimana area in south Korea." Egame's theories, however, were built on undisputable artifacts excavated from the tombs of intermdiate and late Kofun time periods. The tombs had shown striking similarities to those in Korea, which made the Japanese into an awkward position should they deny the sudden continental influx in the 4th century.
The Koreans claimed that it would be the Paekche people who would later set up the State of Yamato. This school of thought had claimed that the Paekches, out of hatred for the Sillas who conquered their country, had embarked on a mission to hide or destroy their Korean identities. They basically wrote the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki in late 7th and early 8th century to make the 'invasion' occur hundreds of years earlier than it actually occurred. http://www.koreanhistoryproject.org stated that "in the winter of 369 AD, Prince Homuda's expeditionary force landed on the northern shore of Kyushu at Hakata Bay on the westernmost of Japan's large islands... Prince Homuda's army pushed eastward for six years, encountering fierce resistance from many of the clans in its path... finally halted on the rich agricultural plain formed by the Yodo and Yamato Rivers at the head of Osaka Bay... Prince Homuda proclaimed the creation of his new kingdom, taking its name from the surrounding region and giving the country its first official 'name' - Yamato.
Silla
Ouyang Xiu of Song Dynasty, in his book New History Of Tang Dynasty, said that the founders of Silla were descendants of the Bianhan people who historically dwelled in the area of then Lelang Commandary. (Ouyang also recorded that to the east of Silla there were a group of people called the 'Tall Guys' who were cannibals and that Silla had to dispatch thousands of soldiers to guard against them.) http://www.koreanhistoryproject.org gives details of the tribes involved: "In 57 BC, the six clan chieftains of the King's Council met in the village of Kyongju, capital of the small walled-town state of Saro. They formed a new political alliance among the several smaller tribal states in the old Chinhan territory east of the Naktong River and chose Pak Hyokkose of the Kumnyang clan as their first leader. By consolidation and outright conquest, the walled-town state of Saro linked itself with other walled-town states in the area, gradually expanded its frontier beyond the confines of the Kyongju plain, and evolved into the rather large confederated kingdom of Silla. "
Paekche
Ouyang Xiu of Song Dynasty, in his book New History Of Tang Dynasty, said the Paekche derived from the Tungusic Puyo tribes in Manchuria.
'Samguk Shidae': Korean's Three Kindoms
Samguk Shidae sounds just like Chinese as meaning the times of the three kindoms. In the Korean Peninsula, the 1st to 3rd centuries would mark a contentious period in which various Korean states fought with each other and the Han Chinese. With Kaya (42 AD-562AD) included, some historians refer to this period as "Four Kingdoms www.imperialchina.org/Koreans.html
So as far as Ashoka sending missionaries directly to Japan...I have come across any such claims myself..not to say it didn't happend...this link may intrest you. www.hknet.org.nz/VWHChinaJapanKorea.htmlPosts: 6546 | From: japan | Registered: Feb 2009
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Well Marc,we will continue to dissagree on calling Black Asians...Africans...especially if they are more related genetically to the twanney colored lank haired people around them.
However, it is not I, per se, saying that not only Black Asians but all Asians (I'll put it this way) have roots to Africa (not being trite - everyone acknowledges that all have roots to Africa; but the Chinese substantively admit this and I think the Black Asians reflect it).
Just to focus on the source, it is Chinese scientists who claim their African roots. I'd say light/white Chinese are lightened Bush people who saw an influx of whites from the Steppes maybe from 400 AD.
Those Chinese scientists making the claim of their African roots, well, the article posted some entries above.
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It was a delight to read theories on the founding of Japan and the interplay between the three Korean Kingdoms and interplay between China, Korea, and Japan.
The Buyo / Puyo / Fu-yu are really fascinating as the story goes they came from the upper reaches of the Yantze River near in China near 2000 BC to populate Korea. And, it is they who may have brought so-called Chinese architecture to Korea (I think they may have been associated with the Dian of China - or the Dian associated with them.
Puyo. The last emperor of China was Puyo. The evidence I have found is that they were (by phenotype) African:
One writer above in the piece you included hypothesized that the Wa invaded the Korean Peninsula and established a colony. Personally, I rather doubt that.
Japan is to the east of China and its shores can be seen from China, I believe. Because of this, that played a role in the naming of Japan which means, in Chinese, "The land of the rising sun" as the sun rose above Japan to the Chinese.
The Wa, however, were ruled by a strong queen much like most pre-modern, non-Western prehistoric dwarfish peoples. From what I can gather, they were pretty non-warlike. Can't imagine them warring with Korea.
Thanks for the article above! . .
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The navel is protruding strangely, in the shape of a ball indicating motherhood or fertility. Truly speaking, the real problem with this statue rests in what resembles a penis case, Perhaps a hermaphrodite representation, who knows ? H. 74 cm Dating : 1,400 to 2,000 years Private collection (Switzerland)
Nok rider The fact that the horse is almost never represented in the Nok statuary makes this is an extremely rare piece. This approximately 2,000 year-old horse/rider statue is extremely rare, if not unique. Some think that the horse was not brought to Nigeria until the 10th or 11th century. Others estimate that it had been in use since the 1st century A.D.. Horses teeth have been found in excavations among cut or polished stones and fragments of Nok pottery, thus validating the second assertion. The teeth had been pierced to be worn as an amulet, undoubtedly by a warlord. The horse and its rider presented here have been successfully dated using thermoluminescence with the greatest meticulousness. Four samples were tested and provide indisputable results.
H. 32 cm x L. 25 cm x W. 10 cm Dating : 1,400 to 2,000 years Private collection (France)
Seated man on a diabolo H. 66 cm Thermo dating 2,400 years
this one is fascinating
Anthropozoomorphic statue of a bird-man H. cm Thermoluminescence test 300 BC-900 AD
Can you imagine if they found anything of this date in central/northwest europe? or any ceramic wrk of this type in pre-romanised/colonised central/north/west europe? the amount of interest that would be generated? Material culture in areas like eastern europe et al prior to being romanised/christianised is minimal, a basic wooden statuette is pounced upon by academics there.
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The akan funerary heads though of a later date are doubly interesting.
this ones is 1,750 years old.
-------------------- When there is no enemy within, the enemies outside cannot hurt you. -African Proverb Posts: 70 | Registered: Nov 2007
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Thanks Huminity B,for adding the art work that I have never seen before especially the horse and rider and the Bird man...and for puttung us back on tract. Btw Welcome.
Posts: 6546 | From: japan | Registered: Feb 2009
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Good collection of Nok figures found here. nok terracottas
The mystery of Nigeria's Nok culture
Some 2,500 years ago, a mysterious culture emerged in Nigeria. The Nok people left behind bizarre terracotta statues - and little else. Archaeologists are now looking for more clues to explain this obscure culture. Peter Breunig runs an excavation near the Nigerian highlands of Jos, where the mysterious Nok culture once blossomed. The tropical region they lived in was larger than Ireland; its inhabitants lived in wooden huts and ate porridge made from pearl millet. "Around 500 BCE, the population exploded," Breunig says. People that had been living a Stone Age-like nomadic existence suddenly settled. He speaks of a "cultural Big Bang." With the help of some locals, German researchers set up their base last spring, which consists of nine mud huts in the village of Janjala. In their excavations, the team encounters hardly any other traces of life. There are no skeletons preserved in the earth since the acidic soil dissolved all bones. Like their cemeteries, the temples and huts of the Nok have disappeared without a trace. No one knows what their farm animals, streets or religious ceremonies were like. But the shards of clay statues are everywhere - on rock slopes, in ancient refuse pits and in open spaces. The largest of these impressive figures can stand up to one meter (3.3 feet) tall and resemble what might be kings or members of a social elite. Others wear horned helmets or carved-out gourds on their heads. A third of these figures are women. The clay figures are strangely uniform, almost as if they had been mass produced. Scientists are puzzled about who could have created this collection of curiosities. How, they ask, could such a fanciful world emerge far away from the rest of the world's civilizations? Particularly perplexing is the question of how the Nok people smelted iron. Excavators have found iron bracelets, arrowheads and knives. No sub-Saharan people made anything comparable at the time. The German researchers have learned that the Nok lived on millet, cowpeas and an olive-like fruit. And Breunig now believes that the statues "were made centrally in some large workshops." Next winter, the high-tech caravan of researchers will move back into the bush with up to 40 excavation assistants. To this day, countless Nok villages lie untouched beneath the earth. In Ungwar Kura, for example, the team recently came across more than 130 millstones, which suggests that there was once a large village there. For the time being, though, the purpose of the Nok statues remains unclear. And then there's still the question of whether these objects have anything to do with the Nok people making contact with other people. "There's no doubt that the Nok will continue to baffle us," Breunig says. "We're unearthing a magnificent part of the history of sub-Saharan Africa."
I would love to be one of those excavation assistants,I wonder if they are loking for volunteers.I have a cd-rom of ife heads if anyone wants more info on those.
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Humaity B...sometimes the ages swings from 900 b.c to 500b.c..for the earliest sculptures..that 400yrs swing is too wide made me wonder if someone is down dating....gotta run be back soon.
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Perhaps the zoomorphic figures are of a later date and the stone too seems to be of a different type.
-------------------- When there is no enemy within, the enemies outside cannot hurt you. -African Proverb Posts: 70 | Registered: Nov 2007
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Humanity b, or anyone else have you seen Nok art that deals with warfare..or even soldiers...I am guessing the guy on horse back but that's only a guess.
Huminity said:Perhaps the zoomorphic figures are of a later date and the stone too seems to be of a different type.
Ok thanks I'll look that up.
Posts: 6546 | From: japan | Registered: Feb 2009
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more: Nok thinker seated on a calabash Magnificent example of a golf ball style hairstyle for this superb man with sideburns, in a classical position.
Katsina anthropozoomorphic statue[sphinx] H. 28 cm
H. 70 cm Piece seen during the "Primitif" Exhibition at the Cultural Center of Daoulas Abbey (Britain, France)
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Humanity B!!!...UR awsome..bigup and nuff respect. Don't be be shy keep em coming.
Why the heck can't we get these magnifiencent peoples real name?? it's driving me crazy not knowing. Posts: 6546 | From: japan | Registered: Feb 2009
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The Ndebele of South Africa wear neck rings - each thick and upwards of 12 rings or so.
I've seen a few examples of the multiple neck rings in the BC and also now in your picture above:
I'm glad to have seen it.
Now, this one of the hunter
with the oblong eyes is reminiscent of the Bushman. In this one, the hair is wavy. My mother is black but her hair is straight as she used the hot comb on it so straight hair in blacks might hide the fact that before treatment, it is woolly.
So, some straight hair worldwide from ancient times that we see on statues and attribute to white ancestry might just be the treated woolly hair of an African. So, what we see and call "white" in these ancient statues might really be African.
This image you show of the hunter, though, is interesting to me because it shows how the Asians (I think) likely came about: slanted-eyed San / Bushmen in Mongolia whose lands were invaded by whites from the Steppes resulting in slanted eyes remaining but new features of straight hair and lightened skin. Asians have this background, I believe.
Your Nok terracotta of the hunter shows this possibility, I think (i.e. initially woolly hair but treated).
In any case, all wonderful art you've shown. I am going to download this page so as not to loose access to these pictures.
. .
-------------------- The nature of homelife is the fate of the nation. Posts: 2334 | Registered: May 2006
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No I believe the costumes/hairstyles have more in common with the Himba and some Angolans than the Ndebele.
Most people note the affinity of the Khoi-san with Asians.Within my own family I have some Khoisan and japanese ancestry and I am unable to tell from which group the asian looks in the family are derived.
But the khoi-san consider themselves the last remnants of the indigenous pop. of the african continent and therefore ancestral to all not just asians.Asians certainly have many characteristics not present in the Khoi-san.
The siberians and mongolians I believe to be a deeply ancient group prob.indigenous to the ural mountains et al with little if any african admixture.But the possibility that they derive from the khoisan in some very far gone time is not of out the question.
There are early accounts by portuguese explorers who went into the congo and other areas of africa who recorded instances of wavy hair, some of which I was reading last night.If I come across it again I'll let you know.
quote:Originally posted by Marc Washington: . .
Humanityb. Dynamite pictures. Fabulous work.
I had a question about one.
The Ndebele of South Africa wear neck rings - each thick and upwards of 12 rings or so.
I've seen a few examples of the multiple neck rings in the BC and also now in your picture above:
I'm glad to have seen it.
Now, this one of the hunter
with the oblong eyes is reminiscent of the Bushman. In this one, the hair is wavy. My mother is black but her hair is straight as she used the hot comb on it so straight hair in blacks might hide the fact that before treatment, it is woolly.
So, some straight hair worldwide from ancient times that we see on statues and attribute to white ancestry might just be the treated woolly hair of an African. So, what we see and call "white" in these ancient statues might really be African.
This image you show of the hunter, though, is interesting to me because it shows how the Asians (I think) likely came about: slanted-eyed San / Bushmen in Mongolia whose lands were invaded by whites from the Steppes resulting in slanted eyes remaining but new features of straight hair and lightened skin. Asians have this background, I believe.
Your Nok terracotta of the hunter shows this possibility, I think (i.e. initially woolly hair but treated).
In any case, all wonderful art you've shown. I am going to download this page so as not to loose access to these pictures.
The fact that it has such extensive information on the Sao, even their artwork, is incredible. I have NEVER seen any of their art and the like online. Thanks alot.
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that was the only 'akan' head thermo dated to 1,750 years old.The remaining Akan heads on the site are dated post christ and upward.I have no idea why that one deviates from the rest.
-------------------- When there is no enemy within, the enemies outside cannot hurt you. -African Proverb Posts: 70 | Registered: Nov 2007
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That site also mentions the Sao had large cities encompassed by large walls, but there's little detailing of them beyond that.
I'd love to see more info on this, if possible.
I also recommend people to check the "friends gallery" sections on the galleries of this site. They include absolutely voluminous amounts of art.
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I'll search Sao on jstor for you,I'm only familiar with the nok and ife cultures currently.
quote:Originally posted by Horet: That site also mentions the Sao had large cities encompassed by large walls, but there's little detailing of them beyond that.
I'd love to see more info on this, if possible.
I also recommend people to check the "friends gallery" sections on the galleries of this site. They include absolutely voluminous amounts of art.
Really fascinating Khoisan connections you mention, Humanityb. You write:
The siberians and mongolians I believe to be a deeply ancient group prob.indigenous to the ural mountains et al with little if any african admixture.But the possibility that they derive from the khoisan in some very far gone time is not of out the question.
I think it is inevitable that the Mongolians arose from Khoi (San is an appelate after merging with the Bantu during the Bantu argricultural expansion from 2000 BC?). Still, originally with woolly hair until admixture with whites in the early ADs.
Both Khoi and Pygmy I think migrated to Russia and Siberia as far back as 50,000 years ago.
You have a very interesting ancestry and rare, insightful views on ethnic histories.
. .
-------------------- The nature of homelife is the fate of the nation. Posts: 2334 | Registered: May 2006
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-------------------- When there is no enemy within, the enemies outside cannot hurt you. -African Proverb Posts: 70 | Registered: Nov 2007
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Betty wrote:These are the most humanly features I have ever seen on an African.
What...althose tons of pics of Kemeties and Kushtites don't count???
And yes these are West Africans the very people you and sorry to drag you into this...but you too Mike like to call uncivilized and backwards...prefering to rage on about the Med and beyond.
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Different culture but still very important...especially to us Jamaicans who like to think we are all Ashanti or Kroomanti.
Posts: 6546 | From: japan | Registered: Feb 2009
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UBBFriend: Email this page to someone!
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Here is some thing to go along with your pics.
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