"Dr. Bernard Ramon Ortiz de Montellano, age 78, passed away peacefully in the early morning hours of December 2, 2016 at the Querencia retirement community in Austin after a sudden diagnosis of liver cancer and a very rapid decline."
"He obtained a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of Texas at Austin and successfully merged his hobby of studying Mesoamerican culture with his professional training. His scholarly work was in the field of medical anthropology with a focus on the health and nutrition practices of the Aztecs."
"Bernard was a bright light with a warm heart and easy laugh who was admired and held in great affection by his family, friends, and students. He had an inquiring and curious mind and was a great believer in intellectual rigor and the scientific method. He was a fierce advocate for civil rights and social justice through his involvement with the ACLU and jail reform in 1970s Texas, and in volunteering for Texas Democrats since returning to Austin. As a promoter of culturally relevant science he was a founding member of the Society for Advancement of Chicanos/Hispanics and Native Americans in Science (SACNAS)."
In lieu of flowers please honor Bernard’s memory with a contribution to the ACLU.
(Obituary published in the Austin-American Statesman on December 4, 2016.)
(The banner image is the Aztec gods Oxomoco and Cipactonal throwing lots with grains of corn for divination, from the Codex Borbonicus as used on the cover of Bernard’s book, Aztec, Medicine, Health, and Nutrition.) "
quote:Originally posted by Mike111: ^At some point I noticed that he didn't challenge you or me, only Clyde.
But the fact remains:
Some people lie outright.
Some people just withhold the truth.
The result is the same.
Yea, he challenged me because I was able to publish peer reviewed articles on the history and genetic of Black people. Sadly, he spent most of his later years trolling the internet trying to argue with me. He was a great liar and deceiver.
His major success came in life only after he became a critic of Afrocentrism. Without his attacks on Ivan , and later me, no one would have known he existed.
I pray he finds peace and rest at home.
Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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posted
The first Americans were the Paleoamericans. They settled Brazil 100,000 years ago. The earliest representation of the first Mexican is Naia, who was also a Paleoamerican.
The Black Costa Chicas or negrocostachicanos are descendants of these paleoamericans, and later African explorers of the New World. In Costa Chica numerous artifacts have been found that indicate that Black cultures trived in Western Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala almost 2000 years before the Olmec sailed to mexico from Africa and landed on the Gulf coast of Mexico.
In Belize , around 2500 B.C., we see evidence of agriculture. The iconography of this period depicts Africoids. And at Izapa in 1358 B.C., astronomer-priests invented the first American calendar. In addition numerous sculptures of blacks dating to the 2nd millennium B.C, have been found at La Venta, Chiapas, Teotihuacan and Tlatilco.
Chiapas Blacks
The earliest culture founded by Blacks in the Pacific coats region was the Mokaya tradition. The Mokaya tradition was situated on the Pacific coast of Mexico in the Soconusco region. Sedentary village life began as early as 2000BC. By 1700-1500 BC we see many African communities in the Mazatan region. This is called the Barra phase or Ocos complex.
During the Barra phase these Blacks built villages amd made beautiful ceramic vessels often with three legs. They also made a large number of effigy vessels.
The figurines of the Ocos are the most significant evidence for Blacks living in the area during this period. The female figurine from Aquiles Serdan is clearly that of an African woman. Ocos Female
The Blacks of the Mokaya traditions were not Olmec. The civilization of the Mokaya traditions began 700 years before the Olmec arrived in Mexico.
Cherla
In most history text the Ocos are presented as the original founders of Mayan civilization. As you can see from the art they do not look like native Americans they look negro like other Africans.
The Aztec couple appear to be related to the Cherla in apearence (note the nose).
The Cherla were in Mexico before the Olmec so they were Native Americans.
The fact that the Cherla look just like the Aztecs suggest that there may have been millions in the area when the Spanish came on the scene. The origin of the Aztec couple in El Salvador does not deny their Aztec origin this was also a center of Native Black Mexicans.
.
-------------------- C. A. Winters Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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There is no way you can claim that there were no Black Native Americans before 1492, because even the Spanish said the first Indians they met were Black people like the Africans and people of South Indian. Neither genetic evidence nor craniometrics deny the existence of Black Native Americans. The Native Americans were called Indians because they were Black skinned like the Natives of South India. Check out video below .
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Alcina-Franch made it clear that the Spanish left us mention of many Sub-Saharan Communities in Central America and Mexico . These dark skinned Indians were Africans not mongoloid Indians. Paul Gaffarel noted that when Balboa reached America he found "negre veritables" or true Blacks(12). Balboa noted "...Indian traditions of Mexico and Central America indicate that Negroes were among the first occupants of that territory” ." In addition, eyewitness accounts of SSA populations in the Caribbean, and Mexico anthropologists have found SSA skeletons at Pre-Columbian sites . Moore, Wailoo, and Whittington report that ancient Mayan skeletal remains indicate that they suffered from sickle cell anemia an illness associated with Sub-Saharan Africans . The presence of sickle cell anemia among the ancient Maya, supports Quatrefages claim that the Chontal Maya were Africans . Winters has shown the Manding, an African language, as a substratum in Mayan languages.
Craniometric quantitative analysis and multivariate methods have determined the Native American populations. This research indicated that the ancient Americans represent two populations, paleoamericans who were phenotypically African, Australian or Melanesian and a mongoloid population that appears to have arrived in the Americas after 6000 BC.
The determination of the Paleoamericans as members of the Black Variety is not a new phenomena. Howells (1973, 1989, 1995) using multivariate analyses, determined that the Easter Island population was characterized as Australo-Melanesian, while other skeletons from South America were found to be related to Africans and Australians (Coon, 1962; Dixon, 2001; Howell, 1989, 1995; Lahr, 1996). The African-Australo-Melanesian morphology was widespread in North and South America. For example skeletal remains belonging to the Black Variety have been found in Brazil (Neves, Powell, Prous and Ozolins, 1998; Neves et al., 1998), Columbian Highlands (Neves et al., 1995; Powell, 2005), Mexico (Gonza’lez-Jose, 2012), Florida (Howells, 1995), and Southern Patazonia (Neves et al., 1999a, 1999b). We don’t have to depend on just paintings to acknowledge the Negro/African presence in America before 1492, we also have the facial reconstructions of paleoAmericans that have resulted from craniometrics that show these people were Blacks.
The bioanthropologist Walter Neves’s reconstruction of the first Americans evidenced Negroid features for the Paleoamerican we call Luzia. What made this finding startling was that Neves using the mahalanobis distance and principal component analysis, found that 75 other skulls from Lagos Santa, were also phenotypically African or Australian (Neves et al., 2004).So stop trying to claim there were no Blacks in America before 1492, Blacks had been in America 94,000 years according to Dr. Nieda Guidon before the mongloid Native Americans found in America today arrived in the United States 6000 years ago.
There is genetic and ethnographic evidence that some of the Maya were Blacks. The Mayan speaking Mexicans include Black Mexicans who were probably decendants of the Paleoamericans. According to Quatrefages in The Human Species, the Black tribes of Mexicans include the Othomi (Otomi), and Tzendal/Chontal. Arnaiz-Villena and Winters have discussed the genetic evidence of Indigenous Mexican-African admixture that is compelling. The frequency of HLA B*35 at 45% is highest among the Maya. We also find that the YAP+ associated with AàG transition at DYS271 and 9bp also has a high frequency among the Maya, all these markers are associated with African ancestry. This is not surprising because Quatrefages classified the Chontal Maya as Black Native Americans, and sickle cell anemia is found among ancient Mayan skeletons.
The R haplogroup is carried by Mexicans. The frequency of hg R varies from Tarahumara (5.6%), Otomi (14.3%), Yucateca Maya (10.5%). There is also a high frequency of haplogroup R among the Ch’ol and Chontal which stood around 15% . The most pristine form of R-M173 is carried by Africans. The haplogroup R-M173 is not found in Siberia.. The Ch’ol and Chontal also carry E1b1b .
The fact that Neves discovered the Paleoamericans were Black, makes it clear that the ancestors of the Aztecs and Chontal may be descendants of this Mexican population.
References:
1.Alcina-Franch J.(1985). Los orígenes de America. : Editorial Alhambra. 2. Arnaiz-Villena,A, Moscoso, J.,Serrano-Vela,I. (2006).The uniqueness of Amerindians according to HLA genes and the peopling of the Americas. http://www.inmunologia.org/Upload/Articles/6/7/678.pdf Coon CS (1962). The Origin of Races (New York: Knopf). Dixon EJ (2001). Human colonization of the Americas: timing, chronology and process. Quaternary Science Review 20 277–99. Gonza´lez-Jose´ R, Hernande´z M, Neves WA, Pucciarelli HM and Correal G (2002). Cra´neos del Pleistoceno tardio-Holoceno tempramo de Me´xico en relacio´n al patro´n morfolo´gico paleoamericano. Paper presented at the 7th Congress of the Latin American Association of Biological Anthropology, Mexico City. Howells WW (1973). Cranial Variation in Man: A Study by Multivariate Analysis of Patterns of Difference among Recent Human Populations, Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University) 67. Howells WW (1989). Skull Shapes and the Map: Craniometric Analyses in the Dispersion of Modern Homo, Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University) 79. Early Holocene human skeletal remains from Cerca Grande 497 Howells WW (1995). Who’s Who in Skulls: Ethnic Identification of Crania from Measurments, Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (Cambridge. MA: Harvard University) 82. Moore,S. (1929). The Bone Change in Sickle Cell Anemia with A Note on Similar Changes Observed in Skulls of Ancient Mayan Indians, Journal of Missouri Medical Association, 26:561 Neves WA and Hubbe M (2005). Cranial morphology of early Americans from Lagoa Santa, Brazil: Implications for the settlement of the New World. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102(18) 309–18, 314. Neves WA and Meyer D (1993). The contribution of the morphology of early South and Northamerican skeletal remains to the understanding of the peopling of the Americas. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 16(Suppl) 150–1. Neves WA and Pucciarelli HM (1989). Extra-continental biological relationships of early South American human remains: a multivariate analysis. Cieˆncia e Cultura 41 566–75. Neves WA and Pucciarelli HM (1990). The origins of the first Americans: an analysis based onthe cranial morphology of early South American human remains. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 247. Neves WA and Pucciarelli HM (1991). Morphological affinities of the first Americans: an exploratory analysis based on early South American human remains. Journal of Human Evolution 21 261–73. Neves WA and Pucciarelli HM (1991). Morphological Affinities of the First Americans: an exploratory analysis based on early South American human remains. Journal of Human Evolution 21 261-273. Neves WA, Gonza´ lez-Jose´ R, Hubbe M, Kipnis R, Araujo AGM and Blasi O (2004). Early Holocene Human Skeletal Remains form Cerca Grande, Lagoa Santa, Central Brazil, and the origins of the first Americans. World Archaeology 36 479-501. Neves WA, Powell JF and Ozolins EG (1999). Extra-continental morphological affinities of Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1: A multivariate analysis with progressive numbers of variables. Homo 50 263-268. Neves WA, Powell JF and Ozolins EG (1999). Extra-continental morphological affinities of Palli-Aike, Southern Chile. Interciencia 24 258-263, Available: http://www.interciencia.org/v24_04/neves.pdf Neves WA, Powell JF and Ozolins EG (1999a). Extra-continental morphological affinities of Palli Aike, southern Chile. Interciencia 24 258–63. Neves WA, Powell JF and Ozolins EG (1999b). Modern human origins as seen from the peripheries. Journal of Human Evolution 37 129–33. Neves WA, Powell JF, Prous A and Ozolins EG (1998). Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1: morphologial affinities or the earliest known American. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 26(Suppl) 169. Quatrefages, A de.(1889) . Introduction a L’Etudes des Races Humaines. Wailoo, Keith. (2002). Drawing Blood: Technology and Disease Identity in Twentieth-Century America. JHU Press. Whittington, S. L., & Reed, D. M. (1997). Bones of the Maya: Studies of ancient skeletons. Washington, D.C: Smithonian Institution Press. Winters,C. ( 2011 ). Olmec (Mande) Loan Words in the Mayan, Mixe-Zoque and Taino Languages. Current Research Journal of Social Sciences 3(3): 152-179. Winters,C. (2011a). Comment: Genetic Evidence of Early Migrations into America. Retrived 2/18/2015: http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=18395 Winters,C. (2014) HLA-B*35 in Mexican Amerindians and African Populations. Forthcoming: Indian J Fundamental and Applied Life Scieces. Winters C. (2011b). Is Native American R Y-Chromosome of African Origin?. Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences 3(6): 555-558, 2011.
The Mayan speaking Mexicans include Black Mexicans who were probably decendants of the Paleoamericans. According to Quatrefages in The Human Species, the Black tribes of Mexico include the Othomi (Otomi), and Tzendal/Chontal. Arnaiz-Villena and Winters have discussed the genetic evidence of Indigenous Mexican-African admixture that is compelling (refer to articles cited above). The frequency of HLA B*35 at 45% is highest among the Maya. We also find that the YAP+ associated with AàG transition at DYS271 and 9bp also has a high frequency among the Maya, all these markers are associated with African ancestry. This is not surprising because Quatrefages classified the Chontal Maya as Black Native Americans , and sickle cell anemia is found among ancient Mayan skeletons.
The Amerindian haplogroups (hg) are descendant from the L3(M,N, & X) macrohaplogroup): ABCDN and X. The L3 (M,N,X) marcogroup converge at np 16223.
The phylogeography of haplogroup C suggest that this American founder haplogroup differentiated in Siberia—Asia . The situation is not so clear for haplogrop B2, but A2 and D1 probably differentiated after the mongoloid Native American lineages diverged after crossing the Beringa Straits.
Haplogroup A2 has the motif 16111T,16223c, 16290T, 16319A and 16223C . Haplogroup A is rare in Siberia . Interestingly, haplogroup A absent in western North America is common in parts of Central America and Northern America where the Spanish reported the existence of Black Native American communities.
In a recent study of post-Classic Mexicans at Tlatilco , dating between 10-13 centuries the subjects carried the founder haplogroups A (36%), B (13%), C (4.3%) and D (17.4%) . We should note, that in Yucatec, the Mayans were predominately haplogroup A, the Maya in Hondurus, a stronghold of the Black Native Americans belonged to haplogroup C. The mtDNA haplogroup A common to Mexicans is also found among the Mande speaking people and some East Africans . Haplogroup A found among Mixe and Mixtecs .The Mande speakers carry mtDNA haplogroup A, which is common among Mexicans . In addition to the Mande speaking people of West Africa, Southeast Africa Africans also carry mtDNA haplogroup A .
The major American Indian male lineages include R1, C,D and Q3.There is evidence of African admixture in the American y-chromosome haplogroups. The Q y-haplogroup has the highest frequency among indigenous Mexicans. The frequency hg Q varies from a high of 54% for Q-M243, and a low of 46% for QM .
Underhill et al , noted that:" One Mayan male, previously [has been] shown to have an African Y chromosome". This is very interesting because the Maya language illustrates a Mande substratum, in addition to African genetic markers . Recent research indicate the Ch’ol and Chontal also carry E1b1b .
African y-chromosome are associated with YAP+ and 9bp. The YAP-à associated with A-àG transition at DYS271 is found among Native Americans. The YAP+ individuals include Mixe speakers (32-33). YAP+ is often present in haplogroups (hg) C and D. The DYS271 transition is of African origin.The DSY271 Alu insertion is found only in chromosomes bearing Alu insertion (YAP+) at locus DYS287 (33). The DYS271 transition was found among the Wayuu, Zenu and Inzano. The Mexican Native American y-chromosome bearing the African markers is resident in haplogroups C and D .
The R haplogroup is carried by Mexicans. The frequency of hg R varies from Tarahumara (5.6%), Otomi (14.3%), Yucateca Maya (10.5%). There is also a high frequency of haplogroup R among the Ch’ol and Chontal which stood around 15% . The most pristine form of R-M173 is carried by Africans. The haplogroup R-M173 is not found in Siberia.. The Ch’ol and Chontal also carry E1b1b .
The fact that Neves discovered the Paleoamericans were Black, makes it clear that the ancestors of the Aztecs and Chontal may be descendants of this Mexican population.
In addition, eyewitness accounts of SSA populations in the Caribbean, and Mexico anthropologists have found SSA skeletons at Pre-Columbian sites . Moore, Wailoo, and Whittington report that ancient Mayan skeletal remains indicate that they suffered from sickle cell anemia an illness associated with Sub-Saharan Africans .
The presence of sickle cell anemia among the ancient Maya, supports Quatrefages claim that the Chontal Maya were Africans . Winters has shown the Manding, an African language, as a substratum in Mayan languages.
In summary, the genetic evidence makes it clear Black descendants of the paleoamericans were in Mexico when the Spanish arrived there, and exist in Mexico today. Stop trying to steal the history of the paleoamericans and their contemporary Black descendants in Mexico.
posted
Congratulations to Clyde, we can all see why he has been so quiet lately. (He has been busy writing new research articles).
Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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The Cherla were in Mexico before the Olmec so they were Native Americans.
The fact that the Cherla look just like the Aztecs suggest that there may have been millions in the area when the Spanish came on the scene. The origin of the Aztec couple in El Salvador does not deny their Aztec origin this was also a center of Native Black Mexicans.
The Aztec couple appear to be related to the Cherla in apearence (note the nose).
. [/QB]
Clyde says these are black people.
I'm wondering which tribe in Africa has people similar looking to this
Posts: 42921 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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posted
^Thank you all for not responding to this idiot.
Newbees might notice that the male seems to have some sort of defect.
My guess is that he is suffering from microcephaly, now associated with the Zika virus.
The Zika virus is carried by the Aedes, which is a genus of mosquitoes originally found in tropical and subtropical zones, but now found on all continents except Antarctica
Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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The Cherla were in Mexico before the Olmec so they were Native Americans.
The fact that the Cherla look just like the Aztecs suggest that there may have been millions in the area when the Spanish came on the scene. The origin of the Aztec couple in El Salvador does not deny their Aztec origin this was also a center of Native Black Mexicans.
The Aztec couple appear to be related to the Cherla in apearence (note the nose).
.
Clyde says these are black people.
I'm wondering which tribe in Africa has people similar looking to this [/QB]
yea they are Blacks.
These are Native American Blacks, their ancestors came to Mexico at least 14,000 years ago, as illustrated by Naia. The Paleoamericans, were here 100,000 years ago.
Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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The mtDNA haplogroup A common to Mexicans is also found among the Mande speaking people and some East Africans . Haplogroup A found among Mixe and Mixtecs .The Mande speakers carry mtDNA haplogroup A, which is common among Mexicans . In addition to the Mande speaking people of West Africa, Southeast Africa Africans also carry mtDNA haplogroup A .[/b]
Where is the ORIGINAL text that has sampled Haplogroup A in all these African groups?
Posts: 2463 | From: New Jersey USA | Registered: Dec 2007
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They found one person in Africa who had Asian/Native American DNA
and that is what you assume ?
The fact they found any makes it clear there are probably more.
[/QUOTE]
but there could be recent reasons for that DNA being there and in recent times there has been a lot more interaction
Posts: 42921 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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"Dr. Bernard Ramon Ortiz de Montellano, age 78, passed away peacefully in the early morning hours of December 2, 2016 at the Querencia retirement community in Austin after a sudden diagnosis of liver cancer and a very rapid decline."
"He obtained a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of Texas at Austin and successfully merged his hobby of studying Mesoamerican culture with his professional training. His scholarly work was in the field of medical anthropology with a focus on the health and nutrition practices of the Aztecs."
"Bernard was a bright light with a warm heart and easy laugh who was admired and held in great affection by his family, friends, and students. He had an inquiring and curious mind and was a great believer in intellectual rigor and the scientific method. He was a fierce advocate for civil rights and social justice through his involvement with the ACLU and jail reform in 1970s Texas, and in volunteering for Texas Democrats since returning to Austin. As a promoter of culturally relevant science he was a founding member of the Society for Advancement of Chicanos/Hispanics and Native Americans in Science (SACNAS)."
In lieu of flowers please honor Bernard’s memory with a contribution to the ACLU.
(Obituary published in the Austin-American Statesman on December 4, 2016.)
(The banner image is the Aztec gods Oxomoco and Cipactonal throwing lots with grains of corn for divination, from the Codex Borbonicus as used on the cover of Bernard’s book, Aztec, Medicine, Health, and Nutrition.) "
A belated R I P to Dr. Bernard Ramon Ortiz de Montellano. He was a staunch defender of reason and science, who stood up against pseudo science and misinformation.
He was also a defender of Native American history, culture and achievements against those who tried to diminish, misinterpret or appropriate it.
He shall also be noted for his great patience and perseverance in debunking pseudo historical and pseudo scientific claims, both in articles and on Internet fora like this one. His insigtsful writings are indeed missed.
-------------------- Once an archaeologist, always an archaeologist Posts: 2684 | From: Sweden | Registered: Mar 2020
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posted
Nope he was a White Hispanic who knew that attacking Black people would get him brownie points with white supremacist. His actions were nothing to respect IMO.
posted
Actually, he was a voice of reason who criticized pseudo history, and at the same time defended Native American history and culture against those who tried to diminish, misinterpret or appropriate it.
-------------------- Once an archaeologist, always an archaeologist Posts: 2684 | From: Sweden | Registered: Mar 2020
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quote:Originally posted by Archeopteryx: Actually, he was a voice of reason who criticized pseudo history, and at the same time defended Native American history and culture against those who tried to diminish, misinterpret or appropriate it.
The Vikings sure do look look like Olmec statues.
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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posted
One thing Bernard Ramon Ortiz de Montellano did, that maybe not all debaters do on fora like this, is when he wanted to check up some claim in a debate, he sometimes mailed the experts, or the editors of some journal, directly to find out more. It shows that he had an open mind and was a truth seeker.
-------------------- Once an archaeologist, always an archaeologist Posts: 2684 | From: Sweden | Registered: Mar 2020
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posted
Bernard Ortiz de Montellano already in the 1990s published articles which debunked Afrocentric and other pseudo historical claims.
Here is a couple of examples
They Were NOT Here before Columbus: Afrocentric Hyperdiffusionism in the 1990s. Bernard Ortiz de Montellano, Gabriel Haslip-Viera and Warren Barbour. Ethnohistory Vol. 44, No. 2 (Spring, 1997), pp. 199-234
Robbing Native American Cultures: Van Sertima's Afrocentricity and the Olmecs. Gabriel Haslip‐Viera, Bernard Ortiz de Montellano and Warren Barbour. Current Anthropology Vol. 38, No. 3 (June 1997)
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