quote:Being really a continent, India is inhabited by peoples of different races, who speak many different languages. The oldest of these peoples are the inhabitants of the Andaman Islands, who belong to the Negrito branch of the Negro race." "Formerly they lived along the entire sea coast from Arabia to China, but now they have been either driven inland or have been exterminated or enslaved and absorbed by people of many other races.
-Prehistoric Ancient And Hindu India (1939) by R. D. BANERJI, M.A. Late Manindra Chandra Nundy Professor of Ancient Indian History and Culture, Benares Hindu University; Sometime Lecturer Post-Graduate Department, Calcutta University; formerly Fellow of the Bombay University, &c. &c.
quote:The invading Aryans found flat- nosed black Dasyus in the northwest, and black men are the Maha-bharata's Nisadas, and probably the demon Madhayas found near the Himalayas, Mathura, the Vindhyas and Anarta ; and skulls of proto- Australoid type were found at Mohenjodaro.
-Ethnography Of Ancient India by Robert Shafer
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quote:In particular, India and Indo-China first belonged to the blacks. Invasions and infiltrations of different yellow or white races have split up these Negrito populations, which formerly occupied a continuous area, and mixing with them, have profoundly altered them.
quote:Passing to the north-west of the Andamans, we find in India a problem of considerable difficulty. That there were at one period numerous Negrito tribes inhabiting that part of Asia is indubitable; that some of them persist to this day in a state of approximate purity is no less true, but the influence of crossing has here been most potent Races of lighter hue and taller stature have invaded the territory of the Negritos, to a certain extent intermarried with them, and thus have originated the various Dravidian tribes. These tribes, therefore, afford us a valuable clue as to the position occupied in former days by their ancestors, the Negritos
-A Philological essay concerning the pygmies of the ancients (1894) by Edward Tyson
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Veddoids predate the Negrito there (neither are Negroid btw).
Cavalli-Sforza (1994) places 4 races in India:
1. Veddoid (Australoid) ''the first component... an older substrate of Palaeolithic occupants'' but who today are only represented by a few tribals, as they are mostly extinct but can still be found in isolated parts of India, as well as in Sri Lanka where their phenotype appears in the Vedda people, the archtype for the Veddoid racial grouping.
2. The Dravidian Caucasoids originally from Iran who migrated to India during the early Neolithic (9,000 - 7,000 BC).
3. Arrival of Indo-European or Aryan Caucasoids (3,500 - 3,000 years ago).
4. Minor Mongoloid or Negrito admixture (speakers of Austro-Asiatic) such as the Munda. Such admixture having taken place from the later Palaeolithic after Veddoid settlement, through to more recent times.
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quote:If we refer to an ethnographic map of African races we find there is evidence of a great movement northward from South Africa. These people had some things in common with the Melanesians and Polynesians of the South Pacific whom we studied the year previously. Their language carries some words of similar meaning. While there are many tribes existing today, it is of significance that they each possess some identifying characteristics of language, dress and food habits.
-Nutrition and Physical Degeneration (1939) by Weston A. Price, MS., D.D.S., F.A.G.D.
Indeed, from the 1850's to early 20th century the Negrito were often classified as part of the 'Negro' or 'Negroid' race, and they were presumed to have originated in Africa.
From the late 20th century with the breakthrough of genetics and more detailed craniometric studies etcetc, we now know the Negrito are not Negroid at all, furthermore they originated in Asia not Africa.
Is there any reason you are clinging to obsolete theories? No scientist today asserts the Negrito are Negroid. Genetically they cluster with Australo-Melanesians, they don't have any connection to Africans.
I like old books as well, however there is only a point in quoting them if they still are scientifically valid. Posting debunked claims though like the Negrito are African or Negro is a waste of time.
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Here are the three different races of India -
VEDDOID (Indo-Aboriginal Australoid)
There are two Veddoid subraces: Gondid (Central India) and Malid (in South India).
INDID (Caucasoid Dravidians/Aryans)
Subvarieties are Gracile-Indid ("Indid proper"), North-Indid, and Indo-Brachid.
INDO-MELANID (Veddoid-Caucasoid)
Indid-Veddid intermediate racial type, created through Veddoid-Caucasoid mating, present as the largest population element throughout the Subcontinent.
Most Indians are a Caucasoid-Veddoid mix. The Negrito and Mongoloid admixture is minimal, just isolated in certain tribes.
Posts: 1575 | From: - | Registered: May 2011
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quote:Originally posted by Anglo_Pyramidologist: Obsolete science.
Indeed, from the 1850's to early 20th century the Negrito were often classified as part of the 'Negro' or 'Negroid' race, and they were presumed to have originated in Africa.
From the late 20th century with the breakthrough of genetics and more detailed craniometric studies etcetc, we now know the Negrito are not Negroid at all, furthermore they originated in Asia not Africa.
Is there any reason you are clinging to obsolete theories? No scientist today asserts the Negrito are Negroid. Genetically they cluster with Australo-Melanesians, they don't have any connection to Africans.
I like old books as well, however there is only a point in quoting them if they still are scientifically valid. Posting debunked claims though like the Negrito are African or Negro is a waste of time.
err...is 2007 too "obsolete" for you...clown...lol
quote:Academics analysed the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosome DNA of Aboriginal Australians and Melanesians from New Guinea. This data was compared with the various DNA patterns associated with early humans. The research was an international effort, with researchers from Tartu in Estonia, Oxford, and Stanford in California all contributing key data and expertise.
The results showed that both the Aborigines and Melanesians share the genetic features that have been linked to the exodus of modern humans from Africa 50,000 years ago.
quote:Geneticist Dr Peter Forster, who led the research, said: “Although it has been speculated that the populations of Australia and New Guinea came from the same ancestors, the fossil record differs so significantly it has been difficult to prove. For the first time, this evidence gives us a genetic link showing that the Australian Aboriginal and New Guinean populations are descended directly from the same specific group of people who emerged from the African migration.”
They are probably the earliest arrivals into India, but later incursions of a more group of the Proto-Australoids completely wiped out the evidence of theirpresence in any region of India today.
Some tibal groups such as Kadars, Poligar,sIrulas an some of the tribes from Rajmahal hills and Andaans reveal some affinity with the Negrito stock.
The members of this ethnic stock are characterized by short stature, dark skin colour, bulbous forehead, broad flat nose, slightly everted and thick lips and frizzly hair.
quote:The team of researchers, including lead author Simon Armitage from Royal Holloway, University of London, discovered an ancient human toolkit at the Jebel Faya archaeological site in the United Arab Emirates. It resembles technology used by early humans in east Africa but not the craftsmanship that emerged from the Middle East, they say.
quote:t that time, the Arabian Peninsula was much wetter than today with greater vegetation cover and a network of lakes and rivers. Such a landscape would have allowed early humans access into Arabia and then into the Fertile Crescent and India, according to the researchers.
and I shall now direct your attention to my VERY FIRST POST!!!
quote:Being really a continent, India is inhabited by peoples of different races, who speak many different languages. The oldest of these peoples are the inhabitants of the Andaman Islands, who belong to the Negrito branch of the Negro race." "Formerly they lived along the entire sea coast from Arabia to China, but now they have been either driven inland or have been exterminated or enslaved and absorbed by people of many other races.
-Prehistoric Ancient And Hindu India (1939) by R. D. BANERJI, M.A. Late Manindra Chandra Nundy Professor of Ancient Indian History and Culture, Benares Hindu University; Sometime Lecturer Post-Graduate Department, Calcutta University; formerly Fellow of the Bombay University, &c. &c.
quote:Academics analysed the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosome DNA of Aboriginal Australians and Melanesians from New Guinea. This data was compared with the various DNA patterns associated with early humans. The research was an international effort, with researchers from Tartu in Estonia, Oxford, and Stanford in California all contributing key data and expertise.
The results showed that both the Aborigines and Melanesians share the genetic features that have been linked to the exodus of modern humans from Africa 50,000 years ago.
Yes Abo's and Melanesians genetically are similar, but that article is using circular reasoning, starting with the assumption that OOA is correct.
Also check the Barrineans out, if you don't also know about them -
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"In this regard it is interesting to note that limb proportions of Predynastic Naqada people in Upper Egypt are reported to be "Super-Negroid," meaning that the distal segments are elongated in the fashion of tropical Africans.....skin color intensification and distal limb elongation are apparent wherever people have been long-term residents of the tropics." (C.L. Brace, 1993. Clines and clusters..")
"An attempt has been made to estimate male and female Egyptian stature from long bone length using Trotter & Gleser negro stature formulae, previous work by the authors having shown that these rather than white formulae give more consistent results with male dynastic material... When consistency has been achieved in this way, predynastic proportions are founded to be such that distal segments of the limbs are even longer in relation to the proximal segments than they are in modern negroes. Such proportions are termed "super-negroid"...
Robins (1983) and Robins & Shute (1983) have shown that more consistent results are obtained from ancient Egyptian male skeletons if Trotter & Gleser formulae for negro are used, rather than those for whites which have always been applied in the past. .. their physical proportions were more like modern negroes than those of modern whites, with limbs that were relatively long compared with the trunk, and distal segments that were long compared with the proximal segments. If ancient Egyptian males had what may be termed negroid proportions, it seems reasonable that females did likewise." (Robins G, Shute CCD. 1986. Predynastic Egyptian stature and physical proportions. Hum Evol 1:313-324. Ruff CB. 1994.)
-------------------- Note: I am not an "Egyptologist" as claimed by some still bitter, defeated, trolls creating fake profiles and posts elsewhere. Hapless losers, you still fail. My output of hard data debunking racist nonsense has actually INCREASED since you began.. Posts: 5935 | From: The Hammer | Registered: Aug 2008
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It appears all Asians to some degree are partly Negrito, due to gene flow. This includes Indians.
A Microsatellite Guided Insight into the Genetic Status of Adi, an Isolated Hunting-Gathering Tribe of Northeast India
S. Krithika, Suvendu Maji, T. S. Vasulu*
Biological Anthropology Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
Tibeto-Burman populations of India provide an insight into the peopling of India and aid in understanding their genetic relationship with populations of East, South and Southeast Asia. The study investigates the genetic status of one such Tibeto-Burman group, Adi of Arunachal Pradesh based on 15 autosomal microsatellite markers. Further the study examines, based on 9 common microsatellite loci, the genetic relationship of Adi with 16 other Tibeto-Burman speakers of India and 28 neighboring populations of East and Southeast Asia. Overall, the results support the recent formation of the Adi sub-tribes from a putative ancestral group and reveal that geographic contiguity is a major influencing factor of the genetic affinity among the Tibeto-Burman populations of India.
quote:Originally posted by Anglo_Piss Pot: Here are the three different races of India -
VEDDOID (Indo-Aboriginal Australoid)
There are two Veddoid subraces: Gondid (Central India) and Malid (in South India).
INDID (Caucasoid Dravidians/Aryans)
Subvarieties are Gracile-Indid ("Indid proper"), North-Indid, and Indo-Brachid.
INDO-MELANID (Veddoid-Caucasoid)
Indid-Veddid intermediate racial type, created through Veddoid-Caucasoid mating, present as the largest population element throughout the Subcontinent.
Most Indians are a Caucasoid-Veddoid mix. The Negrito and Mongoloid admixture is minimal, just isolated in certain tribes.
That's odd, because nowhere do I find any of the names you've mentioned?lol
This is a full list of Scheduled Tribes in India, as recognised in India's Constitution; a total of 645 district tribes. The term "Scheduled Tribes" refers to specific indigenous peoples whose status is acknowledged to some formal degree by national legislation. A collective term in use locally to describe most of these peoples is "Upajati" (literally "clans/tribes/groups").
quote:The Indian mtDNA gene pool appears to be more closely related to the east Eurasian gene pool (including central, east and southeast Asian populations) than the west Eurasian one (including European and Caucasian populations).
European Journal of Human Genetics (2003) 11, 253–264. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200949
Mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals diverse histories of tribal populations from India
Richard Cordaux1, Nilmani Saha2, Gillian R Bentley3, Robert Aunger4, S M Sirajuddin5 and Mark Stoneking1
R1b-M412 appears to be the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup in Western Europe (470%), while being virtually absent in the Near East, the Caucasus and West Asia. lol
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Molecular Relatedness of the Aboriginal Groups of Andaman and Nicobar islands with Similar Ethnic populations
by V. K. Kashyap, T. Sitalaximi, B. N. Sarkar and R. Trivedi
mtDNA from archive materials further suggest that the Andamanese are more closely related to other Asians than to modern day Africans (Endicott et al 2003, Thangaraj et al 2003). A southern route of migration from Africa to Australia in the Pleistocene period has also been suggested to explain the similarities among some populations in Africa, Southeast Asia and Australia (Nei and Roychoudhury 1993, Cavalli-Sforza et al 1994, Schurr and Wallace 2002). In conclusion, the present study clearly demonstrates that the aboriginal populations of Andaman Islands - the Great Andamanese and the Jarawas contitute a distinct genetic pool that is different from the rest of the Asian and African populations suggesting that (i) they either are surviving descendents of early migrants from Africa who have remained isolated in their habitat in the Andaman Islands since their settlement, or (ii) they are the descendents of one of the founder populations of modern humans. The data on mtDNA and SNPs of Y chromosome are being compiled to further evaluate the origin and the antiquity as well as the route of migration if any, of the aboriginal populations of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
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First, the Fijians claim they came from Africa. We know a megalithic culture expanded from Africa into the Indian/Pacific Ocean areas after 2000 BC.
Pyramid of Mauritius
Secondly, African place names are found in the Pacific and correspondences between lexical items.
Common Terms:
English Manding Melanesian Polynesian
arrow bye,bya fana,pane fana,pana
Father baba babi papa
Man tye ta taga-ta
head ku tequ-qa tuku-noa
pot daga taga taga
vase bara pora,bora bora-bora
fish yege ige, ika ika
ox, cattle konga,gunga kede kuda
The ancient Austronesians cultivated rice, millet, yams and sugarcane. (Bellwood 1990, p.92)
It would appear that the Polynesians learned agriculture from the Manding as illustrated below:
Polynesian English Manding
*talun fallow, land daa
*tanem to plant, sow daa
*suluq torch, jet of flame suu
*kuDen cooking pot,bowl ku
This evidence provides linguistic and anthropological support for the Fiji tradition. It is wrong that you guys deny a people history just because your European masters to do not present evidence in support of a native tradition.
If you keep waiting for Europeans to verify our history you will have a long wait.
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Recently Williams John Page (1988) discussed the Lakato Hypothesis. The Lakato Hypothesis stated simply implies that the Melanesian people of Fiji were carried to the Pacific Islands by Indonesian maritime merchants after they had colonized parts of East and central Africa. In these Indonesian centers, Page (1988) believes that the Africans "gravitated into the Indonesian inspired trade". Page (1988) wrote that :
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"It is further suggested that the Lakato colonies in Africa were the principal contributors to the earliest settlements of Malagasy and responsible for the traces of Indonesian influence in Africa which have endured into modern times, as identified by previous investigators".
To support this hypothesis Page (1988) presents place names that are made up of African ethnic names (AEN) as roots for Fijian placenames. These toponyms include a multitude of hills, streams and villages composed of a simple AEN root plus a Fijian placenames e.g.,koro, wai-ni-, vatu and na-. Page (1988, p.34) found 270 AEN's forming part of Fijian place names (FPN). The interesting fact about the AEN and FPN cognates is that they are found in West Africa and not East Africa. (Page 1988, p.47)
This fact negates Page's (1988) hypothesis because there are no rivers in Africa that link East Africa and West Africa. This suggest that Africans who later settled West Africa must have been in the Pacific long before the Austronesians arrived on Madagascar. This view is supported by the fact that the classical mongoloid people did not arrive in the Pacific area until after 500 B.C.
Page (1988,p.66) believes that the AEN-FPN cognates are the result of the establishment of Indonesian colonies first along the Zambia river and from there into Central and Western Africa between the fourth and eleventh centuries A.D. During this period Bantu speakers are believed to have been incorporated into the Indonesian Lakota culture and between the eleventh to sixteenth A.D. settled in Melanesia by Lakota fleets. (Page 1988, p.66) Although Page's (1988,p.67) theory is interesting the fact that the AENs that are FPN's are prefixed to a multitude of hills, streams and villages" indicate that these place names are very old because the names for hills and streams are rarely changed.
Page (1988, p.67) noted four common prefixes used in the FPN's: Koro 'village,hill', wai-ni- 'water of'; vatu- 'stone'; and na- 'the'. These terms are closely related to Manding terms as illustrated below:
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FPN English Manding koro hill kuru koro village so-koro wai-ni water of ba-ni 'course of water' vatu stone bete na the ni
As illustrated above the AENs and Manding terms are analogous for 'hill', 'the' and 'of'. It would appear that the FPN /w/ corresponds to Manding /b/. Due to the thousands of miles separating the Manding and AENs, this cognate can be explained as loan words. Given the full agreement of these terms suggest a genetic relationship between AENs and Manding and descent from Paleo-African.
In addition to AENs serving as FPNs we find many toponyms in Oceania that corresponds to West African place names. Below we see 36 place names from Oceania and WestAfrica that share full correspondence. Manding ,Polynesian and Melanesian share many terms for kinship, dwellings, topographical features, dwellings and utensils.
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A recent article on Nigerian place names in India was published by Dr. R. Balakrishnan titled "African roots of the Dravidian-speaking Tribes: A case in Onomastics", International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, 34(1) (2005),pp.153-202. Like Baiye, Dr. Balakrishnan found almost 500 Nigerian placenames, and 46 tribal names in Koraput, India; and 110 ethnonyms of Koyas in Nigeria. This led Dr. Balakrishnan to declare that :"However, the overwhelming evidence available from the toponymic corpuses of Koraput and Nigeria, and ethnonyms, surnames and personal names of Koyas seem more adequate to propose an African origin to the Koyas, the Dravidian speakers" (p.177)
It is interesting to note that we find Koya placenames in Nigeria, and Nigerian place names on the East Coast of India (Balakrishnan), Nigerian place names throughout the Pacific (Page) and Nigerian placenames and surnames in Japan (Baiye).
This shows a direct spread of Nigerian place names from Africa, across the Indian Ocean into the Pacific. The discovery of common placenames in three different regions can not be accounted by coincidence.
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The shared placenames in India and Africa is explained by the Dravidian origination in Nubia with the Niger-Congo speakers. Dravidian languages are related to the Niger-Congo SuperFamily of languages.
There are other linguistic groups that separate the Niger-Congo speakers from the Dravidians. The fact that they are genetically related indicates that the Dravidians recently came to India.
1.1 Many scholars have recognized the linguistic unity of Black African (BA) and Dravidian (Dr.) languages. These affinities are found not only in the modern African languages but also that of ancient Egypt. These scholars have made it clear that lexical, morphological and phonetic unity exist between African languages in West and North Africa as well as the Bantu group.
1.2 K.P. Arvaanan (1976) has noted that there are ten common elements shared by BA languages and the Dr. group. They are (1) simple set of five basic vowels with short-long consonants;(2) vowel harmony; (3) absence of initial clusters of consonants; (4) abundance of geminated consonants; (5) distinction of inclusive and exclusive pronouns in first person plural; (6) absence of degrees of comparison for adjectives and adverbs as distinct morphological categories; (7) consonant alternation on nominal increments noticed by different classes; (8)distinction of completed action among verbal paradigms as against specific tense distinction;(9) two separate sets of paradigms for declarative and negative forms of verbs; and (l0) use of reduplication for emphasis.
1.3 There has been a long development in the recognition of the linguistic unity of African and Dravidian languages. The first scholar to document this fact was the French linguist L. Homburger (1950,1951,1957,1964). Prof. Homburger who is best known for her research into African languages was convinced that the Dravidian languages explained the morphology of the Senegalese group particularly the Serere, Fulani group. She was also convinced that the kinship existed between Kannanda and the Bantu languages, and Telugu and the Mande group. Dr. L. Homburger is credited with the discovery for the first time of phonetic, morphological and lexical parallels between Bantu and Dravidians
1.6 By the 1970's numerous scholars had moved their investigation into links between Dr. and BA languages on into the Senegambia region. Such scholars as Cheikh T. N'Diaye (1972) a Senegalese linguist, and U.P. Upadhyaya (1973) of India , have proved conclusively Dr. Homburger's theory of unity between the Dravidian and the Senegalese languages.
1.7 C.T. N'Diaye, who studied Tamil in India, has identified nearly 500 cognates of Dravidian and the Senegalese languages. Upadhyaya (1973) after field work in Senegal discovered around 509 Dravidian and Senegambian words that show full or slight correspondence.
1.8 As a result of the linguistic evidence the Congolese linguist Th. Obenga suggested that there was an Indo-African group of related languages. To prove this point we will discuss the numerous examples of phonetic, morphological and lexical parallels between the Dravidian group: Tamil (Ta.), Malayalam (Mal.), Kannanda/Kanarese (Ka.), Tulu (Tu.), Kui-Gondi, Telugu (Tel.) and Brahui; and Black African languages: Manding (Man.),Egyptian (E.), and Senegalese (Sn.) _________________________________________________________________
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COMMON INDO-AFRICAN TERMS
ENGLISH DRAVIDIAN SENEGALESE MANDING MOTHER AMMA AMA,MEEN MA FATHER APPAN,ABBA AMPA,BAABA BA PREGNANCY BASARU BIIR BARA SKIN URI NGURU,GURI GURU BLOOD NETTARU DERET DYERI KING MANNAN MAANSA,OMAAD MANSA GRAND BIIRA BUUR BA SALIVA TUPPAL TUUDDE TU CULTIVATE BEY ,MBEY BE BOAT KULAM GAAL KULU FEATHER SOOGE SIIGE SI, SIGI MOUNTAIN KUNRU TUUD KURU ROCK KALLU XEER KULU STREAM KOLLI KAL KOLI
6.1 Dravidian and Senegalese. Cheikh T. N'Diaye (1972) and U.P. Upadhyaya (1976) have firmly established the linguistic unity of the Dravidian and Senegalese languages. They present grammatical, morphological, phonetic and lexical parallels to prove their point.
6.2 In the Dravidian and Senegalese languages there is a tendency for the appearance of open syllables and the avoidance of non-identical consonant clusters. Accent is usually found on the initial syllable of a word in both these groups. Upadhyaya (1976) has recognized that there are many medial geminated consonants in Dravidian and Senegalese. Due to their preference for open syllables final consonants are rare in these languages.
6.3 There are numerous parallel participle and abstract noun suffixes in Dravidian and Senegalese. For example, the past participle in Fulani (F) -o, and oowo the agent formative, corresponds to Dravidian -a, -aya, e.g., F. windudo 'written', windoowo 'writer'.
6.4 The Wolof (W) -aay and Dyolo ay , abstract noun formative corresponds to Dravidian ay, W. baax 'good', baaxaay 'goodness'; Dr. apala 'friend', bapalay 'friendship'; Dr. hiri 'big', hirime 'greatness', and nal 'good', nanmay 'goodness'.
6.5 There is also analogy in the Wolof abstract noun formative suffix -it, -itt, and Dravidian ita, ta, e.g., W. dog 'to cut', dogit 'sharpness'; Dr. hari 'to cut', hanita 'sharp-ness'.
6.6 The Dravidian and Senegalese languages use reduplication of the bases to emphasize or modify the sense of the word, e.g., D. fan 'more', fanfan 'very much'; Dr. beega 'quick', beega 'very quick'.
6.7 Dravidian and Senegalese cognates.
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English Senegalese Dravidian body W. yaram uru head D. fuko,xoox kukk hair W. kawar kavaram 'shoot' eye D. kil kan, khan mouth D. butum baayi, vaay lip W. tun,F. tondu tuti heart W. xol,S. xoor karalu pup W. kuti kutti sheep W. xar 'ram' cow W. nag naku hoe W. konki bronze W. xanjar xancara blacksmith W. kamara skin dol tool mother W. yaay aayi child D. kunil kunnu, kuuci ghee o-new ney
Above we provided linguistic examples from many different African Supersets (Families) including the Mande and Niger-Congo groups to prove the analogy between Dravidian and Black African languages. The evidence is clear that the Dravidian and Black African languages should be classed in a family called Indo-African as suggested by Th. Obenga. This data further supports the archaeological evidence accumulated by Dr. B.B Lal (1963) which proved that the Dravidians originated in the Fertile African Crescent.
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Haplotypes with HVSI transitions defining 16129- 16223-16249-16278-16311-16362; and 16129-16223- 16234-16249-16211-16362 have been found in Thailand and among the Han Chinese (Fucharoen et al., 2001; Yao et al., 2002) and these were originally thought to be members of Haplogroup M1. However, on the basis of currently available FGS sequences, carriers of these markers have been found to be in the D4a branch of Haplogroup D, the most widespread branch of M 1 in East Asia (Fucharoen et al., 2001; Yao et al., 2002). The transitions 16129, 16189, 16249 and 16311 are known to be recurrent in various branches of Haplogroup M, especially M1 and D4.
This leads one to assume that M1 in Melanesia is called D4, to make it appear that both negro groups are not related.
There are other genetic markers which point to a relationship between the Fijians and Africans. For example, haplogroup V appears in New Guinea, while haplogroup IV has been found only in New Guinea, Near Oceania and Northwestern most Micronesia according to Merriwether et al., Mitochondrial DNA in the South Pacific, p.159, in SS Papilia, R. Deka & R. Chakraborty (Ed.), Genomic Diversity.In Cordaux et al.,Mitochodrial DNA analysis reveals diverse tribal histories of tribal populations from India, Eur. J Hum Genet (2003)11(2):253-264, in figure 2 notes that Clusters X1 and X are found in Africa and the Pacific.
The figure makes it clear that Africans and PNG share X,and Xl.This proves a relationship exist.
Africans and Fijians share the Y-Chromosome K-M9. The K haplogroup is found in Africa and Oceania. The common Fijian Y-chromosome is M-M4; it exist as derived subgroup M-P34 of Melanesians. Both of these genes are found in among Africans see: Figure 2, in Wood et al., Contrasting Patterns of Y chromosome, Eur J Hum Genet (2005),13:867-876.
Merriwether et al. Origins and dispersal in the mtDNA region V 9bp deletion and insertion in Nigeria and the Ivory Coast, Am. J Hum Genet (1994) noted that Africans and Asians share the T-->C transition at nt position 16189 and the D-loop sequence of nts 15975 to 00048.
Haplotype X(hX) is found among people of Tanzania and Chad. Shimada et al argue that X(hX) is found in Melanesia.
Makoto K. Shimada*, , Karuna Panchapakesan , Sarah A. Tishkoff , Alejandro Q. Nato, Jr* and Jody HeY, Divergent Haplotypes and Human History as Revealed in a Worldwide Survey of X-Linked DNA Sequence Variation, Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007 24(3):687-698
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Dravidian speaking tribal groups share similar health problems as their African counterparts. Indian tribal groups have a high prevalence of the genetically transmitted sickle cell disorder (Mohanty, 1998; Kate, 2000). The sickle cell disorder is primarily found among the Kadaro, Irula and Pularya tribal populations (Aravanan, 1976,1980). The sickle cell disorder is an important indicator of a possible relationship between Dravidian speaking tribal groups and Africans since it is a hereditary blood disorder resulting from a defective hemoglobin state. It has two forms homozygous (suffer) and heterozygous (carrier). The distribution of sickle cell among tribal populations in India vary. But in many states the prevalence of sickle cell can range among the tribal population from between 10% -35% of the population (Kate, 2000). On average, if we look at the state of Maharastra, for example, as many as 10% can be carriers and 5% suffers (Kate,2000).
Y-Chromosome evidence of African Origin of Dravidian Agriculture
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele distribution has been studied in India and West Africa. The HLA system provides us with a means to define the relatedness of varying ethnic groups. Polymorphic DNA variants allow us to make inferences about prehistoric interactions among populations. Using HLA we can determine the relatedness of populations. Shankarkumar, Sridharan and Pitchappan (2003) have done an extensive analysis of Nadar HLA. Ellis et al (2000) has studied the Fulani HLA system. The congruent Fulani and Nadar HLA alleles include A*101, A*0211, A*3303 and B*370 at low frequency. As illustrated in Table 2, the HLA with the greatest frequency between both groups was A*03011, B*3501 and B*51011. The presence of shared HLA genome indicates that a genetic relationship may exist between the Nadar and Fulani peoples. This finding supported the linguistic (Aravanan, 1979; Upadhyaya and Upadhyaya, 1979; Sergent, 1992; Winters, 2007, 2008), anthropological (Aravanan, 1976, 1980; Winters, 2008).
Ychromosome haplotypes. These haplotypes include Y-hg, T-M70 and H1. Table 3 indicates that Haplogroup T-M70 is found among several Dravidian speaking tribal groups in South India, including the Yerukul (or Kurru), Gonds and Kols. Y- haplogroup T-M70 is found in the eastern and southern regions of India (Trivedi et al., 2008). It has a relatively high frequency in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh (Sharma et al., 2009). Sharma et al (2009) in a study of 674 Dalits found that 89.39% belonged to Y-hg K*, in relation to Dravidian speakers it was revealed that Y-hg T-M70 was 11.1%.
Trevedi et al (2008) report that Y-hg T-M70 is predominately found among Upper Caste Dravidians at a frequency of 31.9. The highest frequency of T-M70 in the World is found among the Fulani (18%) of West Africa. Ramana et al. (2001) claims that the discovery of H1 and H2 haplotypes among the Siddis is a “signature” of their African ancestry. As a result, the Y-hg H1 subclade frequency among Dravidian speakers can also be considered as an indicator of an African- Dravidian connection.
The H1 haplotype is found among many Dravidians. Sengupta et al (2006) noted that the subclades H1 and H2 were found among 26% of the Dravidian speakers in their study, especially in Tamil Nadu. Trivedi et al (2008) found the Y-hg H1 frequency of 22.2 among Dravidian speakers in their study. Sharma et al (2009) reports a frequency rate of 25.2%. Researchers make it clear that although Africans and Dravidians share many phenotypical traits, they are not genetically related. But the research suggests that there are a number of HLAs and haplotypes shared by speakers of African and Dravidian languages.
quote:Melanesia (mel-a-no'shi-a). [LL., 'islands of the blacks.'] A name given to a collection of island groups in the Pacific, whose inhabitants are related,
-The Century cyclopedia of names (1903) by Benjamin E. Smith
quote:All Andamanese tradition dates back to some great cataclysm which submerged a greater part of the land. The Andamanese say that before this cataclysm they were all one tribe, and spoke the same language, but that after it the survivors became separated into tribes, their languages gradually differed until at last they became mutually unintelligible as at present, and they point to certain very ancient Kitchen-Middens, now having their bases on the sea level, as having been then commenced on the spots to which the survivors repaired.
-A history of our relations with the Andamanese (1899) by Maurice Vidal Portman
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quote:It would seem from numerous passages in the RigVeda that Kutsa was a powerful warrior and a mighty destroyer of the black aborigines. Thus we are told that the god Indra, in order to bestow wealth on Kutsa, slew the "Dasyu, who is wily and impious"; that he helped Kutsa and came to his house with the object of slaying the Dasyu; and that he slew fifty thousand "black-complexioned enemies"in battle
quote:We have already mentioned Kuyava and Ayu, two aboriginal robbers who dwelt in fastnesses surrounded by rivers, and harassed the Aryan villages. We likewise have frequent allusions to another powerful aboriginal leader called Krishna, or Black, probably because of his black complexion.
-History of India ([c1906-07]) by A.V. Williams Jackson, Romesh Chunder Dutt, Vincent Arthur Smith
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What about the the Jarawa People on then Andaman Islands? I would imagine, with their years of Isolation, they probably represent the original inhabitants in India before the mixing took place, that is.
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Some of the oldest remains of AMH in South Asia
quote:Balangoda Man refers to hominins from Sri Lanka's late Quaternary period. The term was initially coined to refer to anatomically modern Homo sapiens from sites near Balangoda that were responsible for the island's Mesolithic 'Balangoda Culture'. The earliest evidence of Balangoda Man from archaeological sequences at caves and other sites dates back to 38,000 BCE, and from excavated skeletal remains to 30,000 BC, which is also the earliest reliably dated record of anatomically modern humans in South Asia. Cultural remains discovered alongside the skeletal fragments include geometric microliths dating to 28,500 BC, which together with some sites in Africa is the earliest record of such stone tools.
Balangoda Man is estimated to have had thick skulls, prominent supraorbital ridges, depressed noses, heavy jaws, short necks and conspicuously large teeth. Metrical and morphometric features of skeletal fragments extracted from cave sites that were occupied during different periods have indicated a rare biological affinity over a time frame of roughly 16,000 years, and the likelihood of a partial biological continuum to the present-day Vedda indigenous people.
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