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This literature provides us with a critical examination of the distribution of R1*-M173 . It presents a genetic pattern of this haplogroup from Africa to Eurasia, and the dispersal of a significant African male contribution to Eurasia.
The pristine form of R1*M173 is found only in Africa (Cruciani et al, 2002, 2010) The frequency of Y-chromosome R1*-M173 in Africa range between 7-95% and averages 39.5% (Coia et al,2005). The R*-M173 (haplotype 117) chromosome is found frequently in Africa, but rare to extremely low frequencies in Eurasia. The Eurasian R haplogroup is characterized by R1b3-M269. The M269 derived allele has a M207/M173 background.
The most predominate y-chromosome in North America is R-M173. R-M173 is found only in the Northeastern United States along with mtDNA haplogroup X (25%). Both haplogroups are found in Africa, but is absent in Siberia. There are varying frequencies of y-chromosome M-173 in Africa and Eurasia. Whereas only between 8% and 10% of M-173 is carried by Eurasians, 82% of the carriers of this y-chromosome are found in Africa.
This is very interesting given the presence on R-M173 is found among many American Indian groups. R-M173 among the North American Algonquian group range from Ojibwe (79%), Chipewyan (62%), Seminole (50%), Cherokee (47%), Dogrib (40%) and Papago (38%) (Malhi et al,2008).
The African origin of this haplogroup is evident among the Seminoles who continue to show the African phenotype.
References: CoiaV , G Destro-Bisol, F Verginelli, C Battaggia, I Boschi, F Cruciani, G Spedini, D Comas and F Calafell, 2005. Brief communication: mtDNA variation in North Cameroon: lack of Asian lineages and implications for back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa, Am J Phys Anthropol (http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/110495269/PDFSTART ) (electronically published May 13, 2005; accessed August 5, 2005).
Malhi R S, Gonzalez-Oliver A et al. 2008. Distribution of y-chromosomes among Native North Americans: A study of Athapaskan Population History. Am J Phys Antropl, 137:412-424.
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The major American Indian male lineages include R1, C,D and Q3.There is evidence of African admixture in the American y-chromosome haplogroups. The Q y-haplogroup has the highest frequency among indigenous Mexicans. The frequency hg Q varies from a high of 54% for Q-M243, and a low of 46% for QM (34). African y-chromosome are associated with YAP+ and 9bp. The YAP-ŕ associated with A-ŕG transition at DYS271 is found among Native Americans. The YAP+ individuals include Mixe speakers (32-33). YAP+ is often present in haplogroups (hg) C and D.
The DYS271 transition is of African origin (32).The DSY271 Alu insertion is found only in chromosomes bearing Alu insertion (YAP+) at locus DYS287 (33). The DYS271 transition was found among the Wayuu, Zenu and Inzano. The Mexican Native American y-chromosome bearing the African markers is resident in haplogroups C and D (34).
R-M173 is also found in Mexico. Haplogroups R and Q are part of the CT microgroup which dates back 56kya. Haplogroup R branches from hg Q, with the SNP M242.
The CT haplogroup has SNP mutation M168, along with P and M294. Haplogroup P (M45) has two branches Q (M242) and R-M207 which share the common marker M45.
The M45 chromosome is subdivided by the biallelic variant M173 (35). In Africa we find P (M173), R1b (M343) and V88; and R1b1a2 (M269).
Native Americans carry a high frequency of R-M173 (48). The predominate y-chromosome in North America is R-M173. R-M173 is found only in the Northeastern United States along with mtDNA haplogroup X (25%). Both haplogroups are found in Africa, but is absent in Siberia.
The R haplogroup is carried by Mexicans. The frequency of hg R varies from Tarahumara (5.6%), Otomi (14.3%), Yucateca Maya (10.5%). There is also a high frequency of haplogroup R among the Ch'ol and Chontal which stood around 15% (38). .
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The phylogeography of haplogroup C suggest that this American founder haplogroup differentiated in Siberia-Asia. The situation is not so clear for haplogrop B2, but A2 and D1 probably differentiated after the mongoloid Native American lineages diverged after crossing the Beringa Straits.
Haplogroup A2 has the motif 16111T,16223c, 16290T, 16319A and 16223C. Haplogroup A is rare in Siberia. Interestingly, haplogroup A absent in western North America is common in parts of Central America and Northern America where the Spanish reported the existence of Black Native American communities.
In a recent study of post-Classic Mexicans at Tlatilco , dating between 10-13 centuries the subjects carried the founder haplogroups A (36%), B (13%), C (4.3%) and D (17.4%) (27). We should note, that in Yucatec, the Mayans were predominately haplogroup A, the Maya in Hondurus, a stronghold of the Black Native Americans belonged to haplogroup C. The mtDNA haplogroup A common to Mexicans is also found among the Mande speaking people and some East Africans.
Haplogroup A found among Mixe and Mixtecs. The Mande speakers carry mtDNA haplogroup A, which is common among Mexicans. In addition to the Mande speaking people of West Africa, Southeast Africa Africans also carry mtDNA haplogroup A.
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There were Black/African and Mongoloid Mayan Indians. The Black Mayans lived mainly in Belize, Hondurus and Guatemala.The Ch'ol and Chontal Mayan tribes carried E1b1b .
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The Anzick boy skeleton was found in Montana. This Paleoamerican belonged to the Clovis Culture, the same as Kennewick Man (Chatters, 1999; Chatters et al., 2014). The Anzick boy belonged to mtDNA M or D1, and y-chromosome R1.
Scientist have also recovered the DNA fromNaia (Chatters et al., 2014; Kumar, 2014). Naia belonged to haplogroup D1, which is a descendant of the M haplogroup (Chatters et al., 2014).
Controversy surrounds the identification of Naia’s aDNA. Prufer and Mayer (2015) believe that due to post mortem damage Naia’s DNA was contaminated and does not represent ancient DNA. Given the fact that the other ancient Eurasians and Paleoamericans carried haplogroup M, e.g., the 5000 year old skeletons carrying haplogroup M from China Lake, British Columbia (Malhi et al., 2007), more than likely Naia was D1.
The Khoisan carries the most ancient mtDNA and y-chromosome haplogroups in addition to haplogroups M and R1. This suggests that the paleoamericans were probably Khoisan as suggested by Coon (1962), Howells (1993, 1989, 1995) and Dixon (2001). These Paleoamericans introduced haplogroups M and R into the America.
The first Europeans like the paleoamericans were dark skinned (Winters, 2014). The aDNA of the first Europeans comes from the Ust’Ishim skeleton from Siberia (Blater, 2015). Ust’Ishim man carried the male lineage R1 (Balter, 2015; Immanuel, 2014a, 2014b). The mtDNA of Ust’Ishim belonged to haplogroup U (Balter, 2015).
The R1 haplogroup was also carried by the Mal’ta boy in Western Eurasia (Blater, 2015; Immanuel, 2014a, 2014b). The Mal’ta boy also belonged to mtDNA haplogroup U (Balter, 2015; Immanuel, 2014a,2014b) .
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HLA data was used in this study. HLA data bases and literature for Meso-Amerindians (MA) and SubSaharan Africans (SSA) was analyzed to determine the frequency of HLA B*35 among these populations.
The HLA literature review focused on West African SSA and Mexican Native Americans HLA alleles.
In Figure 1, we see the distribution of HLA B*35 among SSA and MA populations. HLA B*35 locus alleles have been detected among many Amerindian populations in Meso-America.
The HLA B*35 alleles are frequently found among Guatemalan Maya (45.9%), Huastec (38.9%) and Nahuas (36.8%) (Arnaiz-Villena et al., 2000). In relation to Mexican Native Americans frequent HLA B*35 extended haplotypes complexes. These complexes include A*02-B*35 among Mayans (10.6%), Mixtecan (3%), Mazatecans (2.5%); A*24 B*35 DRBI*0407-DQB1*0302 Mayans (5%); A*24 B*35 DRBI*0802nDQBT*0402 Mixteca (5%),and Mayan (4.2%) (Arnaiz-Villena, 2006, 2014).
HLA B*35 is very common among SSA populations (Allsopp et al., 1992). HLA B*35 among SSA populations is identical to HLA-B*53, except for a short sequence specifying the Bw4 motif. This has led researchers to conclude that HLA B*53 results from gene conversion.
HLA B*35 alleles are common in the Gambia (16%) region of Africa and Mali (18%) (Allsopp et al., 1992). An examination of HLA B*35 among specific SSA populations indicate that the highest frequency among West Africans is found among the Mandinka (31.4). Other SSA populations that carry HLA B*35 include the Jola (22.8%), Wolof (27.55) and the Fula (27.8%) (Wailoo, 2002).
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The most predominate y-chromosome of Native Americans in North America is R-M173. R-M173 is found in the Northeastern and Southwestern parts of the United States along with mtDNA haplogroup X (25%). Both haplogroups are found in Africa, but are absent in Siberia. There are varying frequencies of y-chromosome M-173 in Africa and Eurasia. Whereas only between 8% and 10% of M-173 is carried by Eurasians, 82% of the carriers of this y-chromosome are found in Africa (Winters, 2010, 2011b).
R1 clades among NA populations vary. The NA populations that possess the RM173 haplotypes are predominately found in the Northeastern and South eastern parts of the USA . It is important to remember that many Southwest NA population groupings originally lived in the Northeast.
This is very interesting given the presence of R-M173 is found among many American Indian groups. RM173 among the North American Algonquian group range from Ojibwe (79%), Chipewyan (62%), Seminole (50%), Cherokee (47%), Dogrib (40%) and Papago (38%) (Malhi et al., 2008).
Amerindians carry the X haplogroup (hg). Amerindians and Europeans hg X are different (Person, 2004). Haplogroup X has also been found throughout Africa (Shimada et al., 2006). Shimada et al., (2006) believes that X(hX) is of African origin. Amerindian X is different from European hg X, skeletons from Brazil dating between 400-7000 BP have the transition np 16223 (Martinez-Cruzado, 2001; Ribeiro-DosSantos et al., 1996). Transition np 16223 is characteristic of African haplogroups. This suggest that Africans may have taken the X hg to the Americas in ancient times.
The African origin of this haplogroup is evident among the Seminoles who continue to show the African phenotype.
The pristine form of R1*M173 is found only in Africa (Cruciani et al., 2002, 2010). The frequency of Y chromosome R1*-M173 in Africa range between 7-95% and averages 39.5% (Coia et al., 2005). The R*-M173 (haplotype 117) chromosome is found frequently in Africa, but rare to extremely low frequencies in Eurasia. The Eurasian R haplogroup is characterized by R1b3-M269. The M269 derived allele has a M207 /M173 background.
This literature provides us with the data to critically examine the distribution of R1*-M173 in North America. It presents a genetic pattern of this haplogroup from Africa to Eurasia, and the dispersal of a significant African male contribution to Eurasia.
Y-chromosome V88 (R1b1a) has its highest frequency among Chadic speakers, while the carriers of V88 among Niger-Congo speakers (predominately Bantu people) range between 2-66% (Cruciani et al., 2010; Bernielle-Lee et al., 2009). Haplogroup V88 includes the mutations M18, V35 and V7. Cruciani et al.(2010) revealed that R-V88 is also carried by Eurasians including the distinctive mutations M18, V35 and V7.
R1b1-P25 is found in Western Eurasia. Haplogroup R1b1* is found in Africa at various frequencies. The frequencies of R-M269 in Sub-Saharan Africa. Berniell-Lee et al., (2009) found in their study that 5.2% of SSA carried Rb1*. The frequency of R1b1* among the Bantu ranged from 2-20. The bearers of R1b1* among the Pygmy populations ranged from (Berniell-Lee et al., 2009). The frequency of R1b1 among Guinea-Bissau populations was 12% (Carvalho et al., 2010). Y-Chromosome R1-M173 was probably spread in Western Europe first by African Roman soldiers, and later by African Muslims when they conquered Western Europe as Moors. This would explain why 60-70% French and Spanish males carry this y-haplogroup. Around 0.1 of Sub-Saharan Africans carry R1b1b2. Wood et al., (2005) found that Khoisan (2.2%) and Niger-Congo (0.4%) speakers carried the R-M269 y-chromosome. The Niger-Congo speakers formed a significant population in the nomes of Upper Egypt, where the founders of the 18th dynasty originated. Henn et al., (2011) presents conclusive evidence that African hunter-gatherer (HG) populations share a number of ancestral lineages including B264*; although they are geographically distinct populations situated among agropastoral groups (Henn et al., 2011)). An interesting finding of Henn et al., (2011) was the discovery of the Eurasian clade R1b1b1a1a among the Khomani San of South Africa (Henn et al., 2011).
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Toomas Kivisild1 (2017).The study of human Y chromosome variation through ancient DNA. web page
The article is interesting. It is most interesting because it places V88 in ancient Europe. It is sad that researchers fail to publish this reality.
Kivisild (2017) also made it clear that V88 is the earliest offshoot of R-M343 .
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Late Neolithic, Early Bronze Age and Iron Age samples from Central and Western Europe have typically the R1b-L11, R1a1-Z283 and R1a-M417 (xZ645) affiliation while the samples from the Yamnaya and Samara neighbourhood are different and belong to sub-clades R1b11-Z2105 and R1a2-Z93 (Allentoft et al. 2015; Cassidy et al. 2016; Haak et al. 2015; Mathieson et al. 2015; Schiffels et al. 2016).
The R1b11-Z2015 lineage is today common in the Caucasus and Volga-Uralic region while being virtually absent in Central and Western Europe (Broushaki et al.2016). Interestingly, the earliest offshoot of extant haplogroup R1b-M343 variation, the V88 subclade, which is currently most common in Fulani speaking populations in Africa (Cruciani et al. 2010) has distant relatives in Early Neolithic samples from across wide geographic area from Iberia, Germany to Samara (Fig. 7).
The presence of the carriers of V88 in Europe makes it clear that Sub-Saharan Africans had been in Europe for an extended period of time. Moreover it is clear that 25kya SSAs carrying haplogroup R1 were in Eurasia, Africa and the Americas. .
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The presence of V88 in Europe indicates that the Yamnaya and Bell Beaker people who carried R1 were mainly SSA. It indicates that the Bell Beaker people who entered Europe from Morocco via Iberia were carriers of V88.
quote:The most predominate y-chromosome of Native Americans in North America is R-M173. R-M173 is found in the Northeastern and Southwestern parts of the United States along with mtDNA haplogroup X (25%). Both haplogroups are found in Africa, but are absent in Siberia. There are varying frequencies of y-chromosome M-173 in Africa and Eurasia. Whereas only between 8% and 10% of M-173 is carried by Eurasians, 82% of the carriers of this y-chromosome are found in Africa (Winters, 2010, 2011b).
The presence of haplogroup R among North American NAs derives from EUROPEAN male sources. The official blood quantum for NAs to be members of a traditional NA ethnic/nation group is 1/16. in other words, if one is at most 15/16 European genome then one can sign up to be a member of any particular NA nation/ethnic group. All this ties in with the derogatory word "squaw"[check its unvarnished meaning] that European settler males used to describe NA females. This would mean also that visitors to NA Reservations often encounter persons with European phenotype--blond hair/blue eyes not uncommon.
Proof of this claim is that NA Mt-DNA haplogroups are almost exclusively of NA origin.
quote:The most predominate y-chromosome of Native Americans in North America is R-M173. R-M173 is found in the Northeastern and Southwestern parts of the United States along with mtDNA haplogroup X (25%). Both haplogroups are found in Africa, but are absent in Siberia. There are varying frequencies of y-chromosome M-173 in Africa and Eurasia. Whereas only between 8% and 10% of M-173 is carried by Eurasians, 82% of the carriers of this y-chromosome are found in Africa (Winters, 2010, 2011b).
The presence of haplogroup R among North American NAs derives from EUROPEAN male sources. The official blood quantum for NAs to be members of a traditional NA ethnic/nation group is 1/16. in other words, if one is at most 15/16 European genome then one can sign up to be a member of any particular NA nation/ethnic group. All this ties in with the derogatory word "squaw"[check its unvarnished meaning] that European settler males used to describe NA females. This would mean also that visitors to NA Reservations often encounter persons with European phenotype--blond hair/blue eyes not uncommon.
Proof of this claim is that NA Mt-DNA haplogroups are almost exclusively of NA origin.
Haplogroup R was not spread among Native Americans through European contact. That is why, outside of the United States: Northeast and Southeast, most mongoloid Native Americans carry y-chromosome Q. The characteristic mongoloid y-chromosome is haplogroup Q. This is why the Apacheans and Subarctic Athapaskans share recent common ancestry.
The Apacheans belonged to the Athapaskan culture in the Southwest. This is why the Navajo and Apache among the largest tribes in Native North America. The archeological evidence makes it clear that mongoloid Native Americans appear in an archaeological context only 6kya BP (6000 years ago before the present). It appears that Black Native Americans dominated the states of Washington, Oregon and California. There were Black Native American tribes in Wyoming and the Dakotas. As a result, the mongoloid Native Americans mainly migrated into the United States: Southwest, and through Mexico infiltrated Meso and South America.
Father Louis Hennepin wrote about the Black Native Americans in Dakotas. As usual we see villages where the Native American tribes were either Mongoloid or Black. The Naudowessies were Dakota Black Native Americans or Indians . They are part of the Siouan family, known as Sioux. Hewitt says the name was Chippewa, namely Nadowe-is-iw, a diminutive of nadowe, ‘an adder, or ‘enemy’, to the mongoloid Indians. Some of the Chippewa were Black tribes. There were over 100 tribes in California when the Spanish arrived. Above is a painting by Jean Franquelin of San Francisco BNA. The California Black Native Americans practice many life styles. Some were hunter gatherers, while others fished and farmed. The majority of California Black Native Americans belonged to the Ohlone tribes. These people were also called Costanoan.
Much of what is now Georgia was a stronghold of the Black Native Americans. These Blacks lived predominately from the Smoky Mountains in North Carolina southward as far as St. Augustine, Florida.
The vast majority of Native Black Americans lived in California, or along the Eastern seaboard in North America. They belonged to many Confederations including the Muskhoean and Algonquin. Some of their tribal names include Choctaw, Tuscarora, Secolan, Tamacraw, Nanticoke, Kashita (Kauche-te), and Yamasee to name a few. The BNA tribes mainly belonged to the Muskhogean and Algonquin Confederacies. Due to the intimate relationship between the BNA tribes and mongoloid tribes, the BNA, given the high frequency of haplogroup R1 in Africa, probably introduced this haplogroup to Native Americans—not Europeans. This view is supported by the high frequency of R-M173 among Africans and Native Americans in North America. Because of the predominate habitation of Black or African Native American tribes in the Midwest, Northeast, and Southeast we find mongoloid Native Americans carrying haplogroup R1, due to their admixture with the Black Americans.
The second major y-chromosome among Native Americans is R-M173. Mongoloid Native Americans with Sub-Saharan African slaves.
Even though R-M173 is widespread in Europe, the pattern of European American (EA) and mongoloid Native Americans (NA) interactions, mainly violent confrontations, as Europeans expanded westward fails to support the hypothesis that EA spread haplogroup R to NA (O’Brien, 2011).
The Black Native Americans (BNA) lived on valuable farmlands during the Colonial period. The English and Americans wanted this land. This led to violent conflicts between BNAs and white Americans. In New England, the BNAs were eliminated by slaving, warfare and forced removal. The French enslaved Native Americans around the Great Lakes, Minnesota, Missouri Country and Lousiana (Gallay, 2002). The Europeans also needed labor to work the fields. The Americans provided the Native Americans with guns and cheap goods to purchase Native American/Indian slaves. Between 1670 and 1720 many BNAs were enslaved (Bassey and Galley, 2009; Ekberg, 2007; Galley, 2002; Lauber, 1970; Newell, 2009). The BNAs were sold into slavery throughout the Thirteen Colonies, Canada and the Bristish West Indies (Gallay, 2002). The majority of BNAs sold into slavery, by white and Indian slave traders were the Choctaw (Gallay, 2002), and Yamasee and other Carolina tribes (Lauber, 1970; Newell, 2009).
A good example of the enslavement and forced removal of BNAs is the case of the Yamasee. The Yamasee,was a tribe of Black Native Americans who originally lived in Florida and southern Georgia until they forced to migrate North into South Carolina by the Spanish in the 16th Century. The Yamasee were part of the Muskhogean Confederacy. This was a Confederacy of mongoloid and Black Native Americans.
The whites began to steal the Yamasee lands. By 1715, the Yamasee leading a Confederation of other tribes attacked the whites to drive them off their lands.The Cherokee who were part of the Muskogean Confederation broke away and formed an alliance with the British in 1718 and helped defeat the Yamasee.
The Yamasee who were not killed off were sold into slavery.Most of the Yamasee fled back into their ancestral homeland in Florida, which by this time was settled by the Creek.
Yamasee were virtually wiped out due to protracted combat with the Creeks, who felt they were trying to take back the land they formerly owned in Florida. Some Yamasee joined the Seminole tribe. In return, the Cherokee took control of Yamasee land. If not for the break-away of the Cherokee the whites would have been defeated.
By the 18th Century Black Native Americans were divided into slave Native Americans and Free Indians. BNAs like the Choctaw had their own towns or lived on reservations. Other BNAs joined the ranks of the mongoloid Indian tribes (Winters, 2011a).
Due to Indian slavery in North America, the Black Native American population was absorbed by the larger SSA slave population. Over time, people forgot there had been Black Native Americans and Mongoloid Native Americans. In fact, the BNA heritage and land rights were stolen by the government, as all Blacks in America, no matter their ancestry were assigned the status of former African slave. Gilio Whitaker (2015) wrote that : “As the Indian slave trade gave way to the African slave trade by the late 1700’s (by then over 300 years old) Native American women began to intermarry with imported Africans, producing mixed-race offspring whose native identities became obscured through time. In the colonial project to eliminate the landscape of Indians, these mixed-race people simply became known as "colored" people through bureaucratic erasure in public records.
In some cases such as in Virginia, even when people were designated as Indians on birth or death certificates or other public records, their records were changed to reflect “colored.” Census takers, determining a person’s race by their looks, often recorded mixed-race people as simply black, not Indian. The result is that today there is a population of people of Native American heritage and identity (particularly in the Northeast) who are not recognized by society at large, sharing similar circumstances with the Freedmen of the Cherokee and other Five Civilized Tribes.
Whereas EA and NA relations were antagonistic, African slaves had a very intimate relationship with NA (Katz, 2011). An undetermined number of African slaves fled into Indian territory during slavery (Katz, 1997). Among NA populations SSA slaves began new lives and married NA females , among many NA groups especially the Seminoles. As a result, ex-slave SSA males played an important role in the Creek and Seminole nations-often serving as interpreters, chiefs and counselors (Katz, 2011) .
Sub-Saharan African and Native Americans came in contact during the European conquest of the Americas. When Europeans came to Ametrica they often found Native American and mongoloid Indians living in different communities or side by side. As Black Native American tribes were conquered by Europeans and sold into slavery, many Black Native American tribes merged with the mongoloid Native Americans. Due to the demand for more slave labor, the Americans began to import Sub-Saharan African (SSA) slaves from Africa into the United States. Thousands of SSA males ran away from the plantations to Indian Territory where they founded many maroon societies or lived on tribal lands (Katz, 2011) .
There were Black Native American tribes in Canada. During the Atlantic Slave trade many SSA slaves were deposited in Canada.These runaway slaves held extensive land holdings in Florida and in Nova Scotia, near Halifax during the American slave period (Chambers, 1891).
In North America, there were so many SSAs among the Iroquois and other Northeastern American tribes that in 1726, 1764 and 1765, the governor of Colonial New York exacted a promise from the Delaware, Huron and Iroquois’ Confederation, to return runaway slaves (Katz, 2011). This should not be a surprise because many of the members of the Iroquois’ Confederation were Black Native Americans.
Although NA nations gave this promise to the governor no slaves were ever returned. There are reports of numerous marriages between NA females and SSA males. Intermarriage between NA and SSA populations between British Columbia and New England was especially high. Massachusetts was a major center of NA and SSA intermixture. Many SSA slave males married NA females because the offspring became free (Chambers, 1891). As early as 1763, in places like Martha’s Vineyard, Tilburg, Chilmack and Chappaquiddick, Massachusetts almost one-fourth of the NA were married to SSA males (Chambers, 1891). For example, in the 1790 U.S. Census it was reported that 6001 “persons other than white” 400 were SSA, and 2000 were mixed NA and SSA (Chambers,1891).
There were also intermarriage between NA and SSA populations in the southern United States (Katz, 2011). In 1526, African slaves fled their Spanish masters and settled in South Carolina Black Indian Territory.
The first SSA slaves were sold to the English colonist in 1620 (Chambers, 1891). In 1622, NA overran the Jamestown Virginia colony killing all the whites, and integrating the African slaves into NA communities (Katz, 2011). As a result, it was recognized that many free born Blacks on the Chesapeake Peninsula were of Black Native American (BNA), mongoloid NA and SSA origin in 1700 (Chambers, 1891; Katz, 2011).
The largest settlement of SSA in the South was in Florida. Here there was 50 miles of farmland , cattle and etc., owned by Maroons. The SSA in Florida freely mixed with the Creek and Seminoles. It was estimated by a certain Mr. Munroe in 1887 that more than half of the NA and SSA populations in Florida was mixed (Chambers, 1891). Other SSA were married to NA females belonging to the Cherokee, Choctaw, and Creek nations.
In addition to intermarriage among NA and SSA populations in the Northeastern and Southern USA, there was considerable intermarriage among NA and SSA in the Midwest. In Minnesota, for example, in 1819 at the mouth of the St. Louis River, there were SSA living in Ojibwa villages (Chambers, 1891).
The P clade probably originated in Africa because 1) whites rarely mated with Native Americans before the Great Trek to Oklahoma, 2) R-M173 and the subclades V88 and R-M269 has its highest frequencies across Africa ; and 3) R-V88 is older than R-M269.
Africans had took R1-M173 to Europe between 40,000 BC up the introduction of the Yamnaya culture 4kya.The presence of V88 in Europe indicates that the Yamnaya and Bell Beaker people who carried R1 were mainly SSAs. It indicates that the Bell Beaker people who entered Europe from Morocco via Iberia were carriers of V88.
Other Africans took R1 into Europe during the African Islamic conquests of Iberia, France and Germany. The African Muskims were in Iberia for almost 800 years. They left Iberia in 1492.
Researchers have found that the TMRCA of V88 was 9200-5600 kya (Cruciani et al., 2010). Eurasians carry the M269 (R1b1b2) mutation. The subclades of R1b1b2 include Rh1b1b2g (U106) (TMRCA 8.3kya) and R1b1b2h (U152) (TMRCA 7.4kya). The most recent common ancestor for R1b1b2 in Europe is probably 8kya (Balaresque et al., 2010). Y-Chromosome R1b1b2 has high frequencies in England, France, Italy and Germany (Balaresque et al., 2010). Clearly, R-V88 is older than R-M269. Some of the Malian settlers probably introduced R-M173 into North America.
Ancient Mali was a Confederation it was made up of many different tribes. Settling even half the 25-80,000 Malians who sail to America in 1310 on the mainland would have had a tremendous effect on the genetic and population land scape of the Americas. It appears that Black and mongoloid Native Americans often lived side by side. They also belonged to the same Confederations.
Due to the Native American slave trade many Black Native Americans owners in the West Indies other Native American were forced to work on plantations or sold into slave. Using a system of divide and rule the whites were able to get the Indians capture each other and sale their captives as slave. Since the ancestors of the Black Native Americans had originated in Africa they began to be identified as slave-Indian, freeman and finally “Colored”. And then as a result of bureaucratic erasure in the public records, the former black Native Americans simply became identified as “Colored”, like the former Sub-Saharan slaves, instead of Native Americans.
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Clyde, the cited article was peer-reviewed and was researched by many contributors, so did you reply to it? If you did, it was probably rejected and placed in the crackpot bin.
Obviously R, when found in the NA genome is of European origin. That's practical common sense reasoning--given that R is not the predominant African Y haplogroup.
If the R found among NAs were instead E1b1a and E1b1b--you might have case.
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quote:Originally posted by lamin: Clyde, the cited article was peer-reviewed and was researched by many contributors, so did you reply to it? If you did, it was probably rejected and placed in the crackpot bin.
Obviously R, when found in the NA genome is of European origin. That's practical common sense reasoning--given that R is not the predominant African Y haplogroup.
If the R found among NAs were instead E1b1a and E1b1b--you might have case.
Stupid: E1b1a and E1b1b are not the only y-Chromosome carried by Afro-Americans and Africans, we also carry haplogroups J, Q and R. We should stop pretending that these haplogroups are of white origin and carried only by Europeans.
This article was about Athapaskan history. these people are Apache and other Southwest Indians. I am talking about the Northeastern and South Eastern NAs who were predominately Black Native Americans. I wrote my own peer reviewed articles on this subject:
quote:Originally posted by lamin: Clyde, the cited article was peer-reviewed and was researched by many contributors, so did you reply to it? If you did, it was probably rejected and placed in the crackpot bin.
Obviously R, when found in the NA genome is of European origin. That's practical common sense reasoning--given that R is not the predominant African Y haplogroup.
If the R found among NAs were instead E1b1a and E1b1b--you might have case.
Stupid: E1b1a and E1b1b are not the only y-Chromosome carried by Afro-Americans and Africans, we also carry haplogroups J, Q and R. We should stop pretending that these haplogroups are of white origin and carried only by Europeans.
. R1 originated in Africa and spread into Eurasia. As a result haplogroup R is very diverse in Africa.There is a great diversity of the macrohaplogroup R in Africa (See Figure 1). Ychromosome R is characterized by M207/V45. The V45 mutation is found among African populations ( Cruciani et al ,2010). ISOGG 2010 Y-DNA haplogroup tree makes it clear that V45 is phylogenetically equivalent to M207.The most common R haplogroup in Africa is R1 (M173). The predominant haplogroup is R1b (Berniell-Lee et al,2009; Coia et al, 2005; Winters, 2010b; Wood et al, 2009). Cruciani et al (2010) discovered new R1b mutations including V7, V8, V45, V69, and V88.
I specifically stated the frequency of R1 among African populations throughout my 2011 paper.
quote:
Y-chromosome R1 is found throghout Africa. The pristine form of R1-M173 is only found in Africa (Coia et al, 2005; Cruciani et al, 2002, 2010). The age of y chromosome R is 27ky. Most researchers believe that R(M173) is 18.5 ky.There is a great diversity of the macrohaplogroup R in Africa (See Figure 1). Ychromosome R is characterized by M207/V45. The V45 mutation is found among African populations ( Cruciani et al ,2010). ISOGG 2010 Y-DNA haplogroup tree makes it clear that V45 is phylogenetically equivalent to M207.The most common R haplogroup in Africa is R1 (M173). The predominant haplogroup is R1b (Berniell-Lee et al,2009; Coia et al, 2005; Winters, 2010b; Wood et al, 2009). Cruciani et al (2010) discovered new R1b mutations including V7, V8, V45, V69, and V88. Geography appears to play a significant role in the distribution of haplogroup R in Africa. Cruciani et al (2010) has renamed the R*- M173 (R P-25) in Africa V88. The TMRCA of V88 was 9200-5600 kya (Cruciani et al, 2010). Y-chromosome V88 (R1b1a) has its highest frequency among Chadic speakers, while the carriers of V88 among Niger-Congo speakers (predominately Bantu people) range between 2-66% ( Cruciani et al, 2010; Bernielle-Lee et al, 2009). Haplogroup V88 includes the mutations M18, V35 and V7. Cruciani et al (2010) revealed that R-V88 is also carried by Eurasians including the distinctive mutations M18, V35 and V7. R1b1-P25 is found in Western Eurasia. Haplogroup R1b1* is found in Africa at various frequencies. BerniellLee et al (2009) found in their study that 5.2% carried Rb1*. The frequency of R1b1* among the Bantu ranged from 2-20. The bearers of R1b1* among the Pygmy populations ranged from 1-25% (Berniell-Lee et al, 2009). The frequency of R1b1 among Guinea-Bissau populations was 12% (Carvalho et al,2010).
In relation to R-M269 in Africa I wrote:
quote: Around 0.1 of Sub Saharan Africans carry R1b1b2. Wood et al (2009) found that Khoisan (2.2%) and Niger-Congo (0.4%) speakers carried the R-M269 y-chromosome. The Khoisan also carry RM343 (R1b) and M 198 (R1a1) (Naidoo et al., 2010) the archaeological and linguistic data indicate the successful colonization of Asia by SubSaharan Africans from Nubia 5-4kya (Winters, 2007,2008, 2010c). The archaeological evidence makes it clear that around 4kya intercultural style artifacts connected Africa and Eurasia (Winters, 2007,2010c).
As a result, I did not attempt to decieve anyone about the frequency of R1 in Africa as the author implies.
In fact recent research on y-haplogroups in Africa suggest that R1-M269 is also widespread in Africa.
Above is a figure from Gonzalez et al. The Gonzalez et al article found that 10 out of 19 subjects in the study carried R1b1-P25 or M269. This is highly significant because it indicates that 53% of the R1 carriers in this study were M269, this finding is further proof of the widespread nature of this so-called Eurasian genes in Africa among populations that have not mated with Europeans.
The R1 haplogroup probably originated in Africa.
.
.
. The phylogeography of R1 in Africa makes it clear that this y-chromosome is spread globally across Africa and includes the genetic structure of diverse African populations including Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Khoisan,Pygmy, Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan and Semitic speaking African populations (Berniell-Lee et al, 2009; Cruciani et al, 2010; Wood et al, 2009). The fact that Dravidians carry the R haplogroup illustrate the recent introduction of R y-chromosome to Eurasia.
Abu-Amero et al (20009) reveal the fact that Dravidians carry the R haplogroups illustrate the recent introduction of Ry-chromosomes to Eurasia. The frequency of haplotype M173 in Eurasia is as follows: Anatolia 0.19%, Iran 2.67%, Iraq 0.49% Oman 1.0%, Pakistan 0.57% and Oman 1.0% . This contrast sharply with the widespread distribution of R1 in Africa that ranges between 7- 95% in various parts of Africa, especially Cameroon (Coia et al, 2005). Coia et al (2005) has revealed that no maternal Eurasian lineages have been found among Sub-Saharan Africans with a R1- M173 profile. Haplogroup V88 has the greatest frequency in Africa. It is predominately carried by Chadic speakers, ranges between 2-60% among Central African Niger-Congo speakers (Cruciani et al, 2010). Researchers have found that the TMRCA of V88 was 9200-5600 kya (Cruciani et al, 2010).
The vast majority of Africans belong to the y-chromosome E macrohaplogroup. Phylogenetically haplogroup R1b is mainly found in West Africa and the Sahel.
In this region the frequency of R-M173 can range between 85-100% among some Niger Congo speakers in Cameroon (Cruciani et al, 2010). The paternal record of M173 on the African continent illustrates a greater distribution of this y-chromosome among varied African populations than, in Asia.
The greatest diversity of R1b in Africa is highly suggestive of an Africa origin for this male lineage because it is not isolated to just one part of Africa.
Archaeological (Lal, 1963), genetic (Winters, 2008;2010a), placenames (Balakrishnan, 2005) and linguistic data group (Aravanan,1979,1980; Upadhyaya, 1976,1979; Winters 1985a,1985b, 1989) linking Africans and Dravidian support the recent demic diffusion of SubSaharan Africans and gene flow from Africa to Eurasia. An early colonization of Eurasia 4kya by Sub-Saharan Africans and Dravidian carriers of R1-M173 is the best scenario to explain the high frequency and widespread geographical distribution of this y-chromosome on the African continent (Winters, 2010c). Given the greatest diversity of R1- M173, this is the most parsimonious model explaining the frequency of R-M173 in Africa.
Africans carry haplogroup R1a.
In India the Dravidian people carry the R1a haplogroup The Dravidian people of India originally lived in Middle Africa and belonged to the Proto-Saharan Civilization. The Proto-Saharan civilization was situated in the Proto-Sahara, which includes Cameroon. . . In Cameroon we find carriers of R1a. In addition to carriers of R1a in Cameroon; the Dravidian languages are still spoken today in Cameroon see:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWyAYGlFZjkhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWyAYGlFZjk
Toomas Kivisild1 (2017).The study of human Y chromosome variation through ancient DNA. web page
The article is interesting. It is most interesting because it places V88 in ancient Europe. In conclusion, the R macrohaplogroup probably originated in Africa. In my paper POSSIBLE AFRICAN ORIGIN OF Y-CHROMOSOME R1-M173 , I argue that the P clade originated in Africa because 1) the age of R-V88; 2) the presence of V88 in Neolithic Europe and 3) the widespread nature of R1 in Africa.
Researchers have found that the TMRCA of V88 was 9200-5600 kya (Cruciani et al, 2010). Eurasians carry the M269 (R1b1b2) mutation. The subclades of R1b1b2 include Rh1b1b2g (U106) (TMRCA 8.3kya) and R1b1b2h (U152) (TMRCA 7.4kya). The most recent common ancestor for R1b1b2 is probably 8kya (Balaresque et al, 2010). In Africa we find R-M269 and V88. Clearly, R-V88 is older than R-M269 there is no evidence of archaeological evidence of a back migration or haplogroup R into Africa, but there is evidence of the migration of the Kushites and Proto-Saharans into Eurasia from Middle Africa.This is supported by the presence of V88 and M269 among the Yamnaya and Bell Beaker folk.
This supports the proposition the R haplogroups originated in Africa, not Eurasia.Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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In Africa we find R-M269 and V88. Clearly, R-V88 is older than R-M269 there is no evidence of archaeological evidence of a back migration or haplogroup R into Africa, but there is evidence of the migration of the Kushites and Proto-Saharans into Eurasia from Middle Africa.This is supported by the presence of V88 and M269 among the Yamnaya and Bell Beaker folk.
This supports the proposition the R haplogroups originated in Africa, not Eurasia.[/b] [/QB]
Lamin this is interesting, the English who are 67% R1b are largely an African people. Undoubtedly England is part of the African diaspora
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In Africa we find R-M269 and V88. Clearly, R-V88 is older than R-M269 there is no evidence of archaeological evidence of a back migration or haplogroup R into Africa, but there is evidence of the migration of the Kushites and Proto-Saharans into Eurasia from Middle Africa.This is supported by the presence of V88 and M269 among the Yamnaya and Bell Beaker folk.
This supports the proposition the R haplogroups originated in Africa, not Eurasia.[/b]
Lamin this is interesting, the English who are 67% R1b are largely an African people. Undoubtedly England is part of the African diaspora [/QB]
The English are white people carrying an African haplogroup, just like Asians who carry haplogroup M1, but call it D4.
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In Africa we find R-M269 and V88. Clearly, R-V88 is older than R-M269 there is no evidence of archaeological evidence of a back migration or haplogroup R into Africa, but there is evidence of the migration of the Kushites and Proto-Saharans into Eurasia from Middle Africa.This is supported by the presence of V88 and M269 among the Yamnaya and Bell Beaker folk.
This supports the proposition the R haplogroups originated in Africa, not Eurasia.[/b]
Lamin this is interesting, the English who are 67% R1b are largely an African people. Undoubtedly England is part of the African diaspora
The English are white people carrying an African haplogroup, just like Asians who carry haplogroup M1, but call it D4. [/QB]
The English are light skinned African blacks. The DNA proves it
Posts: 42921 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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In Africa we find R-M269 and V88. Clearly, R-V88 is older than R-M269 there is no evidence of archaeological evidence of a back migration or haplogroup R into Africa, but there is evidence of the migration of the Kushites and Proto-Saharans into Eurasia from Middle Africa.This is supported by the presence of V88 and M269 among the Yamnaya and Bell Beaker folk.
This supports the proposition the R haplogroups originated in Africa, not Eurasia.[/b]
Lamin this is interesting, the English who are 67% R1b are largely an African people. Undoubtedly England is part of the African diaspora
The English are white people carrying an African haplogroup, just like Asians who carry haplogroup M1, but call it D4.
The English are light skinned African blacks. The DNA proves it [/QB]
LOL. Stop making stuff up!
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Come on Clyde take responsibility for your own your theory, white English people are 67% African
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: Come on Clyde take responsibility for your own your theory, white English people are 67% African
Kivild et al (2017) noted:
quote:
Interestingly, the earliest offshoot of extant haplogroup R1b-M343 variation, the V88 sub-clade, which is currently most common in Fulani speaking populations in Africa (Cruciani et al. 2010) has distant relatives in Early Neolithic samples from across wide geographic area from Iberia, Germany to Samara (Fig. 7).[/b]
This quote makes it clear the V88 sub-clade, had relatives in Early Neolithic samples from across wide geographic area from Iberia, Germany to Samara. This would place carriers of V88 among the Yamnaya and Bell Beaker people. Given the wide distribution of M269 in Africa, the carriers of this haplogroup were probably also Africans since the Bell Beaker people/culture originated in Morocco as noted by Turek (2012).
Neolithic migrants into Europe from the Levant were also SSA. Trenton W. Holliday, tested the hypothesis that if modern Africans had dispersed into the Levant from Africa, "tropically adapted hominids" would be represented in the archaeological history of the Levant, especially in relation to the Qafzeh-Skhul hominids. This researcher found that the Qafzeh-Skhul hominids (20,000-10,000),were assigned to the Sub-Saharan population, along with the Natufians samples (4000 BP). Holliday also found African fauna in the area. If they were Sub-Saharan Africans in the Levant the Neolithic Europeans were also SSA.
Reference:
Holiday, T. (2000). Evolution at the Crossroads: Modern Human Emergence in Western Asia, American Anthropologist,102(1) .
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: [qb] Come on Clyde take responsibility for your own your theory, white English people are 67% African
Kivild et al (2017) noted:
quote:
Interestingly, the earliest offshoot of extant haplogroup R1b-M343 variation, the V88 sub-clade, which is currently most common in Fulani speaking populations in Africa (Cruciani et al. 2010) has distant relatives in Early Neolithic samples from across wide geographic area from Iberia, Germany to Samara (Fig. 7).[/b]
This quote makes it clear the V88 sub-clade, had relatives in Early Neolithic samples from across wide geographic area from Iberia, Germany to Samara. This would place carriers of V88 among the Yamnaya and Bell Beaker people.
No it doesn't, you get it wrong over and over again "had relatives" does not mean these relatives were of their V88 clade, stop the nonsense vol. 86
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: [qb] Come on Clyde take responsibility for your own your theory, white English people are 67% African
Kivild et al (2017) noted:
quote:
Interestingly, the earliest offshoot of extant haplogroup R1b-M343 variation, the V88 sub-clade, which is currently most common in Fulani speaking populations in Africa (Cruciani et al. 2010) has distant relatives in Early Neolithic samples from across wide geographic area from Iberia, Germany to Samara (Fig. 7).[/b]
This quote makes it clear the V88 sub-clade, had relatives in Early Neolithic samples from across wide geographic area from Iberia, Germany to Samara. This would place carriers of V88 among the Yamnaya and Bell Beaker people.
No it doesn't, you get it wrong over and over again "had relatives" does not mean these relatives were of their V88 clade, stop the nonsense vol. 86
Euronut Liar. A relative is a person or thing connected by blood or marriage.
Stop making stuff up and lying.
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: [qb] Come on Clyde take responsibility for your own your theory, white English people are 67% African
Kivild et al (2017) noted:
quote:
Interestingly, the earliest offshoot of extant haplogroup R1b-M343 variation, the V88 sub-clade, which is currently most common in Fulani speaking populations in Africa (Cruciani et al. 2010) has distant relatives in Early Neolithic samples from across wide geographic area from Iberia, Germany to Samara (Fig. 7).[/b]
This quote makes it clear the V88 sub-clade, had relatives in Early Neolithic samples from across wide geographic area from Iberia, Germany to Samara. This would place carriers of V88 among the Yamnaya and Bell Beaker people.
No it doesn't, you get it wrong over and over again "had relatives" does not mean these relatives were of their V88 clade, stop the nonsense vol. 86
Euronut Liar. A relative is a person or thing connected by blood or marriage.
Stop making stuff up and lying.
If you take the marriage component and add thousands of years ("distant relative") DIFFERENT haplogroups form
This is what you need to learn, M269 does not come from V88
M269 and V88 are separate mutations that come M343
M343 is the distant relative that they are talking about.
Clyde it's very simple. Look at any article discussing the Yamnaya or Bell Beaker DNA. Do they say they carried V88? No, end of story
YOU HAVE BEEN FALSIFIED
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: [qb] Come on Clyde take responsibility for your own your theory, white English people are 67% African
Kivild et al (2017) noted:
quote:
Interestingly, the earliest offshoot of extant haplogroup R1b-M343 variation, the V88 sub-clade, which is currently most common in Fulani speaking populations in Africa (Cruciani et al. 2010) has distant relatives in Early Neolithic samples from across wide geographic area from Iberia, Germany to Samara (Fig. 7).[/b]
This quote makes it clear the V88 sub-clade, had relatives in Early Neolithic samples from across wide geographic area from Iberia, Germany to Samara. This would place carriers of V88 among the Yamnaya and Bell Beaker people.
No it doesn't, you get it wrong over and over again "had relatives" does not mean these relatives were of their V88 clade, stop the nonsense vol. 86
Euronut Liar. A relative is a person or thing connected by blood or marriage.
Stop making stuff up and lying.
If you take the marriage component and add thousands of years ("distant relative") DIFFERENT haplogroups form
This is what you need to learn, M269 does not come from V88
M269 and V88 are separate mutations that come M343
M343 is the distant relative that they are talking about.
Clyde it's very simple. Look at any article discussing the Yamnaya or Bell Beaker DNA. Do they say they carried V88? No, end of story
YOU HAVE BEEN FALSIFIED
Euronut liar Kivisikd said:
quote:
Interestingly, the earliest offshoot of extant haplogroup R1b-M343 variation, the V88 sub-clade, which is currently most common in Fulani speaking populations in Africa (Cruciani et al. 2010) has distant relatives in Early Neolithic samples from across wide geographic area from Iberia, Germany to Samara (Fig. 7).[/b]
LIAR. You can;t read. Clearly Kivisild et al says "relatives in Early Neolithic samples [of V88] from across wide geographic area from Iberia, Germany to Samara", means that some of the Bell Beaker and Yamnaya Neolithic people carried V88 sub-clade.
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We may never know the admixture between Native Americans and Africans if we wait to get the information from researchers because they are attempting to maintain the status quo. Discrepancies take place because researchers do not want to tell the truth about the genetic histories of African people and their admixture with Native Americans and Eurasians. As a result, researchers have developed methods to exclude evidence of non-Africans carrying haplogroups mtDNA haplogroups L, and y-Chromosomes E and A.
This is due to the protocols of AdMixture and Structure programs that assume that Native Americans, Europeans and Africans only met after 1492. As a result researchers try to find methods to exclude African presence in European and Native Americans so evidence of this admixture will not be evidenced in the final results. Next researchers claim that if African people carry mtDNA haplogroups: N, R, M and D ; and Y-Chromosomes C, Q, I, J, and R, they are carrying Eurasians haplogroups, eventhough all of these haplogroups are found among African populations that have no history of admixture with Europeans. As a result, these haplogroups are probably of African origin--not a back migration.
Researchers believe this evidence should be excluded because any African admixture among these populations have to be recent. The best example of how African admixture is excluded in research is Reich, D. et al, Reconstructing Native American population history. Nature 488, 370-374 (2012) Paper web page , the method used to exclude African admixture from this study is detailed in Supplementary Material 1.Reich, D. et al (2012) outlines the motivations for the exclusion of Africans from his study:
quote:
(i) Motivation There were a number of populations for which we did not have access to unadmixed samples. To learn about the history of such populations, we needed to adjust for the presence of non-Native ancestry. We used three complementary approaches to do this. The concordance of results from all these approaches increases our confidence in the key findings of this study.
(1) Restricting to unadmixed samples: We restricted some analyses to 163 Native American samples (34 populations) without any evidence of recent European or African admixture (Note S2). A limitation of these studies, however, is that we could not analyze 16 populations in which all individuals were inferred to have some degree of recent admixture.
(2) Local ancestry masking: We identified segments of the genome in each individual that had an appreciable probability of harboring non-Native American or Siberian ancestry. We then created a “masked” dataset that treated genetic data in these sections as missing (Note S4).
(3) Ancestry Subtraction: We explicitly corrected for the effect of the estimated proportion of European and African in each sample by adjusting the value of f4-statistics by the amount that is expected from this admixture. This is discussed in what follows.
(ii) Details of Ancestry Subtraction Assume that we have an accurate estimate of African and European ancestry for each sample (whether it is an individual or a pool of individuals). In practice, we used the ADMIXTURE k=4 estimates, because as described below, they appear to be accurate for Native American populations (with the possible exception of Aleuts as we discuss below). We can then define:
a = % African ancestry in a test sample e = % European ancestry in a test sample 1-a-e = % Native ancestry
For many of our analyses, we are computing f4 statistics, whose values are affected in a known way by European and African admixture. Thus, we can algebraically correct for the effect of recent European or African admixture on the test statistics, obtaining an “Ancestry Subtracted” statistic that is what is expected for the sample if it had no recent European or African ancestry.
The main context in which we compute f4 statistics is in our implementation of the 4 Population Test, to evaluate whether the allele frequency correlation patterns in the data are consistent with the proposed tree ((Unadmixed, Test),(Outgroup1, Outgroup2)), where the Unadmixed population is a set of Native American samples assumed to derive all of their ancestry from the initial population that peopled America, the Test population is another Native American population, and the two outgroups are Asian populations. An f4 statistic consistent with zero suggests that the Unadmixed and Test populations form a clade with no evidence of ancestry from more recent streams of gene flow from Asia. If the Test population harbors recent European or African ancestry, however, a significant deviation of this statistic from zero would be expected, making it difficult to interpret the results. We thus compute a linear combination of f4 statistics that is expected to equal what we would obtain if we had access to the Native American ancestors of the Test population without recent European or African admixture:
Intuitively, this statistic is subtracting the contribution to the f4 statistic that is expected from their proportion a of West African-like ancestry (Yoruba), and their proportion e of West Eurasian-like ancestry (French). We then renormalize by 1/(1-a-e) to obtain the statistic that would be expected if the sample was unadmixed.
A potential concern is that the African and European ancestry in any real Native American test sample is not likely to be from Yoruba and French exactly; instead, it will be from related populations. However, S1 is still expected to have the value we wish to compute if we choose the outgroups to be East Asians or Siberians. The reason is that genetic differences between Yoruba and the true African ancestors, and French and the true European ancestors, are not expected to be correlated to the frequency differences between two East Asian or Siberian outgroups. Specifically, the allele frequency differences are due to history within Africa or Europe, which is not expected to be correlated to allele frequency differences within East Asia and within Siberia.
(iii) Ancestry Subtraction gives results concordant with those on unadmixed samples To compare the performance of our three approaches to address the confounder of recent European and African admixture, we computed 48 = 8×6 statistics of the form f4(Unadmixed, Test; Han, San). We choose “Unadmixed” to be one of 8 Native American groups from Meso-America southward that have sample sizes of at least two and for which all samples are inferred to be unadmixed by ADMIXTURE k=4 (Chane, Embera, Guahibo, Guaymi, Karitiana, Kogi, Surui and Waunana). We choose “Test” to be one of 8 Native American populations from Meso-America southward with at least two samples that are entirely unadmixed, and that also have at least two samples that have >5% non-Native admixture according to the ADMIXTURE k=4 analysis (Aymara, Cabecar, Pima, Tepehuano, Wayuu and Zapotec1). This allows us to compare results on admixed and unadmixed samples from the same population.
If the Test population harbors European or West African admixture that we have not corrected, we expect to see a significant deviation of the statistic from zero. For example, f4(Karitiana, French; Han, San), corresponding to the statistic expected for an entirely European-admixed Native American population, is significant at Z = 45 standard errors from zero, and f4(Karitiana, Yoruba; Han, San), which gives the f4-value we would expect for an entirely West African-admixed Native American population, is significant at Z = 101.
Figure S3.1 shows the scatterplots of Z-scores we obtain without Ancestry Subtraction, with Ancestry Subtraction, and with local ancestry masking (Note S4). The x-axis shows data for the unadmixed samples from each Test population, while the y-axis shows the results for the >5% admixed samples from the same populations. We find that: • Without Ancestry Subtraction there are significant deviations from zero (|Z|>3) (Fig. S3.1A) • With Ancestry Subtraction, there are no residual |Z|-scores >3 (Figure S3.1B) • With local ancestry masking (Note S4), there are again no residual |Z|-scores >3 (Figure S3.1C), showing that this method also appears to be appropriately correcting for the admixture.
Given the exclusion of Africans from studies like Reich, D. et al (2012), means that we are not really knowing the actual admixture among Africans and Native American that carry the accepted African haplogroups: i.e., haploroups E , L and etc.
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Clyde you can argue about where Afro Americans got their R1b from but the fact remains white Americans have much greater frequencies of haplogroup R1 than Afro Americans or continental. Africans. On average European Americans are much more genetically similar to Native Americans than Africans are.
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: Clyde you can argue about where Afro Americans got their R1b from but the fact remains white Americans have much greater frequencies of haplogroup R1 than Afro Americans or continental. Africans. On average European Americans are much more genetically similar to Native Americans than Africans are.
What is the average?
We may never know how many AAs carry R1, because it is excluded from studies on AA phylogeography, because researchers are only looking for so-called common "African" haplogroups i.e., L and E.
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: Clyde you can argue about where Afro Americans got their R1b from but the fact remains white Americans have much greater frequencies of haplogroup R1 than Afro Americans or continental. Africans. On average European Americans are much more genetically similar to Native Americans than Africans are.
What is the average?
We may never know how many AAs carry R1, because it is excluded from studies on AA phylogeography, because researchers are only looking for so-called common "African" haplogroups i.e., L and E.
DNA testing companies report R1b if it is detected. So if an Afro American is R1b that comes back in the test results. So if they say it's due to European admixture they still have those R1 frequencies that they are basing that on. If you say those frequencies are really do to Native American input there is still the R1 detected and recorded. The origin of it is a separate issue.
Clyde you have recently been commenting on Afro American DNA but you haven't posted any data where Afro American DNA has been sampled and compiled.
So how can you say anything about it?
Afro Americans could have a lot of Native American ancestry or they could have very little.
So if you are looking at no data on Afro American DNA you can't put it in perspective at all.
There is no point in discussing Afro American DNA if you only look at studies of Africans. If you are going to make all these arguments about African DNA and use article citations then why don't you do the same with Afro Americans?
there are articles about African American DNA. You discussed and showed charts of percentages of R1 in Africa you should be doing the same with blacks in America.
Otherwise just comment on Africans because you have nothing on the table in regard to Afro Americans. That is the first thing before you even discuss where you think the origin of the haplogroups they carry come from, a separate issue.
As per Africa I have posted the data. Africa, if you look at the whole continent has low frequencies of Haplogroup R. The chart you out up indicates the same thing. Very low frequencies on average over the whole of the African continent and very high only in a few places. On the other hand R1b is in high frequencies all over Europe. So before we even get to the American question Europeans are much more similar to Native Americans genetically than are Africans.
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The TMRCA of V88 was first dated to 9200 (Cruciani et al, 2010). Kivisild et al 2017 appears to date V88 to around 18,000 kya according to Figure 7.Toomas Kivisild (2017).The study of human Y chromosome variation through ancient DNA. web page
The article is interesting. It is most interesting because it places V88 in ancient Europe. Kivisild (2017) also made it clear that V88 is the earliest offshoot of R-M343 .
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-------------------- C. A. Winters Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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I'm going to explain how to properly read this chart because Clyde has a version up to small to read At top is the full chart. Then we have a detail of the left portion of the chart. That potion uses the color red to show branches of R that correspond to locations in Europe.
The next chart is the enlarged left portion of the top chart showing the locations on a map of Europe.
At the bottom is the right portion of the top chart. Where it says R1b there is a split, the branch at left is P297.
The branch at right has four red colored European branches of R1b. These are not R-V88 but instead distant relatives
V88 is the black branch at far right only. It the earliest offshoot of R1b but it is not the ancestor of it's distant relatives indicated by the red lines.
The descendants of V88 would be under the black line extending down from V88 but not shown on this chart the sub clades M18, V35 and V69. As referenced in the article, all of the primary DNA analysis regarding V88 in the above Kivisild 2017 comes from
Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages.
Cruciani 2010
Clyde wants to detach the information from it's source so he can spin and slant the information for use as propaganda
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I'm going to explain how to properly read this chart because Clyde has a version up to small to read At top is the full chart. Then we have a detail of the left portion of the chart. That potion uses the color red to show branches of R that correspond to locations in Europe.
The next chart is the enlarged left portion of the top chart showing the locations on a map of Europe.
At the bottom is the right portion of the top chart. Where it says R1b there is a split, the branch at left is P297.
The branch at right has four red colored European branches of R1b. These are not R-V88 but instead distant relatives
V88 is the black branch at far right only. It the earliest offshoot of R1b but it is not the ancestor of it's distant relatives indicated by the red lines.
The descendants of V88 would be under the black line extending down from V88 but not shown on this chart the sub clades M18, V35 and V69. As referenced in the article, all of the primary DNA analysis regarding V88 in the above Kivisild 2017 comes from
Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages.
Cruciani 2010
Clyde wants to detach the information from it's source so he can spin and slant the information for use as propaganda
Stupid Euronut. Distant just means old.The red lines show the relatives of V88. The Black line is just showing their were no subclades of V88 found in the sample. . .
The fact remains that V88 is around 18ky old and there were carries of V88 in Europe.
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The fact remains that V88 is around 18ky old and there were carries of V88 in Europe.
Haplogroup R did not begin with R1b
and were no carriers of V88 in prehistoric Europe. and If there were they would have been ancestors to Africans with V88 and have brought it there
Native Americans don't carry V88 so even discussing it in a thread called "Haplogroups and Black Native Americans" is a pointless diversion
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The fact remains that V88 is around 18ky old and there were carries of V88 in Europe.
Haplogroup R did not begin with R1b
and were no carriers of V88 in prehistoric Europe. and If there were they would have been ancestors to Africans with V88 and have brought it there
Native Americans don't carry V88 so even discussing it in a thread called "Haplogroups and Black Native Americans" is a pointless diversion
Stupid Euronut Kivisild et al (2017) proves that V88 was in Europe in prehistoric times. Stop making stuff up.
We discuss R haplogroup and Native Americans because they carry R-M173 which is also carried by West Africans.
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We don't know how many mongoloid Native Americans carry V88, because African hapogroups are excluded from research in studies of Native American DNA.
We may never know the admixture between Native Americans and Africans if we wait to get the information from researchers because they are attempting to maintain the status quo. Discrepancies take place because researchers do not want to tell the truth about the genetic histories of African people and their admixture with Native Americans and Eurasians. As a result, researchers have developed methods to exclude evidence of non-Africans carrying haplogroups mtDNA haplogroups L, and y-Chromosomes E and A.
This is due to the protocols of AdMixture and Structure programs that assume that Native Americans, Europeans and Africans only met after 1492. As a result researchers try to find methods to exclude African presence in European and Native Americans so evidence of this admixture will not be evidenced in the final results. Next researchers claim that if African people carry mtDNA haplogroups: N, R, M and D ; and Y-Chromosomes C, Q, I, J, and R, they are carrying Eurasians haplogroups, eventhough all of these haplogroups are found among African populations that have no history of admixture with Europeans. As a result, these haplogroups are probably of African origin--not a back migration.
Researchers believe this evidence should be excluded because any African admixture among these populations have to be recent. The best example of how African admixture is excluded in research is Reich, D. et al, Reconstructing Native American population history. Nature 488, 370-374 (2012) Paper web page , the method used to exclude African admixture from this study is detailed in Supplementary Material 1.Reich, D. et al (2012) outlines the motivations for the exclusion of Africans from his study:
quote:
(i) Motivation There were a number of populations for which we did not have access to unadmixed samples. To learn about the history of such populations, we needed to adjust for the presence of non-Native ancestry. We used three complementary approaches to do this. The concordance of results from all these approaches increases our confidence in the key findings of this study.
(1) Restricting to unadmixed samples: We restricted some analyses to 163 Native American samples (34 populations) without any evidence of recent European or African admixture (Note S2). A limitation of these studies, however, is that we could not analyze 16 populations in which all individuals were inferred to have some degree of recent admixture.
(2) Local ancestry masking: We identified segments of the genome in each individual that had an appreciable probability of harboring non-Native American or Siberian ancestry. We then created a “masked” dataset that treated genetic data in these sections as missing (Note S4).
(3) Ancestry Subtraction: We explicitly corrected for the effect of the estimated proportion of European and African in each sample by adjusting the value of f4-statistics by the amount that is expected from this admixture. This is discussed in what follows.
(ii) Details of Ancestry Subtraction Assume that we have an accurate estimate of African and European ancestry for each sample (whether it is an individual or a pool of individuals). In practice, we used the ADMIXTURE k=4 estimates, because as described below, they appear to be accurate for Native American populations (with the possible exception of Aleuts as we discuss below). We can then define:
a = % African ancestry in a test sample e = % European ancestry in a test sample 1-a-e = % Native ancestry
For many of our analyses, we are computing f4 statistics, whose values are affected in a known way by European and African admixture. Thus, we can algebraically correct for the effect of recent European or African admixture on the test statistics, obtaining an “Ancestry Subtracted” statistic that is what is expected for the sample if it had no recent European or African ancestry.
The main context in which we compute f4 statistics is in our implementation of the 4 Population Test, to evaluate whether the allele frequency correlation patterns in the data are consistent with the proposed tree ((Unadmixed, Test),(Outgroup1, Outgroup2)), where the Unadmixed population is a set of Native American samples assumed to derive all of their ancestry from the initial population that peopled America, the Test population is another Native American population, and the two outgroups are Asian populations. An f4 statistic consistent with zero suggests that the Unadmixed and Test populations form a clade with no evidence of ancestry from more recent streams of gene flow from Asia. If the Test population harbors recent European or African ancestry, however, a significant deviation of this statistic from zero would be expected, making it difficult to interpret the results. We thus compute a linear combination of f4 statistics that is expected to equal what we would obtain if we had access to the Native American ancestors of the Test population without recent European or African admixture:
Intuitively, this statistic is subtracting the contribution to the f4 statistic that is expected from their proportion a of West African-like ancestry (Yoruba), and their proportion e of West Eurasian-like ancestry (French). We then renormalize by 1/(1-a-e) to obtain the statistic that would be expected if the sample was unadmixed.
A potential concern is that the African and European ancestry in any real Native American test sample is not likely to be from Yoruba and French exactly; instead, it will be from related populations. However, S1 is still expected to have the value we wish to compute if we choose the outgroups to be East Asians or Siberians. The reason is that genetic differences between Yoruba and the true African ancestors, and French and the true European ancestors, are not expected to be correlated to the frequency differences between two East Asian or Siberian outgroups. Specifically, the allele frequency differences are due to history within Africa or Europe, which is not expected to be correlated to allele frequency differences within East Asia and within Siberia.
(iii) Ancestry Subtraction gives results concordant with those on unadmixed samples To compare the performance of our three approaches to address the confounder of recent European and African admixture, we computed 48 = 8×6 statistics of the form f4(Unadmixed, Test; Han, San). We choose “Unadmixed” to be one of 8 Native American groups from Meso-America southward that have sample sizes of at least two and for which all samples are inferred to be unadmixed by ADMIXTURE k=4 (Chane, Embera, Guahibo, Guaymi, Karitiana, Kogi, Surui and Waunana). We choose “Test” to be one of 8 Native American populations from Meso-America southward with at least two samples that are entirely unadmixed, and that also have at least two samples that have >5% non-Native admixture according to the ADMIXTURE k=4 analysis (Aymara, Cabecar, Pima, Tepehuano, Wayuu and Zapotec1). This allows us to compare results on admixed and unadmixed samples from the same population.
If the Test population harbors European or West African admixture that we have not corrected, we expect to see a significant deviation of the statistic from zero. For example, f4(Karitiana, French; Han, San), corresponding to the statistic expected for an entirely European-admixed Native American population, is significant at Z = 45 standard errors from zero, and f4(Karitiana, Yoruba; Han, San), which gives the f4-value we would expect for an entirely West African-admixed Native American population, is significant at Z = 101.
Figure S3.1 shows the scatterplots of Z-scores we obtain without Ancestry Subtraction, with Ancestry Subtraction, and with local ancestry masking (Note S4). The x-axis shows data for the unadmixed samples from each Test population, while the y-axis shows the results for the >5% admixed samples from the same populations. We find that: • Without Ancestry Subtraction there are significant deviations from zero (|Z|>3) (Fig. S3.1A) • With Ancestry Subtraction, there are no residual |Z|-scores >3 (Figure S3.1B) • With local ancestry masking (Note S4), there are again no residual |Z|-scores >3 (Figure S3.1C), showing that this method also appears to be appropriately correcting for the admixture.
Given the exclusion of Africans from studies like Reich, D. et al (2012), means that we are not really knowing the actual admixture among Africans and Native American that carry the accepted African haplogroups: i.e., haploroups E , L and etc.
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Native Americans don't carry V88 so even discussing it in a thread called "Haplogroups and Black Native Americans" is a pointless diversion
The most predominant Y group in Native Americans is haplogroup Q That is found in very low frequencies in Europeans and Africans and didn't originate with either of them
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: Native Americans don't carry V88 so even discussing it in a thread called "Haplogroups and Black Native Americans" is a pointless diversion
The most predominant Y group in Native Americans is haplogroup Q That is found in very low frequencies in Europeans and Africans and didn't originate with either of them
Haplogroup Q is mainly found in South America and among the Apache. Indians from the Northeast, Midwest etc., mainly carry R-M173.
posted
There are a number of Y-chromosome Haplogroups shared by mongoloid Native Americas and Afro-Americans.
I can not find any information on V88 among Afro-Americans. But I have found information on the frequency of haplogroup R among Afro-Americans.
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. Haplogroup E-P1 is called E1b1a1 .In the Hammer et al (2006) study while 63% of Afro-Americans carry this haplogroup,1.3% Native Americans carry the same haplogroup. .
. The second most frequent Y-chromosome among Afro-Americans is R1b. In the Vallone and Butler (2004) study AAs carried around 0.3% R-M207, and 23% R1b. . . Miller et al (2006) did a detailed study of Afro-American and Native American Y-Chromosome. Miller et al (2006) revealed that NA and AAs share many R haplogroups including R-M17 and R-M207. It is interesting to note that in relation to R-M269, that 21% carried this haplogroup, while 17.0 of AAs carried the same haplogroup. This is interesting because there is very little statistical difference between 17% and 21%.
-------------------- C. A. Winters Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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. The second most frequent Y-chromosome among Afro-Americans is R1b. In the Vallone and Butler (2004) study AAs carried around 0.3% R-M207, and 23% R1b. . . Miller et al (2006) did a detailed study of Afro-American and Native American Y-Chromosome. Miller et al (2006) revealed that NA and AAs share many R haplogroups including R-M17 and R-M207. It is interesting to note that in relation to R-M269, that 21% carried this haplogroup, while 17.0 of AAs carried the same haplogroup. This is interesting because there is very little statistical difference between 17% and 21%. [/QB]
^^ Above is Clyde Winters chart using data from Hammer where he chopped out data on other groups in the article
Below is the relevant portion of Hammer's chart
We see the predominant haplogroup of Native Americans Q at high frequencies in Native Americans. Second to Native Americans are Hispanics. That is probably due Mestizo Mexican input. They are by far the largest Hispanic group in the U.S. and due to being part Amerindian they carry haplogroup Q at an average frequency around 30%
The second most common haplogroup of native Americans is R-M269 at 21.9%. This is the predominant haplogroup of Europeans. Here the European Americans carrying 58.3%.
R-M269 is extremely rare in Africans and it is found in high frequencies only in tiny areas. R-V88 is also rare in Africa as a whole but is very high in some groups in the Chad Basin around Cameroon.
Yet here African Americans are showing 17.3% R-M269 so they must be getting it from either the European Americans or the Native Americans. Europeans are a much larger population than Native Americans. They have also had a lot more contact with Africans than Native Americans. Some African Americans mixed with Native Americans but most did not escape slavery and integrate into Indian tribes. Africans have been historically a part of the European American society whereas many Native Americans live in reservations. The data reflects this. African Americans and have not mixed that much with Native Americans as we can see on the chart carrying under 1% of the predominant Q lineage of Native Americans while Mestizo Mexicans carry quite a bit of it.
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. The second most frequent Y-chromosome among Afro-Americans is R1b. In the Vallone and Butler (2004) study AAs carried around 0.3% R-M207, and 23% R1b. . . Miller et al (2006) did a detailed study of Afro-American and Native American Y-Chromosome. Miller et al (2006) revealed that NA and AAs share many R haplogroups including R-M17 and R-M207. It is interesting to note that in relation to R-M269, that 21% carried this haplogroup, while 17.0 of AAs carried the same haplogroup. This is interesting because there is very little statistical difference between 17% and 21%.
^^ Above is Clyde Winters chart using data from Hammer where he chopped out data on other groups in the article
Below is the relevant portion of Hammer's chart
We see the predominant haplogroup of Native Americans Q at high frequencies in Native Americans. Second to Native Americans are Hispanics. That is probably due Mestizo Mexican input. They are by far the largest Hispanic group in the U.S. and due to being part Amerindian they carry haplogroup Q at an average frequency around 30%
The second most common haplogroup of native Americans is R-M269 at 21.9%. This is the predominant haplogroup of Europeans. Here the European Americans carrying 58.3%.
R-M269 is extremely rare in Africans and it is found in high frequencies only in tiny areas. R-V88 is also rare in Africa as a whole but is very high in some groups in the Chad Basin around Cameroon.
Yet here African Americans are showing 17.3% R-M269 so they must be getting it from either the European Americans or the Native Americans. Europeans are a much larger population than Native Americans. They have also had a lot more contact with Africans than Native Americans. Some African Americans mixed with Native Americans but most did not escape slavery and integrate into Indian tribes. Africans have been historically a part of the European American society whereas many Native Americans live in reservations. The data reflects this. African Americans and have not mixed that much with Native Americans as we can see on the chart carrying under 1% of the predominant Q lineage of Native Americans while Mestizo Mexicans carry quite a bit of it. [/QB]
Part 1
Stupid Euronut there was very little admixture between mongoloid Native Americans and Europeans. Moreover, given the fact that R1 is found in Africa including R-M269, makes it clear that many Africans who came here as slaves were already carriers of R1-M269, just like the Black Native Americans. Haplogroup R was not spread among Native Americans through European contact. That is why, outside of the United States: Northeast and Southeast, most mongoloid Native Americans carry y-chromosome Q. The characteristic mongoloid y-chromosome is haplogroup Q. This is why the Apacheans and Subarctic Athapaskans share recent common ancestry.
The Apacheans belonged to the Athapaskan culture in the Southwest. This is why the Navajo and Apache among the largest tribes in Native North America. The archeological evidence makes it clear that mongoloid Native Americans appear in an archaeological context only 6kya BP (6000 years ago before the present). It appears that Black Native Americans dominated the states of Washington, Oregon and California. There were Black Native American tribes in Wyoming and the Dakotas. As a result, the mongoloid Native Americans mainly migrated into the United States: Southwest, and through Mexico infiltrated Meso and South America.
Father Louis Hennepin wrote about the Black Native Americans in Dakotas. As usual we see villages where the Native American tribes were either Mongoloid or Black. The Naudowessies were Dakota Black Native Americans or Indians . They are part of the Siouan family, known as Sioux. Hewitt says the name was Chippewa, namely Nadowe-is-iw, a diminutive of nadowe, ‘an adder, or ‘enemy’, to the mongoloid Indians. Some of the Chippewa were Black tribes. There were over 100 tribes in California when the Spanish arrived. Above is a painting by Jean Franquelin of San Francisco BNA. The California Black Native Americans practice many life styles. Some were hunter gatherers, while others fished and farmed. The majority of California Black Native Americans belonged to the Ohlone tribes. These people were also called Costanoan.
Much of what is now Georgia was a stronghold of the Black Native Americans. These Blacks lived predominately from the Smoky Mountains in North Carolina southward as far as St. Augustine, Florida.
The vast majority of Native Black Americans lived in California, or along the Eastern seaboard in North America. They belonged to many Confederations including the Muskhoean and Algonquin. Some of their tribal names include Choctaw, Tuscarora, Secolan, Tamacraw, Nanticoke, Kashita (Kauche-te), and Yamasee to name a few. The BNA tribes mainly belonged to the Muskhogean and Algonquin Confederacies. Due to the intimate relationship between the BNA tribes and mongoloid tribes, the BNA, given the high frequency of haplogroup R1 in Africa, probably introduced this haplogroup to Native Americans—not Europeans. This view is supported by the high frequency of R-M173 among Africans and Native Americans in North America. Because of the predominate habitation of Black or African Native American tribes in the Midwest, Northeast, and Southeast we find mongoloid Native Americans carrying haplogroup R1, due to their admixture with the Black Americans.
The second major y-chromosome among Native Americans is R-M173. Mongoloid Native Americans with Sub-Saharan African slaves.
Even though R-M173 is widespread in Europe, the pattern of European American (EA) and mongoloid Native Americans (NA) interactions, mainly violent confrontations, as Europeans expanded westward fails to support the hypothesis that EA spread haplogroup R to NA (O’Brien, 2011).
The Black Native Americans (BNA) lived on valuable farmlands during the Colonial period. The English and Americans wanted this land. This led to violent conflicts between BNAs and white Americans. In New England, the BNAs were eliminated by slaving, warfare and forced removal. The French enslaved Native Americans around the Great Lakes, Minnesota, Missouri Country and Lousiana (Gallay, 2002). The Europeans also needed labor to work the fields. The Americans provided the Native Americans with guns and cheap goods to purchase Native American/Indian slaves. Between 1670 and 1720 many BNAs were enslaved (Bassey and Galley, 2009; Ekberg, 2007; Galley, 2002; Lauber, 1970; Newell, 2009). The BNAs were sold into slavery throughout the Thirteen Colonies, Canada and the Bristish West Indies (Gallay, 2002). The majority of BNAs sold into slavery, by white and Indian slave traders were the Choctaw (Gallay, 2002), and Yamasee and other Carolina tribes (Lauber, 1970; Newell, 2009).
A good example of the enslavement and forced removal of BNAs is the case of the Yamasee. The Yamasee,was a tribe of Black Native Americans who originally lived in Florida and southern Georgia until they forced to migrate North into South Carolina by the Spanish in the 16th Century. The Yamasee were part of the Muskhogean Confederacy. This was a Confederacy of mongoloid and Black Native Americans.
The whites began to steal the Yamasee lands. By 1715, the Yamasee leading a Confederation of other tribes attacked the whites to drive them off their lands.The Cherokee who were part of the Muskogean Confederation broke away and formed an alliance with the British in 1718 and helped defeat the Yamasee.
The Yamasee who were not killed off were sold into slavery.Most of the Yamasee fled back into their ancestral homeland in Florida, which by this time was settled by the Creek.
Yamasee were virtually wiped out due to protracted combat with the Creeks, who felt they were trying to take back the land they formerly owned in Florida. Some Yamasee joined the Seminole tribe. In return, the Cherokee took control of Yamasee land. If not for the break-away of the Cherokee the whites would have been defeated.
By the 18th Century Black Native Americans were divided into slave Native Americans and Free Indians. BNAs like the Choctaw had their own towns or lived on reservations. Other BNAs joined the ranks of the mongoloid Indian tribes (Winters, 2011a).
Due to Indian slavery in North America, the Black Native American population was absorbed by the larger SSA slave population. Over time, people forgot there had been Black Native Americans and Mongoloid Native Americans. In fact, the BNA heritage and land rights were stolen by the government, as all Blacks in America, no matter their ancestry were assigned the status of former African slave. Gilio Whitaker (2015) wrote that : “As the Indian slave trade gave way to the African slave trade by the late 1700’s (by then over 300 years old) Native American women began to intermarry with imported Africans, producing mixed-race offspring whose native identities became obscured through time. In the colonial project to eliminate the landscape of Indians, these mixed-race people simply became known as "colored" people through bureaucratic erasure in public records.
In some cases such as in Virginia, even when people were designated as Indians on birth or death certificates or other public records, their records were changed to reflect “colored.” Census takers, determining a person’s race by their looks, often recorded mixed-race people as simply black, not Indian. The result is that today there is a population of people of Native American heritage and identity (particularly in the Northeast) who are not recognized by society at large, sharing similar circumstances with the Freedmen of the Cherokee and other Five Civilized Tribes.
Whereas EA and NA relations were antagonistic, African slaves had a very intimate relationship with NA (Katz, 2011). An undetermined number of African slaves fled into Indian territory during slavery (Katz, 1997). Among NA populations SSA slaves began new lives and married NA females , among many NA groups especially the Seminoles. As a result, ex-slave SSA males played an important role in the Creek and Seminole nations-often serving as interpreters, chiefs and counselors (Katz, 2011) .
Sub-Saharan African and Native Americans came in contact during the European conquest of the Americas. When Europeans came to Ametrica they often found Native American and mongoloid Indians living in different communities or side by side. As Black Native American tribes were conquered by Europeans and sold into slavery, many Black Native American tribes merged with the mongoloid Native Americans. Due to the demand for more slave labor, the Americans began to import Sub-Saharan African (SSA) slaves from Africa into the United States. Thousands of SSA males ran away from the plantations to Indian Territory where they founded many maroon societies or lived on tribal lands (Katz, 2011) .
There were Black Native American tribes in Canada. During the Atlantic Slave trade many SSA slaves were deposited in Canada.These runaway slaves held extensive land holdings in Florida and in Nova Scotia, near Halifax during the American slave period (Chambers, 1891).
In North America, there were so many SSAs among the Iroquois and other Northeastern American tribes that in 1726, 1764 and 1765, the governor of Colonial New York exacted a promise from the Delaware, Huron and Iroquois’ Confederation, to return runaway slaves (Katz, 2011). This should not be a surprise because many of the members of the Iroquois’ Confederation were Black Native Americans.
Although NA nations gave this promise to the governor no slaves were ever returned. There are reports of numerous marriages between NA females and SSA males. Intermarriage between NA and SSA populations between British Columbia and New England was especially high. Massachusetts was a major center of NA and SSA intermixture. Many SSA slave males married NA females because the offspring became free (Chambers, 1891). As early as 1763, in places like Martha’s Vineyard, Tilburg, Chilmack and Chappaquiddick, Massachusetts almost one-fourth of the NA were married to SSA males (Chambers, 1891). For example, in the 1790 U.S. Census it was reported that 6001 “persons other than white” 400 were SSA, and 2000 were mixed NA and SSA (Chambers,1891).
There were also intermarriage between NA and SSA populations in the southern United States (Katz, 2011). In 1526, African slaves fled their Spanish masters and settled in South Carolina Black Indian Territory.
The first SSA slaves were sold to the English colonist in 1620 (Chambers, 1891). In 1622, NA overran the Jamestown Virginia colony killing all the whites, and integrating the African slaves into NA communities (Katz, 2011). As a result, it was recognized that many free born Blacks on the Chesapeake Peninsula were of Black Native American (BNA), mongoloid NA and SSA origin in 1700 (Chambers, 1891; Katz, 2011).
The largest settlement of SSA in the South was in Florida. Here there was 50 miles of farmland , cattle and etc., owned by Maroons. The SSA in Florida freely mixed with the Creek and Seminoles. It was estimated by a certain Mr. Munroe in 1887 that more than half of the NA and SSA populations in Florida was mixed (Chambers, 1891). Other SSA were married to NA females belonging to the Cherokee, Choctaw, and Creek nations.
In addition to intermarriage among NA and SSA populations in the Northeastern and Southern USA, there was considerable intermarriage among NA and SSA in the Midwest. In Minnesota, for example, in 1819 at the mouth of the St. Louis River, there were SSA living in Ojibwa villages (Chambers, 1891).
The P clade probably originated in Africa because 1) whites rarely mated with Native Americans before the Great Trek to Oklahoma, 2) R-M173 and the subclades V88 and R-M269 has its highest frequencies across Africa ; and 3) R-V88 is older than R-M269.
Africans had took R1-M173 to Europe between 40,000 BC up the introduction of the Yamnaya culture 4kya.The presence of V88 in Europe indicates that the Yamnaya and Bell Beaker people who carried R1 were mainly SSAs. It indicates that the Bell Beaker people who entered Europe from Morocco via Iberia were carriers of V88.
Other Africans took R1 into Europe during the African Islamic conquests of Iberia, France and Germany. The African Muskims were in Iberia for almost 800 years. They left Iberia in 1492.
Researchers have found that the TMRCA of V88 was 9200-5600 kya (Cruciani et al., 2010). Eurasians carry the M269 (R1b1b2) mutation. The subclades of R1b1b2 include Rh1b1b2g (U106) (TMRCA 8.3kya) and R1b1b2h (U152) (TMRCA 7.4kya). The most recent common ancestor for R1b1b2 in Europe is probably 8kya (Balaresque et al., 2010). Y-Chromosome R1b1b2 has high frequencies in England, France, Italy and Germany (Balaresque et al., 2010). Clearly, R-V88 is older than R-M269. Some of the Malian settlers probably introduced R-M173 into North America.
Ancient Mali was a Confederation it was made up of many different tribes. Settling even half the 25-80,000 Malians who sail to America in 1310 on the mainland would have had a tremendous effect on the genetic and population land scape of the Americas. It appears that Black and mongoloid Native Americans often lived side by side. They also belonged to the same Confederations.
Due to the Native American slave trade many Black Native Americans owners in the West Indies other Native American were forced to work on plantations or sold into slave. Using a system of divide and rule the whites were able to get the Indians capture each other and sale their captives as slave. Since the ancestors of the Black Native Americans had originated in Africa they began to be identified as slave-Indian, freeman and finally “Colored”. And then as a result of bureaucratic erasure in the public records, the former black Native Americans simply became identified as “Colored”, like the former Sub-Saharan slaves, instead of Native Americans.
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. The second most frequent Y-chromosome among Afro-Americans is R1b. In the Vallone and Butler (2004) study AAs carried around 0.3% R-M207, and 23% R1b. . . Miller et al (2006) did a detailed study of Afro-American and Native American Y-Chromosome. Miller et al (2006) revealed that NA and AAs share many R haplogroups including R-M17 and R-M207. It is interesting to note that in relation to R-M269, that 21% carried this haplogroup, while 17.0 of AAs carried the same haplogroup. This is interesting because there is very little statistical difference between 17% and 21%.
^^ Above is Clyde Winters chart using data from Hammer where he chopped out data on other groups in the article
Below is the relevant portion of Hammer's chart
We see the predominant haplogroup of Native Americans Q at high frequencies in Native Americans. Second to Native Americans are Hispanics. That is probably due Mestizo Mexican input. They are by far the largest Hispanic group in the U.S. and due to being part Amerindian they carry haplogroup Q at an average frequency around 30%
The second most common haplogroup of native Americans is R-M269 at 21.9%. This is the predominant haplogroup of Europeans. Here the European Americans carrying 58.3%.
R-M269 is extremely rare in Africans and it is found in high frequencies only in tiny areas. R-V88 is also rare in Africa as a whole but is very high in some groups in the Chad Basin around Cameroon.
Yet here African Americans are showing 17.3% R-M269 so they must be getting it from either the European Americans or the Native Americans. Europeans are a much larger population than Native Americans. They have also had a lot more contact with Africans than Native Americans. Some African Americans mixed with Native Americans but most did not escape slavery and integrate into Indian tribes. Africans have been historically a part of the European American society whereas many Native Americans live in reservations. The data reflects this. African Americans and have not mixed that much with Native Americans as we can see on the chart carrying under 1% of the predominant Q lineage of Native Americans while Mestizo Mexicans carry quite a bit of it. [/QB]
Part 2
Stupid Euronut. Given the fact that R1 is found in Africa including R-M269, makes it clear that many Africans who came here as slaves were already carriers of R1-M269, just like the Black Native Americans. Most of the African slaves taken to the United States came from the Senegambia and the Guinea Coast. As a result, the Africans sold as slaves in the United States came from a region where a majority of Africans carrying R1-M269 lived. As a result, the Afro-Americans living in the United States probably acquired R1-M269 from their origination in West Africa, and later admixture with the Black Native Americans who were also made slaves in the South, or lived in "Colored Communities".
In fact recent research on y-haplogroups in Africa suggest that R1-M269 is also widespread in Africa.
In relation to R-M269 in Africa, around 0.1 of Sub Saharan Africans carry R1b1b2. Wood et al (2009) found that Khoisan (2.2%) and Niger-Congo (0.4%) speakers carried the R-M269 y-chromosome. The Khoisan also carry RM343 (R1b) and M 198 (R1a1)(Naidoo et al., 2010). [b] The archaeological and linguistic data indicate the successful colonization of Asia by Sub-Agro-Pastoral Saharan Africans from Nubia 5-4kya (Winters, 2007,2008, 2010c). The archaeological evidence makes it clear that around 4kya intercultural style artifacts connected Africa and Eurasia (Winters, 2007,2010c). It also makes it clear that the people from the Levant and Anatolia who introduced R1-M269 into Europe during the Neolithic were Sub-Saharan Africans.
Above is a figure from Gonzalez et al. The Gonzalez et al article found that 10 out of 19 subjects in the study carried R1b1-P25 or M269.
This is highly significant because it indicates that 53% of the R1 carriers in this study were M269.
The frequency of R1-M269 in Gonzalez et al, is further proof of the widespread nature of this so-called Eurasian genes in Africa among populations that have not mated with Europeans. Moreover, it explains why there are so many Africans carrying R1-M269 (17%), in the United States--because most United States Sub-Saharan African slaves came from the Guinea Coast and Senegambia where SSA carried R1-M269 at a high frequency.
The R1 haplogroup probably originated in Africa.
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. The phylogeography of R1 in Africa makes it clear that this y-chromosome is spread globally across Africa and includes the genetic structure of diverse African populations including Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Khoisan,Pygmy, Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan and Semitic speaking African populations (Berniell-Lee et al, 2009; Cruciani et al, 2010; Wood et al, 2009). The fact that Dravidians carry the R haplogroup illustrate the recent introduction of R y-chromosome to Eurasia.
Abu-Amero et al (20009) reveal the fact that Dravidians carry the R haplogroups illustrate the recent introduction of Ry-chromosomes to Eurasia. The frequency of haplotype M173 in Eurasia is as follows: Anatolia 0.19%, Iran 2.67%, Iraq 0.49% Oman 1.0%, Pakistan 0.57% and Oman 1.0% . This contrast sharply with the widespread distribution of R1 in Africa that ranges between 7- 95% in various parts of Africa, especially Cameroon (Coia et al, 2005). Coia et al (2005) has revealed that no maternal Eurasian lineages have been found among Sub-Saharan Africans with a R1- M173 profile.
Haplogroup V88 has the greatest frequency in Africa. It is predominately carried by Chadic speakers, ranges between 2-60% among Central African Niger-Congo speakers (Cruciani et al, 2010). Researchers have found that the TMRCA of V88 was 9200-5600 kya (Cruciani et al, 2010).
The vast majority of Africans belong to the y-chromosome E macrohaplogroup. Phylogenetically haplogroup R1b is mainly found in West Africa and the Sahel.
In this region the frequency of R-M173 can range between 85-100% among some Niger Congo speakers in Cameroon (Cruciani et al, 2010). The paternal record of M173 on the African continent illustrates a greater distribution of this y-chromosome among varied African populations than, in Asia.
The greatest diversity of R1b in Africa is highly suggestive of an Africa origin for this male lineage because it is not isolated to just one part of Africa.
Archaeological (Lal, 1963), genetic (Winters, 2008;2010a), placenames (Balakrishnan, 2005) and linguistic data group (Aravanan,1979,1980; Upadhyaya, 1976,1979; Winters 1985a,1985b, 1989) linking Africans and Dravidian support the recent demic diffusion of SubSaharan Africans and gene flow from Africa to Eurasia. An early colonization of Eurasia 4kya by Sub-Saharan Africans and Dravidian carriers of R1-M173 is the best scenario to explain the high frequency and widespread geographical distribution of this y-chromosome on the African continent (Winters, 2010c). Given the greatest diversity of R1- M173, this is the most parsimonious model explaining the frequency of R-M173 in Africa.
Africans carry haplogroup R1a.
In India the Dravidian people carry the R1a haplogroup The Dravidian people of India originally lived in Middle Africa and belonged to the Proto-Saharan Civilization. The Proto-Saharan civilization was situated in the Proto-Sahara, which includes Cameroon. . . In Cameroon we find carriers of R1a. In addition to carriers of R1a in Cameroon; the Dravidian languages are still spoken today in Cameroon see:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWyAYGlFZjkhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWyAYGlFZjk
Toomas Kivisild1 (2017).The study of human Y chromosome variation through ancient DNA. web page
The article is interesting. It is most interesting because it places V88 and M269 in ancient Europe. In conclusion, the R macrohaplogroup probably originated in Africa. In my paper POSSIBLE AFRICAN ORIGIN OF Y-CHROMOSOME R1-M173 , I argue that the P clade originated in Africa because 1) the age of R-V88; 2) the presence of V88 in Neolithic Europe and 3) the widespread nature of R1 in Africa.
Researchers have found that the TMRCA of V88 was 9200-5600 kya (Cruciani et al, 2010). Eurasians carry the M269 (R1b1b2) mutation. The subclades of R1b1b2 include Rh1b1b2g (U106) (TMRCA 8.3kya) and R1b1b2h (U152) (TMRCA 7.4kya). The most recent common ancestor for R1b1b2 is probably 8kya (Balaresque et al, 2010). In Africa we find R-M269 and V88. There is no archaeological evidence of Eurasians making a back migration into Africa, but their is archaeological evidence of the migration of the Kushites and Proto-Saharans into Eurasia from Middle Africa.This is supported by the presence of V88 and M269 among the Yamnaya and Bell Beaker folk; and the origin of these cultures in Morocco.
This supports the proposition the R haplogroups originated in Africa, not Eurasia.Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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posted
Thanks for sharing the information Dr. Winters. Can you provide the references used to gain these details on BNA?
I usually don't pay much attention to DNA studies because the whole system is rigged from closed proprietary analysers to research interpreter, akin to Las Vegas where the results are controlled and sneakily manipulated by the house with bottom-of-the-deck dealing and illusion. However, trusting your integrity, I admit to waiting for you to do all the heavy lifting (reading between the lies) and reviewing your results to stay informed of what's really real.
The two Jews who are attempting to counter your arguments are the typical bird brains who always turn up on ES to pollute a thread and create F.U.D. in support of this deceptive gnome system. Known historic habitual Liars never receive the benefit of doubt, and for good reason.
Advice to anyone accused based on DNA evidence: Always request to receive and review ALL of the proprietary documentation on how the DNA analysers works, both hardware and software with detailed schematics and source code. If your request is granted, hold on to your hats when the evidence is withdrawn rather than supply this revealing (and probably damning) information.
Posts: 4693 | From: Saturn | Registered: Apr 2012
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quote:Originally posted by Narmerthoth: Thanks for sharing the information Dr. Winters. Can you provide the references used to gain these details on BNA?
I usually don't pay much attention to DNA studies because the whole system is rigged from closed proprietary analysers to research interpreter, akin to Las Vegas where the results are controlled and sneakily manipulated by the house with bottom-of-the-deck dealing and illusion. However, trusting your integrity, I admit to waiting for you to do all the heavy lifting (reading between the lies) and reviewing your results to stay informed of what's really real.
The two Jews who are attempting to counter your arguments are the typical bird brains who always turn up on ES to pollute a thread and create F.U.D. in support of this deceptive gnome system. Known historic habitual Liars never receive the benefit of doubt, and for good reason.
Advice to anyone accused based on DNA evidence: Always request to receive and review ALL of the proprietary documentation on how the DNA analysers works, both hardware and software with detailed schematics and source code. If your request is granted, hold on to your hats when the evidence is withdrawn rather than supply this revealing (and probably damning) information.
The information comes from my books and articles on Black Native America and haplogroup R-M173.
posted
Europeans had little contact with Mongoloid Native Americans except as genocidal murders.
The major contact of Native Americans and whites took place in Oklahoma after the discovery of oil. Whites were made the caretakers of the Indians. Many of these whites married Native Americans and killed their wives and became owners of the major oil wells in Oklahoma. This is why so many "whites" are Indians in Oklahoma.
quote: David Grann’s New Book Explores a Time When Killing Native Americans Wasn’t Murder In an interview, the author of ‘The Lost City of Z’ looks at his new book examining the casual and systematic murder of Osage Indians in Oklahoma by whites who wanted oil leases.
David Grann was already interested in writing a book about the serial murders of members of the Oklahoma-based Osage Indian tribe when he visited the Osage Nation Museum. On one wall was a panoramic photo of members of the tribe taken in 1924, but there was a panel missing. When Grann asked the museum director what happened to that part of the photo, she responded “It’s too painful to show. The devil was standing there.”
That “devil” was a white man named William Hale, ostensibly a friend of the tribe but, as it turned out, a vicious murderer who killed Indians for their money, which was considerable, since the Osage lived on oil-rich land, and at one point were considered the wealthiest people per capita on earth.
Hale wasn’t the only white man who killed Osage for profit, a story told in Grann’s new book, Killers of the Flower Moon. Author of the 2009 bestseller The Lost City of Z, about the search for a vanished civilization in the Amazon (the film version debuted April 14),
Grann tells an entirely different story in his latest work, one that has elements of the Wild West, classic gangster movies, the birth of the FBI, greed, and racism. “Why were the Osage killed?” asks Grann. “They were killed for their money. However, it was racism that made these killings nonchalant, and allowed them to go on for years. What is amazing is how some of the killers did not equate killing a Native American with murder. The prejudices of the time are an essential element to this story.”
Also essential to understanding the reason behind the killings—which extended from 1918 to 1931 and may have involved hundreds of deaths (no one really knows)—are the mind-boggling corruption and incompetence of Oklahoma law enforcement agencies and a thoroughly racist federal system of financial guardianship, which mandated that any Indian be given a (white) guardian if the Department of the Interior deemed that person “incompetent” to handle their own affairs. This gave the unscrupulous the incentive to bump off Indians and take over their oil leases.
“One of the things that intrigued me was just how lawless this part of the country was,” says Grann. “You kind of think that period of American history is over, this last remnant of the Wild West. And I was also intrigued by how corrupt law enforcement was.”
Grann says he first heard about this forgotten episode when a historian mentioned the killings. After his visit to the Osage Nation Museum, Grann realized he “wanted to figure out the pain the Osage felt, and understand and document this story that most people had forgotten.” He spent a year filling out Freedom of Information Act requests for documents relating to the case, then returned to Oklahoma, where he found “that many Osage were very welcoming. So many of them have stories that have not been told, so many of them are chasing ghosts. Justice was never brought to their cases.” What Grann discovered, in fact, was that despite FBI intervention, which eventually put Hale and another killer behind bars, many of the murders remain unsolved. Yet that did not stop the young J. Edgar Hoover from touting the convictions as a public relations coup for the Bureau. “Hoover actually wanted to get out of the case, because he couldn’t solve it,” says Grann, “but there was a brewing scandal [a criminal the Bureau released from jail to work as an informant committed a robbery-murder instead], and Hoover was partially motivated by that, to avoid scandal. Then he exploited the case for his own purposes.” Grann is a New Yorker staff writer who hit it big with The Lost City of Z, which became a number one New York Times paperback bestseller and was translated into 20 languages. He’s a self-described “insecure person” who says that before his books come out, “you live in such dread, that they might disappear. I spend a lot of time on these projects—I’m not a fast writer—and the success [of The Lost City of Z] has allowed me time to work within that framework.” Describing himself as “a generalist,” Grann says he likes to report on subjects “I know very little about. You want the story to be about something, have some deeper meaning, but there is also an emotional, almost instinctual, element, which is, does this story seize some part of you and compel you to get to the bottom of it?”
Grann’s two books have this in common: on one level, they deal with the relationship between whites and people of color. In the case of The Lost City of Z, it’s the indigenous people of the Amazon, described by members of the British scientific establishment as “savages.” In Killers of the Flower Moon, that connection between whites and the Osage is best described by a member of the tribe who, during Hale’s trial is quoted as saying, “It is a question in my mind whether this jury is considering a murder case or not. The question for them to decide is whether a white man killing an Osage is murder—or merely cruelty to animals.”
quote:Originally posted by Narmerthoth: Thanks for sharing the information Dr. Winters. Can you provide the references used to gain these details on BNA?
I usually don't pay much attention to DNA studies because the whole system is rigged from closed proprietary analysers to research interpreter, akin to Las Vegas where the results are controlled and sneakily manipulated by the house with bottom-of-the-deck dealing and illusion. However, trusting your integrity, I admit to waiting for you to do all the heavy lifting (reading between the lies) and reviewing your results to stay informed of what's really real.
The two Jews who are attempting to counter your arguments are the typical bird brains who always turn up on ES to pollute a thread and create F.U.D. in support of this deceptive gnome system. Known historic habitual Liars never receive the benefit of doubt, and for good reason.
Advice to anyone accused based on DNA evidence: Always request to receive and review ALL of the proprietary documentation on how the DNA analysers works, both hardware and software with detailed schematics and source code. If your request is granted, hold on to your hats when the evidence is withdrawn rather than supply this revealing (and probably damning) information.
The information comes from my books and articles on Black Native America and haplogroup R-M173.
This is comical Narmertot asks Clyde for references and Clyde posts links to his own papers,
Posts: 42921 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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quote:Originally posted by Narmerthoth: Thanks for sharing the information Dr. Winters. Can you provide the references used to gain these details on BNA?
I usually don't pay much attention to DNA studies because the whole system is rigged from closed proprietary analysers to research interpreter, akin to Las Vegas where the results are controlled and sneakily manipulated by the house with bottom-of-the-deck dealing and illusion. However, trusting your integrity, I admit to waiting for you to do all the heavy lifting (reading between the lies) and reviewing your results to stay informed of what's really real.
The two Jews who are attempting to counter your arguments are the typical bird brains who always turn up on ES to pollute a thread and create F.U.D. in support of this deceptive gnome system. Known historic habitual Liars never receive the benefit of doubt, and for good reason.
Advice to anyone accused based on DNA evidence: Always request to receive and review ALL of the proprietary documentation on how the DNA analysers works, both hardware and software with detailed schematics and source code. If your request is granted, hold on to your hats when the evidence is withdrawn rather than supply this revealing (and probably damning) information.
The information comes from my books and articles on Black Native America and haplogroup R-M173.
This is comical Narmertot asks Clyde for references and Clyde posts links to his own papers,
Stupid Euronut all the papers written about the ancient Europeans are written by the same authors. For example, in the recent papers on ancient Europeans you see the same names: Ińigo Olade, Wolfgang Haak, Iosif Lazaridis and David Reich.
Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe
Wolfgang Haak, Iosif Lazaridis, Nick Patterson, Nadin Rohland, Swapan Mallick, Bastien Llamas, Guido Brandt, Susanne Nordenfelt, Eadaoin Harney, Kristin Stewardson, Qiaomei Fu, Alissa Mittnik, Eszter Bánffy, Christos Economou, Michael Francken, Susanne Friederich, Rafael Garrido Pena, Fredrik Hallgren, Valery Khartanovich, Aleksandr Khokhlov, Michael Kunst, Pavel Kuznetsov, Harald Meller, Oleg Mochalov, Vayacheslav Moiseyev, Nicole Nicklisch, Sandra L. Pichler, Roberto Risch, Manuel A. Rojo Guerra, Christina Roth, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy, Joachim Wahl, Matthias Meyer, Johannes Krause, Dorcas Brown, David Anthony, Alan Cooper, Kurt Werner Alt, David Reich doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/013433
The Genomic History Of Southeastern Europe
Iain Mathieson, Songül Alpaslan Roodenberg, Cosimo Posth, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy, Nadin Rohland, Swapan Mallick, Ińigo Olade, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht, Olivia Cheronet, Daniel Fernandes, Matthew Ferry, Beatriz Gamarra, Gloria González Fortes, Wolfgang Haak, Eadaoin Harney, Ben Krause-Kyora, Isil Kucukkalipci, Megan Michel, Alissa Mittnik, Kathrin Nägele, Mario Novak, Jonas Oppenheimer, Nick Patterson, Saskia Pfrengle, Kendra Sirak, Kristin Stewardson, Stefania Vai, Stefan Alexandrov, Kurt W. Alt, Radian Andreescu, Dragana Antonović, Abigail Ash, Nadezhda Atanassova, Krum Bacvarov, Mende Balázs Gusztáv, Hervé Bocherens, Michael Bolus, Adina Boroneanţ, Yavor Boyadzhiev, Alicja Budnik, Josip Burmaz, Stefan Chohadzhiev, Nicholas J. Conard, Richard Cottiaux, Maja Čuka, Christophe Cupillard, Dorothée G. Drucker, Nedko Elenski, Michael Francken, Borislava Galabova, Georgi Ganetovski, Bernard Gely, Tamás Hajdu, Veneta Handzhyiska, Katerina Harvati, Thomas Higham, Stanislav Iliev, Ivor Janković, Ivor Karavanić, Douglas J. Kennett, Darko Komšo, Alexandra Kozak, Damian Labuda, Martina Lari, Catalin Lazar, Maleen Leppek, Krassimir Leshtakov, Domenico Lo Vetro, Dženi Los, Ivaylo Lozanov, Maria Malina, Fabio Martini, Kath McSweeney, Harald Meller, Marko Menđušić, Pavel Mirea, Vyacheslav Moiseyev, Vanya Petrova, T. Douglas Price, Angela Simalcsik, Luca Sineo, Mario Šlaus, Vladimir Slavchev, Petar Stanev, Andrej Starović, Tamás Szeniczey, Sahra Talamo, Maria Teschler-Nicola, Corinne Thevenet, Ivan Valchev, Frédérique Valentin, Sergey Vasilyev, Fanica Veljanovska, Svetlana Venelinova, Elizaveta Veselovskaya, Bence Viola, Cristian Virag, Joško Zaninović, Steve Zäuner, Philipp W. Stockhammer, Giulio Catalano, Raiko Krauß, David Caramelli, Gunita Zariņa, Bisserka Gaydarska, Malcolm Lillie, Alexey G. Nikitin, Inna Potekhina, Anastasia Papathanasiou, Dušan Borić, Clive Bonsall, Johannes Krause, Ron Pinhasi, David Reich
The Beaker Phenomenon And The Genomic Transformation Of Northwest Europe
Ińigo Olalde, Selina Brace, Morten E. Allentoft, Ian Armit, Kristian Kristiansen, Nadin Rohland, Swapan Mallick, Thomas Booth, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy, Alissa Mittnik, Eveline Altena, Mark Lipson, Iosif Lazaridis, Nick J. Patterson, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht, Yoan Diekmann, Zuzana Faltyskova, Daniel M. Fernandes, Matthew Ferry, Eadaoin Harney, Peter de Knijff, Megan Michel, Jonas Oppenheimer, Kristin Stewardson, Alistair Barclay, Kurt W. Alt, Azucena Avilés Fernández, Eszter Bánffy, Maria Bernabň-Brea, David Billoin, Concepción Blasco, Clive Bonsall, Laura Bonsall, Tim Allen, Lindsey Büster, Sophie Carver, Laura Castells Navarro, Oliver Edward Craig, Gordon T. Cook, Barry Cunliffe, Anthony Denaire, Kirsten Egging Dinwiddy, Natasha Dodwell, Michal Ernée, Christopher Evans, Milan Kuchařík, Joan Francčs Farré, Harry Fokkens, Chris Fowler, Michiel Gazenbeek, Rafael Garrido Pena, María Haber-Uriarte, Elżbieta Haduch, Gill Hey, Nick Jowett, Timothy Knowles, Ken Massy, Saskia Pfrengle, Philippe Lefranc, Olivier Lemercier, Arnaud Lefebvre, Joaquín Lomba Maurandi, Tona Majó, Jacqueline I. McKinley, Kathleen McSweeney, Mende Balázs Gusztáv, Alessandra Modi, Gabriella Kulcsár, Viktória Kiss, András Czene, Róbert Patay, Anna Endródi, Kitti Köhler, Tamás Hajdu, Joăo Luís Cardoso, Corina Liesau, Michael Parker Pearson, Piotr Włodarczak, T. Douglas Price, Pilar Prieto, Pierre-Jérôme Rey, Patricia Ríos, Roberto Risch, Manuel A. Rojo Guerra, Aurore Schmitt, Joël Serralongue, Ana Maria Silva, Václav Smrčka, Luc Vergnaud, Joăo Zilhăo, David Caramelli, Thomas Higham, Volker Heyd, Alison Sheridan, Karl-Göran Sjögren, Mark G. Thomas, Philipp W. Stockhammer, Ron Pinhasi, Johannes Krause, Wolfgang Haak, Ian Barnes, Carles Lalueza-Fox, David Reich The genetic structure of the world's first farmers
Iosif Lazaridis, Dani Nadel, Gary Rollefson, Deborah C. Merrett, Nadin Rohland, Swapan Mallick, Daniel Fernandes, Mario Novak, Beatriz Gamarra, Kendra Sirak, Sarah Connell, Kristin Stewardson, Eadaoin Harney, Qiaomei Fu, Gloria Gonzalez-Fortes, Songül Alpaslan Roodenberg, Gyorgy Lengyel, Fanny Bocquentin, Boris Gasparian, Janet M. Monge, Michael Gregg, Vered Eshed, Ahuva-Sivan Mizrahi, Christopher Meiklejohn, Fokke Gerritsen, Luminita Bejenaru, Matthias Blueher, Archie Campbell, Gianpero Cavalleri, David Comas, Philippe Froguel, Edmund Gilbert, Shona M. Kerr, Peter Kovacs, Johannes Krause, Darren McGettigan, Michael Merrigan, D. Andrew Merriwether, Seamus O'Reilly, Martin B. Richards, Ornella Semino, Michel Shamoon-Pour, Gheorghe Stefanescu, Michael Stumvoll, Anke Tonjes, Antonio Torroni, James F. Wilson, Loic Yengo, Nelli A. Hovhannisyan, Nick Patterson, Ron Pinhasi, David Reich
Failure to Replicate a Genetic Signal for Sex Bias in the Steppe Migration into Central Europe
Iosif Lazaridis, David Reich Parallel ancient genomic transects reveal complex population history of early European farmers
Mark Lipson, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy, Swapan Mallick, Annamária Pósa, Balázs Stégmár, Victoria Keerl, Nadin Rohland, Kristin Stewardson, Matthew Ferry, Megan Michel, Jonas Oppenheimer, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht, Eadaoin Harney, Susanne Nordenfelt, Bastien Llamas, Balázs Gusztáv Mende, Kitti Köhler, Krisztián Oross, Mária Bondár, Tibor Marton, Anett Osztás, János Jakucs, Tibor Paluch, Ferenc Horváth, Piroska Csengeri, Judit Koós, Katalin Sebok, Alexandra Anders, Pál Raczky, Judit Regenye, Judit P. Barna, Szilvia Fábián, Gábor Serlegi, Zoltán Toldi, Emese Gyöngyvér Nagy, János Dani, Erika Molnár, György Pálfi, László Márk, Béla Melegh, Zsolt Bánfai, Javier Fernández-Eraso, José Antonio Mujika-Alustiza, Carmen Alonso Fernández, Javier Jiménez Echevarría, Ruth Bollongino, Jörg Orschiedt, Kerstin Schierhold, Harald Meller, Alan Cooper, Joachim Burger, Eszter Bánffy, Kurt W. Alt, Carles Lalueza-Fox, Wolfgang Haak, David Reich
The Genetic History of Northern Europe
Alissa Mittnik, Chuan-Chao Wang, Saskia Pfrengle, Mantas Daubaras, Gunita Zariņa, Fredrik Hallgren, Raili Allmäe, Valery Khartanovich, Vyacheslav Moiseyev, Anja Furtwängler, Aida Andrades Valtueńa, Michal Feldman, Christos Economou, Markku Oinonen, Andrejs Vasks, Mari Tőrv, Oleg Balanovsky, David Reich, Rimantas Jankauskas, Wolfgang Haak, Stephan Schiffels, Johannes Krause
As you can see all the papers written in support of the Indo-European DNA are authored by the same people: Ińigo Olade, Wolfgang Haak, Iosif Lazaridis and David Reich. Citing my articles is no different from Haak or Ińigo Olade citing papers in which they are co-authors. Stupid Euroloon scholar cite their own articles in their works. Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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The fact remains that V88 is around 18ky old and there were carries of V88 in Europe.
Haplogroup R did not begin with R1b
and were no carriers of V88 in prehistoric Europe. and If there were they would have been ancestors to Africans with V88 and have brought it there
Native Americans don't carry V88 so even discussing it in a thread called "Haplogroups and Black Native Americans" is a pointless diversion
Stupid Euronut Kivisild et al (2017) proves that V88 was in Europe in prehistoric times. Stop making stuff up.
We discuss R haplogroup and Native Americans because they carry R-M173 which is also carried by West Africans.
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We don't know how many mongoloid Native Americans carry V88, because African hapogroups are excluded from research in studies of Native American DNA.
We may never know the admixture between Native Americans and Africans if we wait to get the information from researchers because they are attempting to maintain the status quo. Discrepancies take place because researchers do not want to tell the truth about the genetic histories of African people and their admixture with Native Americans and Eurasians. As a result, researchers have developed methods to exclude evidence of non-Africans carrying haplogroups mtDNA haplogroups L, and y-Chromosomes E and A.
This is due to the protocols of AdMixture and Structure programs that assume that Native Americans, Europeans and Africans only met after 1492. As a result researchers try to find methods to exclude African presence in European and Native Americans so evidence of this admixture will not be evidenced in the final results. Next researchers claim that if African people carry mtDNA haplogroups: N, R, M and D ; and Y-Chromosomes C, Q, I, J, and R, they are carrying Eurasians haplogroups, eventhough all of these haplogroups are found among African populations that have no history of admixture with Europeans. As a result, these haplogroups are probably of African origin--not a back migration.
Researchers believe this evidence should be excluded because any African admixture among these populations have to be recent. The best example of how African admixture is excluded in research is Reich, D. et al, Reconstructing Native American population history. Nature 488, 370-374 (2012) Paper web page , the method used to exclude African admixture from this study is detailed in Supplementary Material 1.Reich, D. et al (2012) outlines the motivations for the exclusion of Africans from his study:
quote:
(i) Motivation There were a number of populations for which we did not have access to unadmixed samples. To learn about the history of such populations, we needed to adjust for the presence of non-Native ancestry. We used three complementary approaches to do this. The concordance of results from all these approaches increases our confidence in the key findings of this study.
(1) Restricting to unadmixed samples: We restricted some analyses to 163 Native American samples (34 populations) without any evidence of recent European or African admixture (Note S2). A limitation of these studies, however, is that we could not analyze 16 populations in which all individuals were inferred to have some degree of recent admixture.
(2) Local ancestry masking: We identified segments of the genome in each individual that had an appreciable probability of harboring non-Native American or Siberian ancestry. We then created a “masked” dataset that treated genetic data in these sections as missing (Note S4).
(3) Ancestry Subtraction: We explicitly corrected for the effect of the estimated proportion of European and African in each sample by adjusting the value of f4-statistics by the amount that is expected from this admixture. This is discussed in what follows.
(ii) Details of Ancestry Subtraction Assume that we have an accurate estimate of African and European ancestry for each sample (whether it is an individual or a pool of individuals). In practice, we used the ADMIXTURE k=4 estimates, because as described below, they appear to be accurate for Native American populations (with the possible exception of Aleuts as we discuss below). We can then define:
a = % African ancestry in a test sample e = % European ancestry in a test sample 1-a-e = % Native ancestry
For many of our analyses, we are computing f4 statistics, whose values are affected in a known way by European and African admixture. Thus, we can algebraically correct for the effect of recent European or African admixture on the test statistics, obtaining an “Ancestry Subtracted” statistic that is what is expected for the sample if it had no recent European or African ancestry.
The main context in which we compute f4 statistics is in our implementation of the 4 Population Test, to evaluate whether the allele frequency correlation patterns in the data are consistent with the proposed tree ((Unadmixed, Test),(Outgroup1, Outgroup2)), where the Unadmixed population is a set of Native American samples assumed to derive all of their ancestry from the initial population that peopled America, the Test population is another Native American population, and the two outgroups are Asian populations. An f4 statistic consistent with zero suggests that the Unadmixed and Test populations form a clade with no evidence of ancestry from more recent streams of gene flow from Asia. If the Test population harbors recent European or African ancestry, however, a significant deviation of this statistic from zero would be expected, making it difficult to interpret the results. We thus compute a linear combination of f4 statistics that is expected to equal what we would obtain if we had access to the Native American ancestors of the Test population without recent European or African admixture:
Intuitively, this statistic is subtracting the contribution to the f4 statistic that is expected from their proportion a of West African-like ancestry (Yoruba), and their proportion e of West Eurasian-like ancestry (French). We then renormalize by 1/(1-a-e) to obtain the statistic that would be expected if the sample was unadmixed.
A potential concern is that the African and European ancestry in any real Native American test sample is not likely to be from Yoruba and French exactly; instead, it will be from related populations. However, S1 is still expected to have the value we wish to compute if we choose the outgroups to be East Asians or Siberians. The reason is that genetic differences between Yoruba and the true African ancestors, and French and the true European ancestors, are not expected to be correlated to the frequency differences between two East Asian or Siberian outgroups. Specifically, the allele frequency differences are due to history within Africa or Europe, which is not expected to be correlated to allele frequency differences within East Asia and within Siberia.
(iii) Ancestry Subtraction gives results concordant with those on unadmixed samples To compare the performance of our three approaches to address the confounder of recent European and African admixture, we computed 48 = 8×6 statistics of the form f4(Unadmixed, Test; Han, San). We choose “Unadmixed” to be one of 8 Native American groups from Meso-America southward that have sample sizes of at least two and for which all samples are inferred to be unadmixed by ADMIXTURE k=4 (Chane, Embera, Guahibo, Guaymi, Karitiana, Kogi, Surui and Waunana). We choose “Test” to be one of 8 Native American populations from Meso-America southward with at least two samples that are entirely unadmixed, and that also have at least two samples that have >5% non-Native admixture according to the ADMIXTURE k=4 analysis (Aymara, Cabecar, Pima, Tepehuano, Wayuu and Zapotec1). This allows us to compare results on admixed and unadmixed samples from the same population.
If the Test population harbors European or West African admixture that we have not corrected, we expect to see a significant deviation of the statistic from zero. For example, f4(Karitiana, French; Han, San), corresponding to the statistic expected for an entirely European-admixed Native American population, is significant at Z = 45 standard errors from zero, and f4(Karitiana, Yoruba; Han, San), which gives the f4-value we would expect for an entirely West African-admixed Native American population, is significant at Z = 101.
Figure S3.1 shows the scatterplots of Z-scores we obtain without Ancestry Subtraction, with Ancestry Subtraction, and with local ancestry masking (Note S4). The x-axis shows data for the unadmixed samples from each Test population, while the y-axis shows the results for the >5% admixed samples from the same populations. We find that: • Without Ancestry Subtraction there are significant deviations from zero (|Z|>3) (Fig. S3.1A) • With Ancestry Subtraction, there are no residual |Z|-scores >3 (Figure S3.1B) • With local ancestry masking (Note S4), there are again no residual |Z|-scores >3 (Figure S3.1C), showing that this method also appears to be appropriately correcting for the admixture.
Given the exclusion of Africans from studies like Reich, D. et al (2012), means that we are not really knowing the actual admixture among Africans and Native American that carry the accepted African haplogroups: i.e., haploroups E , L and etc.
Interesting point since they assume if there is African admixture then it was recent.
Given your research, what groups of Indians would have been most likely impacted by a migration from West Africa. Also, what West Africans were likely to have made such a journey?
What is the latest evidence?
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Interesting point since they assume if there is African admixture then it was recent.
Given your research, what groups of Indians would have been most likely impacted by a migration from West Africa. Also, what West Africans were likely to have made such a journey?
What is the latest evidence?
It is time that the true history of America is written. Mike was the first researcher to seriously recognize the identities of Afro-Americans. Granted, I had been interested in our Native American heritage since 1968, when I took a poll at my high school: DuSable asking how many people had Indian heritage. Also, my mother had made it clear we were part Choctaw, but I didn't really embrace this heritage because of the Cowboy movies, which showed the Indians as losers.
Because of Mike I began to really research the theme: Black Native Americans and I was surprised about real history of Black Native Americans. The role of Blacks in influencing mongoloid Americans is obvious when you look at the fact that the only sedentary mongoloid Native Americans in the United States were on the North American coast, or the Four Corner region of the Southwest. Regions where major Black Native American tribes were situated.
It was the farming skills of the Black Native Americans that made them valuable as slaves in the United States and Caribbean. Sadly, many mongoloid and Black Native Americans sold the Black Indians into slavery, especially the Choctaw. Other Black Indians, like the Yamassee and Pequot became slaves after losing wars. During the colonial days the Europeans would go to war against the Black Native Americans to get slaves. As a result, entire Black tribes were murdered and the captured Black Native Americans were made slaves on American and Caribbean plantations.
When Columbus arrived in the New World, he found that Africa merchants were already trading goods and living in the Americas among the Amerindians.(Lawrence 1962). Other European explorers and colonists were shocked to hear the Amerindians recall traditions about these blacks who early settled the Americas.(Lawrence 1962,1987; Quatrafages 1889;Rufinesque 1832) There are many Indian traditions about blacks living in America before Columbus. Carlos C. Marquez (1956), states that the: "Negroes figure frequently in the most remote traditions of some American people".
Marquez (1956) believed that the Otomi of Mexico, the Caracoles of Haiti, the Arguaos of Cutara, the Arayos of the Orinoco, the Porcijis, the Matayas of Brazil, the Manabis of Quito, and the Chuanas of Darien were descendants of African people. R.B. Dixon (1923) a physical anthropologist claimed that the Negroid strain was most visible in the Otomi, Tarahumare and Pima.
Alphose de Quatrefages, in the Human Species, claimed that the black tribes of Latin America include the Choco, Manabis, Yaruras, Guarani, Charrus, Yamassi and Tzendal Chontal, in addition to numerous ethnic groups along the Orinoco river in Venezuela, and the Isthmus of Darien.
Alphose de Quatrefages, claimed that the black tribes of Latin America include the Choco, Manabis, Yaruras, Guarani, Charrus, Yamasee and Tzendal Chontal, in addition to numerous ethnic groups along the Orinoco river in Venezuela, and the Isthmus of Darien.
The major Native American confederations were made up of Black and Mongoloid Native Americans. These confederations include the Iroquois, Muskhoean and Algonquin. Because they were blood-brothers Black and Mongoloid Native Americans often shared the same names for their tribes.
Some of the Black Native American tribes were the Blackfeet, Cree, Choctaw , Costanoan , Kashita (Kauche-te), Lenape, Manokin, Mendica , Nanticoke , Narragansett , Naudowessie , Nianties , Ohlone , Patawomeck, Pequot , Ramapo, Shinnecock, Seneca, Seminoles, Secolan, Tamacraw, Tsoyaha, Tuscarora , Wampanoag ( or Pokanoket), Washitaw (or Ouachita), Yamasee , and Yuchi. The Black Native Americans cultivated the “Three Sisters” – maize, beans and squash.
Many Black Native Americans were “exterminated”. Others were forced into slavery. Between 1670 and 1720 100,000 Native Americans were sold into slavery in the Caribbean. After the Pequot War the captives were loaded on ships and sold in Barbados.The first American slave ships were used to transport Black Native Americans, like the Pequot to serve as slaves in the Caribbean.
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The last African group to come to the Americas came from Mali , with King Abubakari. These Malians spoke a variety of African languages and wrote in the Vai and Arabic script.
The major African group to settle ancient America was the Manding people. In the Southwestern United States, Cabeza da Vaca, said the Mendica people were a dominant group. This word mendica, agrees with the term Mandinka used to denote the Manding speaking people.(Ceram 1971) Moreover in Mexico and Panama we have many place names that allude to ancient Manding presence . For example, in Panama we find the Sierre de Mali mountain range in Darien east of the Gulf of San Miguel, the Manding river, and the Manding bay.
Since the ancestors of the Black Native Americans had originated in Africa they began to be identified as Indian slave, freeman and finally “Colored”. And then as a result of bureaucratic erasure in the public records, the former black Native Americans simply became identified as “Colored”, like the former Sub-Saharan slaves , instead of Native Americans.
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Genetic affinities of the Zoutsteeg individuals. (A) D-statistic test results for STM3. Error bars correspond to 3 SEs of the D-statistic. Results for STM1 and STM2 are plotted in SI Appendix, Fig. S18. (B) Sampling locations for the 11 African populations in our reference panel (17). (C) Procrustes-transformed PCA plot of the Zoutsteeg individuals with African reference panel samples. (D) Ancestry proportions for the Zoutsteeg individuals and those of 188 African individuals in the reference panel, as inferred by ADMIXTURE analysis (19).
This paper adds more support to the presence of R1, among African slaves. The authors report that they found that Zoutsteeg (STM1) was identified as belonging to haplogroup R1b1c-V88.
This is more confirmation of Africans carrying R1*-M173 into the Americas during ths slave trade.
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This is an interesting paper. It noted that:
quote:
. In both, African-American populations from South America were also detected the highest frequencies for the subhaplogroup R1b1a2-M269 (25.0%). In Colombia, this European subhaplogroup could have come from founders, who predominantly arrived from the Iberian Peninsula (Bedoya et al., 2006; Carvajal-Carmona et al., 2000; Carvajal-Carmona et al., 2003). In Brazil though, this was most likely related to the Portuguese population (Beleza et al., 2006). Nevertheless, it is estimated that over 110 million European men belong to this subhaplogroup (Balaresque et al., 2010), which is carried by two thirds of Western European men (Sole-Morata et al., 2014).
According to the MJ Network analysis, most Spanish and Portuguese haplotypes belonged to R1b1a2-M269, and shared the same or a very similar haplotype (Figure 51). Therefore, we cannot establish genetic differences between the Spanish and Portuguese haplotypes to infer the European source of parental ancestry among the African descendants based on the Y chromosome markers.
The presence of the Y subhaplogroup R1a1a-M17 detected among the Afro-Brazilians and the Afro-Colombians is also noteworthy (7.1% and 5.0%, respectively). The spatial frequency distributions of this subhaplogroup have been primarily found in Europe and confined to Central and South Asia (Underhill et al., 2010; Underhill et al., 2015). It might indicate European and Asian gene flow to African descendants after the abolition of slave trade.
The researcher is probably wrong about an Iberian origin for R-M269.He is wrong because many Africans already carried this haplogroup. Research on y-haplogroups in Africa suggest that R1-M269 is also widespread in Africa.
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