Dark Skin May Have Evolved to Protect Against Skin Cancer
Darwin and others said skin cancer couldn't influence the evolution of skin color. A new study makes the case that it did.
A scientist argues that once we were all white; then we were all black; then some of us went back to white.
Susan Brink for National Geographic PUBLISHED MARCH 7, 2014
When it comes to skin color, the idea that we're really all the same isn't just a utopian dream. A look at skin cancer from an evolutionary perspective suggests that maybe once we were all white; then we were all black; then some of us went back to white.
In a study published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Mel Greaves, professor of cell biology at the Institute of Cancer Research in London, looked at some 25 studies of skin cancer in albinos in Africa. Albinos have less melanin, a natural pigment that helps protect the skin against damage from the sun. The more melanin in the body, the darker the skin.
Greaves found that basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas are not relatively harmless diseases of old age. In African albinos, they kill early and quickly. Skin cancer prevention, he concludes, was a driving force in human evolution to dark skin. Other scientists, including Charles Darwin, have long dismissed skin cancer as a force in evolution because it typically strikes those past childbearing age.
Greaves, who studies the role that disease plays in human evolution, believes his study adds credence to the idea that when earlier hominids shed their shaggy hair about two million years ago, exposing their naked, pale skin to the sun on the sun-drenched savanna of Africa, natural selection favored those who had the darkest variations in skin color to protect against the ultraviolet radiation (UVR) that can cause skin cancer.
Much later, about 50,000 to 100,000 years ago, those who migrated to cold northern climates no longer needed that protection, and evolved back to pale skin. National Geographic talked with Greaves about his research.
At one time, natural selection may have favored those who had the darkest variations in skin color to protect against ultraviolet radiation. PHOTOGRAPH BY SARAH LEEN, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC You point to skin cancer as a reason that skin color evolved. Among cancers, is skin cancer unique in influencing evolutionary protections?
I can't think of any other cancer and circumstance that would have had a sufficiently large impact on survival and reproduction. You might think that pediatric cancers might have been subject to evolutionary selection, but my guess is that they have always been too rare to provoke protective selection.
Can you explain when and why our human ancestors became black?
The genetic evidence suggests that black skin became the norm in Africa some 1.2 million years ago, around the time that early humans were colonizing the savanna and had lost most of their body hair. Most investigators believe that black pigmentation was an essential adaption to protect naked, pale skin against solar ultraviolet radiation, which is high all year round near the equator.
There has been consensus on some of the life-threatening impacts of UVR via the skin. Ideas have included damage to sweat glands and degradation of folate and other essential nutrients in blood circulating through the skin.
But skin cancer has been universally rejected as a possible selective force for the adaptation of black skin. This is on the grounds that in modern-day Caucasians, it is usually benign or is lethal too late in life to influence evolution. In my paper I suggest this is taking cancer out of the relevant context and that the experience of African albinos illustrates very vividly what the impact of intense UVR might have been on early humans.
Why did some people then evolve back to the white skin that was originally underneath hominids' hair?
As our human ancestors migrated out of Africa, those that moved away from equatorial and tropical regions underwent positive selection for paler skin. This was in part due to the reduced pressure from UVR skin damage, but also because black skin became a disadvantage, possibly because [pale skin is better at generating vitamin D] and dark skin is more susceptible to frostbite.
So you're saying that skin cancer played a part in skin color: Humans were originally white under all their hair, then evolved to black a million or two million years ago, then 50,000 to 100,000 years ago some went back to white as they migrated farther north?
That's exactly what I am suggesting. But unless Jared Diamond and Darwin [two scientists who dismissed skin cancer as a factor in evolution] are right and skin color variation is just incidental and endorsed by sexual preferences, then there has to be an evolutionary logic.
Naturally there is considerable speculation in all of this debate, and coming up with a definitive, unambiguous explanation for events that happened millions of years ago is very difficult, if not impossible. We are trying to come up with the most plausible answer in the light of all the evidence available—which is the way science always works.
Posts: 42924 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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I don't really comprehend what the point of this old news post is but,
If true, then that simply means that black is the NATURAL evolution, right? In comparison, we all should realize by now that the OCA mutation is an abnormal regression, right?
Also, the significance of Eumelanin is far greater than skin deep. Eumelanin is dominate in the brain and is responsible for early formation of the nerves, the brain, the spinal cord, the optic nerves, the ear and all other sensory and internal organs. When you hear the code word "Stem Cell", think Eumelanin.
Also, let's not forget the major difference between the human and monkey brains. The human brain requires roughly 500x the energy stores of a monkey. How is this energy obtained? It is collected by solar radiation by way of Eumelanin solar collectors where that energy is used to fuel the many internal chemical factory processes within the human body.
posted
Narmerthoth is right Black is the natural order for evolution.
In the Bible and Quran the original man was named Adamu. Adam= red-black like the soil. Black pigmentation had nothing to do with cancer.the first man was Black because that was the natual order of creation. Symbolically black represents richness and fertility.
Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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First off, All humans IN Europe and Africa were black/Dark skin up to 7000BC. All aDNA for skin pigmentation concludes that these people were black skinned. That includes La Brana, Otzi and Stuttgart woman etc. This ACTUAL data not made up BS.
Second, Neanderthal AND Denisovan were also black skinned. Which probably means that Homo-Erectus was also black skinned.
Third, I haven’t seen any aDNA for Asians so we can only speculate on when Asians de-pigmeneted. But as we all know, depigmentation involves a different set of genes with North East Asians. I am speculating they depigmented much earlier than Europeans.
Fourth, The “gradation pattern “ shows an African origin of de-pigmentaion for both SLC45A2 and SLC24A5. Both genes are found throughout SSA. Africans have a higher variability in promoter regions of these genes. Sources cited.
Fifth, there is growing evidence that Bantu South Africans have started to depigment just as the Khoi-San. It labeled as OCA4
Sixth, agreed, light skin may be ancestral to black skin, thus the “drift”, at higher latitudes. But the consequence of depigmenetation is both harmful and lethal. De-pigmentation carries a lot of health and mental hazards.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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There is a reason why equatorial indigenous Americans are darker than their relatives to North(higher latitudes) America. It is already programmed in our DNA to adapt. No admixture is needed. It same in the old world(Africa and Europe)….and Asia. Light skin to the North and dark skin close to the equator. It is already programmed in our DNA. NO ADMIXTURE IS NEEDED.
This is not rocket science.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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quote:Originally posted by xyyman: More lies and deception by Europeans.
First off, All humans IN Europe and Africa were black/Dark skin up to 7000BC. All aDNA for skin pigmentation concludes that these people were black skinned. That includes La Brana, Otzi and Stuttgart woman etc. This ACTUAL data not made up BS.
Second, Neanderthal AND Denisovan were also black skinned. Which probably means that Homo-Erectus was also black skinned.
Third, I haven’t seen any aDNA for Asians so we can only speculate on when Asians de-pigmeneted. But as we all know, depigmentation involves a different set of genes with North East Asians. I am speculating they depigmented much earlier than Europeans.
Fourth, The “gradation pattern “ shows an African origin of de-pigmentaion for both SLC45A2 and SLC24A5. Both genes are found throughout SSA. Africans have a higher variability in promoter regions of these genes. Sources cited.
Fifth, there is growing evidence that Bantu South Africans have started to depigment just as the Khoi-San. It labeled as OCA4
Sixth, agreed, light skin may be ancestral to black skin, thus the “drift”, at higher latitudes. But the consequence of depigmenetation is both harmful and lethal. De-pigmentation carries a lot of health and mental hazards.
WHat's your citation for #4 and 5, xyz?
And what's the update to the well known EUro recent pale story below?
Posts: 5905 | From: The Hammer | Registered: Aug 2008
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"Dark Skin May Have Evolved to Protect Against Skin Cancer "
They are primarily talking about the period before humans left Africa ten of thousands of years before humans left Africa
quote:
quote: "A scientist argues that once we were all white; then we were all black; then some of us went back to white.
Humans were originally white under all their hair, then evolved to black a million or two million years ago, then 50,000 to 100,000 years ago some went back to white as they migrated farther north?
quote:Originally posted by xyyman: More lies and deception by Europeans.
quote:Originally posted by xyyman:
Sixth, agreed, light skin may be ancestral to black skin, thus the “drift”, at higher latitudes.
It doesn't make sense to say "More lies and deception by Europeans" and then conclude that the main premise of the article, light skin may be ancestral to black skin, may be true
quote:Originally posted by xyyman:
But the consequence of depigmenetation is both harmful and lethal. De-pigmentation carries a lot of health and mental hazards.
what are you talking about? There are hundreds of millions of light skinned East Asians and Europeans. Compare longevity statistics Also what "mental hazards" ? What are you talking about? Skin depigmenation has no relation to the condition of the brain
Posts: 42924 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters: Narmerthoth is right Black is the natural order for evolution.
In the Bible and Quran the original man was named Adamu. Adam= red-black like the soil. Black pigmentation had nothing to do with cancer.the first man was Black because that was the natual order of creation. Symbolically black represents richness and fertility.
First you speak of the natural order for evolution.
The genus Homo according to evolutionary theory goes back 2.5 million years ago. The earliest AMH fossil is dated about 200,000 years old Evolutionary theory says that man is a primate who evolved from ape-like more primitive creatures. Apes are covered in hair. Under the hair is a somewhat light grey or orangish skin. That would be the natural ordetr for evolution in primates
Then you mention the Bible that does not support the theory of evolution and says the world was created 6,000 years ago
Posts: 42924 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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@ Z-Man. All sources are cited on ESR. There are numerous threads on ESR with adequate references. eg Shriver et al concluded that AMH humans left Africa with the ability to develope white skin.
The current (La Brana as an example) data shows Africans are highly variably in the regions surrounding the depigmenetation genes. Meaning????? BTW - That article is outdated. That is why we need to continue updating our reading. aDNA has made that article obsolete. We need to keep up.
@ Lioness - The deception is the dating. aDNA on ACTUAL(not mathematical models) ancient Europeans have consistently shown they were black up to about 7000ya. The first appearnace of what seems to be light brown Europaens(heterogenous) is with the Neolithic Farmers.
The deption is the illusion that white skin was prevalent over 20,000ya. IT WAS NOT!!
To those who don’t get it.
Shriver et al , Mekova et al etc have shown that Africans carried light skin genes before Europeans.
@ Z-man. You need to read brotha. The south African connection is posted on ESR. Research OCA4 in South African Bantus.
Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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Do you really believe that? After the numerous threads on here about melanin or lack there of and the impact on mental stability or psychotic episodes. Melanin does not only protect against skin cancer but MOST cancers.
Quote by Lioness “Skin depigmenation has no relation to the condition of the brain”
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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Remmeber the 4 W's. When. What, Who and Why.
When- was the article written. Who - is the author etc
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: The theme of the article is
"Dark Skin May Have Evolved to Protect Against Skin Cancer "
They are primarily talking about the period before humans left Africa ten of thousands of years before humans left Africa
quote:
quote: "A scientist argues that once we were all white; then we were all black; then some of us went back to white.
Humans were originally white under all their hair, then evolved to black a million or two million years ago, then 50,000 to 100,000 years ago some went back to white as they migrated farther north?
That's exactly what I am suggesting. "
As is usually the case with European generated research on skin pigments, the article is fake and a distraction.
It's arguments regarding Monkey versus human skin is as invalid as a comparison between Monkey versus human brains. After all, the white skinned monkey you posted can hardly be classified as an early human, can it?
The fact is, the first appearance off life on the planet depended on the formation of the Melanin molecule in the same manner in which all plant life is dependent on the presence of chlorophyll. With the absence of Eumelanin, there is little to no chance of achieving photosynthesis in humans to fuel other biological processes. Therefore, all human life began with and will definitely end with, BLACK.
quote:Originally posted by xyyman: Do you really believe that? After the numerous threads on here about melanin or lack there of and the impact on mental stability or psychotic episodes. Melanin does not only protect against skin cancer but MOST cancers.
Quote by Lioness “Skin depigmenation has no relation to the condition of the brain”
the threads you speak of were pure bs. You mean those threads? The baloney psuedo science out of context charts?
Let's talk about credible scientific article text, verbatim with links
quote:Originally posted by xyyman:
Melanin does not only protect against skin cancer but MOST cancers.
Nonense
Let's talk about credible scientific articles, verbatim with links
look at some world cancer statistics for all cancers then use your head to reach a conclusion
quote:Originally posted by xyyman:
light skin may be ancestral to black skin, thus the “drift”, at higher latitudes.
quote:Originally posted by xyyman:
The deception is the illusion that white skin was prevalent over 20,000ya. IT WAS NOT!!
why are you talking about 20,000 years ago and then saying light skin may be ancestral to black skin? This article is talking about when man was in Africa 200,000 years ago not 20,000
again the article says:
"A scientist argues that once we were all white; then we were all black; then some of us went back to white."
So if you are talking about 20,000 year ago, according to this that was not the first stage, that is the middle stage
The main theme of the article is about the early period in Africa, tens of thousand of years before humans left Africa, when they lost their primate hair when they migrated into the savanah areas.
So if you are talking about 20,000 years ago, according to this that was not the first stage, that is the middle stage. So there is no discrepancy Try to put a timeline together
Posts: 42924 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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The current (La Brana as an example) data shows Africans are highly variably in the regions surrounding the depigmenetation genes. Meaning????? BTW - That article is outdated.
La Brana is not African, it's a dark skinned Eurasian
Posts: 42924 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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How Melanin deficiency (OCA) impacts the human brain.
Today, most all major psychological illnesses have been traced to excessive Serotonin levels and depressed Dopamine levels. To counter this imbalance, most all Antidepressants are SEROTONIN inhibitors which attempt to block the manufacture of serotonin and decrease levels that put them in-line with decreased Dopamine levels.
For the Dopa, we explain why Serotonin levels are out of wack in Albinos by a simple illustration of a NORMAL brain neurotransmitter and it's fundamental structure.
Note, the Phoemelanin core (-PH) is surrounded by Eumelanin shell (+PH), and is normally at a ratio of 4:1 (4 parts Eumelanin to 1 part Pheomelanin).
The Eumelanin shell is mainly comprised of a base of Selenium. Selenium is a copper based superconductor. The Pheomelanin core is comprised of a sulphur based molecule which gives it a -PH and negative charge.
Lionese, what item found in your auto-mobile has a similar composition as a human neurotransmitter?
Posts: 4693 | From: Saturn | Registered: Apr 2012
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Albino psychology as it relates to Albinism
The Role of the Melanosome
The synthesis of melanin takes place in the melanosome. This is a specialized intracellular membrane-coated organelle that originates from the endoplasmic reticulum. During its development the melanosome acquires tyrosinase and the tyrosinase-related proteins 1 and 2 (TRP1, TRP2). Tyrosinase is the rate-limiting enzyme for melanogenesis and catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine to dopaquinone, which is required for the synthesis of both eumelanin and phaeomelanin. It may also catalyze later steps specific to the eumelanin pathway and this could explain why eumelanogenesis is especially dependent on tyrosinase. Less is known about the control of phaeomelanin synthesis, although it appears to be less dependent on tyrosinase and can proceed even when the levels of tyrosinase activity are virtually undetectable (Burchill et al. 1986). Melanocyte Function and Its Control by Melanocortin Peptides Marina Tsatmali1 Janis Ancans1 Anthony J. Thody1⇓
OCA1, OCA2, OCA3 and OCA4; some are further divided into subtypes.
Oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1 or tyrosinase-related albinism) results from a genetic defect in an enzyme called tyrosinase (hence ‘ty’ above). This enzyme helps the body to change the amino acid tyrosine into pigment. (An amino acid is a “building block” of protein.) There are two subtypes of OCA1. In OCA1A, the enzyme is inactive and no melanin is produced, leading to white hair and very light skin. In OCA1B, the enzyme is minimally active and a small amount of melanin is produced, leading to hair that may darken to blond, yellow/orange or even light brown, as well as slightly more pigment in the skin. Oculocutaneous albinism type 2 (OCA2 or P gene albinism) results from a genetic defect in the P protein that helps the tyrosinase enzyme to function. Individuals with OCA2 make a minimal amount of melanin pigment and can have hair color ranging from very light blond to brown. Oculocutaneous albinism type 3 (OCA3) is rarely described and results from a genetic defect in TYRP1, a protein related to tyrosinase. Individuals with OCA3 can have substantial pigment. Oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (OCA4) results from a genetic defect in the SLC45A2 protein that helps the tyrosinase enzyme to function. Individuals with OCA4 make a minimal amount of melanin pigment similar to persons with OCA2. Revised 2007 by Rick Thompson, O.D., F.A.A.O. NOAH Board of Scientific Advisors, Kelsey Thompson, M.S., C.R.C., Chair, NOAH Editorial Committee.
Note: As illustrated in the Melanin pathway chart above, Tyrosine is the precursor to Dopamine. Therefore, with blockage of the melanin pathways, not only does tyrosine dysfunction result in decreased Eumelanin production, but also decreased Dopamine production.Posts: 4693 | From: Saturn | Registered: Apr 2012
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Narmer, you need to remove that pic as White people are NOT Albinos, we do NOT have albinism.
Posts: 3257 | From: Madisonville, KY USA | Registered: Nov 2011
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^ The picture shows the heightened presence of schizophrenia in all Albinos, not just Ashkenazi Jews as a recent study shows. The brain slice chart above shows an estimated 2 Million US Schizophrenic people, but the actual number very likely at least , a few magnitudes higher.
Note how the inner personality shown in the photo is all RED, comprised of all Pheomelanin (negative charged Sulphur).
Posts: 4693 | From: Saturn | Registered: Apr 2012
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La Brana was BLACK!!! Don't be fooled by the media hype. Luelza-Fox(sp?) said "black like Africans". The media changed it to "dark". But if you don't believe me look at the profile posted in the study. La Brana was probably "black like midnight". Ha! Ha! His pigmentation profile is identical to Melanesians. The darkest people on the planet via coloremetry, Shriver et al 2009.
Infact Yorubans carry more light pigmentation genes than La Brana. Ha! Ha! HA!
Delusional Europeans!!
BTW- The first humans were Black- 200,000ya. The first Europeans were black >7000ya.
The ANCESTORS (primate)of humans were probably light skin. >3,000,000ya!!!. Keeping in mind Neanderthal was black skinned >500,000ya.
Don't get it twisted.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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BTW- I am closing in on solving your ancestral line, R1b M-269. I just read a study on the Basque I was surprised to learn that haplotypic diversity is highest in…(thadaaaaaa)..Greece!!!. Alhtough the frequency is low for R-M269. You know that means, right?
I will resolve your ancestry soon. Give me some more time.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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Narmertoth is biologically correct ...it is Albinism due to linkage dis-equilibrium(LD) on Chromosome 5(?). Some geneticist have admited it. Sources cited on ESR. But I prefer not to call people names. And yes, OCA4 is prevalent in South AFrican Bantus. The commencement of whitening of Southern Bantus. Sources cited.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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LOL, XYYTHater, if you are talking about the ancestry of Whites, do you really think any self respecting White would believe a dang thing an Anti-White, Whitey hating,Black racist, Black supremacist such as yourself has to say about that subject NOPE sorry. All you will do is lie & make up some damn lie about Central Asia, Albinos, blah blah.
Posts: 3257 | From: Madisonville, KY USA | Registered: Nov 2011
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Yes, it was white, black, then black and white. The lie and deception is with the ASSIGNMENT between primates and homo.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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Racist – I am not. I used to have white girlfriends. There are good white people. Supremacist = maybe. I am the first man Lie= prove it White Hater= definitely not. White people are our offspring Central Asia = I am not in that camp.
quote:Originally posted by DHDoxies: LOL, XYYTHater, if you are talking about the ancestry of Whites, do you really think any self respecting White would believe a dang thing an Anti-White, Whitey hating,Black racist, Black supremacist such as yourself has to say about that subject NOPE sorry. All you will do is lie & make up some damn lie about Central Asia, Albinos, blah blah.
Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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quote:Originally posted by xyyman: Narmertoth is biologically correct ...it is Albinism due to linkage dis-equilibrium(LD) on Chromosome 5(?). Some geneticist have admited it. Sources cited on ESR. But I prefer not to call people names. And yes, OCA4 is prevalent in South AFrican Bantus. The commencement of whitening of Southern Bantus. Sources cited.
It's #15. Notice, many major mental illness inherit in whites are found in Chromosome 15 as well.
BTW:
Albinism/Albino are not derogatory terms. They are labels Whites themselves assigned to the recessive genetic condition and later due to their mental illness decided to demonize them in the same manner in which they've demonized the term, "Black".
Posts: 4693 | From: Saturn | Registered: Apr 2012
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This sounds like a bunch of pseudo-science. Why would the early humans need fur in Africa?
Posts: 1135 | From: Top secret | Registered: Jun 2012
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Now you are catching on, Dooughlaa. I always speculated that de-furring is NOT a tropical phenomenon. That is one thing I agree with Dienekess, on the first appearance of AMH. I agree it may be in the Sahel savannah region or even the Green Sahara. The presence of yDN hg-A00 and A1* in Berbers/Sahelians/Nilo-Saharans supports that premise.
As I said before Bantus are probably the youngest of Africans. They are new migrants to the forest beltcoming FROM the Nilo-Saharan region.
Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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quote:Originally posted by Son of Ra: This sounds like a bunch of pseudo-science. Why would the early humans need fur in Africa?
They would need fur in Africa if underneath the fur was white skin. Get it?
The fur provides the solar protection over the white skin. Hence, the reason for Lionese posting the de-furred monkey with white skin.
Whites want badly to explain how they were in Africa before blacks. The only way to explain it is with fur covered Albino bodies.
Posts: 4693 | From: Saturn | Registered: Apr 2012
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quote:Originally posted by Son of Ra: This sounds like a bunch of pseudo-science. Why would the early humans need fur in Africa?
The argument goes that mammals evolved fur as insulation for their endothermic ("warm-blooded") metabolism, just as certain theropod dinosaurs evolved feathers. As for why the ancestors of humans lost their hairy coats, paleo-anthropologists have been asking that question for ages.
The hypothesis I lean closest to is that it was tied with the manipulation of fire. Once humans learned how to make their own campfires which they could huddle around, a furry coat became redundant and was shed.
That said, I am not sure we can assume the earliest hominins were pale under their fur. Chimps have variable skin colors ranging from black, mottled, to pale, and then you have gorillas who are black-skinned all around.
Posts: 7073 | From: Fallbrook, CA | Registered: Mar 2004
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Now it all make sense. That explains the high frequency of these disorders in Europeans.
This is a revelation!!!
quote:Originally posted by Narmerthoth:
quote:Originally posted by xyyman: Narmertoth is biologically correct ...it is Albinism due to linkage dis-equilibrium(LD) on Chromosome 5(?). Some geneticist have admited it. Sources cited on ESR. But I prefer not to call people names. And yes, OCA4 is prevalent in South AFrican Bantus. The commencement of whitening of Southern Bantus. Sources cited.
It's #15. Notice, many major mental illness inherit in whites are found in Chromosome 15 as well.
BTW:
Albinism/Albino are not derogatory terms. They are labels Whites themselves assigned to the recessive genetic condition and later due to their mental illness decided to demonize them in the same manner in which they've demonized the term, "Black".
Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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BTW- Source of the photo? I need to investigate this.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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This one is for you, so hopefully you can wake up and take my recommended precautions to avoid future problems.
A patient with subclinical oculocutaneous albinism type 2 diagnosed on getting severely sunburned.
Abstract
Kawai M, Suzuki T, Ito S, Inagaki K, Suzuki N, Tomita Y Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) [2005, 210(4):322-323]
P-gene-related oculocutaneous albinism (OCA2) is an autosomal recessive disorder. The phenotype is typically somewhat less severe than that of the tyrosinase-negative type (OCA1A). One of the mutations in the P gene, A481T, is associated with a mild phenotype, occasionally with no distinctive skin manifestations, which is called subclinical OCA. We present a Japanese patient having the A481T mutant allele in the P gene with subclinical oculocutaneous albinism diagnosed on getting severely sunburned. The A481T mutant allele is relatively common in the Caucasian population as well as in Japan, indicating that a number of subclinical patients of OCA2 might exist not only in Japan, but also all over the world. Posts: 4693 | From: Saturn | Registered: Apr 2012
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That slide was taken from a presentation found on EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory), but as is usually the case, the slide set has been taken down and attempting to access the presentation gives an "Presentation is no longer maintained" error message.
Note: This is listed under the title: "List of all cancer genes by chromosome" in the Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology and ending with; "These entries belong to a list of genes implicated in cancer which is a compilation of genes"
So, it becomes clear that OCA is directly associated with Cancer which completely destroys Lionese's opening post suggesting black evolved from white.
Posts: 4693 | From: Saturn | Registered: Apr 2012
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anyone who thinks Black came from white is only deluding themselves.
Posts: 9651 | From: Reace and Love City. | Registered: Oct 2005
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Really King? White skin IS "ancestral" to Black skin. But irregardless...
This chart now makes absolute sense. WOOOOWWW!!
It is also becoming apparent these European Scientist knew this all along. WOW!
To those who can follow..notice the intensity of the red bars in Europeans. This is on chromosome 15. SLC24A5.
There are regions of extremely high intensity(red) prevalent in Europeans. These MAY be equivalent to the genes(SNP) referenced Narmerthoth chart. This is a bomb shell.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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Go **** yourself Narmer. White people are NOT Albinos, everyone knows that you only use Albino as a racist epithet towards Whites to demean, degrade, & dehumanize us. Sorry honey as I said I wouldn't touch a Black man with a 100 ft pole, nor would I let a Black man touch me if he was the last man on earth & I aint about to help you in your sick quest to exterminate Whitey by becoming some Black mfer's baby momma & having to raise his offspring alone or as many stupid traitorous White women have learned the hard way (OJ style),I decide to leave him & he decides to kill me to prevent me from doing so no thanks. Besides I want MY children to resemble ME & their ancestors & people just assume they are mine & not have people coming up to me asking if they are mine because they don't look a dang thing like me & me looking at my child every day not being able to find anything of me in them no thanks.
XYYTHATER, Who gives a crap if you've had White girlfriends dude, there are plenty of racist Black men who are only with a White woman to stick it to the White man. I know of lots of Black men who say "Oh I hate White people with a passion but I love my White gf or wife". Anyhow I've asked you this before & I'll ask it again Xyythater, where in your opinion did White people come from, who are our ancestors, where is our homeland in your opinion since you say you are not in the Central Asia crowd (which is a lie on your part as you are part of that crowd).
Posts: 3257 | From: Madisonville, KY USA | Registered: Nov 2011
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Xyyman, Im not saying that black white aint linked, I just believe that white came from Black and not the other way around.
Also this Chart just devestates Lionese and her nonsense.
What I gather now is that there is some scientists who have told the truth and then the majority try to soften the truth, instead of Black, use dark eurasin. As if that makes it better and not make people realize that Euros are PALE SKINNED not dark in the slightest. But then they just gonna look at Southern euros and claim they are dark, so what can you do if they say this?
Posts: 9651 | From: Reace and Love City. | Registered: Oct 2005
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I posted this awhile back in the La Brana thread. Africans carry all SNP but certain "red/SNP" markers are near fixation in Europeans. These may be the "defective" genes on Chr15.
May be someone can cross-reference the SNPs against the defective gene. Beyoku?
Lioness..great thread again.
BTW- King. That chart shows light skin IS ancestral to black skin. Light skin gene has always existed in Africans. It was under constraint in the tropics.(Mekova et al)
migration into high latitude removed the constraint. Apparently La Brana did NOT carry the SNP thus he is midnight black.
It is the second wave of Africans that most likely introduce the gene to Europe.
What second wave some may ask. Here are the pictures. The yellow branches to those who can't follow.
Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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quote:Originally posted by DHDoxies: Go **** yourself Narmer. White people are NOT Albinos, everyone knows that you only use Albino as a racist epithet towards Whites to demean, degrade, & dehumanize us. Sorry honey as I said I wouldn't touch a Black man with a 100 ft pole.
Really Doxie. Don't believe the hype. 100 feet long! LOL, Our poles aren't really that big!
As far as me using albino in a derogatory sense, I've explained this 10 times to you that I am not, but I guess you just refuse to believe me. Look. Albinos originate from Africa. They are our children. It just shows how very diverse Africa really is but our children have come to hate themselves so much they refuse to admit who they really are.
African origin of an intragenic deletion of the human P gene in tyrosinase positive oculocutaneous albinism. Durham-Pierre D1, Gardner JM, Nakatsu Y, King RA, Francke U, Ching A, Aquaron R, del Marmol V, Brilliant MH. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a genetically heterogeneous hypopigmentation disorder. One of the two major autosomal recessive forms involves the tyrosinase gene (OCA1), while the other form (OCA2) has recently been associated with alterations of the P gene on chromosome 15. OCA2 is about twice as common as OCA1 in African and African-American populations. We now describe an interstitial deletion that removes a single exon of the P gene. In a large family from an inbred population of tri-racial origin, all individuals with OCA2 were found to be homozygous for this allele. Moreover, the same mutant P allele was detected in several unrelated African American individuals with OCA2, but not in Caucasians with OCA2. The detection of the same allele in two unrelated Africans with OCA2 indicates an African origin for this allele.
Posts: 4693 | From: Saturn | Registered: Apr 2012
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Black line is the original wave. Yellow line is a later wave.
To those who can understand this stuff. There were no yellow lines from Modern Africans and La Brana.
But as you can see there are yellow lines FROM modern Africans to Bedoiuns, and druze. Which in turn is connected to Europeans.
I have seen Treemix charts showing secondary waves from SSA DIRECTLY to Europeans.
Any questions, hit me up or check out ESR
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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quote:Originally posted by xyyman: I posted this awhile back in the La Brana thread. Africans carry all SNP but certain "red/SNP" markers are near fixation in Europeans. These may be the "defective" genes on Chr15.
May be someone can cross-reference the SNPs against the defective gene. Beyoku?
Lioness..great thread again.
BTW- King. That chart shows light skin IS ancestral to black skin. Light skin gene has always existed in Africans. It was under constraint in the tropics.
migration into high latitude removed the constraint. Apparently La Brana did NOT carry the SNP thus he is midnight black.
It is the second wave of Africans that most likely introduce the gene to Europe.
What second wave some may ask. Here are the pictures. The yellow branches to those who can't follow.
As I proposed over 2 years ago, the migrations from Africa to Europe/Asia were comprised of African Albinos. By making the migration, they could extend their lives by 20-30 years by moving out of the intense UV environment of Africa. The typical life span of an albino living in Africa's intense UV environment was 20-30 years.
Light skin originated from OCA mutated black Africans. Exactly Why, When & Where the 1st African OCA mutation occurred is really the only unanswered question.
Posts: 4693 | From: Saturn | Registered: Apr 2012
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Note the lines are "events". Notice also that There are lines from YRI "to" the Harrapan valley indians. This corraborates DNAtribes premise of Neolithic African also migrating to South East Asia.
I got this!!!!!
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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Completely destroys the "European Skin turned Pale Only Recently, Gene Suggests" nonsense from Nina Jablonski. But we destroyed that study over 1 year ago when it was first released. Nature doesn't "evolve" a regression leading to wide spread cellular destruction by way of cancer. This is not how positive selection works.
By the time primates shed their fur their skin was already darkened (melaninated), else they wouldn't have shed. It was shed because it was no longer needed. But these were primates, not humans. The first modern humans were already solar adapted.
Posts: 4693 | From: Saturn | Registered: Apr 2012
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I am convinced now they have known this problem a long time ago.
Great info. These geneticist need to work over-time to "fix" Chromosome15.
Chr15 is really fughked up!! But genetic enginering to that level is about 100years away.
Biggest problem seem to be the close proximity of the "white" gene SLC24A5 to the genetic dis-orders.
Isn't it ironic. To "fix" these deseases they need to stop be white. Caraaamba..what a conundrum. Or get within a 8-inches(not 100ft) (Dhoxie)
Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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Of course they've known. They've known it for a long time.
That is why they experimented on these black prisoners. Read the book and you will see that all the experiments they conducted were Eumelanin related. See that black prisoner's back? See how they leached all of the Eumelanin from his skin? See the Negro doctor doing their work for them?
Their experiments, not surprising, were the same genetic experiments the Nazis conducted.
So, who done it? These guys.
These guys initiated the human gnome program so that they can fix their genetic defects, which are the most of all humans.
The real problem with them "fixing" anything though is simply that they are mentally unstable (insane) and a "fix" has a high probability of back firing and end up destroying the world.
Posts: 4693 | From: Saturn | Registered: Apr 2012
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The study is a little dated(1994) but, anyone has the full paper? It is currently behind the paywall.
I am curious about the proximity ie LD , between SLC24A5 and OCA2 and other genes nearby.
I never connected the dots until now. All these "defective genes" are on Chr15 which also habors SLC24A5, OCA2. Herc2.
It would be interesting to see the same gene layout for Chr5 which harbors SLC45A2, the other white gene.
------ African origin of an intragenic deletion of the human P gene in tyrosinase positive oculocutaneous albinism. Durham-Pierre -
Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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To "fix" these problesms they have two solutions.
1. Somehow control meosis/recombination which may be almost impossible because of close proximity ie LD - Linkage D. They will need an "atomic knife" for splicing.
2. or, Take the 8inches. lol!
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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