"in short, the study found that ötzi belongs to a branch of a mtDNA line that has not yet been identified in modern Europeans
[link]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_K_(mtDNA)[/link]
Posts: 2922 | From: World Empire of the Black People | Registered: Jul 2011
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Note the below and then wonder why they are only looking in Europe.
Haplogroup K appears in West Eurasia, North Africa, and South Asia and in populations with such an ancestry. Haplogroup K is found in approximately 10% of native Europeans. Overall mtDNA Haplogroup K is found in about 6% of the population of Europe and the Near East, but it is more common in certain of these populations. Approximately 16% of the Druze of Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan, belong to haplogroup K. It was also found in a significant group of Palestinian Arabs. K reaches a level of 17% in Kurdistan.
Approximately 32% of people with Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry are in haplogroup K. This high percentage points to a genetic bottleneck occurring some 100 generations ago. Ashkenazi mtDNA K clusters into three subclades seldom found in non-Jews: K1a1b1a, K1a9, and K2a2a. Thus it is possible to detect three individual female ancestors, likely from a Hebrew/Levantine mtDNA pool, whose descendants lived in Europe.
Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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"in short, the study found that ötzi belongs to a branch of a mtDNA line that has not yet been identified in modern Europeans
^^^^ this is outdated 2008 information
A group of scientists have sequenced Ötzi's full genome and the report was published on 28 February 2012. The Y-DNA of Ötzi belongs to a subclade of G
Analysis of his mitochondrial DNA has shown that Ötzi belongs to the K1 subclade, but cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade (K1a, K1b or K1c). The new subclade has provisionally been named K1ö for Ötzi.Multiplex assay study was able to confirm that the Iceman's mtDNA belongs to a new European mtDNA clade with a very limited distribution amongst modern data sets.
By autosomal DNA he is most closely related to southern Europeans, particularly geographically isolated populations of Sardinia and Corsica. ( ^^^ "autosomal meaning condidering both maternal and paternal ancestry)
A 2012 paper by paleoanthropologist John Hawks suggests that Ötzi had a higher degree of Neanderthal ancestry than modern Europeans
^ Luca Ermini et al., Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Tyrolean Iceman, Current Biology, vol. 18, no. 21 (30 October 2008), pp. 1687–1693.
^ Endicott et al., Genotyping human ancient mtDNA control and coding region polymorphisms with a multiplexed Single-Base-Extension assay: the singular maternal history of the Tyrolean Iceman, BMC Genetics, vol. 10, no. 29 (19 June 2009).
For Otzi male HG-G M169(?) - for mostly in South Arabia and Ethiopia. This branch is unique to Arabia and East Africa. OTHER sub-clades of G is found IN Europe. Female - hg-K 1o(?) is correct. However the Hg has a motif that is found mostly in PYGMIES!!, Iberians and Pakistanis. Suggesting he may have North Africa ancestry. Note: some Pakistanis carry African lineage.
John Hawkes?, Neanderthal...enough said!
Note: Initial reports back in 2008 said he had blue eyes. After the full genome disclosure that was recanted. he now has brown eyes. He does NOT carry the white gene, SLC45A2. Take what you may from that.
Stop BSing Lioness. We covered this already.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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posted
I'm not BSing I'm giving you the foremost authority article a full genome report from 2012. That article said of modern people the autosomal DNA of Otzi man is most closely related to populations of Sardinia and Corsica.
That's the basic point.
I forgot to name the source most updated article reference of 2012, the is the whole genome article, here's the title>
New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing
But you've read it before, dont go asking "HG-G M169(?)" with a question mark. We have been over this before. It's all mapped out the same article above you've seen before.
Quote:
"We found indication for recent common ancestry between the Iceman and present-day inhabitants of the Tyrrhenian Sea (particularly Corsica and Sardinia), that the Iceman probably had brown eyes, belonged to blood group O and was probably lactose intolerant."
It is estimated that 75% of adults worldwide show some decrease in lactase activity during adulthood.[4] The frequency of decreased lactase activity ranges from 5% in northern Europe through 71% for Sicily to more than 90% in some African and Asian countries
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Otzi man was found in the Italian Alps. He lived around 3,300 BC. You seem to have some peculiar desire for Otzi man to be a black dude with an afro. Why is this? Why do you have this need?
Posts: 42919 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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posted
Several SNPs in the OCA2 and HERC2 genes identified as being associated with iris colour were analysed. The most strongly associated variant, rs12913832, shows the homozygous A allele in the Iceman's genome (coverage depth ×31), which is associated with brown eye colour in over 80% of cases even when regarded alone30. Branicki et al.31 defined a haplotype of five SNPs as predictor: rs4778138, rs4778241, rs7495174, rs12913832 and rs916977. The Iceman's haplotype (for which TTTTC and TTTTT were addressed together as the last SNP is a clear heterozygote) in the Branicki study encompassed 46 individuals, 8 of which were blue eyed, the residual 38 having a non-blue eye colour. The haplotype defined by Sturm et al.30 narrows the field down further: individuals who shared the Iceman's A-AAA haplotype had blue eyes in under 5% of cases, 40% having green or more often hazel eyes, while 55.7% of individuals had brown eyes.
Further, phenotypically relevant variants include a homozygous deletion (coverage depth ×7) at rs8176719, a T allele at rs505922 and lack of significant deletions in the RHD gene, which are characteristic of blood group O Rh-positive carriers.
Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HERC2 gene. A mutation in the HERC2 gene adjacent to OCA2, affecting OCA2's expression in the human iris, is found common to nearly all people with blue eyes. It has been hypothesized that all blue eyed humans share a single common ancestor with whom the mutation originated.
The Iceman had the OCA2 gene, so Obviously the Iceman was White or a Black carrier.Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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posted
What's this Mike, I can't believe it, this is a first, Mike is actually telling the truth for once. Otzi was a White man, the skin color of his mummy is no different from the Scythian Ice Princess or the ice mummies of the ill fated Franklin Expedition who were White. Funny Mike he was in Europe BEFORE the so called Wandering Of The Folk LOL ROTFLMBO.
Posts: 3257 | From: Madisonville, KY USA | Registered: Nov 2011
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: The Iceman had the OCA2 gene, so Obviously the Iceman was White or a Black carrier.
Doxie dear, I follow the facts.
As far as I know only Whites and Black carriers have the OCA2 gene. So he must have been one of them.
Follow-up:
Wiki:
It was found that his epidermis, the outer skin layer, was missing, a natural process from his mummification in ice.
The epidermis is avascular, nourished by diffusion from the dermis, constituted at 95% of keratinocytes but also containing melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells, and inflammatory cells.
Clearly the Iceman did not have his other skin, thus, Apparently the Iceman was a Black man who was a carrier of Albinism.Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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Clearly the Iceman did not have his other skin, thus, Apparently the Iceman was a Black man who was a carrier of Albinism. [/QB]
Why would one not having one's epidermis make one black? There is some kind of logic being used?
Posts: 42919 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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posted
Mike, You can't possibly understand what you copied above, so just give it up. Just stick to your normal demented ravings.
Posts: 5492 | Registered: Nov 2004
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Clearly the Iceman did not have his other skin, thus, Apparently the Iceman was a Black man who was a carrier of Albinism.
Why would one not having one's epidermis make one black? There is some kind of logic being used?
The logic is this:
There is "Absolutely" no evidence of modern White Europeans in Europe THAT early. But the light color of the Iceman made it logically possible that he was a White person because his color is so similar to this Franklin Expedition mummy.
However, the knowledge of his lack of outer skin (which is where skin color resides - under that we are all the same color), removes that theoretical possibility. ( The Franklin Expedition mummy has it's outer skin).
Since there is no evidence of Whites that early, he was obviously Black.
Unless you want to say that the Iceman was the LONE White person in Europe. Since there is no sigh of any other Whites, that would be silly.
If Iceman had his outer skin it might look like Tollund mans skin.
There is "Absolutely" no evidence of modern White Europeans in Europe THAT early.
Tollund Man 400 BC
quote:Originally poste by Mike111
Whatever the initial cause or reason, within 2,000 years (1,500 B.C. to 500 A.D.) ALL the millions of Albino (Caucasian) peoples, would abandon Central Asia and move to India and Europe
His second lie nullifies his first. he lies so much it's hard for him to keep track
Correction on more of Mike's lies>
BOG BODIES
A bog body is a human cadaver that has been naturally mummified within a peat bog. Such bodies, sometimes known as bog people, are both geographically and chronologically widespread, having been dated to between 9000 BCE and the Second World War. The unifying factor of the bog bodies is that they have been found in peat and are partially preserved; however, the actual levels of preservation vary widely from perfectly preserved to mere skeletons.
Unlike most ancient human remains, bog bodies have retained their skin and internal organs due to the unusual conditions of the surrounding area. These conditions include highly acidic water, low temperature, and a lack of oxygen, and combine to preserve but severely tan their skin. While the skin is well-preserved, the bones are generally not, due to the acid in the peat having dissolved the calcium phosphate of bone. Bog bodies are typically recovered when people are harvesting the peat from bogs for fuel. Shortly after the body is revealed, it begins decaying, so quick preservation after that point is essential. Some bog bodies have badly deteriorated after their discovery due to improper preservation. Bog bodies generally have brown or black hair and skin, caused by chemicals in the bog that dye them. Archaeologists are fortunate to find any bog bodies, as the precise conditions conducive to their formation is rare, and generally occurs only in bogs near salt water. Because of this, one of the best locations in the world to find bog bodies is in Jutland, Denmark, which is frequently swept by winds bearing salty moisture.
quote:Originally poste by Mike111
The Iceman had the OCA2 gene, so Obviously the Iceman was White or a Black carrier.
The genes for OCA are located on “autosomal” chromosomes. Autosomes are the chromosomes that contain genes for our general body characteristics, contrasted to the sex chromosomes. We normally have two copies of these chromosomes and the genes on them – one inherited from our father, the other inherited from our mother. Neither of these gene copies is functional in people with albinism. However, albinism is a “recessive trait”, so even if only one of the two copies of the OCA gene is functional, a person can make pigment, but will carry the albinism trait. Both parents must carry a defective OCA gene to have a child with albinism. When both parents carry the defective gene (and neither parent has albinism) there is a one in four chance at each pregnancy that the baby will be born with albinism. This type of inheritance is called “autosomal recessive” inheritance.
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what confuses some people is that a functional OCA gene is normal, what is abnormal and defective is also called OCA but it is a mutated defective non functional OCA gene
However I do give credit to Mike for pointing out that the Otzi Ice man dioes not have epidermis. This seems to prove his original skin color is unknown
The Ötzi man had several tattoos This is from his lower back.
They were made by first cutting the skin, and then rubbing charcoal into the incisions.
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: what confuses some people is that a functional OCA gene is normal, what is abnormal and defective is also called OCA but it is a mutated defective non functional OCA gene
Fool!
How many friggin times must you be reminded that OCA stands for "Oculocutaneous Albinism".
So what Fool, are you suggesting that Black people are Albinos WITH pigmentation????
Damn you Albinos come up with some stupid sh1t!
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posted
An intragenic deletion of the P gene is the common mutation causing tyrosinase-positive oculocutaneous albinism in southern African Negroids.
G Stevens, J van Beukering, T Jenkins, and M Ramsa
Abstract
Tyrosinase-positive oculocutaneous albinism (OCA2), an autosomal recessive disorder of the melanin biosynthetic pathway, is the most common recessive disorder occurring in southern African Bantu-speaking Negroids, with an overall prevalence of 1/3,900. The OCA2 gene, P, has been mapped to chromosome 15q11-q13, and recently alterations in the P gene have been identified in OCA2 individuals. An intragenic deletion has been described and proposed to be of African originbecause of its occurrence in four unrelated African American OCA2 individuals and in two individuals, one from Zaire and the other from Cameroon. This study shows that the intragenic deletion is a common cause of OCA2 in southern African Negroids (114/146 [.78]; OCA2 chromosomes) and is associated with one common haplotype (43/55 [.78]; OCA2 chromosomes), confirming the African origin of this allele. On the basis of haplotype data, it would appear that at least seven additional, less frequent OCA2 mutations occur in this population.
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What is chromosome 15? Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in each cell, divided into 23 pairs. Two copies of chromosome 15, one copy inherited from each parent, form one of the pairs. 15q11-q13 is a region of chromosome 15. All human beings have this chromosome. The P gene is located in chromosome segment 15q11-q13. Alterations in this gene cause albinism (OCA) The rate of incidence of this defect is higher in people of African descent than it is in non-Africans
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