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Ish Geber
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Modern day science in the shadow of facism.


quote:
Raj Bhopal re-examines the role of perhaps the most important contributor to the scientific concept of race, Blumenbach, whose insights and errors provide important lessons for us today

The biological concept of human races, as subspecies characterised primarily by physique, has a stormy history. The consensus after the Second World War—that race is a social construct with minor biological components—is now under academic scrutiny, as illustrated by three advances in biomedical science. Firstly, the mapping of the human genome is enabling the importance of genetics in creating and perpetuating differences between populations to be analysed thoroughly. Secondly, personalised medicine has been rejuvenated by pharmacogenomics, which is finding racial classification, for all its weaknesses, a convenient though crude route to understanding differences in drug response. Thirdly, in 2005, the Food and Drug Administration of the United States licensed the drug BiDil (a combination of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate) exclusively for the (self defined) black population.

Meanwhile, in support of race as a social construct, and to counter racism, race equality has been enshrined in international and national laws and in governmental and institutional policies.

Race, and the related and newer concept of ethnicity (subgrouping human populations using cultural and physical features, thereby subsuming race), are prominent in modern multi-ethnic societies. Race and racism are topical subjects in the United Kingdom because of the 200th anniversary of the UK’s 1807Abolition of the Slave Trade Act. It is therefore a good time to re-examine the role of perhaps the most important contributor to the scientific concept of race, Blumenbach, whose insights and errors provide important lessons for us today.


Blumenbach: medical scientist and humanitarian

Box 1 summarises some of Blumenbach’s achievements. For this article, I draw largely on Blumenbach’s collected treatises, edited by Thomas Bendyshe. This book includes two memoirs on Blumenbach, one by Professor K F H Marx and the other by M Flourens; the first and third editions of Blumenbach’s MD thesis; some other works by Blumenbach; and an essay by Dr John Hunter also on the varieties of humans published in 1775.

quote:
Box 1 Brief biography of J F Blumenbach (1752-1840)

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (fig 1​1)) was born in Gota, Germany, and studied medicine at Jena University and Gottingen University. He graduated in 1775, with his MD thesis “De generis humani varietate nativa (on the natural varieties of mankind).” He was appointed extraordinary professor of medicine at Gottingen University in 1776, aged 24 years, and to a normal professorship a few years later. He continued to work as a professor until his death. In common with other physician-scientists of the time, he was a polymath, and he made major contributions to comparative anatomy and anthropology. He was an outstanding teacher. He published several books on subjects such as physiology, skeletal anatomy, natural history, craniology, and the literary history of medicine. Seventy eight learned societies elected him as a member. He contributed to practical medicine. He was court physician to the king of Great Britain.

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Fig 1 Portrait of Blumenbach


Marx’s introduction states that in Blumenbach’s time “negroes and savages” were considered half animal, and the idea of emancipating slaves was alien. While this was an exaggeration, as the emancipation movement was already gathering momentum, it does reflect the ethos of those times. Blumenbach proclaimed, unequivocally, that such people were only separated from other humans by opportunity. This contribution alone is notable. Blumenbach was revered for his humanity and his science, as indicated not only by the two memoirs in Bendyshe’s volume, but also other sources.

Blumenbach’s thesis was published in three editions. In 1775 the first edition discussed four geographically defined varieties of humans, while the second edition in 1881 outlined five geographically defined varieties. He developed this classification further in the third edition, which is the definitive volume, where he provided generic rather than geographical labels.

The unity of the four varieties of humans (1775)

The first edition starts with the potential of crossing between species and mentions humans mating with animals. Blumenbach found no evidence for this. He concluded that humans are a unique species, with no intermediate forms that are partly non-human. He identified the major unique features of humans as the large brain, speech, erect posture, two free hands, naked skin, and the hymen in women (and possibly menstruation).

Blumenbach’s central question, one of great interest at the time and still rarely discussed in science, was whether contemporary humans comprised one or more species. Plurality of human species (polygeny) was the popular view in the 18th century. Blumenbach emphasised the unity of humanity, however. He saw gradations among humans, but no distinct species or subspecies. None the less, in the first edition he ventured to describe—cautiously and somewhat reluctantly—four varieties of humans relating to four geographical regions (box 2). In the second edition in 1781 (also appearing in a footnote in a reprinting of the first edition he identified five varieties of humans relating to five geographical regions (box 2).

quote:
Box 2 Blumenbach’s human varieties

First edition of his MD thesis: four varieties according to geography (1775)

People from Europe

People from Asia to the Ganges and some parts of North America

People from Africa

People from North America

Second edition of his MD thesis: five varieties according to geography (1781)

People from Europe (primeval) including north India, North Africa, North America (for example, Esquimaux)

People from the rest of Asia, beyond the Ganges river

People from Africa (except the north)

People from the rest of America

People from the southern world (such as the Philippines)

Third edition of his MD thesis: five generic varieties (1795)

Caucasians

Mongolians

Ethiopians

Americans

Malays

Blumenbach attributed differences between these human types—such as variations in stature and colour—largely to climate. He dismissed leucoplakia, a condition characterised by loss of skin pigmentation, as merely a disease and not even a variety of humanity, never mind a subspecies, as Blumenbach interpreted others’ work. He noted that many plants and animals in northern latitudes are white, especially in winter, and also that humans are all born red. Colour, he said, cannot constitute a species or a variety. He attributed the shape of the skull to environmental factors, an observation that threatened the foundations of craniology but was not properly heeded by craniologists (and possibly by himself). He identified the important role that culture plays in changing the body.

Five generic varieties of humans with similar potential (1795)

Blumenbach’s methods and his five generic varieties

The third edition starts with a letter from Blumenbach to Sir Joseph Banks, which clarified the notion that humans have their own order of mammalia, gave credit to Linnaeus for being the first to arrange mankind in certain varieties, and making the argument for fresh thinking on this issue. He also lists his scientific methods, which include examining skulls, fetuses, hair, anatomical preparations, and pictures and drawings. He is more systematic than in the first edition; for example, the differences between humans and animals are listed as erect position, broad flat pelvis, two hands, and regular close set rows of teeth. He emphasises that no clear cut subdivisions of human species exist, but that the “varieties . . . run into one another by insensible degrees.” None the less, he now discerns five varieties—and these labels have stuck to this day (box 2). The conceptual underpinning of Blumenbach’s classification is largely forgotten and misrepresented, while his classification is mentioned by most people reviewing the topic of race.

He gave examples of people fitting his five varieties. He stated that Turkish and Hindostan women were Caucasians but that people from Bengal and Esquimaux people were Mongolians. He identified New Zealanders (Maoris) as Malays. He thought that Egyptians could be Ethiopian, Indian, or a type with “short chin and prominent eyes.” He was surprised that other people attributed Egyptians to one type. Blumenbach recognised the heterogeneity within populations in one land or nation, something that was overlooked in his time, as it often is now.

The beautiful skull and Blumenbach’s blunders

Blumenbach put special emphasis on the study of skulls and he reduced a diversity of skulls to five main varieties. The two key plates are reproduced here (figs 2​2 and 3​3 (plates III and IV in the treatise)). Surprisingly, although he had noted that environment influenced skull shape, he drew major and firm conclusions from his skulls. He wrote, “The meaning and use of this will easily be seen by an examination of plate III, which represents, by way of specimen, three skulls disposed in the order mentioned. The middle one (2) is a very symmetrical and beautiful one of a Georgian female; on either side are two skulls differing from it in the most opposite way. The one elongated in front, and as it were keeled, is that of an Ethiopian female of Guinea (3); the other dilated outwardly toward the sides, and as it were flattened, is that of a Reindeer Tungus (2). In the first, the margin of the orbits, the beautifully narrowed malar bones, and the mandibles themselves under the bones, are concealed by the periphery of the moderately expanded forehead; in the second, the maxillary bones are compressed laterally, and project; and in the third, the malar bones, placed in nearly the same horizontal plane with the little bones of the nose and the glabella, project enormously, and rise on each side.”

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Fig 1 Plate III of the third edition of Blumenbach’s MD thesis


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Fig 2 Plate IV of the third edition of Blumenbach’s MD thesis


Mostly, Blumenbach’s writing retained a scientific stance, but he exposed his bias on beauty when he wrote that the Causasian skull of a Georgian female was the “most handsome and becoming.” He stated that the most beautiful people live in the Southern slope of Mount Caucasus—that is, the Georgian people. He then speculated on the origins of humans and made his second error, by going beyond the available evidence. White, to quote Blumenbach, “we may fairly assume to have been the primitive colour of mankind.” His reasoning was that it is easy to change from white to brown but not vice versa. Time has shown that this view was wrong.

These errors were not the result of colour prejudice. Blumenbach refuted the notion that Ethiopians were inferior to other races. Blumenbach wrote favourably about “negroes,” extolling their beauty, mental abilities, and achievements in literature and other fields. He pointed to variations in opportunity as the cause of differences. His viewpoint on Africans was out of tune with that of the times and more in line with that seen during the movements for civil rights and equality in the 1960s.

Blumenbach’s legacy

Blumenbach wrote, in a pleased tone, that he had made no striking new discovery but had reached a satisfactory conclusion that all humans are one species. His view on the unity of humanity (monogeny) was a timely correction of the erroneous movement claiming that humans comprised several species.

Blumenbach’s work was a turning point in the history of race and science, although it was nearly 200 years before the lessons were properly absorbed. Blumenbach’s legacy is tarnished by biases and errors, and it teaches us that even great scientists can be led astray by personal views (such as notions about beauty) shaped by the ethos of their times. His original words also show how the simple, clear cut classification of five distinct human races displaced—against Blumenbach’s repeated warnings—the complex reality of gradations and the unity of humanity (including equal potential). Blumenbach’s name has been associated with scientific racism, but his arguments actually undermined racism. Blumenbach could not have foreseen the coming abuse of his ideas and classification in the 19th and (first half of the) 20th centuries.

We continue to struggle with the complexity of the concepts of race and ethnicity, and the resultant imperfect classifications, in our multi-ethnic world. Now, Blumenbach’s varieties of humanity can be seen in virtually every major city, and through the visual media, globally. Blumenbach’s thinking, despite its faults, continues to be relevant, inspiring, and illuminating.

--Raj Bhopal, Bruce and John Usher

The beautiful skull and Blumenbach’s errors: the birth of the scientific concept of race

BMJ. 2007 Dec 22; 335(7633): 1308–1309.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2151154/


http://www.bmj.com/content/335/7633/1308.full

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Mike111
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quote:
Originally posted by Ish Gebor:
He dismissed leucoplakia, a condition characterised by loss of skin pigmentation, as merely a disease and not even a variety of humanity.

Doxie my Albino descendant, will you call me uncle Mike Now?
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the lioness,
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quote:
Originally posted by Ish Gebor:
Modern day science in the shadow of facism.



where's the facism?
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Ish Geber
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quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
quote:
Originally posted by Ish Gebor:
Modern day science in the shadow of facism.



where's the facism?
Sweet Lord, why?
 -


quote:
Race is a concept based on the premise that the humans can be systematically classified into discrete biological groups based on phenotypic and/or genotypic ancestral traits. Racialism is the view that races are natural and fixed subdivisions of humans, each with its own distinct and variable cultural characteristics and capacity for developing civilizations. Race and racialism are core concepts in eugenics, since early eugenicists typically warned about miscegenation or race-mixing as promoting degeneracy and social degradation, thus promoting scientific racism (see also the Roles of Science in Eugenics; Heredity; Racism).

Ancient conceptions of race

Phenotypic differences in skin colour, hair texture and facial features most certainly intrigued our ancestors as early humans became increasingly mobile and spread throughout the world, contacting groups that had been isolated geographically for (possibly) tens or hundreds of thousands of years. The first written evidence of this differentiation appears circa 1350 B.C. as the Romans, Greeks and Egyptians began large-scale explorations, recognizing various groups as “white,” “black,” and “yellow.” This would seem like a natural distinction to draw between groups of people who appeared to be physically distinct to other groups who had never seen such people before. Certainly at this time, there was also a much underdeveloped sense of human biology. There is little evidence to suggest that any of these colours (or types) of people were discriminated against because of their phenotypic constitution during this period.

It is commonly believed that the Greeks and Romans did not practice any form of race prejudice. The conception that there are natural or biological races of mankind which differ from one another mentally as well as physically is an idea that was not developed until the latter part of the 18th century. However, the development of “civilization” and the Greek city-states in the 700s B.C. sparked a newfound territoriality. The expansion of the Persian Empire in the 500s B.C. led to the battle of Marathon in 490 B.C., following which an internal rivalry developed between the Athenians and the Spartans, erupting into the Peloponnesian War of 431-404 B.C. It is with this focus on territoriality, between nations as well as internal city-states, developing out of governmental regulation and material ownership that humans began to develop deep-rooted biases for their own cultural and ethnic groups. It is also with the integration of religion and state power that a major class division emerged, with social class being directly related to birth rites and bloodlines.

Modern conceptions of race

According to Ashley Montagu (1964:37), “The ‘racial’ interpretation is a modern ‘discovery.’ That is the important thing to grasp. The objection to any people on ‘racial’ or biological grounds is virtually a purely modem innovation. That is the basic sense in which modern group antagonism differs from that which prevailed in earlier times.”

Not until the institution of slavery in 4th century Greece would there be an attempt to transform this classism and cultural bias into a biological or corporal entity. Unlike Plato (427-347 B.C), whose work The Republic provided a detailed blueprint for harmonious rule, Aristotle (384-322 B.C) claimed in his Politics that the captives were slaves by nature. Aristotle's view was not readily accepted at this time as cultural prejudice proved sufficient to maintain the established hierarchy, and the science of the day was not sophisticated enough to incorporate human anatomy and intelligence in a manner that could sufficiently prove an innate destiny or dominance; this would remain the domain of the unrelenting religious-based classism.

Even in the 17th century, European explorers and colonizers (i.e., the English, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, French, German, Dutch) imagined themselves as superior to the indigenous peoples they encountered. But this sense of superiority was founded not on a race hierarchy, but on the belief that Europeans had achieved a level of civilization [urbanity and sophistication] unknown in other nations. This awareness of ‘national’ differences outweighed anything approaching a modern tendency to identify a particular skin-color or physiognomy with a “race.” Indeed, it was with the rise of Enlightenment thought and empirical science in the 18th century that the idea of a physical hierarchy based on intellectual and anatomic differences would become a major focus of the scientific endeavour.

Racialism and the science of race

The concept of race was embraced in the mid to late 18th century by naturalists and other scientists and given legitimacy as the product of scientific investigation. Pre-evolutionary science was premised on the notion of divine creation according and the Great Chain of Being – that god created a natural hierarchy of higher and lower organisms. The classification of the natural world by Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae (1735) would form the foundation of modern biological taxonomy, reinforcing the notion that the biological world is ordered in inalterable ways, with humans (Homo sapiens) as the top of the hierarchy. In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae (1758), Linnaeus named four geographical ‘varieites’ of Homo sapiens: europaeus, afer, asiaticus and americanus, introducing some anecdotal behavioural distinctions in line with then current European notions about their own superiority. This represented the first biological classification of humans into distinct racial groups.

Working at the same time as Linnaeus, although greatly opposed to his systematic classification, was Georges-Louis Leclerc, the Comte de Buffon (1707-1788), whose 1749 Histoire Naturelle Générale et Particulière des Animaux [A Natural History, General and Particular] was the seminal publication of its time on the study of natural history. Buffon argued that the colours of races were merely superficial, and that these variations were caused by the influence of food, air, and the earth’s topography, while structural differences (i.e. stature, body weight, height) in the races were produced secondarily by culture, habits, customs, beliefs, and practices. In attempting to derive a historical relationship among the races by virtue of their resemblance to one another, Buffon proposed a change in the study of man that would outline the divisions of modern anthropology, dividing the discipline into four distinct but complimentary subdisciplines: a) humans in general considered as a natural history subject throughout the ages; b) the races, their description, origin and miscegenation; c) a physical and physiological comparison of man’s characteristics with the other animals, and d) humanity’s origin and place in the zoological scale.

The study of human variation would take yet another dramatic turn in 1775, when Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1753-1840) published his De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa [On the Natural Variety of Mankind]. Blumenbach, considered by most to be the father of modern physical anthropology, was inspired by both Linnaeus’s classification and Buffon’s analysis. He undertook to study the variations of humankind through comparative anatomy, using strictly anatomical features in order to define the races. Blumenbach, like his predecessors, undertook as his main goal to examine the so-called varieties of the human species. Blumenbach’s main interest as an anatomist and anthropologist was in craniometry and variation in craniofacial morphology. The principle question he sought to answer was: “Are men, and have men of all times and of every race been one and the same, or clearly more than one species?” In this regard, he stated, “for a considerable period of time singular shapes of the head have belonged to particular nations, and particular skulls have been shaped out, in some of them certainly by artificial means, it will be our business to look at these things a little more carefully, and to consider how far they constitute different varieties of the human race.”

The variations of humans were, to Blumenbach, caused by the same forces explained by Linnaeus and Buffon – the physical climate, “whose effects seem so great that distinguished men have thought that on this alone depended the different shapes, colour, manners and institutions of men.” This was, in Blumenbach’s view, the factor that caused degeneration away from the European physical form, which was seen as the image of creation, and hence, perfection. In the third edition of De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa (1795:265) Blumenbach expanded upon Linnaeus’ four race model by explaining by adding a fifth race, explaining that,

“I have allotted the first place to the Caucasian, for the reasons given below, which make me esteem it the primeval one. This diverges in both directions into two, most remote and very different from each other; on the one side, namely the Ethiopian, and on the other, the Mongolian. The remaining occupy the intermediate positions between that primeval one and these two extreme varieties; that is, the American between the Caucasian and Mongolian; the Malay between the same Caucasian and Ethiopian.”

http://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/connections/535eeda67095aa000000024e
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the lioness,
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Diop believed in races
You have a thread about about Blumenbach. Where is the connection between Blumenbach and facism?

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Ish Geber
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quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
Diop believed in races
You have a thread about about Blumenbach. Where is the connection between Blumenbach and facism?

Stop bullshitting, I am addressing the origin of modern day racism/ fascism, which influenced modern day science. Due to where theories origin lies. Diop was born in a world, infected by Blumenbach et al's visions.


quote:
His original words also show how the simple, clear cut classification of five distinct human races displaced—against Blumenbach’s repeated warnings—the complex reality of gradations and the unity of humanity (including equal potential). Blumenbach’s name has been associated with scientific racism, but his arguments actually undermined racism. Blumenbach could not have foreseen the coming abuse of his ideas and classification in the 19th and (first half of the) 20th centuries.

We continue to struggle with the complexity of the concepts of race and ethnicity, and the resultant imperfect classifications, in our multi-ethnic world.1 Now, Blumenbach’s varieties of humanity can be seen in virtually every major city, and through the visual media, globally. Blumenbach’s thinking, despite its faults, continues to be relevant, inspiring, and illuminating.


--Raj Bhopal, Bruce and John Usher

The beautiful skull and Blumenbach’s errors: the birth of the scientific concept of race

BMJ. 2007 Dec 22; 335(7633): 1308–1309.

Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | Report this post to a Moderator
the lioness,
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quote:
Originally posted by Ish Gebor:
quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
Diop believed in races
You have a thread about about Blumenbach. Where is the connection between Blumenbach and facism?

Stop bullshitting you dumb loon, I am adressing the origin of modern day racism/ fascism, which influenced modern day science. Due to where theories origin lies. Diop was born a world, infected by Blumenbach et al's visions.


quote:
His original words also show how the simple, clear cut classification of five distinct human races displaced—against Blumenbach’s repeated warnings—the complex reality of gradations and the unity of humanity (including equal potential). Blumenbach’s name has been associated with scientific racism, but his arguments actually undermined racism. Blumenbach could not have foreseen the coming abuse of his ideas and classification in the 19th and (first half of the) 20th centuries.

We continue to struggle with the complexity of the concepts of race and ethnicity, and the resultant imperfect classifications, in our multi-ethnic world.1 Now, Blumenbach’s varieties of humanity can be seen in virtually every major city, and through the visual media, globally. Blumenbach’s thinking, despite its faults, continues to be relevant, inspiring, and illuminating.


--Raj Bhopal, Bruce and John Usher

The beautiful skull and Blumenbach’s errors: the birth of the scientific concept of race

BMJ. 2007 Dec 22; 335(7633): 1308–1309.

Your thread title talks about Blumenbach's errors
and you say that Diop was infected by Blumenbach's visions

Yet you have a quote up saying Blumenbach's "arguments actually undermined racism"

Do you know what "undermined" means?

Do you know what fascism is?

Are you saying the concept of race is fascist and wrong?

Yet you have an article up concludes:

"Blumenbach’s varieties of humanity can be seen in virtually every major city"

Guess what, you have an article up written by somebody with an East Indian name who likes Blumenbach

quote:
Originally posted by Ish Gebor:
quote:


These errors were not the result of colour prejudice. Blumenbach refuted the notion that Ethiopians were inferior to other races. Blumenbach wrote favourably about “negroes,” extolling their beauty, mental abilities, and achievements in literature and other fields. He pointed to variations in opportunity as the cause of differences. His viewpoint on Africans was out of tune with that of the times and more in line with that seen during the movements for civil rights and equality in the 1960s.


If you want to speak about fascists and hardcore racists then you should quote the fascists and hardcore racists and deal with intent

This is the title of the article:

The beautiful skull and Blumenbach’s errors: the birth of the scientific concept of race

Not:

The beautiful skull and Blumenbach’s errors: the birth of scientific racism

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the lioness,
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Eugenics ( from Greek εὐγενής eugenes "well-born" ) is a set of beliefs and practices which aims at improving the genetic quality of the human population.

______________________________

http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/1796

Eugenics was born as a scientific curiosity in the Victorian age. In 1863, Sir Francis Galton, a cousin of Charles Darwin, theorized that if talented people only married other talented people, the result would be measurably better offspring. At the turn of the last century, Galton's ideas were imported into the United States just as Gregor Mendel's principles of heredity were rediscovered. American eugenic advocates believed with religious fervor that the same Mendelian concepts determining the color and size of peas, corn and cattle also governed the social and intellectual character of man.
In an America demographically reeling from immigration upheaval and torn by post-Reconstruction chaos, race conflict was everywhere in the early twentieth century. Elitists, utopians and so-called "progressives" fused their smoldering race fears and class bias with their desire to make a better world. They reinvented Galton's eugenics into a repressive and racist ideology. The intent: populate the earth with vastly more of their own socio-economic and biological kind--and less or none of everyone else.
The superior species the eugenics movement sought was populated not merely by tall, strong, talented people. Eugenicists craved blond, blue-eyed Nordic types. This group alone, they believed, was fit to inherit the earth. In the process, the movement intended to subtract emancipated Negroes, immigrant Asian laborers, Indians, Hispanics, East Europeans, Jews, dark-haired hill folk, poor people, the infirm and really anyone classified outside the gentrified genetic lines drawn up by American raceologists.
How? By identifying so-called "defective" family trees and subjecting them to lifelong segregation and sterilization programs to kill their bloodlines. The grand plan was to literally wipe away the reproductive capability of those deemed weak and inferior--the so-called "unfit." The eugenicists hoped to neutralize the viability of 10 percent of the population at a sweep, until none were left except themselves.
Eighteen solutions were explored in a Carnegie-supported 1911 "Preliminary Report of the Committee of the Eugenic Section of the American Breeder's Association to Study and to Report on the Best Practical Means for Cutting Off the Defective Germ-Plasm in the Human Population." Point eight was euthanasia.
The most commonly suggested method of eugenicide in America was a "lethal chamber" or public locally operated gas chambers. In 1918, Popenoe, the Army venereal disease specialist during World War I, co-wrote the widely used textbook, Applied Eugenics, which argued, "From an historical point of view, the first method which presents itself is execution… Its value in keeping up the standard of the race should not be underestimated." Applied Eugenics also devoted a chapter to "Lethal Selection," which operated "through the destruction of the individual by some adverse feature of the environment, such as excessive cold, or bacteria, or by bodily deficiency."
Eugenic breeders believed American society was not ready to implement an organized lethal solution. But many mental institutions and doctors practiced improvised medical lethality and passive euthanasia on their own. One institution in Lincoln, Illinois fed its incoming patients milk from tubercular cows believing a eugenically strong individual would be immune. Thirty to forty percent annual death rates resulted at Lincoln. Some doctors practiced passive eugenicide one newborn infant at a time. Others doctors at mental institutions engaged in lethal neglect.
Nonetheless, with eugenicide marginalized, the main solution for eugenicists was the rapid expansion of forced segregation and sterilization, as well as more marriage restrictions. California led the nation, performing nearly all sterilization procedures with little or no due process. In its first twenty-five years of eugenic legislation, California sterilized 9,782 individuals, mostly women. Many were classified as "bad girls," diagnosed as "passionate," "oversexed" or "sexually wayward." At Sonoma, some women were sterilized because of what was deemed an abnormally large clitoris or labia.
In 1933 alone, at least 1,278 coercive sterilizations were performed, 700 of which were on women. The state's two leading sterilization mills in 1933 were Sonoma State Home with 388 operations and Patton State Hospital with 363 operations. Other sterilization centers included Agnews, Mendocino, Napa, Norwalk, Stockton and Pacific Colony state hospitals.
Even the United States Supreme Court endorsed aspects of eugenics. In its infamous 1927 decision, Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote, "It is better for all the world, if instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime, or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind…. Three generations of imbeciles are enough." This decision opened the floodgates for thousands to be coercively sterilized or otherwise persecuted as subhuman. Years later, the Nazis at the Nuremberg trials quoted Holmes's words in their own defense.
Only after eugenics became entrenched in the United States was the campaign transplanted into Germany, in no small measure through the efforts of California eugenicists, who published booklets idealizing sterilization and circulated them to German officials and scientists.
Hitler studied American eugenics laws. He tried to legitimize his anti-Semitism by medicalizing it, and wrapping it in the more palatable pseudoscientific facade of eugenics. Hitler was able to recruit more followers among reasonable Germans by claiming that science was on his side. While Hitler's race hatred sprung from his own mind, the intellectual outlines of the eugenics Hitler adopted in 1924 were made in America.
During the '20s, Carnegie Institution eugenic scientists cultivated deep personal and professional relationships with Germany's fascist eugenicists. In Mein Kampf, published in 1924, Hitler quoted American eugenic ideology and openly displayed a thorough knowledge of American eugenics. "There is today one state," wrote Hitler, "in which at least weak beginnings toward a better conception [of immigration] are noticeable. Of course, it is not our model German Republic, but the United States."
Hitler proudly told his comrades just how closely he followed the progress of the American eugenics movement. "I have studied with great interest," he told a fellow Nazi, "the laws of several American states concerning prevention of reproduction by people whose progeny would, in all probability, be of no value or be injurious to the racial stock."
Hitler even wrote a fan letter to American eugenic leader Madison Grant calling his race-based eugenics book, The Passing of the Great Race his "bible."
Hitler's struggle for a superior race would be a mad crusade for a Master Race. Now, the American term "Nordic" was freely exchanged with "Germanic" or "Aryan." Race science, racial purity and racial dominance became the driving force behind Hitler's Nazism. Nazi eugenics would ultimately dictate who would be persecuted in a Reich-dominated Europe, how people would live, and how they would die. Nazi doctors would become the unseen generals in Hitler's war against the Jews and other Europeans deemed inferior. Doctors would create the science, devise the eugenic formulas, and even hand-select the victims for sterilization, euthanasia and mass extermination.
During the Reich's early years, eugenicists across America welcomed Hitler's plans as the logical fulfillment of their own decades of research and effort. California eugenicists republished Nazi propaganda for American consumption. They also arranged for Nazi scientific exhibits, such as an August 1934 display at the L.A. County Museum, for the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association.
In 1934, as Germany's sterilizations were accelerating beyond 5,000 per month, the California eugenics leader C. M. Goethe upon returning from Germany ebulliently bragged to a key colleague, "You will be interested to know, that your work has played a powerful part in shaping the opinions of the group of intellectuals who are behind Hitler in this epoch-making program. Everywhere I sensed that their opinions have been tremendously stimulated by American thought.…I want you, my dear friend, to carry this thought with you for the rest of your life, that you have really jolted into action a great government of 60 million people."
That same year, ten years after Virginia passed its sterilization act, Joseph DeJarnette, superintendent of Virginia's Western State Hospital, observed in the Richmond Times-Dispatch, "The Germans are beating us at our own game."
More than just providing the scientific roadmap, America funded Germany's eugenic institutions. By 1926, Rockefeller had donated some $410,000 -- almost $4 million in 21st-Century money -- to hundreds of German researchers. In May 1926, Rockefeller awarded $250,000 to the German Psychiatric Institute of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, later to become the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Psychiatry. Among the leading psychiatrists at the German Psychiatric Institute was Ernst Rüdin, who became director and eventually an architect of Hitler's systematic medical repression.
Another in the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute's eugenic complex of institutions was the Institute for Brain Research. Since 1915, it had operated out of a single room. Everything changed when Rockefeller money arrived in 1929. A grant of $317,000 allowed the Institute to construct a major building and take center stage in German race biology. The Institute received additional grants from the Rockefeller Foundation during the next several years. Leading the Institute, once again, was Hitler's medical henchman Ernst Rüdin. Rüdin's organization became a prime director and recipient of the murderous experimentation and research conducted on Jews, Gypsies and others.
Beginning in 1940, thousands of Germans taken from old age homes, mental institutions and other custodial facilities were systematically gassed. Between 50,000 and 100,000 were eventually killed.
Leon Whitney, executive secretary of the American Eugenics Society declared of Nazism, "While we were pussy-footing around…the Germans were calling a spade a spade."
A special recipient of Rockefeller funding was the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics in Berlin. For decades, American eugenicists had craved twins to advance their research into heredity. The Institute was now prepared to undertake such research on an unprecedented level. On May 13, 1932, the Rockefeller Foundation in New York dispatched a radiogram to its Paris office: JUNE MEETING EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE NINE THOUSAND DOLLARS OVER THREE YEAR PERIOD TO KWG INSTITUTE ANTHROPOLOGY FOR RESEARCH ON TWINS AND EFFECTS ON LATER GENERATIONS OF SUBSTANCES TOXIC FOR GERM PLASM.
At the time of Rockefeller's endowment, Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, a hero in American eugenics circles, functioned as a head of the Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics. Rockefeller funding of that Institute continued both directly and through other research conduits during Verschuer's early tenure. In 1935, Verschuer left the Institute to form a rival eugenics facility in Frankfurt that was much heralded in the American eugenic press. Research on twins in the Third Reich exploded, backed up by government decrees. Verschuer wrote in Der Erbarzt, a eugenic doctor's journal he edited, that Germany's war would yield a "total solution to the Jewish problem."
Verschuer had a long-time assistant. His name was Josef Mengele. On May 30, 1943, Mengele arrived at Auschwitz. Verschuer notified the German Research Society, "My assistant, Dr. Josef Mengele (M.D., Ph.D.) joined me in this branch of research. He is presently employed as Hauptsturmführer [captain] and camp physician in the Auschwitz concentration camp. Anthropological testing of the most diverse racial groups in this concentration camp is being carried out with permission of the SS Reichsführer [Himmler]."
Mengele began searching the boxcar arrivals for twins. When he found them, he performed beastly experiments, scrupulously wrote up the reports and sent the paperwork back to Verschuer's institute for evaluation. Often, cadavers, eyes and other body parts were also dispatched to Berlin's eugenic institutes.
Rockefeller executives never knew of Mengele. With few exceptions, the foundation had ceased all eugenic studies in Nazi-occupied Europe before the war erupted in 1939. But by that time the die had been cast. The talented men Rockefeller and Carnegie financed, the institutions they helped found, and the science it helped create took on a scientific momentum of their own.
After the war, eugenics was declared a crime against humanity--an act of genocide. Germans were tried and they cited the California statutes in their defense. To no avail. They were found guilty.
However, Mengele's boss Verschuer escaped prosecution. Verschuer re-established his connections with California eugenicists who had gone underground and renamed their crusade "human genetics." Typical was an exchange July 25, 1946 when Popenoe wrote Verschuer, "It was indeed a pleasure to hear from you again. I have been very anxious about my colleagues in Germany…. I suppose sterilization has been discontinued in Germany?" Popenoe offered tidbits about various American eugenic luminaries and then sent various eugenic publications. In a separate package, Popenoe sent some cocoa, coffee and other goodies.
Verschuer wrote back, "Your very friendly letter of 7/25 gave me a great deal of pleasure and you have my heartfelt thanks for it. The letter builds another bridge between your and my scientific work; I hope that this bridge will never again collapse but rather make possible valuable mutual enrichment and stimulation."
Soon, Verschuer once again became a respected scientist in Germany and around the world. In 1949, he became a corresponding member of the newly formed American Society of Human Genetics, organized by American eugenicists and geneticists.
In the fall of 1950, the University of Münster offered Verschuer a position at its new Institute of Human Genetics, where he later became a dean. In the early and mid-1950s, Verschuer became an honorary member of numerous prestigious societies, including the Italian Society of Genetics, the Anthropological Society of Vienna, and the Japanese Society for Human Genetics.
Human genetics' genocidal roots in eugenics were ignored by a victorious generation that refused to link itself to the crimes of Nazism and by succeeding generations that never knew the truth of the years leading up to war. Now governors of five states, including California have issued public apologies to their citizens, past and present, for sterilization and other abuses spawned by the eugenics movement.
Human genetics became an enlightened endeavor in the late twentieth century. Hard-working, devoted scientists finally cracked the human code through the Human Genome Project. Now, every individual can be biologically identified and classified by trait and ancestry. Yet even now, some leading voices in the genetic world are calling for a cleansing of the unwanted among us, and even a master human species.
There is understandable wariness about more ordinary forms of abuse, for example, in denying insurance or employment based on genetic tests. On October 14, America's first genetic anti-discrimination legislation passed the Senate by unanimous vote. Yet because genetics research is global, no single nation's law can stop the threats.

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Mike111
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quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:

Eugenics "well-born" is a set of beliefs and practices which aims at improving the genetic quality of the human population.

Eugenics was born as a scientific curiosity in the Victorian age. In 1863, Sir Francis Galton, a cousin of Charles Darwin, theorized that if talented people only married other talented people, the result would be measurably better offspring.

In an America demographically reeling from immigration upheaval and torn by post-Reconstruction chaos, race conflict was everywhere in the early twentieth century. Elitists, utopians and so-called "progressives" fused their smoldering race fears and class bias with their desire to make a better world. They reinvented Galton's eugenics into a repressive and racist ideology.


The intent: populate the earth with vastly more of their own socio-economic and biological kind: and less or none of everyone else.

The superior species the eugenics movement sought was populated not merely by tall, strong, talented people. Eugenicists craved blond, blue-eyed Nordic types. This group alone, they believed, was fit to inherit the earth. In the process, the movement intended to subtract emancipated Negroes, immigrant Asian laborers, Indians, Hispanics, East Europeans, Jews, dark-haired hill folk, poor people, the infirm and really anyone classified outside the gentrified genetic lines drawn up by American raceologists.

.


This was not new, as a protection against stronger unafflicted humans, Albinos have always schemed to surround themselves with only their own kind.

Title: America as a Land of Opportunity

Author: Benjamin Franklin

Year: 1751

Type of document: essay

Excerpt: Which leads me to add one Remark: That the Number of purely white People in the World is proportionably very small. All Africa is black or tawny. Asia chiefly tawny. America (exclusive of the new Comers) wholly so. And in Europe, the Spaniards, Italians, French, Russians and Swedes, are generally of what we call a swarthy Complexion; as are the Germans also, the Saxons only excepted, who with the English, make the principal Body of White People on the Face of the Earth. I could wish their Numbers were increased. And while we are, as I may call it, Scouring our Planet, by clearing America of Woods, and so making this Side of our Globe reflect a brighter Light to the Eyes of Inhabitants in mars or Venus, why should we in the Sight of Superior Beings, darken its People? why increase the Sons of Africa, by Planting them in America, where we have so fair an Opportunity, by excluding all Blacks and Tawneys, of increasing the lovely White and Red? But perhaps I am partial to the complexion of my Country, for such Kind of Partiality is natural to Mankind.

(Comment: Franklin's last statement is a lie: no other types of people are recorded as ever discriminating against other people on the basis of SKIN COLOR. This behavior is unique to the Albino who fears the natural strengths of normal humans).


In truth, it never had anything to do with any kind of superiority, quite the contrary, it was an admittance of weakness. Nobody fears their inferiors, they fear their superiors.

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the lioness,
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quote:
Originally posted by Mike111:


Title: America as a Land of Opportunity

Author: Benjamin Franklin

Year: 1751

Type of document: essay

Excerpt: Which leads me to add one Remark: That the Number of purely white People in the World is proportionably very small. All Africa is black or tawny. Asia chiefly tawny. America (exclusive of the new Comers) wholly so. And in Europe, the Spaniards, Italians, French, Russians and Swedes, are generally of what we call a swarthy Complexion; as are the Germans also, the Saxons only excepted, who with the English, make the principal Body of White People on the Face of the Earth. I could wish their Numbers were increased. And while we are, as I may call it, Scouring our Planet, by clearing America of Woods, and so making this Side of our Globe reflect a brighter Light to the Eyes of Inhabitants in mars or Venus, why should we in the Sight of Superior Beings, darken its People? why increase the Sons of Africa, by Planting them in America, where we have so fair an Opportunity, by excluding all Blacks and Tawneys, of increasing the lovely White and Red? But perhaps I am partial to the complexion of my Country, for such Kind of Partiality is natural to Mankind.

(Comment: Franklin's last statement is a lie: no other types of people are recorded as ever discriminating against other people on the basis of SKIN COLOR. This behavior is unique to the Albino who fears the natural strengths of normal humans).



What sentence in the above text says other types of people are recorded as discriminating on the basis of skin color?
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KING
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racism was never about Superiority.

racist are battyman homosexuals.

Ask A White Man what they think about Blacks, he will say...."They Peoples" ask a Black Man what he feels about Whites...He will say "They Peoples"

The problem has always been the sodimite european scum who surround White People who leeches off the WHite Population like a diseased fungus that sucks the Life out of Things.

Look at this Made up conversation between a White Man and European dog sledge man.

euro scum : Hey Hey Hey, Look there I see a Black Man walking down the street!!!\

White Man : Hmm? Oh Yeah

Euro Scum : Look at him walking, why is he walking like that??

White Man : Hm, Oh

euro Scum : What a Bleeper, he just walks, why is he walking.

White Man : Wait What?


euro Scum : Look at him, hes just walking acting like He don't see

White Man : Dog, I did not even notice the Man until you pointed him out

euro scum : Now look at him he is going on the bus! whats he doing

White Man : Dog, Why You studing the man for Doggy, he did not even notice you dog, Why You Watching him for?

euro Scum : Well er um he is Black(quietly)

White Man : Yo, Understand DOG, The Brother aint no FAGGOT MAN dog, he did not study you cause the Brother does not watch Man, You watching him cause you move like a faggot.

euro scum : er er er er er


White Man : Yeah!, Thats right euro dog, People don't obsess about each other goof. One Love, Repping Christ Kingdom Til He Again Comes. homosexual sodimites watch man dog, go back to your goof home and lock yourself away, Your noted!!!


Understand That People don't watch each other like that nor do we obsess about another Man.

EuroRacist are battyman, they wake up and the first thing they think of is Black Man, Who the Black man is with, Look at doxie for example that whatever she is is obsessed with Black People, they can't stop talking about Black People and try and pretend that Black People are like them, when they are the opposite of them batty riders

Euros are STANS!!! They are fags that's why one of the reasons they obsess about Black People. They are hiding there deep seeded depraved lust for Black Man who don't even care or know they are their, so to get the Black Mans attention the batty rider racist shouts some racist insult to the Black man hoping the Black Man looks his way.

Stop Watching Mans.

Blacks,Whites, Reds, Yellows, and Browns Recognize yall fags!!!

Racists know where they are going and that's with there father the devil,

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Mike111
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^Abject lesson in why Homophobia or any other kind of discriminatory phobia, says more about YOU than it says about THEM.
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KING
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What Do You Mean Mike?

Truth is Truth...

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Mike111
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quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:

Franklin Quote: why should we in the Sight of Superior Beings, darken its People? why increase the Sons of Africa, by Planting them in America, where we have so fair an Opportunity, by excluding all Blacks and Tawneys, of increasing the lovely White and Red? But perhaps I am partial to the complexion of my Country, for such Kind of Partiality is natural to Mankind.

(Comment: Franklin's last statement is a lie: no other types of people are recorded as ever discriminating against other people on the basis of SKIN COLOR. This behavior is unique to the Albino who fears the natural strengths of normal humans).



Lioness quote: What sentence in the above text says other types of people are recorded as discriminating on the basis of skin color?

Question for the forum:

Is it that lioness can't read:

Or is it that she is just too stupid to understand what she reads?

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kdolo
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Not Stupid just playing stupid...

--------------------
Keldal

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the lioness,
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quote:
Originally posted by Mike111:


Title: America as a Land of Opportunity

Author: Benjamin Franklin

Year: 1751

Type of document: essay

But perhaps I am partial to the complexion of my Country, for such Kind of Partiality is natural to Mankind.


(Comment: Franklin's last statement is a lie: no other types of people are recorded as ever discriminating against other people on the basis of SKIN COLOR. This behavior is unique to the Albino who fears the natural strengths of normal humans).



Alright I see Mike's claim here.
He is saying Benjamin Franklin is saying here it is natural for people to prefer the complexion of their own people

But Mike says that is not natural,

that darker skinned people don't prefer to be around other dark skinned people more than people of any skin color

O.k., maybe

So I ask you Mike
If Benjamin Franklin's comment represents the opinion of most white people why did Europeans bring so many black people to America?

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Ish Geber
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quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
quote:
Originally posted by Ish Gebor:
quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
Diop believed in races
You have a thread about about Blumenbach. Where is the connection between Blumenbach and facism?

Stop bullshitting you dumb loon, I am adressing the origin of modern day racism/ fascism, which influenced modern day science. Due to where theories origin lies. Diop was born a world, infected by Blumenbach et al's visions.


quote:
His original words also show how the simple, clear cut classification of five distinct human races displaced—against Blumenbach’s repeated warnings—the complex reality of gradations and the unity of humanity (including equal potential). Blumenbach’s name has been associated with scientific racism, but his arguments actually undermined racism. Blumenbach could not have foreseen the coming abuse of his ideas and classification in the 19th and (first half of the) 20th centuries.

We continue to struggle with the complexity of the concepts of race and ethnicity, and the resultant imperfect classifications, in our multi-ethnic world.1 Now, Blumenbach’s varieties of humanity can be seen in virtually every major city, and through the visual media, globally. Blumenbach’s thinking, despite its faults, continues to be relevant, inspiring, and illuminating.


--Raj Bhopal, Bruce and John Usher

The beautiful skull and Blumenbach’s errors: the birth of the scientific concept of race

BMJ. 2007 Dec 22; 335(7633): 1308–1309.

Your thread title talks about Blumenbach's errors
and you say that Diop was infected by Blumenbach's visions

Yet you have a quote up saying Blumenbach's "arguments actually undermined racism"

Do you know what "undermined" means?

Do you know what fascism is?

Are you saying the concept of race is fascist and wrong?

Yet you have an article up concludes:

"Blumenbach’s varieties of humanity can be seen in virtually every major city"

Guess what, you have an article up written by somebody with an East Indian name who likes Blumenbach

quote:
Originally posted by Ish Gebor:
quote:


These errors were not the result of colour prejudice. Blumenbach refuted the notion that Ethiopians were inferior to other races. Blumenbach wrote favourably about “negroes,” extolling their beauty, mental abilities, and achievements in literature and other fields. He pointed to variations in opportunity as the cause of differences. His viewpoint on Africans was out of tune with that of the times and more in line with that seen during the movements for civil rights and equality in the 1960s.


If you want to speak about fascists and hardcore racists then you should quote the fascists and hardcore racists and deal with intent

This is the title of the article:

The beautiful skull and Blumenbach’s errors: the birth of the scientific concept of race

Not:

The beautiful skull and Blumenbach’s errors: the birth of scientific racism

Little retard, Blumenbach’s spinoff was based on fascism. You are not bright, so don't act as if you are. Fascism is a spinoff from racsit ideology.


"a person who is dictatorial or has extreme right-wing views."

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fascist


Do you want to evaluate right-wing views and the birth of scientific racism?


quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:

Eugenics ( from Greek εὐγενής eugenes "well-born" ) is a set of beliefs and practices which aims at improving the genetic quality of the human population


Little retard, what inspired eugenics/ the eugenics movement in the first place? See, how it's all connected.


Look hidious beast!

"the study of or belief in the possibility of improving the qualities of the human species or a human population, especially by such means as discouraging reproduction by persons having genetic defects or presumed to have inheritable undesirable traits (negative eugenics) or encouraging reproduction by persons presumed to have inheritable desirable traits (positive eugenics)"

1880-85; see eugenic, -ics


Word Origin and History for eugenics Expand
n.
1883, coined (along with adjective eugenic) by English scientist Francis Galton (1822-1911) on analogy of ethics, physics, etc. from Greek eugenes "well-born, of good stock, of noble race," from eu- "good" (see eu- ) + genos "birth" (see genus ).

The investigation of human eugenics, that is, of the conditions under which men of a high type are produced. [Galton, "Human Faculty," 1883]

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/eugenics


Shall we review the history of the Eugenic movement? And put your little retarded theory to test?

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quote:
A rhetorical questionat the end of the chapter,"Where would Hitler havebeen without racism?" (p.412), makes abundantly clear that Gould envisions a causal connection between scientific anthropology,especially Blumenbach,and the most hideous crime of our century.
-- Thomas Junker

Blumenbach Racial Geometry

http://www.jstor.org/stable/237144?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

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the lioness,
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quote:
Originally posted by Ish Gebor:

Blumenbach’s spinoff was based on fascism. You are not bright, so don't act as if you are. Fascism is a spinoff from racsit ideology.


"a person who is dictatorial or has extreme right-wing views."

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fascist



The above light weight brief defintion you use shows you don't know much about what fascism is.


Blumenbach was a doctor and anthropologist.

His ideas might be right or might be wrong but he
was not involved in politics and fascism is a political concept

and he didn't do a "spinoff"

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KING
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quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
[QB]
quote:
Originally posted by Mike111:


Title: America as a Land of Opportunity

Author: Benjamin Franklin

Year: 1751

Type of document: essay

But perhaps I am partial to the complexion of my Country, for such Kind of Partiality is natural to Mankind.


(Comment: Franklin's last statement is a lie: no other types of people are recorded as ever discriminating against other people on the basis of SKIN COLOR. This behavior is unique to the Albino who fears the natural strengths of normal humans).



Alright I see Mike's claim here.
He is saying Benjamin Franklin is saying here it is natural for people to prefer the complexion of their own people

But Mike says that is not natural,

that darker skinned people don't prefer to be around other dark skinned people more than people of any skin color

O.k., maybe

So I ask you Mike


.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

............

If Benjamin Franklin's comment represents the opinion of most white people why did Europeans bring so many black people to America?

Interesting.............  -

EDIT: Added some periods to the Lioness Post

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Ish Geber
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quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
quote:
Originally posted by Ish Gebor:

Blumenbach’s spinoff was based on fascism. You are not bright, so don't act as if you are. Fascism is a spinoff from racsit ideology.


"a person who is dictatorial or has extreme right-wing views."

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fascist



The above light weight brief defintion you use shows you don't know much about what fascism is.


Blumenbach was a doctor and anthropologist.

His ideas might be right or might be wrong but he
was not involved in politics and fascism is a political concept

and he didn't do a "spinoff"

How is it someone as dumb are is going to criticizes? SMH

Always these dumb assumptions by you, you don't know this and that word. LOL Then in the end it's you being cornered again.


Blumenbach was a doctor and anthropologist, who had fascist and racist ideologies and supremacy ideologies. Just like Hitler's scientist, who followed the line and idiologies of Blumenbach et al.


It is you can't grasp the concept of this supremacy.


I wrote Blumenbach’s spinoff was based on fascism. Not "and he didn't do a "spinoff".


Don't you understand the differences? Meaning his theories and view came from people before him. It was all intertwined, as he took it a level higher, and this has influenced modern "science" to how we look at people. He has influenced fascist and racist supremacy ideologies.


quote:
J F Blumenbach (1752-1840)
quote:

Eugenics was born as a scientific curiosity in the Victorian age. In 1863, Sir Francis Galton, a cousin of Charles Darwin, theorized that if talented people only married other talented people, the result would be measurably better offspring.

quote:
Jim Crow was not a person, yet affected the lives of millions of people. Named after a popular 19th-century minstrel song that stereotyped African Americans, "Jim Crow" came to personify the system of government-sanctioned racial oppression and segregation in the United States.
https://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/


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"Selection of Negroes," Eugenical News (vol. 2), eugenic effect of slave trading in the South

https://www.dnalc.org/view/11788--Selection-of-Negroes-Eugenical-News-vol-2-eugenic-effect-of-slave-trading-in-the-South.html

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Ish Geber
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Anthropology and slavery from Blumenbach to the American Civil War


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2J49QbJW-k

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Ish Geber
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Overall commentary on the Blumenbach symposium

Universität Göttingen


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBuE9wHXF2s

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the lioness,
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quote:
Originally posted by Ish Gebor:
Anthropology and slavery from Blumenbach to the American Civil War


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2J49QbJW-k

This guy is saying that Blumenbach was against slavery and said the Africans were equal to Europeans not inferior,
a "pro-African" argument he says.
This in contrast to racists of the period who were arguing the inferiority of Africans and that slavery was justified. He makes this point over and over again

Again you don't understand the material you present

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ausar
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Didn't Blummy have an extensive "Afocentric" library?
Posts: 8675 | From: Tukuler al~Takruri as Ardo since OCT2014 | Registered: Feb 2003  |  IP: Logged | Report this post to a Moderator
ausar
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OK

quote:
Convinced of the superficiality of racial variation, Blumenbach defended the mental and moral unity of all peoples. He held particularly strong opinions on the equal status of black Africans and white Europeans. He may have been patronizing in praising "the good disposition and faculties of these our black brethren," but better paternalism than malign contempt. He campaigned for the abolition of slavery and asserted the moral superiority of slaves to their captors, speaking of a "natural tenderness of heart, which has never been benumbed or extirpated on board the transport vessels or on the West India sugar plantations by the brutality of their white executioners."

Blumenbach established a special library in his house devoted exclusively to black authors, singling out for special praise the poetry of Phillis Wheatley, a Boston slave whose writings have only recently been rediscovered: "I possess English, Dutch, and Latin poems by several [black authors], amongst which however above all, those of Phillis Wheatley of Boston, who is justly famous for them, deserves mention here." Finally, Blumenbach noted that many Caucasian nations could not boast so fine a set of authors and scholars as black Africa has produced under the most depressing circumstances of prejudice and slavery: "It would not be difficult to mention entire well-known provinces of Europe, from out of which you would not easily expect to obtain off-hand such good authors, poets, philosophers, and correspondents of the Paris Academy."

.

[the passage precisely reads:
"Finally, I am of opinion that after all these numerous instances I have brought together of negroes of capacity, it would not be difficult to mention entire well-known provinces of Europe, from out of which you would not easily expect to obtain off-hand such good authors, poets, philosophers, and correspondents of the Paris Academy; and on the other hand, there is no so-called savage nation known under the sun which has so much distinguished itself by such examples of perfectibility and original capacity for scientific culture, and thereby attached itself so closely to the most civilized nations of the earth, as the Negro."


Read full context or download the book via this link
Anthropological treatises - Blumenbach (1865)]


quote:
Nonetheless, when Blumenbach presented his mental picture of human diversity in his fateful shift away from Linnaean geography, he singled out a particular group as closest to the created ideal and then characterized all other groups by relative degrees of departure from this archetypal standard. He ended up with a system that placed a single race at the pinnacle, and then envisioned two symmetrical lines of departure away from this ideal toward greater and greater degeneration.
Excerpt from The Geometer of Race
NOVEMBER 1994 ISSUE OF DISCOVER
The Geometer of Race
In the eighteenth century a disastrous shift occurred in the way Westerners perceived races. The man responsible was Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, one of the least racist thinkers of his day.
By Stephen Jay Gould | Tuesday, November 01, 1994

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lamin
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It would seem, therefore, that terms like "Caucasian" and "Caucasoid" are all racist terms.
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the lioness,
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quote:
Originally posted by lamin:
It would seem, therefore, that terms like "Caucasian" and "Caucasoid" are all racist terms.

The term "Caucasian race" was coined by the German philosopher Christoph Meiners in his The Outline of History of Mankind (1785).
Meiners was a polygenist: he believed that each race had a separate origin.
Blumenbach was a monogenist, he believed that humans of all races share a similar origin

wikipedia:

Christoph Meiners

Meiners was a polygenist: he believed that each race had a separate origin. He was a very early practitioner of scientific racism.
He is now known mostly for his critical attitude towards Immanuel Kant, Mary Wollstonecraft and the concept of Enlightenment. He died in Göttingen.

Meiners studied the physical, mental and moral characteristics of each race, and built a race hierarchy based on the evidence that was considered common in scientific and anthropological circles at the time. Meiners split mankind into two divisions which he labeled the "beautiful White race" and the "ugly Black race". In Meiners book The Outline of History of Mankind he claimed that a main characteristic of race is either beauty or ugliness. He viewed only the white race as beautiful. He considered ugly races as inferior, immoral and animal like. He claimed that the black ugly peoples are distinct from the white beautiful peoples by their sad lack of virtue and their terrible vices.[2]
According to Meiners:
The more intelligent and noble people are by nature, the more adaptable, sensitive, delicate, and soft is their body; on the other hand, the less they possess the capacity and disposition towards virtue, the more they lack adaptability; and not only that, but the less sensitive are their bodies, the more can they tolerate extreme pain or the rapid alteration of heat and cold; when they are exposed to illnesses, the more rapid their recovery from wounds that would be fatal for more sensitive peoples, and the more they can partake of the worst and most indigestible foods ... without noticeable ill effects.[citation needed]
Meiners claimed the Negro felt less pain than any other race and lacked in emotions. Meiners wrote that the Negro had thick nerves and thus was not sensitive like the other races, he went as far to say that the Negro has “no human, barely any animal feeling” he described a story where a Negro was condemned to death by being burned alive, half way through the burning the Negro asked to smoke a pipe and smoked it like nothing was happening while he continued to be burned alive. Meiners studied the anatomy of the Negro and came to the conclusion that the Negro have bigger teeth and jaws than any other race, as the Negro are all carnivores. Meiners claimed the skull of the Negro was larger but the brain of the Negro was smaller than any other race. Meiners claimed the Negro was the most unhealthy race on earth because of the Negro's poor diet, mode of living and lack of morals.[3]
Meiners also claimed Native Americans were an inferior stock of people. He claimed that Indians can not adapt to different climate, different types of food or modes of life and that when they are exposed to these new conditions they lapse into a “deadly melancholy”. Meiners studied the diet of the Indians and said that they can feed off any kind of “foul offal” and that they consume huge amounts of alcohol. According to Meiners the Indians are extremely thick as the Spanish conquerors found out when their blades shattered on them. Meiners also claimed the skin of a Native American is thicker than an ox.[3]
Meiners wrote that the noblest race was the Celts, and they were able to conquer various parts of the world, were more sensitive to heat and cold and their delicacy is shown by the way they are selective about what they eat. Meiners claimed Slavs are an inferior race, "less sensitive and content with eating rough food”, he described stories of Slavs eating poisonous fungi without coming to any harm. He claimed that their medical techniques were also backwards such as the Slavs baking sick people in ovens then making them roll in the snow.[3]
Below the slavs are the peoples of the Middle East and Asia, all limited in intelligence and of an evil disposition, which goes together with lack of adaptability and insensitivity.[3]
In Meiners large work entitled Researches on the variations in human nature (1815), he studied the sexology of each race and claimed that the African Negroids have unduly strong and perverted sex drives whilst only the White Europeans have it just right.

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Ish Geber
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quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
quote:
Originally posted by Ish Gebor:
Anthropology and slavery from Blumenbach to the American Civil War


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2J49QbJW-k

This guy is saying that Blumenbach was against slavery and said the Africans were equal to Europeans not inferior,
a "pro-African" argument he says.
This in contrast to racists of the period who were arguing the inferiority of Africans and that slavery was justified. He makes this point over and over again

Again you don't understand the material you present

Dumb loony, I presented it myself to show the contrast. There is a whole series attached to this symposium. Did you look/ listen at the entire symposium?

Overall commentary on the Blumenbach symposium

Universität Göttingen


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBuE9wHXF2s

Do you not understand that history of those "skulls" he possessed? SMH


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The last post, is the overall, and covers the actual intentions and implementation in society, which explains racism and fascism and how it has shaped society, with all it's horrific side effects. You ignored that part, like the typical lying euronut you are. Then as rebutal, you come with your wikiwacky sources again. SMH

Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | Report this post to a Moderator
Ish Geber
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quote:
Originally posted by ausar:
Didn't Blummy have an extensive "Afocentric" library?

Prof. Dr. Nell Irvin Painter (Princeton): Five skulls that made human taxonomy

Talk given at the international symposium "Johann Friedrich Blumenbach and the Culture of Science in Europe around 1800" in Göttingen, April 23rd/24th 2015.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WwDwnD1iQGI


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Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | Report this post to a Moderator
Ish Geber
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quote:
Originally posted by lamin:
It would seem, therefore, that terms like "Caucasian" and "Caucasoid" are all racist terms.

Yes, and that is what this eventually is all about. This eventually let to fascicm. They now have this angelical quest of explaining civilization in Africa, based on caucasoid history, a term they replaced by eurasian, to make it sound "less harsh" for this day and age. But it is the same racist approach. It's was bolstered, by eugenics at first, then later progressed. (Eugenics are fascists, but "the lioness", a supposed black woman/ African American woman, in America disagrees on this. lol).


Thus it influenced folks like Coon, who then took it further. All these supposed back migrations read about now, are based on these classical theories.


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http://www.understandingrace.org/images/482x270/science/early_class.jpg

Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | Report this post to a Moderator
   

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