This mtDNA L2a1 is found at about 20% of African Americans. It is also found at small amounts in Ashkenazi Jews.
Here's how Wikipedia handles the situation:
Haplogroup L2a1L2a can be further divided into L2a1, harboring the transition at 16309 (Salas et al. 2002). The most extensive pan-African haplotype (16189 16192 16223 16278 16294 16309 16390) is in the L2a1 haplogroup.
This sequence is observed in West Africa among the Malinke, Wolof, and others; in North Africa among the Maure/Moor, Hausa, Fulbe, and others; in Central Africa among the Bamileke, Fali, and others; in South Africa among the Khoisan family including the Khwe and Bantu speakers; and in East Africa among the Kikuyu from Kenya. Closely related variants are observed among the Tuareg in North Africa and West Africa and among the East African Dinka and Somali People. (Ely et al. 2006; Watson et al. 1997)
All Ethiopian L2 lineages can be seen as derived from the two subclades L2a1 and L2b. L2a1 is defined by mutations at 12693, 15784 and 16309. Most Ethiopian L2a1 sequences share mutations at nps 16189 and 16309. However, whereas the majority (26 out of 33) "African Americans" share Haplogroup L2a complete sequences could be partitioned into four subclades by substitutions at nps L2a1e-3495, L2a1a-3918, L2a1f-5581, and L2a1i-15229. None of those sequences, were observed in Ethiopian 16309 L2a1 samples. (salas 2002) et al.
Matrilineal Ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: Haplogroup L2a1: A Portrait of a Recent Founder Event, displays the small frequency of L2a1/L2a1f {Doron M. Behar, Ene Metspalu, Toomas Kivisild,} 2006.
[edit] Haplogroup L2a1aSubclade L2a1a is defined by substitutions at 3918, 5285, 15244, and 15629. There are two L2a clusters well represented in southeastern Africans, L2a1a and L2a1b, both defined by transitions at quite stable HVS-I positions. Both of these appear to have an origin in West Africa or North West Africa (as indicated by the distribution of matching or neighboring types), and to have undergone dramatic expansion either in South East Africa or in a population ancestral to present-day Southeastern Africans.
The very recent starbursts in subclades L2a1a and L2a2 suggest a signature for the Bantu expansions, as also suggested by Pereira et al. (2001).
L2a1a is defined by a mutation at 16286. The L2a1a founder candidate dates to 2,700 (SE 1,200) years ago. (Pereira et al. 2001). However, a prehistoric introgression of African mtDNA lineages into Eastern Europe (approximately 10 000 years ago) seems to be probable only for European- specific subclade L2a1a, defined by coding region mutations at positions 6722 and 12903 and detected in Czechs and Slovaks. It was previously known as L2a1a and found at its highest frequency in southeastern Africa. However, L2a1a, as defined by a substitution at (np 16286) (Salas et al. 2002), is now supported by a coding-region marker (np 3918) (fig. 2A) and was found in four of six Yemeni L2a1 lineages. L2a1a occurs at its highest frequency in Southeastern Africa (Pereira et al. 2001; Salas et al. 2002). Both the frequent founder haplotype and derived lineages (with 16092 mutation) found among Yemenis have exact matches within Mozambique sequences (Pereira et al. 2001; Salas et al. 2002). L2a1a also occurs at a smaller frequency in North West Africa, among the Maure and Bambara of Mali and Mauritania.[12] (Rando et al. 1998; Maca-Meyer et al. 2003)
Haplogroup L2a1a1
L2a1a1 is defined by markers 6152C, 15391T, 16368C
[edit] Haplogroup L2a1bL2a1b is defined by substitutions at 16189 and 10143. 16192 is also common in L2a1b and L2a1c; it appears in Southeastern Africa and so appears to be a marker for the Bantu expansion.[4]
[edit] Haplogroup L2a1cL2a1c shares mutation 16189 with L2a1b, and has its own markers at 3010 and 6663. 16192 is also common in L2a1b and L2a1c; it appears in Southeastern Africa as well as East Africa.[13] This suggests some diversification of this clade in situ.
Positions T16209C C16301T C16354T on top of L2a1 define a small sub-clade, dubbed L2a1c by Kivisild et al. (2004, Figure 3) (see also Figure 6 in Salas et al. 2002), which mainly appears in East Africa (e.g. Sudan, Nubia, Ethiopia) and West Africa (e.g. Turkana, Kanuri).
In the Chad Basin four different L2a1c types, one or two mutational steps from the East and West African types, were identified. (Kivisild et al.) 2004.[13] (citation on page.9 or 443)[14]
Haplogroup L2a1c1
L2a1c1 has a North African origin. It is defined by markers 198, 930, 3308, 8604, 16086.
L2a1c1 haplogroup is observed among Tunisia Sephardic, Ashkenazi, Hebrews, Moroccans, Egyptians, Nubians, Yemenis etc.
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S/he shares direct maternal line ancestry people from the following ethnic groups: Mbundu of Angola; Khwe of Botswana/Namibia; Bamileke, Bassa, Ewondo, Fali, Fulbe, Podokwo, of Cameroon; Balanta/e, Bijago, Manjaco of Guinea-Bassau; Kikuyu of Kenya; Hausa of Niger/Nigeria, Wolof of Senegal/Gambia/Mauritania; Mende, and Temne of Sierra Leone; 38 people of Ashkenazi heritage in Slovakia, Poland, Russia, Romania, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, France, and Germany.
Ah! Mende, Temne, Hausa, Fulbe, Wolof etc are Sahelians! Think about it.
Gullah/Geechee!
The direct maternal ancestors of kit #'s 25688 and 38951 are from Long Island, Bahamas. They have low resolution matches with the Ashkenazi of Europe and the Bassa ethnic group of the Cameroon (which descends from the Adbassa/Abyssinia Empire). This HVR1 signature is also found among the Duy social class of the Nso ethnic group of the Cameroon, Veeramah et al., “Foundation of the Ruling Dynasty of the Nso”. They belong to the "Lingaire Clan" of Africa and he/she very likely belongs to haplogroup L2a1 which is defined by 16309G. FTDNA's Ancient origins database includes contains HVR1 data that did not include 16519 and so the matches are the same. S/he shares direct maternal line ancestry people from the following ethnic groups: Mbundu of Angola; Khwe of Botswana/Namibia; Bamileke, Bassa, Ewondo, Fali, Fulbe, Podokwo, of Cameroon; Balanta/e, Bijago, Manjaco of Guinea-Bassau; Kikuyu of Kenya; Hausa of Niger/Nigeria, Wolof of Senegal/Gambia/Mauritania; Mende, and Temne of Sierra Leone; 38 people of Ashkenazi heritage in Slovakia, Poland, Russia, Romania, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, France, and Germany.
---------------------------------- Others are intrigued by this
L2a1 MtDNA--Africa and Beyond- Background Administrators •dkbk@sbcglobal.net , Group Administrator Background
This group has been organized to answer the question:
"When, where, why and how does our diverse community of people---whose maternal line heritage ranges from Jewish, Afro-American, African, Caribbean, Hispanic, Gypsy and beyond---all connect?"
It has became clear our common ancestral migration story is going to be vast, complex and utterly fascinating. We are on the job of uncovering that story, by analyzing a combination of our various genetic results and family histories. We have instigated varous research projects to take advantage of the constantly emerging insights from various genetic studies. The art of determining the time to common ancestors using mtdna is constantly being refined and we are on our way to creating a robust phlylogeny for the group. (Phylogeny is just fancy genetics-speak for a real cool tree!)
Along the way, if we can find nearer-term relationships and connections between individual group members, so much the better!
If you have tested your mtdna at the HVR2 level or higher and been identified with the L2a1 haplogroup, please join us!
(We do not reject HVR1-level testers, but we have found that the genetic information at that level isn't sufficient to be very useful in group studies.) Many of the members of this group have tested their full genome sequence, as it is at that level that we truly can tell who is closest to whom and when/where/why that connection is likely to have happened.
This group has existed for years privately but has just started out as an ftdna project, so please be patient as it will take time for the website to be updated with members and fully fleshed out.
Questions? Feel free to email me anytime at: dnadeb@gmail.com
Debra Katz Administrator
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Abstract Top Previous genetic studies have suggested a history of sub-Saharan African gene flow into some West Eurasian populations after the initial dispersal out of Africa that occurred at least 45,000 years ago. However, there has been no accurate characterization of the proportion of mixture, or of its date. We analyze genome-wide polymorphism data from about 40 West Eurasian groups to show that almost all Southern Europeans have inherited 1%–3% African ancestry with an average mixture date of around 55 generations ago, consistent with North African gene flow at the end of the Roman Empire and subsequent Arab migrations. Levantine groups harbor 4%–15% African ancestry with an average mixture date of about 32 generations ago, consistent with close political, economic, and cultural links with Egypt in the late middle ages. We also detect 3%–5% sub-Saharan African ancestry in all eight of the diverse Jewish populations that we analyzed. For the Jewish admixture, we obtain an average estimated date of about 72 generations. This may reflect descent of these groups from a common ancestral population that already had some African ancestry prior to the Jewish Diasporas.
---------------------------------------- By the Way,
I have noticed that they used Russians and Swedes to depict Northern Europeans. Western Europeans are not evaluated. Wonder why????
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