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In a study published this week in the journal Molecular Biology and Evolution, researchers analyzed the part of the Inuit genome that affects body fat distribution. (They looked at the genome of nearly 200 Inuits.) They compared this portion of the Inuit genome with the same portion of other populations, as well as Neanderthals and Denisovans, which are another one of our ancestors that interbred with modern humans about 50,000 years ago.
All the Inuits had a gene variation that helps them build more brown fat. Unlike white fat, which just contains calories, brown fat burns energy and produces heat. It’s helpful for adapting to the cold, and is especially common in babies. Most interesting, though, this specific pattern of gene variation matched very closely with the same genome portion of the Denisovans, suggesting that Denisovan ancestors are the source of this evolutionary advantage.
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Did you know obese black people have brown fat?
Of course you do! You're a deflection robot but for everyone else's benefit;
Current trend in obesity in western living black people is due to being fed a diet meant for albinos. I.E. Vitamin D overdose!
Posts: 4693 | From: Saturn | Registered: Apr 2012
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quote:Originally posted by Narmerthoth: In a study published this week in the journal Molecular Biology and Evolution, researchers analyzed the part of the Inuit genome that affects body fat distribution. (They looked at the genome of nearly 200 Inuits.) They compared this portion of the Inuit genome with the same portion of other populations, as well as Neanderthals and Denisovans, which are another one of our ancestors that interbred with modern humans about 50,000 years ago.
All the Inuits had a gene variation that helps them build more brown fat. Unlike white fat, which just contains calories, brown fat burns energy and produces heat. It’s helpful for adapting to the cold, and is especially common in babies. Most interesting, though, this specific pattern of gene variation matched very closely with the same genome portion of the Denisovans, suggesting that Denisovan ancestors are the source of this evolutionary advantage.
They are saying that inuit people can produce more brown fat because they have mixture with a cold climate hominid similar to Neanderthals found in Siberia
Posts: 42922 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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^ Perhaps you forget a few years ago when you used the Inuit as an example of Albinos shed all their black/brown melanin to enable them to absorb Vitamin D via sunlight. I proved you wrong then and this proves you wrong again. No matter how much you try to stick your finger in and defend the "European Racial theory" Dike, the wall still comes crumbling down.
Who ever programmed you was a loser, and it shows in your defective programming. So much for dysfunction inheritance Artificial intelligence!
Posts: 4693 | From: Saturn | Registered: Apr 2012
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White folks have more brown fat than black folks. Black folks have more white fat than white folk. Far as I know.
Pygmy infants probably have some brown fat, but I'd guess it disappears soon, while OOA folks retain it longer, and polar people (arctic, Tierra del fuego Yahgan) retain it to adulthood, likely due to Neander/Denisovan genes being selected.
AMHs resemble pigs due to convergence in tropical rainforest subcanopy ground foraging, not genetic common ancestry.
Posts: 2021 | From: Miami | Registered: Aug 2014
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posted
You're a dunce and your opinion is even less informed than Lionese, but at least she has the excuse of being a mis-informer. In your case it's just plain dumbness. Using YouTube as reference just validates how dumb you are.
Someone who looks like this has no brown skin or fat. The reason is simple and has been posted here on ES at least a hundred times. They have completely dysfunctional melanocytes.
quote:Originally posted by Narmerthoth: [QB] ^ Perhaps you forget a few years ago when you used the Inuit as an example of Albinos shed all their black/brown melanin to enable them to absorb Vitamin D via sunlight. I proved you wrong then and this proves you wrong again.
Again, this article has to do with body fat and zero to do with skin color. You are very mixed up and struggling hard to make up Nazi influenced biological racist propaganda.
As the amount of sunshine increased in late winter and spring, people wore goggles to protect their eyes from the painful snow blindness that occurs when strong ultraviolet light reflects from snow and ice, burning the retinas. The Inuit technology of the shades reduced the amount of glare reaching the wearer’s eyes, while still providing a wide range of vision. The greater the width of the slits the larger the field of view.
With no ground cover their faces are exposed more sunlight then in other Northern environments.
Besides I have schooled you before the Inuit are not in need of vitamin D because they have a fish based diet which is very high in vitamin D.
As I have schooled you before the Inuit are closer genetically to Europeans then they are to Africans, who they are at greatest distance from
-and their brown fat is derived from the cold adapted hominid similar to Neaderthals, the Denisova of Siberia
-Siberia, where the oldest specimen of a human being carrying haplogroup R was found, Mal'ta boy of the village of Mal'ta, Siberia
Posts: 42922 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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posted
Dunce, the key is BROWN fat. How does FAT become brown or white? Eumelanin, or the lack of Eumelanin. Blacks possess both simply because they are capable of manufacturing both. Whites cannot manufacture Eumelanin, and that is why they are albinos and WHITE. Their ability to manufacture red/yellow is also partial and defective, which is why Whites labelled Native Americans as "Red skins", and Asians as "Yellow", both clearly distinctive from "White".
If a "white" has skin type 3 (as shown in the above INUIT photos), then they are clearly mulatto with some black blood in their family history.
Do whites (albinos) have brown fat? No. No more than they have brown skin.
Nature works in a specific order. Prioritization. If Whites/Albinos were able to manufacture any black/brown pigment, it would first go to the brain (eyes, ears), and then skin, and then heart, liver, etc., and then fat.
If you see no brown in the skin, then then is definitely none in the fat.
Posts: 4693 | From: Saturn | Registered: Apr 2012
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quote:Originally posted by Narmerthoth: [QB] Dunce, the key is BROWN fat. How does FAT become brown or white? Eumelanin, or the lack of Eumelanin. Blacks possess both simply because they are capable of manufacturing both.
You are ignorant, read the basic biology textbooks in googlebooks, the library or elsewhere. The color of brown fat comes from mitochondria that contain iron. Brown fat has no relation to skin color
Considering Albinos avoid mentioning Eumelanin at all cost, think about how does Brown fat generate heat when white fat does not?
Hint: Eumelanin collects the energy of free radicals and releases it as....
A. Cysteine B. Sulphur C. Heat D. H2O
Once again, we focus on the major cause of Albino lack of Eumelanin production: Cysteine.
The 1st photo above shows the melanin pathway where the ratio of DOPA to Cysteine are weighed to determine if the body will manufacture Pheomelanin or Eumelanin, or in the case of OCA1 (unlimited supply of Cysteine), None.
In the presence of Cysteine and no DOPA, only white pigment (empty melanosome) will be manufactured.
Albinos have an unnatural high level of Cysteine and their DOPA pathway is completely blocked. Therefore, melanocytes will always send out empty or nearly empty (partial Pheomelanin) melanosomes.
So, where does this Brown (Eumelanin) pigmented fat in whites come from? Nowhere, because they have none.
Also note from Insert 1, the difference between Asians and Europeans in melanocyte functionality. Although Asians have better functioning melanocytes, they can still be considered as Albino, but less albino inflicted than Europeans.
Posts: 4693 | From: Saturn | Registered: Apr 2012
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It has nothing to do with melanin, brown fat generates heat by thermogenesis
Thermogenesis resulting from the effects of the sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters, epinephrine and norepinephrine, acting to increase the cellular metabolic rate in skeletal muscle and other tissues, thereby increasing heat production. In a specialized form of adipose tissue, brown fat, the effect of the sympathetic neurotransmitters is to increase the rate of uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation by the mitochondria, which results in heat production without formation of adenosine triphosphate.
quote:Originally posted by Narmerthoth:
So, where does this Brown (Eumelanin) pigmented fat in whites come from? Nowhere, because they have none.
You are ignorant and a liar, brown fat is not due melanin. It is due to iron-containing mitochondria.
Read a biology text, because you are sounding stupid
If you want to be in the 5%, do the knowledge, learn the mathematics
Posts: 42922 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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You continue to try to put of a lie to deceive people with your evil racist agenda. You are indeed a devil.
Again, not for you but for people reading. Brown fat is not produced by Melanocytes, white people and black people have both brown and white fat and it has no relation to skin color.
As for dark skinned people, skin has many layers. Only the top layer is dark colored the other layers are white excluding red blood color
Again, not for you but for people reading. Brown fat is not produced by Melanocytes, white people and black people have both brown and white fat and it has no relation to skin color.
African American adults are nearly 1.5 times as likely to be obese compared with White adults. That is white fat. So we as a people have more white fat on average than white people. The is a medical fact.
People look it up in the medical text. Narmertoth is a racial propagandist and he is trying to bend and twist facts to try to trick the people into a feel good (for some) pack of racist lies
He is doing this to lay a foundation for future violence if an opportunity comes to fore. He is trying to lay an ideological foundation to justify it.
Posts: 42922 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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Unlike Jews, God doesn't seek to save a penny by using cheaper materials. He only uses the best! Unless, of course, some random mutation occurred that changed the design. Such is fate!
Any hows, if brown fat used Iron for thermal conductive material, it would not generate much heat and would be virtually useless for this function.
Perhaps you might still remember that eumelanin is copper based and Pheomelanin is sulphur based. In the link above, do you see any conductivity values for iron or sulphur listed? If not, it is probably due to both Iron and Sulphur having very poor conductivity values, making them very poor thermal conductive materials. As you can see, even cheap aluminium is a better thermal conductor than Iron. Most importantly, when a superior copper based SUPER-CONDUCTING material such is the case for Eumelanin is available, why would an inferior material such as Iron be deployed?
In the case of you albinos, please also, ONCE AGAIN, reference and consider this defect which is prevalent in whites/albinos;
Copper is widely used throughout the human body for energy manipulation. ALL the electrical signalling within the body depend on copper laced EUMELANIN interconnects. When a human is Eumelanin defective, this includes a copper deficient, and leads to many physical and psychological ailments.
This is why Artificial Intelligence is a bad thing, because programming is just "Junk In/Junk Out", and Albinos are mostly comprised of Junk.
I would think after 6-7 years of reading my posts, you would have learned SOMETHING!?! You ALWAYS lose in these exchanges. Are you a masochistic robot?
Posts: 4693 | From: Saturn | Registered: Apr 2012
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Why turning down the thermostat could help win the battle of the bulge
Credit: Richie Pope
For most people, “fat,” particularly the kind that bulges under the skin, is a four-letter word. It makes our thighs jiggle; it lingers despite our torturous attempts to eliminate it. Too much of it increases our risk for heart disease and type 2 diabetes (the most common form of the condition). For decades researchers have looked for ways to reduce our collective stores of fat because they seemed to do more harm than good.
But biology is rarely that simple. In the late 2000s several research groups independently discovered something that shattered the consensus about the absolute dangers of body fat. Scientists had long known that humans produce at least two types of fat tissue—white and brown. Each white fat cell stores energy in the form of a single large, oily droplet but is otherwise relatively inert. In contrast, brown fat cells contain many smaller droplets, as well as chestnut-colored molecular machines known as mitochondria. These organelles in turn burn up the droplets to generate heat. Babies, who have not yet developed the ability to shiver to maintain their body temperature, rely on thermogenic deposits of brown fat in the neck and around the shoulders to stay warm. Yet investigators assumed that all brown fat disappears during childhood. The new findings revealed otherwise. Adults have brown fat, too.
Suddenly, people started throwing around terms like holy grail to describe the promise of brown fat to combat obesity. The idea was appealingly simple: if researchers could figure out how to incite the body to produce extra brown fat or somehow rev up existing brown fat, a larger number of calories would be converted into heat, reducing deposits of white fat in the process.
Brown fat proved difficult to study, however, in part because it was so hard to find in adults. In addition, some experts doubted that enough brown fat could remain in the grown-up body to make much of a difference for the obese. Finally, the easiest way to get brown fat warmed up and going is to expose people to low temperatures, which somewhat diminishes brown fat's appeal as a weight-loss tool. The more researchers learned about brown fat, the more complications and questions arose.
Now, however, the understanding of brown fat is turning a corner. Scientists have learned new ways to pinpoint its location underneath the skin. The latest evidence suggests that it can indeed reduce excess stores of fat even in the obese. Researchers have also identified compounds that can activate brown fat without the need for unpleasantly chilling temperatures. As bizarre as it sounds, fat may become an important ally in the fight against obesity.
Big Fat Complexities In 2009 three different groups independently published papers in the New England Journal of Medicine confirming their discovery of active brown fat cells in healthy adults. Investigators spent the next five years figuring out how to study brown fat more easily and in greater detail.
The most popular method of mapping where brown fat is located under the skin has been to scan the body using combined positron-emission tomography and computed tomography (PET-CT). This technique produces highly detailed images of the body's interior but requires a costly and invasive procedure, says Paul Lee, a research officer at the Garvan Institute of Medical Research in Sydney. To perform such scans, doctors first inject patients with solutions of radioactive but benign sugar molecules. Once the mitochondria inside brown fat cells start working, they consume the radioactive sugar, which emits gamma rays that the PET part of the scan can detect. The CT scan outlines the various different types of tissue, and the combination of the two technologies identifies brown fat cells that happen to be active while overlooking all the dormant deposits.
Lee says several new methodologies are on the horizon that could make investigating brown fat in people easier and far more accurate. Scientists have, for example, devised ways of measuring brown fat with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a technology that uses giant magnets to harmlessly align water molecules in the body in such a way that detailed images of its different tissues are created and that is much less invasive than PET-CT scans because no injections are necessary. Another relatively inexpensive and noninvasive option is thermal imaging, which identifies hotspots of brown fat under the skin by monitoring the temperature of the overlying skin.
As tools for studying brown fat have improved, experimenters have challenged previous pessimism about its ability to help people lose weight. In a 2012 study, six men remained inactive for three hours while wearing a cold suit that circulated water with a temperature of 64.4 degrees Fahrenheit over their skin—cold enough to lower their body temperature without causing too much shivering. That way the researchers could be sure that most of the extra calories burned during those three hours were expended by brown fat cells rather than quivering muscles.
The volunteers burned an extra 250 calories compared with what they would have used up during three hours of inactivity at more typical indoor temperatures. Although that may not sound like a lot, an extra 250 calories a day for two weeks would consume enough energy to allow a dieter to lose a pound of fat. “Even very modest increases in metabolism over a long period can lead to significant weight reduction,” says Barbara Cannon, a physiologist at the Wenner-Gren Institute for Experimental Biology in Stockholm, who was not involved in the study.
Recent experiments have also revealed that brown fat's benefits go far beyond burning calories. A 2011 study using mice found that brown fat can fuel itself with triglycerides taken from the bloodstream—exactly the kind of fatty molecules known to increase the chances of developing metabolic syndrome, a cluster of conditions that raises the risk for heart disease, stroke and diabetes. Brown fat cells also draw sugar molecules from the blood, which could help lower the risk for type 2 diabetes; chronically high levels of blood glucose wreak havoc on the body's ability to manage those levels in the first place, which in turn sets the stage for diabetes.
Beige Power Given these findings, an increasing number of scientists and biotech companies are trying to develop ways to multiply the number of brown fat cells in the body or somehow boost their activity. In addition, they are exploring the possibility of transforming white fat cells into tissue that behaves a lot like brown fat—what they call “beige” or “brite” (brown in white) fat.
Figuring out whether cool temperatures trigger the production of beige fat, in addition to revving up brown fat, seemed like a good starting point. Last year Japanese researchers asked 12 young men with lower than average amounts of active brown fat to sit in a 63 degree F room for two hours a day for six weeks. At first, the study participants burned an average of 108 extra calories in the cold compared with more normal indoor temperatures. After six weeks, however, their bodies were burning an extra 289 calories in the cold, and PET-CT scans indicated that their beige fat activity had indeed increased. A group of similarly aged and healthy men who were not repeatedly exposed to the cold showed no change in their metabolism. The researchers think that over the six weeks low temperatures increased the activity of a gene named UCP1, which seems to guide the conversion of white fat into beige fat.
Don't fancy low temperatures? Investigators have identified several molecules that may be able to stimulate such “browning” of white fat without the need for cold. Two 2012 studies showed that a hormone called irisin, which is released from muscle cells after exercise, coaxes white fat to behave like brown fat. In one of these studies, researchers injected mice with a gene that tripled the levels of the hormone in the blood of mice that were obese and had dangerously high amounts of sugar in their bloodstream. The mice lost weight and regained control of their glucose levels in just 10 days.
Exercise has also been shown to increase UCP1 activity in brown fat, making it more active. Other naturally derived browning stimulators currently under investigation include brain-derived neurotrophic factor—a molecule that usually promotes growth of neurons—and SIRT1, a protein whose purpose remains mysterious but that may help the body manage stress.
Whereas converting existing white fat into beige fat is a promising approach, some researchers, including Cannon, think it may prove more helpful to increase amounts of brown fat itself. In 2013 she and her colleagues reported that brown fat can burn at least five times more stored energy than beige fat. Ideally, Cannon says, scientists will learn how to keep stores of brown fat as large and active throughout adulthood as they are in infancy: “The goal should be to maintain brown fat forever rather than having to re-create it.”
Many researchers are confident that they will eventually hit on specific brown fat–based treatments, although most admit that such interventions most likely are 10 years away at least. In the meantime, though, self-motivated individuals can start applying some of the insights about brown fat to their own lives. “There is no doubt that an unhealthy diet and sedentary lifestyle are the two chief drivers of the obesity epidemic,” Lee says, but “lack of exposure to temperature variation could be a subtle contributor.”
In other words, central heating has its drawbacks, in part because it may dampen brown fat's activity. No one is quite ready to suggest turning down the thermostat in winter as a way of losing weight, however—although it undoubtedly saves money on your heating bill. Whether it might also help keep you trim and ward off chronic diseases remains to be seen.
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