A new paper in Frontiers in Earth Science by archaeologist Dr. David Wright, from Seoul National University, South Korea, challenges this view and suggests that humans may have also played an active role in driving climate change in this period.
“During the African Humid Period the Sahara had a completely different vegetation regime” explains Wright. “All of the plants that are found in the Sahara today were there, but you also had plants that are found in the Sahel, the semi-arid zone to the south of the Sahara, and even types of plants that are found in the Congo rainforest”. This so-called ‘Green Sahara’ was also capable of supporting large animals – rock paintings made in northern Africa dated to this time period depict crocodiles, elephants and giraffes, animals that could not be sustained in the Sahara today.
The wet conditions also had an important influence on human sustainability and cultural development, allowing humans to thrive in foraging and fishing communities. “Unlike a lot of other places, people in the Sahara became very sedentary, there was really no need for agriculture”, says Wright. “One of the dietary staples of people living in that period was Nile perch, an enormous 150 kg fish, and this was only possible due to the huge Saharan lakes which could support abundant fish and fishing populations”.
But such favorable conditions didn’t last. Although the exact timing and spatial distribution is still under debate, there is consistent agreement in geological and archaeological records that beginning approximately 8,200 years ago, the Sahara began a trend towards more and more arid conditions. Over the course of the next 3500 years, the landscape of northern Africa shifted from a diverse, wet ecosystem to conditions similar to those found today.
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> at-lo(Aka Bea) with-fire (west Andaman) > at (Aka Bea) fire (west Andaman) > apo (Nihali) fire (Central India) > api (Malay) fire (Malay-Indonesia) > ape (Ainu) fire (north Japan) > apa (Mbuti) fire (Congo Basin) > ur (Hebrew) fire (Canaan-Levant) > utu (Sumer) sun god (Mesopotamia) >xamax (Assyr) sun god (Mesopotamia)
"Some forty prehistoric engravings, more than 14,000 years old, have been discovered in Finistere, at the town of Plougastel-Daoulas, in Brittany (northwestern France)."
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Linguistic similarities from Congo to Japan very interesting. I guess you know Yoruba and Akan surnames & place names have virtual counterparts in East Asia.Edo State:Nigeria Azuka:Yoruban name Edo a Japanese city Azuka also a Japanese name.
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“Great Temple” is the name given to the sanctuary which was built in the 7th century BC in the small village Yeha in the northern Ethiopia Highlands. It was erected by immigrants from Saba in today’s Yemen following the South Arabian standards. Today the temple, with a preserved height of 14m, is the most significant sacral building in East Africa.
The Great Temple of Yeha was consecrated to the main god of the Yemeni kingdom of Saba, Almaqah. Today the temple remains visible from a great distance. The building material was not the local sandstone, but carefully smoothed white limestone, which had to be transported from the quarries of Wuqro, located some 80 km east of the temple. The sanctuary was considered not only a cult place, but also as a statement of political power of Di’amat, a community developed in the early 1st millennium BC in the Ethiopian Highlands. The Great Temple was probably destroyed by a fire around the mid-1st century. A church built within the temple in the 6th century prevented the total destruction of the structure
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Tehutimes, rather than being surprised to see similarities, I'm more often surprised to see differences, which indicates some change unnoticed previously.
Major cause of change: climate of speaker's ancestors differ from speakers, such as a change from rainforest to dry desert over a few generations. The tones reduce, the clicks increase, and consonants move higher or deeper into throat, eg. g <-> c.
Akan seems related to Aka/Bye-Aka (Congo) and Aka Bea (Andamans), but I haven't checked.
Willeke Wendrich Willeke Wendrich University of California, Los Angeles, Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, Faculty Member
Ideas Concerning a New Egyptological Knowledge Base: the UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology
Egyptology has a long history of excavating, collecting, classifying, and studying ancient artefacts from Egypt. This scholarly endeavour of almost 200 years has resulted in an impressive accumulation of information of many different types. Much of this information is still relevant to scholars of today, and publications of the early 20th century or older are still used and quoted. The situation is quite different in the sciences. To scientists, articles written a decade earlier are often completely outdated, and it puzzles them that Egyptologists still make grateful use of books that were... - - -
An Archaeological Survey in the Northeastern Part of the Fayum - - -
The preservation of exposed mudbrick architecture in Karanis (Kom Aushim), Egypt - - -
Lake Level Changes, Lake Edge Basins and the Paleoenvironment of the Fayum North Shore, Egypt, during the Early to Mid-Holocene
Fluctuations in the levels of Lake Qarun, Fayum, Egypt have long been recognized and are associated with Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic occupations dating to the early to mid-Holocene, some of which contain early evidence for the presence of southwest Asian domestic plants and animals. Here evidence for the extent and timing of these lake level changes is reassessed based on the analysis of a satellite derived digital surface model of the north shore of Lake Qarun. A more accurate topography for the region casts doubts on previously published lake level changes. The topography of a series of...
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EpiLanguage: using ancient tongue to translate another, since both are closer to the last common ancestor tongue.
Epi(Gk)/Uber(Germ)/Upper/Ebu(Malay:ancestor)/Ebi - Oba (Yoruba name probably = bar(Hebrew) born of whoich = ovich(Russ) = Fitz(Scot)) related to egg/oval. - - -
Representing linguistic structures
The philologist refers to this method as epilanguage; the Greek word epi translates as "on" or "above." Latin was superimposed over the foreign language. Thus, translators were able to represent the unfamiliar structures.
Reinhold Glei compiled his results by studying Arabic, Chinese and Persian texts and their respective translations from the period between the 17th and 19th centuries. He analysed, for example, various Quran translations. By comparing excerpts from the Latin translations with the originals, Glei identified to what extent the Latin versions reflected the structure of the original language.
An advantage of using the epilanguage was that it enabled translators to draw up neutral texts, before translating them into their respective vernacular language. "When Christians initially translated the Quran, the texts they created were for the most part ideologically charged. This resulted in corrupted translations," he says. Using Latin as epilanguage did not wholly eradicate the problem, but it was possible to represent the structure of the Arabic language in a more neutral manner.
Future perspectives
Research into epilanguage is still in its early stages. Reinhold Glei intends to analyse additional Latin translations from various languages, in order to gain a better grasp of the function of epilanguage. Glei also wishes to study another world language, namely Ancient Greek, in greater detail. His first impression is: "Ancient Greek appears to occur less frequently as epilanguage. This might be because the language is not dead; it lives on in Modern Greek."
Related to Papuan Singing Dog and Aust. Dingo, Carolina Dingo & Ridgeback dog. - - -
Red-Yellow Dogs 1st domesticated at Phu Quoc Island by Pygmies to pull coracles over calm deep sea and later sleds over snow.(Husky is very close genetically, but has Tamyr wolf admixture). Ridgebacks were specifically bred for this, with upcurled tail and ruff to hold; while the other ancient breeds were guard-hunting dogs.
External projecting nose (unlike apes) + tightly curled hair (unlike all other mammals) + protruding everted lips (unlike most mammals) + distinct eyebrows (unlike apes, which have hairless boney browridges) = Tropical Rainforest Living in very small leopard-proof shallow-concave dome huts, physical sensing the interior in the dark = functional 'antennae'. The change from sleeping in exposed great ape aerial-arboreal bowl nests to dome huts on the rainforest floor (= wicker & leaves round-shields, no doorway initially, lifted/tilted for entry & egress, multi-functional sun-shade, rain-shed, foraging basket, baby cradle, hunting hide) combined with anti-insect smoldering fire produced selection for artificial-constructed micro-habitat unique to Homo species.
Moving away from tropical rainforest to exposure in drier climates resulted in alterations in hut form (cold, wind, direct sun) & height and resulted in variations of phenotype, including changes in form of nose (narrower & taller nasal spine), hair (bushier: sun, or, straighter & thicker: cold), lips (inverted: cold) and eyebrows (less projecting except in older men whose brows become bushy (primitive retention).
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Rapid Evolution of Lighter Skin Pigmentation in Southern Africa BRENNA M. HENN1 , MENG LIN1 , ALICIA R. MARTIN2 and REBECCA SIFORD1 1 Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, 2 Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston Skin pigmentation is under strong directional selection for reduced melanin density in northern European and Asian populations. Conversely, dark pigmentation is thought to be under stabilizing selection in equatorial populations exposed to intense ultraviolet radiation. We high-throughput sequenced pigmentation genes in over 400 indi- viduals from South Africa and demonstrate that a canonical skin pigmentation gene, SLC24A5, experienced recent adaptive evolution in the KhoeSan populations of far southern Africa. The functionally caustive allele lightens basal skin pigmentation by 4 melanin units, explaining 11.9% variance in pigmentation in these popu- lations. Haplotype analysis and demographic models indicate that the allele was introduced into the KhoeSan only within the past 3,000 years likely by eastern African pastoralists. The most common haplotype is shared among the KhoeSan, eastern Africans and Europeans but has risen to a frequency of 25%, far greater than expected given initial gene flow. The SLC24A5 locus is a rare example of strong, ongoing adap- tation in very recent human history.
The complicated genetic landscape of skin color in India FLORIN MIRCEA ILIESCU1 , GEORGE CHAPLIN2 , NIRAJ RAI3 , GUY JACOBS1 , CHANDANA BASU MALLICK4,5, ANSHUMAN MISHRA3 , RIE GOTO1 , RAKESH TAMANG3 , GYANESHWER CHAUBEY4 , IRENE GALLEGO ROMERO6 , FEDERICA CRIVELLARO7 , RAMASAMY PITCHAPPAN8 , LALJI SINGH3 , MARTA MIRAZON-LAHR7 , MAIT METSPALU4,5, KUMARASAMY THANGARAJ3 , TOOMAS KIVISILD1,4,5 and NINA G. JABLONSKI2 1 Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, 2 Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, 3 CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 4 Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, 5 Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, 6 School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 7 Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, University of Cambridge, 8 Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Health City Human skin color represents a classic example of a quantitative trait that is highly polymorphic in humans. Models based on natural selection suggest that pigmentation variation has accu- mulated in response to human dispersals and colonization of diverse environments, primarily due to differences in the damaging versus vitamin D synthesis-related effects of UV radiation (UVR) at different latitudes. Indian populations, despite being spread across a relatively narrow latitudinal range, show a high level of variation in skin color phenotype. Using recorded Melanin Index (MI) data from populations throughout the subcon- tinent we previously suggested the presence of phenotypic “overprinting” due to successive popu- lation migrations and the action of both natural and sexual selection forces. We now show that, in the context of pronounced endogamy, the role of the SLC24A5 functional polymorphism on skin color variation in India is variable on a popula- tion dependent basis. The presence of epistasis between skin color genes in studied popula- tions leads to some individuals homozygous for the SLC24A5 European allele having highly melanized skin; hence, the skin lightening effect of the rs1426654-A allele is overridden by the action of novel variants within skin color genes. Finally, considering the migration patterns and the variable social selection forces at play across India, we tested the correlation between the skin color dimorphism observed within some Indian populations and genetic variation patterns. These results thus further illustrate the complex genetic landscape of skin color around the world and warrant caution when predicting color pheno- types from ancient DNA studies. ---
Can Small be All? The Limited Commonalities of Mata Menge and Liang Bua Hominins on Flores MACIEJ HENNEBERG1 , ADAM J. KUPERAVAGE2 , SAKDAPONG CHAVANAVES3 and ROBERT B. ECKHARDT3 1 Adelaie Medical School, The University of Adelaide, 2 Department of Public and Allied Health Sciences, Delaware State University, 3 Laboratory for the Comparative Study of Morphology, Mechanics, and Molecules Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University The original diagnosis of “Homo floresiensis” from the Liang Bua skeletal remains listed among numerous others these defining elements: Small- bodied; endocranial volume similar to, or smaller than, Australopithecus africanus; lacks masti- catory adaptations present in Australopithecus and Paranthropus; first and second molar teeth of similar size; mandibular coronoid process higher than condyle; mandible without chin. We already have shown in 2015 that these and many additional defining elements largely are those of the LB1 individual, since most LB specimens are represented by only one or two bones each. Even some of the few duplicated elements differ: The LB6 mandibular ramus is shorter than that of LB1 and lacks a coronoid higher than condyloid process. Statures originally were under-estimated and are matched in regional extant small bodied humans, as are small, chinless mandibles. The Mata Menge (0.7 Ma) gnathic specimens include a fragment of mandibular corpus (SOA-MM 4) plus six teeth. These establish little other than small size within the already known human range. For example, SOA-MM1 shows uncor- rected dimensions of 9.7 mm MD x 8.9 mm BL, close to Klasies River Mouth KRM14624 (9.3x8.8) and KRM43110 (10.2x9.1). Given the extremely limited Flores skeletal evidence, and the known unreliable correlations of body and brain size with tooth sizes, it is premature to suggest that the Mata Menge gnathic fragments establish any more than previously known archaeological evidence: the existence of hominins of as yet indeterminable taxonomic status on an island where Homo sapiens is known to have a living and archeological presence.
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High frequencies of L1c (Pygmy admixture marker) among Southern African Bantus:
An interesting element is the commonality of L1c, typical of Western Pygmies and some other populations from Gabon (possibly representative of the wider West-Central Africa jungle region, not too well studied otherwise), among almost all Bantu populations in this dataset.
The exceptions are the Herero, Himba, Kgalagadi and Tswana (0%), as well as the NE Zambians (4%). All the rest have frequencies between 12% and 30%. Even the non-Bantu Damaras have 11% of it.
In my understanding this almost certainly implies a notable level of admixture with Western Pygmies of the Bantus from especially Angola and West Zambia. A phenomenon that may be widespread in Central-West Africa.
It is notable however that at least many of the populations with the highest likely Khoisan admixture (in its various forms, discussed in the previous sections) have the lesser frequencies of L1c (Pygmy admixture). So to a great extent these two aboriginal influences in Bantu mtDNA seem mutually exclusive and were probably produced after settlement rather than "on the march".
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Did religious ritual (prohibiting meat of quadrupeds) and increased sedentary urban concentration select for increased rate of egg laying, nonaggression occur with changes in pigment (plumage, integument?) in medieval Europe? ___ I thought it had happened in India & SEAsia earlier, hybridizing gray & red jungle fowl?
Tamga is unique symbols used by nomadic peoples, who used these symbols as stamp or seal to identify their livestock belonging to a specific owner. In addition, similar Tamga inscriptions were found on a die discovered at the Huns’ tomb in Gol Mod, Mongolia. “Tamga symbols are being discovered in sites where the Huns expanded and conquered,” Kang explained. “These symbols are in the shape of a rising sun and seem to represent the king.”
In the 19th century – when horse racing was America’s most popular sport – former slaves populated the ranks of jockeys and trainers, and black men won more than half of the first 25 runnings of the Kentucky Derby.
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A newly discovered 3,800 year-old pyramid at Dahsur has an inscription on a wooden box in its burial chamber that tells of a princess named "Hatshepset"
"Rickets is returning again to Britain, and the polite British media has so far failed to report that all of those cases are among immigrant children, not British children.
To put another way, there is a combination of traits that work together that include skin color and lactase persistence"
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PALEOECOLOGY, SUBSISTENCE, AND 14C CHRONOLOGY OF THE EURASIAN CASPIAN STEPPE BRONZE AGE
Shishlina, Zazovskaya, VanderPlicht, Hedges, Sevastyanov, Chickagova RADIOCARBON, Vol 51, Nr 2, 2009, p 481–499 [Link]
ABSTRACT. Combined analysis of paleoenvironment, 13C, 15N, and 14C in bone, including paired dating of human bone and terrestrial materials (herbivore bone, wood, charcoal, and textile) has been performed on many samples excavated from Russian kurgan graves. The data can be used for dietary reconstruction, and reservoir corrections for 14C dating of human bone. The latter is essential for an accurate construction of chronologies for the Eneolithic and Bronze Age cultures of the Caspian
In the English language, to say that a man 'has earned a feather to his cap' is to suggest that he has gained a new skill or passed an important milestone. Similar traditions around Europe can be found as Richard Hansard noted in the Description of Hungary (1599):
"It hath been an ancient custom among them [Hungarians] that none should wear a fether but he who had killed a Turk, to whom onlie yt was lawful to shew the number of his slaine enemys by the number of fethers in his cappe."
Another commonality that can be found across Eurasia and America is that it often appears to have been a personal martial decoration. For example, in Scotland it went to the best marksman, hunter or chieftain, in Hungary to the man who had killed a Turk. (basically a more ancient version of medals, badges and service ribbons). Feathers were also use as a trophy, as when The Black Prince slayed King John of Bohemia, taking King John's ostrich plume for his personal coat of arms.
What's interesting is that the baskets' circumference is about what should be expected for the quill of larger birds, such as a raptor, goose or ostrich. I've done some analysis on these items based on measurements taken by the British museum and they appear to curl between 22mm and 30mm and, with a few exceptions, are remarkably close to each other. This recently discovered (and unmolested) Kirkhaugh basket has an interesting shape because it could be taking the form of an eagle flight feather quill (which is not perfectly round, but more of a spherical triangle).
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Japanese military & Aztec warriors used feather armor.
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Per Plato, Atlantis story given to his ancestor Solon at Temple of Sais, Egypt. Sais ~ Tanais = Donetz/Don River per Herodotus.
Bosporus is the name of 2 different straits, one at Anatolia linking Dardanelles (Jordan-Helles?) to Black Sea, the other at Kerch linking Crimea to Caspian Sea near Don River.
Edene is the name of a spring 5 km NE of Gobekle Tepe (11ka temple of T shaped pillars).
Persian term - (paradise) Firdaus: enclosed garden
French term - Jardin: garden
Malay term - Kebun: garden
So likely, *uangbuatlaya which I'd link to xyuamba.tlaya(womb area + compost) =of.fer.tile/title/tilth, firdaus, garden grown due to family food debris + manure(human & animal) in backyard/Or?chard~(uar)guard ~ wall/ward/watered/waged/wasted(egested, pro-ject-ile) Note: Jam linked, pemmican, (com)pound.
Your comment is awaiting moderation. 05/14/2017 at 20:05 According to my research, the roots of the Garden of Eden (eDeN) legend, Noah’s flood (and 9 other flood hero stories), and Plato’s Atlantis resulted from the post-glacial Atlantic Marine Incursion (Black Sea Deluge 7.7ka Ryan & Pitman), based on the position around the Crimea at a confluence of 4 Rivers: DaNube, DNieper, DNiester and DoNetz(TaNais per Herodotus-Strabo), when the Black Sea was the largest (non-frozen) freshwater oasis in Europe & Asia during and after the Ice Age. If valid, then the oldest signs at Gobekle Tepe might refer to trade or transit there, while post-deluge signs might refer to its utter destruction & death. I see no indications that GT was part of the Garden of Eden itself.
It was said that, so far, the oldest y-dna haplogroup is A00. First, it was found in an African-American individual whose ancestor named Perry and then later it was also found in several people of Bangwa-Nweh tribe and Mbo tribe in Cameroon. So, that means the earliest people are not the Khoisan anymore right? Anyway, the link below is the picture of people with A00.
A human skeleton thought to be the oldest in Japan has been found in a collapsed cave in Okinawa, a local museum said Friday, adding that it appears to be around 27,000 years old. The nearly complete skeleton, dating from the Old Stone Age, appears to have been intentionally placed in the cave, providing the first evidence of a funerary rite dating from that period, according to the Okinawa Prefecture Archeological Center. Previously, the oldest human bones discovered in Japan were a set dating from around 22,000 years ago that were found in the southern part of Okinawa Island. The skeleton was discovered in Shirahosaonetabaru cave on Ishigaki Island during research at the site from 2010 to 2016. - - -
"Indigenous people lived along Australia's coast about 50,000 years ago, archaeologists say, after discovering dietary remains on an island off Western Australia. The remains in a cave on Barrow Island, about 50km off the Pilbara coast, provide the earliest evidence of the coastal occupation of Australia, says Professor Peter Veth, the study's lead archaeologist from the University of Western Australia. "We've actually got very firm evidence of people living on the coast that we didn't have before," he said. "The cave was used predominantly as a hunting shelter about 50,000 and 30,000 years ago before becoming a residential base for family groups after 10,000 years ago."
(I thought the Buti/Booty island site was older, 55ka?)
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the questioner: "All languages to all extents are related"
<corrected form>
the questioner: "Are all languages to all extents related?"
Languages derive from a single ancestral oral communication system, almost certainly descended from mother & child speech reciprocal facial gestures. The muscles of the face are the only muscles directly attached to the skin, and are involved in vital signaling.
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quote:Originally posted by DD'eDeN: Rapid Evolution of Lighter Skin Pigmentation in Southern Africa BRENNA M. HENN1 , MENG LIN1 , ALICIA R. MARTIN2 and REBECCA SIFORD1 1 Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, 2 Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston Skin pigmentation is under strong directional selection for reduced melanin density in northern European and Asian populations. Conversely, dark pigmentation is thought to be under stabilizing selection in equatorial populations exposed to intense ultraviolet radiation. We high-throughput sequenced pigmentation genes in over 400 indi- viduals from South Africa and demonstrate that a canonical skin pigmentation gene, SLC24A5, experienced recent adaptive evolution in the KhoeSan populations of far southern Africa. The functionally caustive allele lightens basal skin pigmentation by 4 melanin units, explaining 11.9% variance in pigmentation in these popu- lations. Haplotype analysis and demographic models indicate that the allele was introduced into the KhoeSan only within the past 3,000 years likely by eastern African pastoralists. The most common haplotype is shared among the KhoeSan, eastern Africans and Europeans but has risen to a frequency of 25%, far greater than expected given initial gene flow. The SLC24A5 locus is a rare example of strong, ongoing adap- tation in very recent human history.
The complicated genetic landscape of skin color in India FLORIN MIRCEA ILIESCU1 , GEORGE CHAPLIN2 , NIRAJ RAI3 , GUY JACOBS1 , CHANDANA BASU MALLICK4,5, ANSHUMAN MISHRA3 , RIE GOTO1 , RAKESH TAMANG3 , GYANESHWER CHAUBEY4 , IRENE GALLEGO ROMERO6 , FEDERICA CRIVELLARO7 , RAMASAMY PITCHAPPAN8 , LALJI SINGH3 , MARTA MIRAZON-LAHR7 , MAIT METSPALU4,5, KUMARASAMY THANGARAJ3 , TOOMAS KIVISILD1,4,5 and NINA G. JABLONSKI2 1 Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, 2 Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, 3 CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 4 Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, 5 Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, 6 School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 7 Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, University of Cambridge, 8 Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Health City Human skin color represents a classic example of a quantitative trait that is highly polymorphic in humans. Models based on natural selection suggest that pigmentation variation has accu- mulated in response to human dispersals and colonization of diverse environments, primarily due to differences in the damaging versus vitamin D synthesis-related effects of UV radiation (UVR) at different latitudes. Indian populations, despite being spread across a relatively narrow latitudinal range, show a high level of variation in skin color phenotype. Using recorded Melanin Index (MI) data from populations throughout the subcon- tinent we previously suggested the presence of phenotypic “overprinting” due to successive popu- lation migrations and the action of both natural and sexual selection forces. We now show that, in the context of pronounced endogamy, the role of the SLC24A5 functional polymorphism on skin color variation in India is variable on a popula- tion dependent basis. The presence of epistasis between skin color genes in studied popula- tions leads to some individuals homozygous for the SLC24A5 European allele having highly melanized skin; hence, the skin lightening effect of the rs1426654-A allele is overridden by the action of novel variants within skin color genes. Finally, considering the migration patterns and the variable social selection forces at play across India, we tested the correlation between the skin color dimorphism observed within some Indian populations and genetic variation patterns. These results thus further illustrate the complex genetic landscape of skin color around the world and warrant caution when predicting color pheno- types from ancient DNA studies. ---
Can Small be All? The Limited Commonalities of Mata Menge and Liang Bua Hominins on Flores MACIEJ HENNEBERG1 , ADAM J. KUPERAVAGE2 , SAKDAPONG CHAVANAVES3 and ROBERT B. ECKHARDT3 1 Adelaie Medical School, The University of Adelaide, 2 Department of Public and Allied Health Sciences, Delaware State University, 3 Laboratory for the Comparative Study of Morphology, Mechanics, and Molecules Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University The original diagnosis of “Homo floresiensis” from the Liang Bua skeletal remains listed among numerous others these defining elements: Small- bodied; endocranial volume similar to, or smaller than, Australopithecus africanus; lacks masti- catory adaptations present in Australopithecus and Paranthropus; first and second molar teeth of similar size; mandibular coronoid process higher than condyle; mandible without chin. We already have shown in 2015 that these and many additional defining elements largely are those of the LB1 individual, since most LB specimens are represented by only one or two bones each. Even some of the few duplicated elements differ: The LB6 mandibular ramus is shorter than that of LB1 and lacks a coronoid higher than condyloid process. Statures originally were under-estimated and are matched in regional extant small bodied humans, as are small, chinless mandibles. The Mata Menge (0.7 Ma) gnathic specimens include a fragment of mandibular corpus (SOA-MM 4) plus six teeth. These establish little other than small size within the already known human range. For example, SOA-MM1 shows uncor- rected dimensions of 9.7 mm MD x 8.9 mm BL, close to Klasies River Mouth KRM14624 (9.3x8.8) and KRM43110 (10.2x9.1). Given the extremely limited Flores skeletal evidence, and the known unreliable correlations of body and brain size with tooth sizes, it is premature to suggest that the Mata Menge gnathic fragments establish any more than previously known archaeological evidence: the existence of hominins of as yet indeterminable taxonomic status on an island where Homo sapiens is known to have a living and archeological presence.
DD ~ David ~ Da'ud ~ Diode ~ ∆^¥°∆
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Thanks for the link DDeden. This paper when publish will answer a lot of questions. Both Henn's paper may contradict Martin et al
since 2013 and the paper was never published.....wow!!!!! The Genetic Architecture Of Skin Pigmentation In Southern Africa. A. R. Martin1 - 'After controlling for admixture from European and Bantu-speaking populations, we find that globally common variants are not significantly associated with pigmentation. Rather, our results indicate that there are a multitude of rare variants in known pigmentation genes, and suggest that previously unidentified genes acting in canonical pigmentation pathways may be involved' "The KhoeSan hunter-gatherers, believed to have diverged from other populations 100,000 years ago, maintain extraordinary levels of genetic diversity, but it is unknown whether light skin pigmentation represents convergent evolution or the ancestral human phenotype"
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You may find this interesting. But I knew it. "Pay me a dollar $ 9". As I said white skin came from Africa. And to irate by brothas. It may be "ancestral".
-- A Complex, Polygenic Architecture for Lightened Skin Pigmentation in the Southern African KhoeSan ALICIA R. MARTIN1,2,3,
April 21, 2017 , Studio 7 Add to calendar
While >200 genes have been associated with pigmentation in animal models, fewer than 15 have been directly associated with skin pigmentation in humans. This has led to its characterization as a relatively simple quantitative trait. We show that skin color is more variable in admixed and equatorial populations by comparing phenotypes from ~5000 individuals in >30 populations, providing evidence of increased polygenicity closer to the equator. ***Strikingly***, no quantitative gene discovery efforts for pigmentation have yet been published in continental Africa, despite skin pigmentation varying more there than any other continent. Light skin pigmentation is observed in the southern latitudes of Africa among KhoeSan hunter-gatherers of the Kalahari Desert. The KhoeSan are unique in their early divergence from other populations, dating back at least ~100,000 years. We demonstrate that skin pigmentation is highly heritable (h2>0.85), with similar estimates from pedigrees identified via ethnographic interviews, unrelated population-based samples, and haplotype sharing. Further, genes previously associated with skin pigmentation, rapidly evolving genes, and pigmentation genes discovered in animal models explain significantly more heritability than random genes. We show that some canonical pigmentation loci, including SLC24A5, are polymorphic in the KhoeSan and at higher frequency than explained by recent European admixture alone. We identify novel skin pigmentation loci, including near SMARCA2 and TYRP1, using a genome-wide association approach complemented by targeted resequencing in >440 individuals. Our results suggest that pigmentation loci can evolve rapidly in response to latitude and highlight the utility of studying geographically and genetically diverged populations for understanding human adaptation.
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So there are "good" white people. Here the author is stating he doesn't understand why Africa is not studied more in trying to understand the ...white skin. Strikingly=they do not want to know. Delusion?
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xyyman, glad you saw it. I'm no geneticist, so I can't interpret it for sure. I view the KhoeSan as a branch of Batwa Pygmies that split south & east to Rift long long ago.
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Man, I would like to get my hands on this paper. Like to see the data. So like Shriver proposed white skin is African,,,,who would of thought.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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posted
"While great apes typically have two or three separate and diverging roots, the roots of Graecopithecus converge and are partially fused — a feature that is characteristic of modern humans, early humans and several pre-humans including Ardipithecus and Australopithecus,"
Note: "great apes (today) *typically* have 2 or 3 roots". Do any apes have partially fused roots? Is it a variable epigenetic morphological function of diet? Is it variable among geographically disparate human populations? Is it found in Sahelanthropus or Oreopithecus, (both upright bipedalist)?
" geological evidence to support a climate similar to present-day Africa. Giraffes, antelopes and even rhinoceros lived in that region for some time."
Short-necked giraffes (Okapi)?
"there's another significant finding: that human split occurred in the eastern Mediterranean and not Africa, as it is believed."
Unless chimp, gorilla or orangutan fossils are found there, the split could have happened in Africa, with only hominid ancestors moving east to Greece & Thrace.
" Changing conditions may have forced the animals and pre-humans toward the equator, to Africa."
The teeth date between the Tortonian & Messinian crises, partial drying up of the Mediterranean, while the Black Sea was the central EurAsian oasis during the droughts and ice ages, until the post-glacial Eden-Atlantis marine incursion 7.7ka which was the impetus for outward emigration: PIE north, Sumer south, Semitic east Qazharite/Qshrut then south Horite, etc.
me (DDeden aka note/nickname/alas_my_loves change)
May 26
The ape from Atlantis/Adan-eDeN
Moon & Menstruation-ovulation cycle 29.53 days AMHs female
Gibbons, orangutans & humans = upright bipeds, all menstruatrate on moon cycle 29 days. (Graecopithecus, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus included; Oreopithecus & Sahelanthropus also likely.
Chimps, gorillas (knuckle-walk) and monkeys(palm-walk) = ground-readapted quadrupeds, do not menstruate on moon cycle eg. 10, 18, 23 days.
Graecopithecus has fused-root canine teeth, this is typical in all Homo species, Ardipithecus & Australopithecus, and not typical in chimp or gorilla.
me (DDeden aka note/nickname/alas_my_loves change)
2:35 PM (less than a minute ago)
Tooth truth: Human teeth tell the story of humanity through our fragile relationship with the sun Date:May 18, 2017 Source:McMaster University Summary:Researchers have developed a new method to read imperfections in teeth caused by a lack of sunlight, creating a powerful tool to trace events ranging from human evolution and migration out of Africa to the silent damage of vitamin D deficiency that continues to affect 1 billion worldwide
Molecular clock errant? AGREED!! Phenotype divergence vs Genotype divergence WITH YOU
African Pygmies are most genotypically divergent, while OOA2 are most phenotypically divergent. Quite possibly
H/T Jack @AAT [/QB]
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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Israeli study finds Neanderthals had versatile habitats
Posted: 08 Jun 2017 01:00 PM PDT
The Neanderthals, known in folklore as “cavemen”, conducted much of their activities in the open landscape. According to the study published today in the journal Scientific Reports by an international team lead by Israeli researchers, Neanderthals in the Levant constituted a resilient population that survived successfully in caves and open landscapes 60,000 years ago, when dispersing modern humans reached the region. The lower limbs... ---
New excavations at Samahram Oman reveal evidence of human presence 60,000 years ago
Posted: 08 Jun 2017 11:00 AM PDT
Results of new excavations at World Heritage site of Khor Rori also popular as Samahram in Dhofar have revealed startling new evidence that human presence on the site dates back to the Palaeolithic Period, from a time some 60,000 years ago. The findings also show that Samahram was at the core of maritime/commercial network, acting as a bridge between the East and the West on the rising trade and cultural route between faraway lands...
TANN
Dhofar- Sharaha raise cattle in dome huts & caves continuously, smolder frankincense to repel insects, ancient scrawlings in caves, betel trilithons- pyramidal, per Road to Ubar.
Xya - sky/shine/skin/external Xyua - sieve/through/filtered Ndula - inside/internal (Mbuti) Dua - 2, divide in two (Malay)
IMO by the Agricultural era, kmt may have had altered meanings, including skintone or soilshade - - - ndjama/jambo thicken/meet-m.ate.r + p.ate.r Xyambua / ebembe bodypaint !hxaro etch eggshell carta/chart/card (Portolan sea maps)
Does reading or saying or hearing the word "sunshine" make your pupils constrict just as if you were suddenly exposed to bright sunshine? This study claims so:
The meaning of a word is enough to trigger a reaction in our pupil: when we read or hear a word with a meaning associated with luminosity ("sun," "shine," etc.), our pupils contract as they would if they were actually exposed to greater luminosity. And the opposite occurs with a word associated with darkness ("night," "gloom," etc.). These results open up a new avenue for better understanding how our brain processes language.
DD: Interesting hypothesis, which I have found to be more true than I would have thought long ago. Our words are both a projection (of sound and meaning) today and a reflection (echo) from the past words of our deep ancestors. It is not a mere accident that Sun is similar to shine and sky and skin and surface. In other languages, words of different sounds but of the same meaning eg. ari (daylight) is linked to aurat (fur/hair radiating out from body) and aurora (glow radiating out from solar/stellar body). The pupillary light response is physical reaction to brightness, as is the photic sneeze in some people, dark adaptation is the opposite. Are these also found in reading, writing, hearing words? How about blind people? how about people in rainforest vs. open plains?
1.Sebastiaan Mathôt, Jonathan Grainger, Kristof Strijkers. Pupillary Responses to Words That Convey a Sense of Brightness or Darkness. Psychological Science, 2017; 095679761770269 DOI: 10.1177/0956797617702699
All in the eyes: What the pupils tells us about language
Date:June 15, 2017 Source:CNRS Summary:The meaning of a word is enough to trigger a reaction in our pupil: when we read or hear a word with a meaning associated with luminosity ("sun," "shine," etc.), our pupils contract as they would if they were actually exposed to greater luminosity. And the opposite occurs with a word associated with darkness ("night," "gloom," etc.). These results open up a new avenue for better understanding how our brain processes language.
This reminds me of holed stones in Israel made by snails, which dissolve the limestone.
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A 3,400 year-old tomb, originally built for a "master gold worker" named "Khnummose," has been discovered on Sai Island, on the Nile River, in Sudan. Discoveries include an inscribed stone shabti and heart scarab.
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