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During the time of the East India Company and later, in the British rule, there seem to have been two motives working in the minds of the rulers: plundering the wealth of this land and the ‘white man’s burden’ of civilizing the natives (the term used by them to refer to all Indians).


We shall see, how in order to achieve these ends, the British so cleverly played their cards that even after 60+ years of independence we still continue to exist in a state of stupor, unable (and even unwilling!) to extricate ourselves from one of the greatest hypnoses woven over a whole nation. Perhaps many of us do not know that India was the richest land till the British came here.


Whereas Britain’s share in world exports before was only 9% as against India’s share of 19% today our share is only 0.5%. Most of the foreigners came to India in search of her fabulous wealth. Ernest Wood, in the book ‘A Foreigner defends Mother India’ states, “In the middle of the eighteenth century, Phillimore wrote that ‘the droppings of her soil fed distant regions“.


No traveller found India poor until the nineteenth century, but foreign merchants and adventurers sought her shores for the almost fabulous wealth, which they could there obtain. ‘To shake the pagoda tree’ became a phrase, somewhat similar to our modern expression ‘to strike oil’.”


In India 35% to 50% of village lands were revenue free and that revenue was utilized for running schools, conducting temple festivals, producing medicines, feeding pilgrims, improving irrigation etc.


The British in their greed brought down the revenue free lands down to 5%. When there was a protest they assured Indians that the government would create an irrigation department to take care of irrigation, an educational board to take care of education. etc.


The initiative of the people was destroyed. But the rulers found to their chagrin, that though they had conquered this nation, it was still strongly rooted in its own culture. They found that as long as the nation was aware and even proud of its traditions, their ‘white man’s burden’ remained as ‘heavy and cumbersome as ever’!


India had, at that time, a very well spread system of education and that system had to be made ineffective for their purposes.

Now, most of us are taught to believe that the education was in the hands of the Brahmins and in Sanskrit medium and that the other castes had no education. But here are the facts about how the British destroyed the Indian educational system and made one of the most literate nations illiterate.

In the Round- table conference in 1931, Mahatma Gandhi in one of his speeches said, “The beautiful tree of education was cut down by you British. Therefore today India is far more illiterate than it was 100 years ago.” Immediately, Philip Hartog, who was a parliamentarian stood up and said, “Mr.Gandhi, it is we who have educated the masses of India. And therefore you must take back your statement and apologise or prove it.” Gandhi said he would prove it. But the debate did not continue for lack of time.


Later one of his followers, Shri Dharampal, went to the British museum and examined the reports and archives. He published a book “The Beautiful Tree” where this matter has been discussed in great detail. By 1820, the British had already destroyed the financial resources that supported our educational system- a destruction that they had been carrying out for nearly twenty years. But still the Indians persisted in continuing with their system of education.


So, the British decided to find out the intricacies of this system. Therefore a survey was ordered in 1822 and was conducted by the British district collectors. In the survey it was found that the Bengal presidency had 1 lakh village schools, in Madras there was not a single village without a school, in Bombay, if the village population was near 100, the village had a school.


Teachers as well as students of all castes were in these schools. The Brahmins accounted 7% to 48% of the teachers, and the rest of the teachers in any district, came from other castes. Further all children had their education in their mother tongue. The equivalent of the present day primary education lasted 4 to 5 years.


We all know that it is universal primary education that is important for taking the nation ahead, not just a few getting higher education. The British administrators admired the dedication and capacity of the Indian teachers.


By the time the students came out of the schools they had acquired the capacity to be competitive, and to understand and have proper insight into their own culture. One Mr.Bell, a Christian missionary in Madras took the Indian system of education back to England, and introduced it there.


Until then, only the children of the nobles were given education there and he started education for the masses in England. So, we gather that it is from India that the British adopted the system for educating the masses.


The Cause of Degradation: The Downward Filtration Method. But what happened in India? Foreign Christian missionaries even resented the nominal amount of one lakh rupees kept aside for the education of Indians.


The British cut down the financial resources and brought in several regulations one after the other- regulations like “there has to be a ‘pucca’ building etc. That was not the end. They invited T.B. Macaulay to decide how to divert the money, what should be the medium of instruction and the mode of educating the Indian.


He made English the medium of instruction and diverted the money for English education. G.D.Trevelyan writes in “Life of Lord Macaulay”(vol 1 pg164) “A new India was born in 1835″. What Alexander, Ashoka and the western missionaries had failed to do was accomplished by Macualay’s educational minutes, decreeing that India was to receive through English education, the language of the West.


“The very foundations of her ancient civilization began to rock and sway. Pillar after pillar in the edifice came crashing down.” But Macaulay did a more harmful thing, which is not generally known. He adopted the “downward filtration method” for educating the Indians. What is this method?


The problem facing Macaulay was that Indians were numerous and The British were a handful. How were they going to educate the Indians? How could this nation be weakened so that in self-forgetfulness it would support the British Raj?

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Originally posted by Doug M:
They taught the world to worship white people.

That is the only thing their educational system is designed to do, which is promote white supremacy.


So of course they had to destroy anything that wasn't teaching folks to worship whiteness, which most of these people were not doing. Of course this has nothing to do with Abramic religions.

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Originally posted by Mindovermatter:


This is why I constantly vouch for Ancient India, for this above reality....

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Originally posted by Mindovermatter:
[QB] Found this interesting article in Indian website about how the albino Brits corrupted the original Indian education system in their colonial divide and conquer and rule by brainwashing tactics.

Similar tactics were used by the French and other Western Euro-albino powers on non-albino countries across the planet, and these same parasitic brainwashing tactics were used to corrupt the original Black christian/Hebrew religions and other places around the world.


So we can all learn something from the actions of the albino Brits in late India:

http://www.mysteryofindia.com/2015/04/destruction-of-the-indian-system-of-education-by-british.html


[QUOTE][b]

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^ Here is the second page of the article >

Destruction of The Indian System of Education by British
page 2

The story goes that once when he was in Ooty, in his residence, he saw an Indian officer coming and touching the feet of a peon sitting outside his office (which was near his residence.) and was obviously surprised. Why was an officer touching the feet of a peon? He was told, “You don’t know, this Indian society is a peculiar one. Here the Brahmins are respected and the peon belongs to that caste.” The changes that Macaulay brought after this are well documented and authenticated in books. The downward filtration method was formulated according to which the forward caste (even this was much later) was given preference in schools. To put it in his own words,” But it is impossible for us with our limited means to educate all in English. We must at present do our best to form a class of persons Indian in blood and colour but English in tastes, in opinion, in morals, and in intellect.’ To gauge how much he succeeded in his mission, we only need to look into the history of the Indian educated classes since that time onwards. The fact is that we have not tackled the Macaulayian issue even after Independence, and graver still, few realise that the problem exists at all. The system of giving preference to Brahmins in the govt. and missionary run schools went on for nearly hundred years. In the meantime other castes practicing any trade had lost their business due to the flooding of Indian markets with British goods and also due to the deliberate strangulation of their business by the British. Due to the land policy of the British, born out of their greed, the farmers had become landless labourers in their own lands, and the landlords the cruel stooges of the British. The systematic destruction of the Indian system of education deprived certain castes of education. Thus over a hundred years these castes had become impoverished and ignorant and the Brahmins who were supposed to lead the society became distorted in their understanding of things, due to foreign education.



The Designs of Macaulay Frustrated In Macaulay’s letter dated 12th Oct., 1836, he wrote to his father:

“Our English schools are flourishing wonderfully; we find it difficult to provide instruction to all. The effect of this education on Hindus is prodigious. No Hindu who has received an English education ever remains sincerely attached to his religion. It is my firm belief that if our plans of education are followed up, there will not be a single idolater among the respected classes 30 years hence. And this will be effected without our efforts to proselytize; I heartily rejoice in the prospect’


That was the confidence with which they set out. But the missionaries, after years of toiling in vain realised that their efforts of proselytization had not been successful. So after some years there was a conference of missionaries in India in 1882. They sat together and discussed the effects of their education on the Brahmins. They found that though to an extent they were successful in taking away the Brahmins from their ideals, their conversion had not taken place. A decision to slowly target the other castes and tribals in their educational institutions, was taken. Till the British started ruling India most of the castes were educated and prosperous but the delicate policies of the British are responsible for their later condition. The Brahmins who were supposed to set the standards of behaviour in the society were targeted, and when they strayed away from their path they were blamed for the condition of the other castes. The point to note here is that they are responsible not because they kept all the education to themselves, as is generally believed, but because they allowed themselves to be intellectually corrupted by the British and because they entered into all the professions practiced by other castes. They also took on government jobs thus paving the way for competition and hatred among castes in the society. Today they stand discredited in general, and are no longer considered to be the examples to be followed. But although the Brahmins became corrupted, it is to the credit of all the other castes that though they too were targeted, they stood firm, and thus foiled the designs of the British. But as the poison induced by Macaulay continues to weaken this nation, we hardly even care to know about “Indian thinking”, Indian problems and Indian models and solutions to these problems. The best brains and the best energies are concentrated on evolving and applying western models and solutions. We seem to know less and less about our own nation. After all how does a nation die? One way is by physical destruction as the Europeans who settled in America destroyed whole civilizations there. Another is that people lose faith in their own way of life, their philosophies, their principles, their thought currents etc., and the nation is destroyed. Take for example, the Greek and Roman civilizations. What great civilizations they were! But there came a time when the intelligentsia lost faith in their own way of life, in their own wisdom. They adopted a totally different philosophy in their lives and where are these nations and their civilizations now? In a sense, in the museums and monuments!

Compare that with India! The land with the most ancient cultural continuity, the oldest living nation Greece did not physically die. People did not die. People now in Greece, Italy and Persia are the descendants of those who were the originators of those great civilizations. But today if we ask them what are the ideals that sustained their nation they would say,” we do not know, it is in the books; it is in the museum; you may refer to it better there.” That is how a nation is destroyed, rather mummified. Now these countries are nothing more than geographical or political entities trying to evolve a nation out of their statehood. How does a nation get weakened? A nation gets weakened when the ignorance of the people about their own roots increases, or when they become ashamed of themselves or of their forefathers. Actually that is where real regression of a nation starts. A nation which wants to forget about itself and imitate other nations cannot redeem itself but is on the path of self-destruction. The regression is there in our nation at present. And if we truly do not want to weaken ourselves as a nation, we need to extricate our educational system out of its Macaulayian traits, and obtain a fresh and untainted understanding of our ideals; for these have held us together as a nation for nearly ten thousand years. Then put them up for renewed enquiry before the younger generations so that if at all they are imbibed, they are expressed with feelings that become stronger, nobler and grander with time.

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Originally posted by Mike111:
^why do you waste your sympathy on such undeserving people?
India was one of the original Black civilizations with many millions of people.

It had Empires which were the largest of their times.

Yet India was infiltrated and taken over by a tiny little Albino country half way around the world, which had a military that India could squash like a bug. (Please remember that the old India included Pakistan and Bangladesh).

Clearly there was and is, something rotten in Indian society: true it was placed there by other Albinos 3,500 years ago, but it still needs to be dealt with. The skin bleaching didn't come from nowhere.

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Originally posted by Mindovermatter:
There never actually would have been an industrial revolution in Britain or in Europe, if they had not colonized or taken over Southern Asia/India for a fact.....

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Originally posted by Mike111:
^why do you waste your sympathy on such undeserving people?
India was one of the original Black civilizations with many millions of people.

It had Empires which were the largest of their times.

Yet India was infiltrated and taken over by a tiny little Albino country half way around the world, which had a military that India could squash like a bug. (Please remember that the old India included Pakistan and Bangladesh).

Clearly there was and is, something rotten in Indian society: true it was placed there by other Albinos 3,500 years ago, but it still needs to be dealt with. The skin bleaching didn't come from nowhere.

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.
India was the first place ancient Africans settled once they left Africa.
Consequently India is still the home of all the ancient Africans:
Blacks - Negroid and Caucasoid
Albinos and MULATTOES.
And MONGOLOIDS.
Though the Albinos initially left India and settled in Central Asia. When they started their western migrations, some returned to India as invaders known as the Aryans.

The RACE WARS that ensued are chronicled in the later written RIG VEDA.

The result was that Northern India was predominately Albino.

Middle India was predominately Mulatto (Hindu).




Southern India was predominately Black (Negroid and Caucasoid).


.
As relates to the British, as we are seeing today in the Rabble Albinos of the U.S. trying to cozy-up to the Russians. When Albinos become frightened of Blacks, their natural instinct is to look for other Albinos to ally with. Whether these might be actual friends is too complicated for them to consider. Of course the mulattoes are totally confused, and go all about.

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Originally posted by Mike111:

India was the first place ancient Africans settled once they left Africa.

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Originally posted by the lioness,:

Quora question:

How did the British colonize India?

1. Britain came in the 1600s (with Sir Thomas Roe) when India was under the rule of Jehangir.

India was a stronger nation back then. So, the British were contended to be traders. However, Nadir Shah's (of Iran) invasion of India in 1738, changed the picture (See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nad...). The Mughal rulers were badly defeated and that signalled to the world that India was very weak. The East India Company immediately latched on and made use of the weakness. The timing was key.
by Balaji Viswanathan, Indian


2.India had plenty of infighting. For instance, Tipu Sultan, who offered ferocious resistance against the Brits was undermined by our own rulers (Nizam of Hyderabad and Marathas) who surrounded the Mysore kingdom when British attacked him. The Marathas duly paid the price for the friendship with the devil with the Anglo-Maratha war in which they were badly defeated.

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Mohammad Khan Salim, known by his imperial name Jahangir (Persian for "conqueror of the world" was the fourth Mughal Emperor. The dynasty was of central Asian Turco-Mongol (Turk/Mongol mulattoes) origin from an area now part of modern-day Uzbekistan, and the emperors claimed direct descent from both Timur and Genghis Khan, through his son Chagatai Khan.


INDIAN RULERS OF THE TIMES.
.












.
Looking at these pictures - do you now understand how and why, the great nation of India became a "Third World Pussy State"?

Albino subversion combined with mulatto confusion.

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Originally posted by Mike111:

India was the first place ancient Africans settled once they left Africa.

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Originally posted by Mike111:
^No need to repeat yourself stank bitch, I saw your first post. I did not want to give you an IN on the thread, so I ignored your latest stupidity.

If there are any others as ignorant as you, please read this, then go away!

http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-15565654

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Ancestors of modern people in Europe, Asia and Oceania migrated along a southern route, not a northern route through Egypt as some had supposed.

The researchers found that Indian populations had more genetic diversity - which gives an indication of the age of a population - than either Europeans or East Asians.
This supports the idea that pioneering settlers followed a southern coastal route as they populated east Asia and continued into Oceania.

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Here is Spencer Well's map illustrating this >


Spencer Wells


But Mike, when one goes to your website we find this>

http://realhistoryww.com/world_history/ancient/cro_magnon_Homo_sapien.htm





But you say this is "nonsense" written in big red letters across the map your grey caption above the map states at the end:

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Originally posted by Mike111:

..early Africans did the sensible thing, they migrated across and up through Africa, into the Middle East first.

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Originally posted by Mike111:

India was the first place ancient Africans settled once they left Africa.

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Originally posted by Doug M:
They taught the world to worship white people.

That is the only thing their educational system is designed to do, which is promote white supremacy.


So of course they had to destroy anything that wasn't teaching folks to worship whiteness, which most of these people were not doing. Of course this has nothing to do with Abramic religions.

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Doug I thought you would find this interesting:

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Originally posted by Mindovermatter:

quote:

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Originally posted by Doug M:
They taught the world to worship white people.

That is the only thing their educational system is designed to do, which is promote white supremacy.


So of course they had to destroy anything that wasn't teaching folks to worship whiteness, which most of these people were not doing. Of course this has nothing to do with Abramic religions.

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Doug I thought you would find this interesting:

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Originally posted by lamin:
Lioness,


You must admit that the Spencer Wells's map is not only inaccurate but incomplete.

Given that humans began in Africa some 160-200K years ago and left the continent--of course the migrants did not know that they were leaving what geographers later called "the continent of Africa" only some 50-60KYA then clearly the intra-Africa migratory/haplogroup arrows would be about 3 times to 4 times that of the migratory arrows for the rest of the world. There would be migratory arrows all over the African continent from North to South and East to West. Again 3-4 times as many as elsewhere

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your comment makes no sense at all. A map of out of Africa migrations is not supposed to show internal migrations, that's why it's called "Out of Africa Route"

Internal migrations prior to people leaving Africa is a different subject and therefore different map and would have migration paths inside Africa as would a bantu migration map.





^^^ Another Out of Africa map, note no internal migration routes because the subject of the map is early human migration after leaving Africa not before.
Note mtDNA M172, aka J2 dated migration from out of the Near East 10k
There is also the spread of YDNA , see below U6




^ Note Haplgroup M172 aka J-M172 or more commonly known as J2

The date of origin for haplogroup J-M172 was estimated by Batini et al in 2015 as between 19,000 and 24,000 Years Before Present (YBP).[2] Samino et al in 2004 dated the origin of the parent haplogroup, J-P209, to between 18,900 and 44,500 YBP.

Per research by Di Giacomo 2004, J-M172 haplogroup spread into Southern Europe" from either the Levant or Anatolia, likely parallel to the development of agriculture

Haplogroup J-M172 is found mainly in the Fertile Crescent, the Caucasus (Nasidze 2003), Anatolia, the Balkans, Italy, the Mediterranean littoral, and the Iranian plateau(Semino 2004).

The highest reported frequency of J-M172 ever was 87.4%, among Ingush in Malgobek, Russia (Balanovsky 2011)

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Originally posted by lamin:

That back migration into North Africa would not be accurate except in modern times when the Arabs invaded North Africa. What Wells fails to point out is the the signature haplogroup for North Africa is E1b1b not J--which is the signature Arab and West Asian haplogroup. Yet there are those who argue that original J originated in the Sudan area.

The map is carelessly done and patently Eurocentric.

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Haplogroup j has been described as a signature of the Neolithic expansion into Europe from the Middle East .

Another possible signature of this Back to Africa movement could be the IJ haplogroup defined by marker M429 , which bifurcated early, spreading haplogroup I throughout Europe and haplogroup J through the Middle East, Ethiopia and North Africa. The ancient coalescence calculated for J1-M267 further reinforces this hypothesis.

North Africa received Semitic migrations, according to some studies it may have been diffused in recent time by Arabs who, mainly from the 7th century a.d., expanded to northern Africa (Arredi 2004 and Semino 2004). However the Canary islands is not known to have had any Semitic language. There J-M267 is dominated by J-P58, and dispersed in a very uneven manner according to studies so far, often but not always being lower among Berber and/or non-urban populations. In Ethiopia there are signs of older movements of J-M267 into Africa across the Red Sea, not only in the J-P58 form. This also appears to be associated with Semitic languages


https://books.google.com/books?id=1CBEwqfGf8gC&printsec=f









The history of the North African mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U6 gene flow into the African, Eurasian and American continents 2014

http://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-14-109

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"However, as U6 persists in modern day African populations we can assume a maternal continuity since around 35 kya, the age of this haplogroup. "


Methods

Samples

A stock of 375 U6 samples, previously identified in La Laguna, was subdivided into the following large geo- graphic areas: Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Taking into account their relative numbers, 40 indivi- duals were randomly chosen within each region for complete sequencing. In addition, 29 U6 individuals were contacted through the FTDNA U6 project and written consent obtained to use them in the current study.

[...]

Phylogeography of U6

The large number of complete sequences analyzed allows the identification of several clusters with geographic and/or ethnic identity (Tables 2 and 3). Within U6a, sub-group U6a1 clusters together Mediterranean sequences of European or Maghreb origin. U6a2 comprises mainly of Ethiopian sequences with some out- siders. Cluster U6a8, of Maghreb expansion, shares with U6a2 and U6a3 the 16189 transition. Sub-groups of U6a3 trace multiple expansions across Europe (U6a3a), Maghreb (U6a3b and U6a3e) and West Africa (U6a3c, U6a3f). U6a5 points again to a West African spread, while U6a6 signals a radiation into the Maghreb. U6a7 is a predominantly European clade.

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We report here 24 M1 and 33 U6 new complete mtDNA sequences that allow us to refine the existing phylogeny of these haplogroups. The resulting phylogenetic information was used to genotype a further 131 M1 and 91 U6 samples to determine the geographic spread of their sub-clades. No southwest Asian specific clades for M1 or U6 were discovered. U6 and M1 frequencies in North Africa, the Middle East and Europe do not follow similar patterns, and their sub-clade divisions do not appear to be compatible with their shared history reaching back to the Early Upper Palaeolithic.

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--Erwan Pennarun1*, Toomas Kivisild1 et al.

Divorcing the Late Upper Palaeolithic
demographic histories of mtDNA haplogroups M1
and U6 in Africa

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How calculus was appropriated from India into Europe? – Dr. Bhaskar Kamble


The development of the infinitesimal calculus is considered to be a watershed event in the history of science and mathematics. Its importance in the natural sciences cannot be overestimated. Among the people credited for its invention are John Wallis (1616-1703 CE), Isaac Newton (1642-1727 CE), and Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716 CE).

Very roughly speaking, calculus handles those problems where the rate at which ‘something’ is increasing is itself changing in time. Simple examples can include the case where the speed (the rate at which the distance is increasing) is changing in time, or the case where the acceleration (the rate at which the speed is changing in time) is changing in time. Together with Newton’s three laws of motion, which are physical in content, it offers a powerful tool to mathematically describe physical phenomena.


However, the standard story of calculus being developed in Europe independently by Newton and Leibniz, which is so universally accepted today, may well be in need of a major revision.


Just like the concept of zero and the decimal number system originated in India, it is now well known that the concept of calculus also originated in India three centuries before it first appeared in Europe [1,2].


There is strong circumstantial evidence to suggest that these ideas and concepts were systematically appropriated by the church in Europe at the end of the 16th century and subsequently passed off as a European invention.

The earliest notion of calculus, specifically differential calculus, is to be found in the notion of tatkalika gati (Sanskrit: instantaneous velocity), of Bhaskaracharya (1114-1185 CE), in his monumental work Siddhanta Shiromani. In this text, he explicitly demonstrates and makes use of the relation

which is a standard result of differential calculus, to determine the instantaneous velocity of a planet. He also states one of the most important results of differential calculus – that the derivative vanishes at the points of minima or maxima, and also states what is today known as the Rolle’s theorem in analysis/calculus [2].

The tradition of mathematics in India has a long and hoary past, with several shining names such as Aryabhata, Bhaskara I, Bhaskaracharya, Brahmagupta, Varahamihira, and so on. The schools started by several of these mathematicians would constantly develop and improve upon the discoveries of the earlier mathematicians, and come up with significant new results in the process.

The most sophisticated insights and developments undoubtedly come from the work of what is known as the Kerala school of mathematics, which was extant from 1300-1600 CE. They wrote commentaries on the works of earlier mathematicians such as Aryabhata and Bhaskara, and made important discoveries in what is known today as calculus.


That these mathematicians developed calculus 300 hundred years before Newton and Leibniz did is obvious [1,2], but what is more interesting is how and why their work was hauled off to Europe, plagiarized, and passed off as a European invention. In this post I will try to shed light on how this occurred.

Till the 15th – 16th centuries, it is important to remember that the church dominated all spheres of life in Europe. Central to its aims was the establishment of Christianity throughout the world and destroy all ‘pagan’ and ‘heathen’ cultures in the process.


The genocide of Red Indians in the Americas, or of aborigines in Australia, or Hindus in India (especially the Goa inquisition in the 16th century), are a direct consequence of these aims, and so are the continued attempts of today by Christian missionaries to convert people of other faiths into Christianity.


To further these expansionist policies, it was necessary to go to far-away lands and ‘civilize’ and Christianize the ‘natives’.

To do so, however, needed navigational skills which, in turn, needed a good knowledge of astronomy (for example while navigating with the help of the stars) and a good knowledge of trigonometry (for example to calculate the latitude and longitude). In particular, trigonometric tables of the sine and cosine functions are a must for accurately determining the latitude at sea based on the altitude of the pole star.

There was another very important reason why the church needed astronomical knowledge – to carry out the calendar reform. The calendar originally used by the church was the Julian calendar, which had an error of one day in a century.

This error was accumulating over the centuries and was causing the date of Easter to drift further and further away from the spring equinox into summer. It was very important for the church to set it right.


A good calendar is also essential for good navigation, and thus the problem of navigation and the calendar were closely related. Thus, the issues of navigation and the calendar were high priority programs by the church, and several mathematicians involved with the church were actively involved in finding solutions.

Attractive prizes were offered to anyone who could come up with solutions to these problems. The most important member in this regard is Christoph Clavius, who modified the curriculum of the priests in Collegio Romano to teach them mathematics, and himself designed the mathematical content of the curriculum, as well as writing a text book on mathematics to be used by the priests in their education.

In spite of this, as is well known, European astronomy and mathematics of those times was hopelessly lacking in the required knowledge [3]. And at the same time, the astronomical and mathematical knowledge of India was much superior to that of Europe. The works of several Indian mathematicians were well known in Europe, thanks to Arabic translations of Sanskrit texts, and the subsequent translations into Latin [4].


Also Fibonacci had introduced the Indian number system to Europe in 1202 CE. The navigational skills of Indian merchants was also something of a legend [5].

To realize just how advanced the Indian mathematics was at this time, we need to look at the achievements of the Kerala school. The tradition of the Kerala school was started by Madhava of Sangamagrama (1340-1425 CE), who was followed by several brilliant mathematicians and astronomers which include Parameshvara (1380-1460 CE), Nilakantha Somayaji (1444-1544 CE), and Jyeshthadeva (1500-1610 CE). Madhava is credited with many of the discoveries of the Kerala school, but verly little of his writings survive.


The results obtained by him are further elaborated and developed by later scholars such as Nilakantha Somayaji in his work Tantra Sangraha, and Jyeshthadeva in his work Yukti Bhasha. The Yukti Bhasha is a veritable text book of calculus, and offers detailed explanations of most of the results obtained by the Kerala scholars.


The scholars of this school also made several astronomical observations and collected the data in their works, and proposed significant improvements of the then prevailing astronomical models. Among the achievements of the Kerala school are the systematic development of the ‘limit’ procedure, which is so central to calculus, the systematic analysis of inifinte series, infinite series expansions of the sine, cosine and arctan functions, (the so-called Taylor series of today), a plethora of series expansions of pi (including the one known today as the Gregory series, 300 years before Gregory discovered them), important contributions in spherical trigonometry, and the development of much improved astronomical models based on actual observations.


A practical application, much sought after by European navigators, was the calculation of sine tables, which had been carried out by Madhava up to an accuracy of eight decimal places [6,7]. An interesting application of this work was the calculation of pi up to 17 decimal places, which is coded beautifully through the kattapayadi system in the Sadratnamala of Shankara Varman.


In fact many of the works of these mathematicians are still subjects of active research by modern mathematicians! And of course, behind this there was a whole body of work by earlier Indian mathematicians such as Aryabhata, Bhaskara I and II, Brahmagupta etc.

It is in the light of this vastly superior Indian mathematics and astronomy, and the tremendous eagerness of the church to possess this knowledge, that the situation in Europe in the 15th – 16th centuries must be viewed. As already mentioned, Christoph Clavius had set up the mathematical syllabus of the Jesuit priests, and in 1578, the first batch of the most capable priests trained by him, which included Matteo Ricci, Johann Schreck, and Antonio Rubino, were dispatched to the Malabar region of Kerala, including Cochin, which was the epicenter of the Kerala mathematics.

Once they were there, they set up a printing press, learnt the local language, and gained the patronage and trust of the local scholars and royal personages. And now began in earnest the task to acquire Indian texts, translate them, and dispatch them back to Europe [7]. However, all this was kept a top secret.


Even today, if you make a Google search on Matteo Ricci, you will never find the real reason why he was there, although it will be mentioned that he was in Kerala. And this, in spite of the fact Ricci and Rubino have been recorded in correspondence as answering requests for astronomical information from Kerala sources [8].

However, there is enough circumstantial evidence to prove that the transfer of the calculus from India indeed took place.


First, there is little doubt about the real intention behind the trip of the Jesuits to Kerala: before being sent to India in 1578, not only were they trained in mathematics by the leading astronomer of those days, Christoph Clavius, but also that, soon thereafter in 1582, the Gregorian calendar reform took place [9]! Remember that the calendar reform was one of the pressing concerns of the church and, what is more, the committee that carried out this reform was also headed by Christoph Clavius!

Next, as mentioned already, the Kerala mathematicians had created extensive tables of sines and cosines to a high degree of accuracy. Now, in 1607, Clavius published these tables under his name, without explaining how he carried out the calculations [10]! This again leaves no doubts as to the source of these tables.

The above two circumstances are quite strong to come to the conclusion that the Europeans surreptitiously used the Kerala texts, but there is more. At the end of the 16th century, the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe came up with his ‘Tychonic model’ of planetary motion, wherein Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn revolve around the sun, but the sun is revolving around the earth.

What is interesting to note here is that this is exactly the model proposed by Nilakantha in his Tantra Sangraha some 300 years earlier [11]! What a ‘coincidence’! Remember that Tycho Brahe in the capacity of the Royal astronomer of the Holy Roman Empire had easy access to all the Kerala texts sent by missionaries such as Ricci. He was also known to be extremely secretive and jealous about the astronomical observations and other documents in his possession [11]. The only explanation and conclusion is that Brahe was in possession of the work of the Kerala school of mathematics which he used to come up with his ‘Tychonic model’.

We must also mention that Jyeshthadeva’s Yuktibhasha gives a formula involving a passage to infinity to calculate the area under a parabola. The same formula was used by Fermat, Pascal, and Wallis [8]. Wallis is also given partial credit for the development of calculus.


It is thus quite safe to conclude that the Kerala texts fell into the hands of these mathematicians, based on whose work Newton and Leibniz came up with the ideas of calculus. The possibility that Newton and Leibniz had direct access to these texts cannot be ruled out.

Finally the question may be raised as to why the church kept all this activity so secret. The answer is obvious: the church could not possibly carry out its noble mission of ‘civilizing pagan cultures’ and at the same time accept that these cultures had a much advanced scientific culture upon which it (the church) was so dependent!


This only makes sense since it is difficult for a ‘superior’ race to cope with the fact that an ‘inferior’ race can have a civilization and culture much more advanced than theirs.


This is the reason why the Aryan race theory was created by the European imperialists when the antiquity and culture of the Hindu civilization was discovered [12].

Moreover, in the case of the church, anyone who professed to be using ‘pagan’ sources of knowledge ran the certain risk of being a heretic and being burnt at the stake for ‘devil-worship’.

This certainly was a good enough incentive for anyone to conceal the true sources of knowledge! In this context, it is instructive to read the following quote from [13]:

“There is nothing ‘natural’ or universal in hiding what one has learnt from others: the Arabs, for instance, did not mind learning from others, and they openly acknowledged it.


This is another feature unique to the church: the idea that learning from others is something so shameful that, if it had to be done, the fact ought to be hidden. Therefore, though the church sought knowledge about the calendar, specifically from India, and profusely imported astronomical texts … this import of knowledge remained hidden.”

Since the modern world is fortunately not governed by ecclesiastical restrictions anymore, and since it is good scientific practice to give credit where it is due, it is time that we revise the standard story of calculus and honor and remember its original inventors from Bharat.


References:

[1] ‘On the Hindu quadrature of the circle, and the infinite series of the proportion of the circumference to the diameter exhibited in the four Sastras, the Tantra Sangraham, Yucti Bhasha, Carana Padhati, and Sadratnamala’, by C. M. Whish, published in the Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 509–523.

[2] Encyclopedia of the history of science, technology and medicine in non-western cultures (two volumes), ed. Helaine Selin, Springer.

[3] To understand the status of European navigation in the 16th century, look up Navigation, Maths and Astronomy: the Pagan Knowledge, by D. P. Agrawal ( http://www.indianscience.org/essays/15-%20E–Navigation%20&%20Math.pdf ).

[4] In this context we note how the modern names for the trigonometric functions ‘sine’ and ‘cosine’ originated: “When Arabic writers translated his (Aryabhata’s) works from Sanskrit into Arabic, they referred it as jiba. However, in Arabic writings, vowels are omitted, and it was abbreviated as jb. Later writers substituted it with jaib, meaning “pocket” or “fold (in a garment)”. (In Arabic, jiba is a meaningless word.) Later in the 12th century, when Gherardo of Cremona translated these writings from Arabic into Latin, he replaced the Arabic jaib with its Latin counterpart, sinus, which means “cove” or “bay”; thence comes the English sine” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryabhata#Trigonometry).

[5] One of the best kept secrets of Western history is that Vasco da Gama and Columbus were no good navigators at all. It is commonly assumed that Vasco da Gama ‘discovered’ India- he did nothing of the sort. In fact he was safely escorted to India by an Indian merchant from Gujarat, named Kanha, from the African coast.

[6] See for example http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhava’s_sine_table

[7] C.K. Raju (2007). Cultural foundations of mathematics: The nature of mathematical proof and the transmission of calculus from India to Europe in the 16 thc. CE. History of Philosophy, Science and Culture in Indian Civilization. X Part 4. Delhi: Centre for Studies in Civilizations. pp. 114–123.

[8] D. F. Almeida and G. G. Joseph, Eurocentrism in the history of mathematics: the case of the Kerala school, Race and Class, Vol. 45(4): 45-59 (2004).

[9] Resulting in the so-called Gregorian calendar, which is the one used today.

[10] Christophori Clavii Bambergensis, Tabulae Sinuum, Tangentium et Secantium ad partes radij 10,000,000 (Ioannis Albini, 1607), as quoted in C. K. Raju, Teaching mathematics with a different philosophy, Part 2: Calculus without Limits, Science and Culture 77(7-8) (2011) pp. 280-285.

[11] C. K. Raju, Ending Academic Imperialism: a Beginning. Available online at http://www.ckraju.net/papers/Academic-imperialism-final.pdf

[12] An excellent account of the Aryan race theory is given in Breaking India, by Rajiv Malhotra and Aravindan Neelakandan.

[13] D. P. Agrawal, Navigation, Maths and Astronomy: the Pagan Knowledge. The article can be accessed at http://www.indianscience.org/essays/15-%20E–Navigation%20&%20Math.pdf

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I came upon your posts about the Ancient Greeks taking their ideas and theories of mathmatics from foreign sources and I came upon stuff like this:

http://discovermagazine.com/2008/jan/calculus-was-developed-in-medieval-india


“The notation is quite different, but it’s very easy to recognize the series as we understand it today,” says historian of mathematics George Gheverghese Joseph of the University of Manchester, who conducted the research with Dennis Almeida of the University of Exeter. “It was expressed verbally in the form of instructions for how to construct a mathematical equation.”

Historians have long known about the work of the Keralese mathematician Madhava and his followers, but Joseph says that no one has yet firmly established how the work of Indian scholars concerning the infinite series might have directly influenced mathematicians like Newton and Leibniz.


And this researcher was fired just for going against the standard accepted eurocentric doctrine from his university post The Vatican and Jesuit missionaries stole Ancient Indian ideas and re-packaged them as European ideas without giving credit and then blatantly lying about it!

http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/calculus-created-in-india-250-years-before-newton-study-1.632433

Ancient Indians discovered and use Pythogrean theorem before Pythogeoreas!

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As early as the 8th Century BCE, long before Pythagoras, a text known as the “Sulba Sutras” (or "Sulva Sutras") listed several simple Pythagorean triples, as well as a statement of the simplified Pythagorean theorem for the sides of a square and for a rectangle (indeed, it seems quite likely that Pythagoras learned his basic geometry from the "Sulba Sutras"). The Sutras also contain geometric solutions of linear and quadratic equations in a single unknown, and give a remarkably accurate figure for the square root of 2, obtained by adding 1 + 1⁄3 + 1⁄(3 x 4) - 1⁄(3 x 4 x 34), which yields a value of 1.4142156, correct to 5 decimal places.

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https://brilliant.org/discussions/thread/trigonometry-with-the-ancient-indian/


Trigonometry with the Ancient Indian Mathematicians
The most significant development of trigonometry in ancient times was in India. Influential works from the & the century AD, known as Siddhantas first defined the sine as the relationship between half an angle & half a chord, while also defining the cosine, versine ( cosine) & inverse sine.

Soon afterwards, another Indian mathematician & astronomer Aryabhata collected & expanded upon the developments of the Siddhantas in a path breaking work, the Aryabhatiya. The Siddhantas & the Aryabhatiya contain the earliest survivng tables of sine & versine values, in intervals from to , to an accuracy of decimal places. They used the words jya for sine, kojya for cosine, utkrama-jya for versine & otkram jya for inverse sine. The words jya & kojya eventually became sine & cosine after a mistranslation.

Aryabhata was the first one. Others after him expanded on these works of trigonometry. In the century AD, Varahamihira discovered the identity . He improved Aryabhata's sine table & discovered an early version of the Pascal's Triangle.
Wow! Doug you are so right!

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The Ancient Greeks had to have stolen and or taken alot of their theories of the civilizations they went to like Egypt/India. The proof and evidence is right there! Europeans have no qualms or morals about lying and stealing or taking credit for other peoples work!

And you can see this right here! The Ancient Greeks WERE KNOWN to have visited Ancient India and had colonies of their own in Northern India and Pakistan/Afghanistan which was part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdoms.

So obviously a lot of their ideas on math MUST HAVE COME FROM ANCIENT INDIA AND ELSEWHERE! The Ancient Greeks do not directly state where they got their ideas on science/mathmatics/reason from like Egypt/India/Babylon!

You are right!

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Discovery of Ancient Indian Daggers may push back Start of Iron Age by Hundreds of Years

Indian archaeologists say recent dagger discoveries at ancient sites in Hyderabad have pushed the Iron Age in India back to at least 2200 BC—around 1,000 years before the rest of the world. Indian scholars had previously estimated an earlier date for India’s Iron Age than other parts of the world by about 600 years.


The Times of India reports that archaeologists at the University of Hyderabad campus have found small blades and knives that they dated to between 2400 and 1800 BC. They were excavated next to earthen pots, most of which were mangled.


About 10 of the pots were in good enough condition for archaeologists to learn somewhat about the art of that time and place.


"The implements that were found were tested at the National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI) using a method called Optically Simulated Luminescence (OSL). The metal objects were dated to anywhere between 1800 BC and 2,400 BC. So we are assuming they were made during 2200 BC," Professor K.P. Rao told The Times. The OSL method estimates the last time objects were exposed to light.


“In India, it was understood that the Iron Age came into being around 1800 BC in the Lahuradeva site in Uttar Pradesh,” said Professor Rao. “But this latest development shows that the Iron Age started much before that, at least in our country.


It only goes to show that our ancestors had a rudimentary yet good knowledge about wielding weapons made of metals. We had estimated that the only metal that was moulded was copper, but due to its scarce nature it was not a feasible option. The idea of using abundant iron ore for tools and weapons is a landmark achievement. We are under the impression that most of the weapons which were made at that time were meant for self-defence, carpentry and agrarian purposes.”



Metallurgy in India has been advanced for many centuries, as witnessed by the nearly rust proof Iron Pillar of Delhi, which is almost 1,700 years old. (Photo source: Wikipedia)


The archaeologists are also excavating burial sites on the university campus and testing the DNA of the deceased. This will tell them the ethnicity of the people who lived there.


Rao said his team is planning more excavations in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The iron tools make them think there may be more settlements of these people across the Deccan Plateau.


Excavations began on the university campus in 2001 when skeletons were discovered under the ground. A dig led to the discovery of weapons and other equipment, Rao told the Times.


Other Iron Age burial sites, including rock cairns and megaliths, have been discovered in the region. Some have been under excavation since the 1930s.
India has a rich history of metalworking that goes back for millennia, including one of the most curious metal objects in the world—the Iron Pillar of Delhi, which does not seem to rust despite being about 1,700 years old.


It is 7.2 meters (23 feet 7 inches) tall, of which 1.1 (3 feet 7 inches) meters is underground. The base rests on a grid of iron bars soldered with lead into the upper layer of the dressed stone pavement. The pillar's lower diameter is 420 mm (17 in), and its upper diameter 306 mm (12.0 in). It weighs more than six tons.



The quality of the iron in the Iron Pillar of Delhi used in the pillar is exceptionally pure and the detail at the top of the pillar demonstrates the skill of the craftsmen. (Photo source: Wikipedia)


Several inscriptions are on the pillar, the oldest one six lines of verse in Sanskrit. As the name Chandra is mentioned in the third stanza, scholars have been able to date the pillar to the reign of Chandragupta II Vikramaditya (375-415 A.D.), a Gupta king. Although it stands in Delhi today, how this pillar got there, and its original location is still a subject of scholarly discussion.


As Ancient Origins reported in March 2014, the ability of Indian objects to resist corrosion is not unique to the Iron Pillar of Delhi. Research has shown that other large ancient Indian objects have a similar property. These include the iron pillars at Dhar, Mandu, Mount Abu, Kodochadri Hill, and iron cannons. Hence, it may be said that the ancient Indian iron-workers were highly skilled at forging iron objects.


In a report published in the journal Current Science, R. Balasubramaniam of the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, stated that the pillar is "a living testimony to the skill of metallurgists of ancient India"


Featured image: Indian archaeologists are excavating several Iron Age sites of ancient burial grounds in the vicinity of Hyderabad. This is one of the world's largest dolmens, in Andhra Pradesh (Photo by Adityamahav84/Wikimedia Commons)

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your comment makes no sense at all. A map of out of Africa migrations is not supposed to show internal migrations, that's why it's called "Out of Africa Route"

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Originally posted by lamin:

The map for OOA movements must also show all internal movements if only to a put a time frame on ALL movements.

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Originally posted by lamin:

The map for OOA movements must also show all internal movements if only to a put a time frame on ALL movements.

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According to the current data East Africa is home to nearly 2/3 of the world genetic diversity independent of sampling effect. Similar figure have been suggested for sub-Saharan Africa populations [1]. The antiquity of the east African gene pool could be viewed not only from the perspective of the amount of genetic diversity endowed within it but also by signals of uni-modal distribution in their mitochondrial DNA (Hassan et al., unpublished) usually taken as an indication of populations that have passed through ‘‘recent’’ demographic expansion [33], although in this case, may in fact be considered a sign of extended shared history of in situ evolution where alleles are exchanged between neighboring demes [34].

• Figure S1 Neighbor joining (NJ). NJ tree of the world populations based on MT-CO2 sequences. The evolutionary relationship of 171 sequences and evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method. The optimal tree with the sum of branch length = 0.20401570 is shown. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood method and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site. Codon positions included were 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated from the dataset. There were a total of 543 positions in the final dataset. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted in MEGA4. Red dots: east Africa, Blue: Africa, Green: Asia, Yellow: Australia, Pink: Europe and gray: America. (TIF)

• Figure S2 Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). The 2nd and 3rd coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 nuclear microsatellite loci from 469 individuals of 24 world populations. MDS uses pairwise IBS data based on the 848 loci generated by PLINK software and plotted using R version 2.15.0. The figure, besides a separate clustering of east Africans, indicates the substantial contribution of Africans and east Africans to the founding of populations of Europe and Asia.
  (TIF)

• Figure S3 Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). The 3rd and 4th coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 Microsatellite loci, across the human genome in 469 individuals from 24 populations from Africa, Asia and Europe. MDS uses pairwise IBS data based on the 848 loci generated by PLINK software and plotted using R version 2.15.0. The central position of east Africans and some other Africans emphasizes the founding role of east African gene pool and the disparate alignment on coordinates along which the world populations were founded including populations of Aftica aligning along the 4th dimension.
  (TIF)

Figure 4. Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). A. First and second coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 Microsatellite Marshfield data set across the human genome for 24 populations from Africa, Asia and Europe. MDS plot was constructed from pairwise differences FST generated by Arlequin program (Table S3). B. First and second coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 Microsatellite loci, across the human genome in 469 individuals from 24 populations from Africa, Asia and Europe. MDS uses pairwise IBS data based on the 848 loci generated by PLINK software and plotted using R version 2.15.0. East Africans cluster to the left of the plot, while Beja (red cluster in the middle), assumes intermediate position. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097674.g004

• Figure S4 Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). First and second coordinates of an MDS plot based on MT-CO2 data set constructed from pairwise differences FST generated by Arlequin v3.11. Population code as follows: Nara: Nar, Kunama (Kun), Hidarb (Hid), Afar (Afa), Saho (Sah), Bilen (Bil), Tigre (Tgr), Tigrigna (Tig), Rashaida (Rsh), Nilotics (Nil), Beja (Bej), Ethiopians(Eth), Egyptians (Egy), Moroccans (Mor), Southern Africans (Sth), Pygmy (Pyg), Saudi Arabia (Sdi), Asia (Asi), Europe (Eur), Native Americans (NA), Australians (Ast), Nubians (Nub), Nuba (Nba)
  (TIF)

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The Indus Valley civilisation is 2,500 years older than previously believed


The Indus Valley civilisation may be even older than initially thought.


A group of researchers in India have used carbon dating techniques on animal remains and pottery fragments to conclude that the Indus Valley settlements could be 8,000 years old—2,500 years older than previously believed.


That could make the Indus Valley settlements, which were spread across Pakistan and northern India, even older than the Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilisations.


“Our study pushes back the antiquity to as old as 8th millennium before present and will have major implications to the evolution of human settlements in Indian sub-continent,” Anindya Sarkar, a professor at the department of geology and geophysics at IIT-Kharagpur, said in a statement.


Sarkar, who worked with researchers from the Archaeological Survey of India, the Physical Research Laboratory in Ahmedabad and Pune’s Deccan College, used a technique known as the Optically Stimulated Luminescence, which measures the amount of light emitted from mineral grains to date past events.


The study, published in Nature on May 25, focused on the ancient settlements in Bhirrana in northern Indian state of Haryana:

Based on radiocarbon ages from different trenches and levels, the settlement at Bhirrana has been inferred to be the oldest (>9 ka BP) in the Indian sub-continent. To check its validity we dated archaeological pottery from two cultural levels using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) method and thus investigated the interrelationship between the cultural levels and climate change that occurred right at the settlement, a critical gap in information that exists in our present understanding of the Harappan civilization.


Archaeological studies had earlier suggested that the civilisation was centred around Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro in Pakistan, and Lothal, Dholavira, and Kalibangan in India, Sarkar explained. The researchers from India now say it was actually spread over a much larger part of India, alongside River Saraswati, which is believed to have disappeared some 4,000 years ago.


The decline


Researchers have also proposed a new theory for the decline of the civilisation, which was earlier believed to have been caused by climate change.





The new study argues that although shifting monsoon patterns played a role in the eventual decline of the civilisation, it had more to do with the change in cropping patterns and storage of grains.


“Our study suggests that the climate was probably not the cause of Harappan decline,” the researchers said in a statement. “Increasing evidences suggest that these people shifted their crop patterns from the large-grained cereals like wheat and barley during the early part of intensified monsoon to drought-resistant species of small millets and rice in the later part of declining monsoon and thereby changed their subsistence strategy.”

But that shift in agriculture turned out to be fatal, the researchers explained:

Because these later crops generally have much lower yield, the organised large storage system of mature Harappan period was abandoned giving rise to smaller more individual household based crop processing and storage system and could act as catalyst for the de-urbanisation of the Harappan civilisation rather than an abrupt collapse.

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Evidence Suggests Rakhigarhi Was A Major Harappan Centre

Excavations and the study of the findings have unfolded a rich past: engraving, cutting, or polishing of stones and gems was the most developed handicraft in Rakhigarhi, considered the centre of a large-scale industrial activity 5,000 years ago



Archaeological findings and scientific data have indicated that Rakhigarhi had been the more important centre of the Indus Valley Civilisation than the townships of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro located in Pakistan. Excavations and the study of the findings have unfolded a rich past: engraving, cutting, or polishing of stones and gems was the most developed handicraft in Rakhigarhi, considered the centre of a large-scale industrial activity 5,000 years ago


Terracotta toys, Broken bangle piece, copper objects and Harappan seal Dicovered at rakhigarhi.


The team of archaeologists revealed that the excavation at this site is all set to change the view that Mohenjo Daro was the capital city of the Indus Valley Civilisation.


“Instead, the scientific data collected on the basis excavations here have strongly pointed that Rakhigarhi, a metropolis, was perhaps the capital of its times about 5,000 years ago,” said Prof Vasant Shinde, in charge of the excavation and Vice Chancellor of Deccan College, Pune.


Deccan College and the Haryana archaeological department have been jointly carrying out the excavation at the site from last three years. To prove his point, Prof Shinde said this site was spread in over 550 hectares, which is about double than that of the Mohenjo Daro site, which was considered the biggest site till now.

“We have collected evidences of massive manufacturing and trade activities in this town, which revealed the economic organisation and the foreign links of people here. They had trade links with people in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Baluchistan and even Afghanistan. The city flourished during the early Harappan era dating back to around 3,300 BC and existed till 2000 BC,” he said.

Moreover, the DNA samples collected from the skeletons at the cemetery here are set to crack a major mystery surrounding their lives, character, diseases and race of the people who lived here 5,000 years ago.


Archaelogists inspecting a 5,000-year-old human skeleton unearthed at Rakhigarhi in Hisar. –Image Source


“Scientists have, for the first time ever, succeeded in extracting DNA from the skeletons of the Indus Valley Civilisation. More skeletons have been found during the ongoing excavation season from mound no.2 for further analysis. Three different institutes of world repute are conducting the DNA analysis for a foolproof study, so that there is no scope of any contradiction,” Prof Shinde said.

He said this was the best and most unexplored site related to the Indus Valley Civilisation so far. So much material is available here that it would take 100 years to complete the study on uninhabited mounds on the outskirts of the village. The state government had decided to set up a museum, research centre and a hostel for the researchers in the village.


An archaeological survey of India (ASI) report too pointed out that a huge number of stone beads and beads of metal, including gold, indicated that Rakhigarhi was the biggest bead manufacturing and trading centre of the contemporary world.

This also shows the social and economic organization of local people. Rakhigarhi has yielded a large collection of beads made of stones, semi-precious stones and even metal like gold. The volume of beads at Rakhigarhi indicated that this could have been a centre of manufacturing. The ASI excavation had retrieved 11421 beads in the last 13 years from 1997 from Rakhigarhi.



Democracy has roots in Harappa



The concept of democracy and welfare state has their roots in Indus Valley Civilisation, so suggest the analysis of two-year excavation at an ancient Harappan site in Hisar’s Rakhigarhi village. The excavation points out that the panchayat system is 5,000 years old. The evidence of a city state or rule of a king like in Egypt or Mesopotamia was not found anywhere in Harappan sites across the Asian subcontinent.


“We found no palace-like structure or evidence of a rule of a king anywhere in Harappan sites. Unlike Egypt, people of Indus civilisation did not waste their resources and forced common people to create structures such as pyramids which symbolise slavery,” said Arvind Prabhakar Jamkhedkar, Chancellor, Deccan College.


He said civil engineering and houses built of bricks were first conceptualised during the Indus civilisation and the technology had traveled to other contemporary civilisations. Cross-bricked technique was used in Egypt during 3000 BC. It was prevalent in Indus during 5000 BC. Jamkhedkar said the Indus civilisation had flourished more in the Saraswati river basin than near the Indus river. Source: Tribune India

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Takshashila – Worlds oldest University




India has a long and venerable history in the field of higher education. In ancient times, the country was known to have been home to the oldest formal universities in the world. More than 2700 years back a huge university existed in the ancient India where over 10,500 students from all across the world came for higher studies.


This was the Takshashila university of ancient India (wrongly spelled as Taxila today). It was an important Vedic/Hindu and Buddhist center of learning but wasn’t as well organized as the University of Nalanda. According to historical references Takshashila University date back to the 5th or 6th Century BCE.


As per the Indian epic, Ramayana, the city name Takṣaśilā came from Taksa, who was the son of Bharata, the brother of the Lord Rama (Don’t confuse with Emperor Bharata).


It is believed that Taksa was the first ruler of the kingdom Taksa Khanda and founder of the city Takṣaśilā. According to another theory the variant of the name Takṣaśilā is very closely related to Taksaka that in Sanskrit means ‘carpenter’. In ancient India, this was another name given to the Nagas.


Taxila is also described in some detail in the Buddhist Jātaka tales, written in Sri Lanka around the 5th century. In this text, Taxila has been mentioned as the capital of the kingdom of Gandhara and a great learning center.


Chinese travellers like Fa Hian (Faxain) and Huien Tsang (XuanZang) also speak of Takshashila in their writings. The site initially began to develop as a loosely connected group of buildings where learned persons resided, worked and taught. Over the years, additional buildings were added; rulers made donations and more scholars migrated there. Gradually a large campus developed, which became a celebrated seat of learning in the ancient world.


During its times this university was the IIT and MIT of the world. The campus accommodated students who came from as far as Babylonia, Greece, Arabia and China and offered over 64 different fields of study like Vedas, grammar, philosophy, Ayurveda, agriculture, surgery, politics, archery, warfare, astronomy, commerce, futurology, music, dance, etc. There were even curious subjects like the art of discovering hidden treasure, decrypting encrypted messages, etc.


Admission into this university was purely based on merit. Students were admitted to this university at the age of 16 after they had completed their basic education in their local institutions.


They were supposed to pay for their expenses. However, if a student was unable to pay then he could work for his teacher. Students would come to Takshila and take up education in their chosen subject with their teacher directly. Entrance exam to Takshashila was very difficult and only 3 out of every 10 students passed the admission test.



Chanakya


Takshashila is perhaps best known because of its association with Chanakya. The famous treatise ArthaShastra (Ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy, written in Sanskrit) by Chanakya, is said to have been composed in Takshashila itself.


He was also mentor and Professor of Chandragupta Maurya who founded the Great Mauryan Empire, and also served as the prime minister of the Mauryan Empire. Even Chandragupta Maurya studied at Takshashila.


Another great student from Takshashila university was Vishnu Sharma, the author of the great book that teaches the art of political science in the form of simple beautiful stories called the Pancha Tantra (meaning the five techniques). Panini was another great product of this university. He was an expert in language and grammar and authored one of the greatest works on grammar ever written called Ashtadhyayi.


Charaka, the famous ancient Indian Ayurvedic physician was a product of Takshashila university. He originally authored the Charaka Samhita. Jivak was another genius who came out of the Takshashila university. He was a doctor and an expert in pulse reading. Jivak was the personal physician of Buddha and also cured the Nadi Vran of Buddha.


There are over 15000 handwritten manuscripts of Jivak’s expertise passed on by generations to their children and are still preserved in India even today. Under the king Asoka of Mauriya Empire, the city touched its peak in terms of development. Taxila after this saw the most creative period under the rule of Gandhara. In the next 200 years, Taxila became a center of great learning.


Ruins of Taxila


Being near the north-west frontier of India, Takshashila had to face the brunt of attacks and invasions from the north and the west. Thus the Persians, Greeks, Parthians, Shakas and Kushanas laid their destructive marks on this institution.


When Alexander’s armies came to the Punjab in the fourth century B.C., Takshashila had already developed a reputation as an important seat of learning. Thus on his return Alexander took many scholars from there with him to Greece.


In the second half of the 5th century, it was severely damaged by Hephthalite (White Huns) invasions. They destroyed the whole city, University and all Buddhist monasteries which never again recovers. During the 7th century it was gradually abandoned by its inhabitants.


Taxila was excavated by Sir John Hubert Marshall (British Archaeologist) in 1920s who at the time of excavation was the Director General of the Indian Archaeological Survey (1902-31). Takshila was listed by the UNESCO as one of the World Heritage Sites in 1980.

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Gujarati showed Vasca the way

MANDVI: When Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama discovered Europe-to-India sea route in 1497, he had a Gujarati by his side to show him the way. Historians and scholars gathered at Gujarat's port town Mandvi are discussing how a Kutchi sailor, Kanji Malam, navigated the commander to Calicut from Malindi on east African coast. Malam hailed from Mandvi, a ship-building hub, where a three-day maritime conference 'Gujarat and the sea' is in progress.


Scholars and research institutes from France, Portugal, China, Singapore and Sri Lanka are taking part in the event. At Malindi, Gama's crew roped in a pilot who could guide the expedition to Calicut . Historians have differed over the identity of the sailor, calling him a Christian, a Muslim and a Gujarati. According to another account, he was the famous Arab navigator Ibn Majid. Some historians suggest Majid could not have been near the vicinity at the time. German author Justus says it was Malam who accompanied Vasco.


Italian researcher Sinthia Salvadori too has concluded that it was Malam who showed Gama the way to India. Salvadori has made this observation in her 'We Came In Dhows', an account written after interacting with people in Gujarat.


"Malam's role in the Vasco expedition has largely been overlooked by historians. It is high time we studied this," says historian Makrand Mehta, who will address the conference on Sunday. On Saturday, scholars like Lotika Varadrajan, Manuel Joao Ramos, Alok Tripathy, Paul Lunde and Vishwarao Sonawane discussed aspects of Gujarat's maritime history.

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Ship Building & Navigation in Ancient India


India has a rich maritime history dating back 5,000 years. The world’s first tidal dock is believed to have been built at Lothal around 2300 BCE during the Indus Valley Civilization, near the present day Mangrol harbour on the Gujarat coast. A compass, Matsya yantra, was used for navigation in the 4th and 5th century AD.


The very word Navigation is derived from the Sanskrit word ‘Navgatih’. The word navy is also derived from Sanskrit ‘Nou’.


There were Sanskrit terms for many parts of a ship. The ship’s anchor was known as Nava-Bandhan-Kilaha which literally means ‘a nail to tie up a ship’. The sail was called Vata Vastra, which means ‘wind-cloth’. The hull was termed Stula Bhaga i.e. an ’expanded area’.


The rudder was called Keni-Pata, Pata means blade; the rudder was also known as Karna which literally means an ‘ear’ and was so called because it used to be a hollow curved blade, as is found today in exhaust fans. The ship’s keel was called Nava-Tala which means ‘bottom of a ship’. The mast was known as Kupadanda, in which danda means a pole.


Even a sextant was used for navigation and was called Vruttashanga-Bhaga. But what is more surprising is that even a contrived mariner’s compass was used by Indian navigators nearly 1500 to 2000 years ago. This claim is not being made in an overzealous nationalistic spirit.


This has in fact been the suggestion of a European expert, Mr. J.L. Reid, who was a member of the Institute of Naval Architects and Shipbuilders in England at around the beginning of the present century. This is what Mr. Reid has said in the Bombay Gazetteer, vol. xiii., Part ii., Appendix A:


“The early Hindu astrologers are said to have used the magnet, in fixing the North and East, in laying foundations, and other religious ceremonies. The Hindu compass was an iron fish that floated in a vessel of oil and pointed to the North. The fact of this older Hindu compass seems placed beyond doubt by the Sanskrit word Maccha Yantra, or fish machine, which Molesworth gives as a name for the mariner’s compass”.


It is significant to note that these are the words of a foreign Naval Architect and Shipbuilding Expert. It is thus quite possible that the Maccha Yantra (also known as Matsya yantra) was transmitted to the west by the Arabs to give us the mariner’s compass of today. Yukti Kalpa Taru, a treatise compiled by Bhoja Narapati has been translated and published by Prof. Aufrecht in his ‘Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts.’


Study of this treatise had been undertaken by Dr. Radha Kumud Mookerji entitled ‘Indian Shipping’ and was published by Orient Longman, Bombay in 1912. The treatise gives a technocratic exposition on the techniques of shipbuilding, providing minute details on various types of ships, their sizes along with materials from which they were built.


The Yukti Kalpa Taru sums up in a condensed form all the available information. Apart from describing the qualities of the different types of wood and their suitability in shipbuilding, the Yukti Kalpa Taru also gives an elaborate classification of ships based on their sizes. The primary division is into 2 classes: Samanya (ordinary) and Vishesha (Special).


The ordinary type was for sea voyages. Ships that undertook sea voyages were classified into dirgha type of ships which had a long and narrow hull and the Unnata type of ships which had a higher hull. The treatise also gives elaborate directions for decorating and furnishing the ships with a view of making them comfortable for passengers.


Also mentioned are details on internal seating and accommodation to be provided on the ships. Three classes of ships are distinguished according to their length and the position of cabins:


-Ships with cabins extending from one end of the deck -to the other were called Sarvamandira vessels.
-These ships were recommended for the transport of royal treasure and horses.
-Madhyamarnandira vessels had cabins in the middle part of their deck and were recommended for pleasure trips.
-Agramandira ships were used mainly in warfare.


Indian shipping has thus had a long and brilliant history covering a period of about five millennia from the very dawn of India’s civilization in the Indus Valley.


Both Hindu and Buddhist texts are thus replete with references to the sea-borne trade of India that directly and indirectly demonstrate the existence of a national shipping and shipbuilding. It was one of the great national key industry of India.


Indeed, all the evidence available clearly shows that for full thirty centuries India stood at the very heart of the commercial world, cultivating trade relations successively with the Phoenicians, Jews, Assyrians, Greeks, Egyptians, and Romans in ancient times, and Turks, Venetians, Portuguese, Dutch and English in modern times.


Sea lanes between India and neighboring lands were the usual form of trade for many centuries, and are responsible for the widespread influence of Indian Culture on other societies, particularly in the Indian Ocean region.


Powerful navies included those of the Maurya, Satavahana, Chola,Vijayanagara, Kalinga, Maratha and Mughal empires. The Cholas excelled in foreign trade and maritime activity, extending their influence overseas to China and Southeast Asia. In those days India had colonies, in Cambodia (Kambuja in Sanskrit) in Java, (Chavakam or Yava dwipa) in Sumatra, in Borneo, Socotra (Sukhadhara) and even in Japan.





There is enough evidence to prove that Indians maintained their maritime activity throughout the ancient and mediaeval periods, naturally with variations in its extent and excellence, over such a long period of time.


Both Basham and Marxist historians of India have presented untruth, and half truth as truth. George Coedes French historian and author of Indianized State of South East Asia has said:


“I am convinced that such research will reveal numerous facts which will indicate a much deeper Indianization of the mass of the population than the sociologists will at present admit.”


Sylvain Levi French art Historian has shown how references in the Ramayana, Mahabharata, Mahaniddesa and Brihat-Katha that the products of Burma and Malaya Peninsula were known to Indian merchants and sailors and also some of its ports such as Suvarnakudya, Suvarnabhumi, Takkolam, Tamlin and Javam from at least first century A.D.


That Indian traders and settlers repeatedly undertook journeys to Southeast Asia, despite the hazards and perils involved, speaks well for their physical prowess, courage, and determination, even if allowance for the pull of profit is made.

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India's Role in the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution happened in Britain during 1775–1850. It gave birth to modern industry – a new system of production based on machines and factories. For the Industrial Revolution to happen, three things were needed:


1. Capital – to build the machines and factories
2. Raw materials – to produce the goods in the factories
3. Market – to sell the manufactured goods


All three were needed in large amounts for the Industrial Revolution to kick off:

1. Capital: After the Industrial Revolution started, the huge profits it generated could provide the capital for further industrialisation. That is, the process could become self-sustaining. But how was the process to begin in the first place? Where could such a large amount of money be got from?

2. Raw materials: The Industrial Revolution needed vast amounts of raw materials at cheap prices. Where were they to be got from?

3. Market: Finally, a vast captive market was needed to sell the manufactured goods at a handsome profit. Where was it to be found?

The first country to answer these three questions would be the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution. In the second half of the 18th century, one country did find the answer to these three questions: Britain. And its answer was India.

On 23 June 1757, the English East India Company defeated Siraj-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Bengal, in the Battle of Plassey. The British thus became masters of east India (Bengal, Bihar, Orissa) – a prosperous region with a flourishing agriculture, industry and trade.

The East India Company started collecting revenue from this region and sending it to Britain. This provided the capital. It also started seizing raw cotton from the cotton farmers and sending it to Britain. This provided the raw material. Finally, it brought the manufactured textiles from Britain into India – without any duties or tariffs – and sold them here. This was their free market.

Thus India provided all the three ingredients of Britain's Industrial Revolution: capital, raw materials and market.

It is not a coincidence that the Industrial Revolution began less than 20 years after the British conquest of east India.

Nor is it a coincidence that the engine of Britain's Industrial Revolution was its textile industry. Before the Industrial Revolution, India was the world's number one textile manufacturer and exporter.

When you have conquered a country, what better industry to enter and dominate, than the industry dominated by the country you now rule – and whose economy you now control?

Subsequently, of course, Britain conquered the whole of India, thus giving it more capital, more raw materials and a larger market – which helped to accelerate its Industrial Revolution. Needless to say, India's economy was devastated in this process.

Thus the Industrial Revolution was built on the grave of the Indian economy. The Industrial Revolution was made in Britain, but it was funded by India (against her will).

The Industrial Revolution gave birth to the Industrial Age, or the Modern Age. Thus, though the Modern Age was inaugurated in Britain, the real driving force behind it was India.

That was the role of India in the Industrial Revolution (and consequently, the birth of the Modern Age).

Thus Britain did not "make India modern". The truth is the other way around. It was India that helped Britain to become modern.

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Plunder of India and the Industrial Revolution
Based on and with excerpts from India Today by R. Palme Dutt, People's Publishing House Pvt., Ltd. Bombay 1949


During the middle ages, Indian products, in particular its famed textiles, were exported to Europe chiefly by the overland route through western India. At that time India was universally recognized for its high industrial development relative to the contemporary world standards.


But with the capture of Constantinople, the bustling East-West trade center, by Turks in 1453 A.D., the overland trade was severely disrupted and the prices of Eastern commodities in the European markets soared. This led to the desperate European search for a sea-route to India. Year after year Europeans explored the west coast of Africa until in 1487 the Portuguese rounded the Cape of Good Hope.


Ten years later, Vasco da Gama set out on a voyage and after picking up an Indian pilot on the African coast sailed for India. The way was open now and by the middle of the sixteenth century, Portuguese had established trading posts along the western Indian Coast.


Soon to follow were the English merchants who, under the East India Company, secured permission from the Moghul emperor in 1612 to establish a trading depot at Surat.

The problem that faced East India Company from the outset was that England, at the time, had nothing of value to offer India in the way of products comparable in quality or technical standard with Indian products. In the middle of the eighteenth century England was still mainly agricultural.


In 1750 the Northern Counties still contained less than one-third of the population; Gloucestershire was more thickly populated than Lancashire. The woollen industry was the main industry; in 1770 woollen exports, according to Baines' History of the Cotton Manufacture comprised between one-third and one-fourth of all exports. But wool was of no use to tropical India. Therefore precious metals had to be taken out to buy the goods in India.


This had historically been the case of most of India's trading partners till the middle of the eighteenth century. Pliny reports that Roman trade with India, as far back as 31 B.C. put a heavy drain on the Roman reserves of precious metals.

The drain on precious metals that resulted from East India Company's early trade with India could not continue for ever. The English traders were thus beset with the problem of finding something that India would be willing to take in exchange for the goods they bought there.


One of their first devices was to develop a roundabout trade to utilize the plunder from Africa and America, in particular the silver obtained by the sale of slaves in the West Indies and the Spanish America, to meet the costs of purchases in India.

By the middle of the 18th century, the Mughal Empire in India was disintegrating and the central authority was weakened as it faced challenges from local regional powers.


In the course of a normal evolution this could have paved the way for the rise of bourgeois forces in India, whose foundations had been laid amongst the powerful manufacturing, trading and shipping interests in India.


The English traders had been in India at that time for almost 200 years and they seized this opportunity to fight and intrigue for the territorial domination of India. In 1757 they declared war on the regional power in Bengal and their victory at battle of Plassey in 1757 brought a vast area in the east under their control.

As soon as the Company domination began to be established in India, the Company merchant was able to throw the sword into the scales to secure a bargain which abandoned all pretense of equality of exchange and the age-old problem of trading with India had been solved. The Company rule began with outright plunder and the wealth of India began to flood England in an ever-growing stream.

Immediately after, the great series of inventions, such as spinning-jenny and the steam engine, began in Europe which initiated the Industrial Revolution.


The development of the age of inventions depended, not simply on "some special and unaccountable burst of inventive genius," as the leading authority on English industrial history, W. Cunningham, writes in his Growth of English Industry and Commerce in Modern Times, but on the accumulation of a sufficient body of capital as the indispensable condition to make possible the large-scale outlay for their utilisation.


Previous inventions of Kay's fly-shuttle in 1733 and Wyatt's roller-spinning machine in 1738 came to naught because they couldn't be used for lack of capital.


It was the plunder of India that thus set into motion one of the greatest revolutions of history - the Industrial Revolution. In his Law of Civilization and Decay, the American writer, Brooke Adams describes how it happened:



"The influx of the Indian treasure, by adding considerably to the nation's cash capital, not only increased its stock of energy, but added much to its flexibility and the rapidity of its movement.


Very soon after Plassey, the Bengal plunder began to arrive in London, and the effect appears to have been instantaneous; for all the authorities agree that the 'industrial revolution,' the event which has divided the nineteenth century from all antecedent time, began with the year 1760.


Prior to 1760, according to Bains, the machinery used for spinning cotton in Lancashire was almost as simple as in India; while about 1750 the English iron industry was in full decline because of the destruction of forests for fuel. At that time four-fifths of the iron used in the kingdom came from Sweden.

Plassey was fought in 1757, and probably nothing has ever equalled in rapidity of the change which followed. In 1760 the flying shuttle appeared, and coal began to replace wood in smelting.


In 1764 Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny, in 1776 Crompton contrived the mule, in 1785 Cartwright patented the powerloom, and, chief of all, in 1768 Watt matured the steam engine, the most perfect of all vents of centralising energy. But though these machines served as outlets for the accelerating movement of the time, they did not cause that acceleration.


In themselves inventions are passive, many of the most important having lain dormant for centuries, waiting for a sufficient store of force to have accumulated to set them working. That store must always take the shape of money, and money not hoarded, but in motion.


Before the influx of the Indian treasure, and the expansion of credit which followed, no force sufficient for this purpose existed; and had Watt lived fifty years earlier, he and his invention must have perished together.

Possibly since the world began, no investment has ever yielded the profit reaped from the Indian plunder..."


The spoliation of India was thus the hidden source of capital accumulation which played an all-important role in helping to make possible the industrial revolution in England.


Once the industrial capital was established in England, it needed markets to sells its products to. It was again India which was forced, to absorb these goods to enable the industrial revolution in England to sustain itself.


India had to be de-industrialized in order to achieve this. After the victory of English industrial capital over its mercantile capital, India's textile industry was destroyed leading to the destruction of its urban economy and the subsequent overcrowding in the villages and pushing India hundreds of years behind in its economic development.

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Originally posted by Narmerthoth:

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Originally posted by Mindovermatter:

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Originally posted by Doug M:
They taught the world to worship white people.

That is the only thing their educational system is designed to do, which is promote white supremacy.


So of course they had to destroy anything that wasn't teaching folks to worship whiteness, which most of these people were not doing. Of course this has nothing to do with Abramic religions.

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Doug I thought you would find this interesting:

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As Dr. Winters points out, Buddhist were active in Africa some hundreds of years before Christ.
Examining the Hebrew Essenes faith and group structure, of which John The Baptist and Christ were said to be a part of, you can clearly see the emulation of the Buddhist commune structure as well as other key aspects of Buddhism.
This Essenes structure preceeds Christ and was already in formation when Christ joined the group.
They were probably a blend of elements of the Egyptian Mystery School and Buddhism.

Philo's account of Essenes

"They do not offer animal sacrifice, judging it more fitting to render their minds truly holy. They flee the cities and live in villages where clean air and clean social life abound. They either work in the fields or in crafts that countribute to peace. They do not hoard silver and gold and do not acquire great landholdings; procuring for themselves only what is necessary for life. Thus they live without goods and without property, not by missfortune, but out of preference. They do not make armaments of any kind. They do not keep slaves and detest slavery. They avoid wholesale and retail commerce, believing that such activity excites one to cupidity. With respect to philosophy, they dismiss logic but have an extremely high regard for virtue. They honor the Sabbath with great respect over the other days of the week. They have an internal rule which all learn, together with rules on piety, holiness, justice and the knowledge of good and bad. These they make use of in the form of triple definitions, rules regarding the love of God, the love of virtue, and the love of men. They believe God causes all good but cannot be the cause of any evil. They honor virtue by foregoing all riches, glory and pleasure. Further, they are convinced they must be modest, quiet, obedient to the rule, simple, frugal and without mirth. Their life style is communal. They have a common purse. Their salaries they deposit before them all, in the midst of them, to be put to the common employment of those who wish to make use of it. They do not neglect the sick on the pretext that they can produce nothing. With the common purse there is plenty from which to treat all illnesses. They lavish great respect on the elderly. With them they are very generous and surround them with a thousand attentions. They practice virtue like a gymnastic exercise, seeing the accomplishment of praiseworthy deeds as the means by which a man ensures absolute freedom for himself."

Sounds exactly the same as a Buddhist monastery.

http://essene.com/History/AncientHistoriansAndEssenes.html

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The Nubian-Kametic-Sumerian-Dravidian culture I call Proto-Saharan is supported by archaeological research in addition to anthropological and linguistic evidence.

The members of the NKSD civilization maintained an extensive trade network in the 3rd and 4th millennium BC. The vessels recovered from these civilizations indicate that the peoples share religious beliefs, and culture.


This is supported by red-and-black pottery which originated in Nubia, and vessels from the IVBI workshop at Tepe Yahya. The IVBI workshop was located in West Asia. Vessels here have a uniform shape and design. The red-and black pottery, and vessels sharing this style are distributed from Egypt to China, the Soviet Uzbekistan and the Indus Valley. Philip L. Kohl, in “The balance of trade in the mid-Third millennium BC”, Current Anthropology (19,1978: 463-492) noted that the intercultural style vessels show clear parallels between Nubia/Kemetian-Iranian-Sumerian and Dravidian (Indus Valley) sites.

This is supported by red-and-black pottery which originated in Nubia, and vessels from the IVBI workshop at Tepe Yahya. The IVBI workshop was located in West Asia. Vessels here have a uniform shape and design. The red-and black pottery, and vessels sharing this style are distributed from Egypt to China, the Soviet Uzbekistan and the Indus Valley. Philip L. Kohl, in “The balance of trade in the mid-Third millennium BC”, Current Anthropology (19,1978: 463-492) noted that the intercultural style vessels show clear parallels between Nubia/Kemetian-Iranian-Sumerian and Dravidian (Indus Valley) sites.

http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf



This map makes it clear that Dravidians and Africans share haplotypes RxR1 and K. The present inhabitants of Mesopotamia and Persia and Africans according to this map carry the H,A and K haplotypes. . For example, the H1 haplotype is found among many Dravidians (26% in a study by Sengupta et al 2006).

The haplotype M173 is derived from M9. This M9 is mainly found in Eurasia.
The haplotype M9 is related to haplogroups K to R and are often associated with Eurasians or non-African people (Cruciani et al, 2002;Coia, 2004). Coia et al (2004) believe that Asians migrated to Cameroon and passed on R1*M173 to Africans.

It is interesting to note that haplogroup R1*M173 has its highest frequency in Africa, not Eurasia (Cruciani et al, 2002; Coia, 2004). In Cameroon the frequency of R1*M173 is between 7%-95% and averages 39% (Coia, 2004). This suggest that this haplogroup may have originated in Africa, not Asia.

The genetic evidence speaks for itself. The origin of these genes do not go back to the paleolithic exit from africa, there origin was Africa, and the people carrying these genes today point back to their African origin.
If the NKSD people came from the same cultural and genetic background, we can hypothesize that they would have similar terms for sea going vessels or boats. To test this hypothesis we must look at the history of naval technology in Middle Africa, the original homeland of the Kametian –Sumerian-Dravidian speaking people.
Boat building has been known in Africa for thousands of years.

Reed boats, and reed boat illustrations throughout Middle Africa. For example, today reed boats are still constructed by the Mande speaking Bozo people and Dravidian speaking people in India.

The boat has played an important role in Africa since prehistoric times. As early as Nagada I (4000-3500 BC) Africans were depicting boats on their pottery (Robert Partridge, ,p.16). The same style boats are found in the Sahara at Tin Tazarift (Ki-Zerbo,1979,1981). Between 3500-3000BC we find evidence of sails on pottery from Nubia and Egypt ( Partridge,1996).

The Prophet Isaiah mentions the expertise of the Kushites when he noted in the Bible at Isaiah 18:12
that: " Country of the whirring wings beyond the rivers of Cush, who send ambassadors by sea, in papyrus ships over the waters". This indicates that as late as the Meroitic Kushite empire papyrus boast were still being used by Africans. Because the early civilization builders in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, Africa, and China after 3500 BC, originated in the Sahara there existed great similarity between boats engraved on rocks in Mesopotamia, Indus Valley/ India and ancient boats in the Sahara and Nile Valley (Hornell,1920).


Walter Resch (1967), noted that apart from human and animal figures appearing on the Nubian rock drawings, the most dominant motif is that of reed boats, many of these boats like the boats at Nagada II, had sails.

Henri Lhote during his 1956 expedition to the Highland Tassili region of Algeria also found
reed boat engravings (Lhote, 1957). Boats with sails were still being used in throughout Africa in 1500BC. Queen Hatshepsut of Egypt, recorded in her temple at Deir el Bahri a Puntite ship which had sails and 60 oars. This indicates that African ships were usually prepared for sailing the oceans through the power of the wind, and /or by sail.

Punt is believed to be ancient Somalia/Ethiopia. The people who presently live in Ethiopia call the Puntite empire, the Arwe empire. Other examples of reed boats have been found in Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley. It is among the engraved Saharan boats that we see the first use of masts and sails, along with cabins on the decks of ships as early as 3100 BC. As a result the ancient Proto-Saharans share the same name for boat:

• Dravidian (Tamil) Kalan
  Sumerian Kalam
  Mande Kulu

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Originally posted by Doug M:

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Originally posted by Narmerthoth:

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Originally posted by Mindovermatter:

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Originally posted by Doug M:
They taught the world to worship white people.

That is the only thing their educational system is designed to do, which is promote white supremacy.


So of course they had to destroy anything that wasn't teaching folks to worship whiteness, which most of these people were not doing. Of course this has nothing to do with Abramic religions.

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Doug I thought you would find this interesting:

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As Dr. Winters points out, Buddhist were active in Africa some hundreds of years before Christ.
Examining the Hebrew Essenes faith and group structure, of which John The Baptist and Christ were said to be a part of, you can clearly see the emulation of the Buddhist commune structure as well as other key aspects of Buddhism.
This Essenes structure preceeds Christ and was already in formation when Christ joined the group.
They were probably a blend of elements of the Egyptian Mystery School and Buddhism.

Philo's account of Essenes

"They do not offer animal sacrifice, judging it more fitting to render their minds truly holy. They flee the cities and live in villages where clean air and clean social life abound. They either work in the fields or in crafts that countribute to peace. They do not hoard silver and gold and do not acquire great landholdings; procuring for themselves only what is necessary for life. Thus they live without goods and without property, not by missfortune, but out of preference. They do not make armaments of any kind. They do not keep slaves and detest slavery. They avoid wholesale and retail commerce, believing that such activity excites one to cupidity. With respect to philosophy, they dismiss logic but have an extremely high regard for virtue. They honor the Sabbath with great respect over the other days of the week. They have an internal rule which all learn, together with rules on piety, holiness, justice and the knowledge of good and bad. These they make use of in the form of triple definitions, rules regarding the love of God, the love of virtue, and the love of men. They believe God causes all good but cannot be the cause of any evil. They honor virtue by foregoing all riches, glory and pleasure. Further, they are convinced they must be modest, quiet, obedient to the rule, simple, frugal and without mirth. Their life style is communal. They have a common purse. Their salaries they deposit before them all, in the midst of them, to be put to the common employment of those who wish to make use of it. They do not neglect the sick on the pretext that they can produce nothing. With the common purse there is plenty from which to treat all illnesses. They lavish great respect on the elderly. With them they are very generous and surround them with a thousand attentions. They practice virtue like a gymnastic exercise, seeing the accomplishment of praiseworthy deeds as the means by which a man ensures absolute freedom for himself."

Sounds exactly the same as a Buddhist monastery.

http://essene.com/History/AncientHistoriansAndEssenes.html

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Not surprised at all about Europeans stealing from India. India has some very ancient universities that no doubt influenced the Greeks and others.

Likewise, we know that many elements of Buddhist culture are predated by Nile Valley culture and that there is some possiblity that the early buddha was modeled on an expatriate Kushite priest (or multiple priests having fled the fall of Kush/Axum) traveling in Asia.

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Originally posted by Clyde Winters:
The Indus Valley civilization is not older than Sumer. It only began after 2400 BC.

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Indus Valley civilisation may pre-date Egypt's pharoahs: Ancient society is 2,500 years older than thought


-Indus Valley Civilisation known for well-planned cities
-Experts carbon dated pottery and animal bones at Bhirrana
-They now believe the civilisation is around 8,000 years old
-It is thought climate change may not have destroyed the civilisation


With its impressive pyramids and complex rules, Ancient Egypt may seem to many the epitome of an advanced early civilisation.

But new evidence suggests the Indus Valley Civilisation in India and Pakistan, famed for its well-planned cities and impressive crafts, predates Egypt and Mesopotamia.

Already considered one of the oldest civilisations in the world, experts now believe it is 8,000 years old - 2,500 years older than previously thought


Their study also sheds new light on why the seemingly flourishing civilisation collapsed.

A team of researchers from the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Institute of Archaeology, Deccan College Pune, and IIT Kharagpur, have analysed pottery fragments and animal bones from the Bhirrana in the north of the country using carbon dating methods.

‘Based on radiocarbon ages from different trenches and levels the settlement at Bhirrana has been inferred to be the oldest (>9 ka BP) in the Indian sub-continent,’ the experts wrote in Nature’s Scientific Reports journal.


They used also used ‘optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) method’ to check the dating and investigate whether the climate changed when the civilisation was thriving, to fill ‘a critical gap in information … [about] the Harappan [Indus Valley] civilisation.’

While more tests are required, the study suggests the Indus Valley Civilisation pre-dates those of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, which are also famed for their impressive ability to build organised cities.

It’s thought the civilisation spread across parts of what is now Pakistan and northwest India in the Bronze Age and at its peak, some five million people lived in one million square miles along citadels built near the basins of the Indus River.


While the ancient people relied upon heavy and regular monsoons between 9,000 and 7,000 years ago to water their crops, after this period, evidence at Bhirrana shows people continued to survive despite changing weather patterns.

‘Increasing evidences suggest that these people shifted their crop patterns from the large-grained cereals like wheat and barley during the early part of intensified monsoon to drought-resistant species of small millets and rice in the later part of declining monsoon and thereby changed their subsistence strategy,’ they continued.

However, changing the crops they grew and harvested resulted in the ‘de-urbanisation’ of cities and no need for large food storage facilities. Instead, the people swapped to personal storage spaces to look after their families.

‘Because these later crops generally have much lower yield, the organised large storage system of mature Harappan period was abandoned giving rise to smaller more individual household based crop processing and storage system and could act as catalyst for the de-urbanisation of the Harappan civilization rather than an abrupt collapse,’ the team wrote.

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Universities of Ancient India

Most Indians today are well aware of the two famous ancient universities of India which also are one of the oldest universities in the world – Takshashila University (Taxila) and Nalanda. But are these the only knowledge centers that existed in ancient India? Education has always been given great prominence in Indian society since the times of the vedic civilization, with gurukul and ashrams being the centers of learning.


And with evolving times, a large number of centers of learning were established across ancient India of which Takshashila and Nalanda are the most famous ones known today. Below is a list of major ancient universities that flourished across ancient India.


Takshashila University


Ruins of Takshasila University in present day Pakistan.

Ruins of Takshasila University in present day Pakistan. –img source Taxila as it is called today, Takshashila University established around 2700 years ago was home to over 10500 students where the students from all across the world used to come to attain specialization in over 64 different fields of study like vedas, grammar, philosophy, ayurveda, agriculture, surgery, politics, archery, warfare, astronomy, commerce, futurology, music, dance, etc.


Taxila is also described in some detail in the Buddhist Jātaka tales, written in Sri Lanka around the 5th century. In this text, Taxila has been mentioned as the capital of the kingdom of Gandhara and a great learning center. Chinese travellers like Fa Hian (Faxain) and Huien Tsang (XuanZang) also speak of Takshashila in their writings. Famous graduates of this University include the ones like Chanakya, Panini, Charaka, Vishnu Sharma, Jivaka etc. This is the world’s oldest university.

Nalanda University


Ruins of Nalanda University.

Nalanda University was established by Shakraditya of Gupta dynasty in modern Bihar during early 5th century and flourished for 600 years till 12th century.


NALANDA WAS THE WORLD’S FIRST UNIVERSITY TO HAVE RESIDENTIAL QUARTERS FOR BOTH STUDENTS AND TEACHERS. IT ALSO HAD LARGE PUBLIC LECTURE HALLS. STUDENTS FROM COUNTRIES LIKE KOREA, JAPAN, CHINA, TIBET, INDONESIA, PERSIA AND TURKEY CAME TO STUDY IN THIS UNIVERSITY. NALANDA UNIVERSITY WAS SET ON FIRE BY TURKISH MUSLIM ARMY UNDER BAKHTIYAR KHILJI IN 1193.

The great library of Nalanda University was destroyed, ransacked and burnt by the soldiers of Khilji’s army and it is said that it was so vast that the manuscripts kept burning for three months.


In-numerous number of ancient Indian manuscripts carefully preserved for thousands of years were destroyed in this fire. Thousands of monks in the University were burnt alive and beheaded by Khilji’s army.


In 2010, the parliament of India passed a bill approving the plans to restore the ancient Nalanda University as a modern Nalanda International University dedicated for post-graduate research. Many east asian countries including China, Singapore and Japan have come forward to fund the construction of this revived Nalanda University.

Pushpagiri University




Pushpagiri University was established in ancient Kalinga kingdom (modern day Odisha) and was spread across Cuttack and Jajpur districts. It was established in 3rd century and flourished for the next 800 years till 11th century. The university campus was spread across three adjoining hills – Lalitgiri, Ratnagiri and Udayagiri.


This was one of the most prominent centers of higher education in ancient India along with the universities of Takshashila, Nalanda and Vikramashila. The Chinese traveler Xuanzang (Huien Tsang) visited this university in 639 CE.


Lalitgiri is said to have been commissioned by early 2nd century BCE itself and is the oldest Buddhist establishments in the world. Recently a few images of Emperor Ashoka have been discovered here, and it has been suggested that the Pushpagiri University was established by Emperor Ashoka himself.

Valabhi University




Valabhi University was established in Saurashtra of modern Gujarat at around 6th century and it flourished for 600 years till 12th century. Chinese traveler Itsing who visited this university during the 7th century describes it as a great center of learning. Gunamati and Sthiramati, the two famous Buddhist scholars are said to have graduated from this University.


This University was popular for its training in secular subjects and students from all over the country came to study in this University. Because of its high quality of education, graduates of this University were given higher executive posts.


Vikramshila University



Vikramashila University was established by Dharmapala of Pala dynasty during late 8th century and flourished for 400 years till 12th century. It was located in the Bhagalpur district of modern day Bihar.

It gave direct competition to Nalanda University with over 100 teachers and over 1000 students listed in this University. This university was well known for its specialized training on the subject of Tantra (Tantrism).

One of the most popular graduates from this University was Atiśa Dipankara, a founder of the Sharma traditions of Tibetan Buddhism who also revived the Buddhism in Tibet.

Odantapuri University




Odantapuri University was established by Dharmapala of Pala dynasty during late 8th century in Magadha (which is in modern day Bihar) and flourished for 400 years till 12th century. The famous Acharya Sri Ganga who was a professor at the Vikramashila University was a graduate of this Odantapuri University.


According to the ancient Tibetan records there were about 12,000 students studying at this University. Ancient Tibetan texts mention this as one among the five great Universities of its time, the other four being Vikramashila, Nalanda, Somapura and Jagaddala Universities – all located in ancient India.

Somapura University



Somapura Mahavihara was established by Dharmapala of Pala dynasty during late 8th century in Bengal and flourished for 400 years till 12th century. The University spread over 27 acres of land of which the main complex was 21 acres was one of the largest of its kind.

It was a major center of learning for Bauddha Dharma (Buddhism), Jina Dharma (Jainism) and Sanatana Dharma (Hinduism). Even today one can find ornamental terracotta on its outer walls depicting the influence of these three traditions.

Telhara University



Ruins of Telhara University were found in January 2014 during excavation of a 45-foot high mound. Based on findings archaeologists placed the Telhara University back to first century AD to Kushan Empire. It is said the university was built by one of the descendents of Magadha ruler Bimbisara.

Nalanda University was set on fire by Turkish Muslim army under Bakhtiyar Khilji in 1193. During the excavation work, the team members stumbled upon a 1.5-foot-thick layer of ash, suggesting that Telhara University was also burnt by Khilji on his way.

Other Ancient Universities The above mentioned list is not a complete list of ancient Indian universities either. Dharmapala of Pala dynasty alone is said to have established 50 mega learning centers across his kingdom, and they have been as huge and as popular as the ones mentioned above.


For instance, the Munshiganj Vihara discovered as recently as March 23, 2013 in Bengal is said to have been established in 9th century and was home to 8000 students who came from faraway places like China, Tibet, Nepal and Thailand.


Further centers include Jagaddala, in Bengal (from the Pala period to the Muslim conquest), Nagarjunakonda, in Andhra Pradesh, Sharada Peeth, in modern day Pakistan Administered Kashmir, Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh (8th century to modern times), Kanchipuram, in Tamil Nadu, Manyakheta, in Karnataka.

OTHER ANCIENT UNIVERSITIES THE ABOVE MENTIONED LIST IS NOT A COMPLETE LIST OF ANCIENT INDIAN UNIVERSITIES EITHER. DHARMAPALA OF PALA DYNASTY ALONE IS SAID TO HAVE ESTABLISHED 50 MEGA LEARNING CENTERS ACROSS HIS KINGDOM, AND THEY HAVE BEEN AS HUGE AND AS POPULAR AS THE ONES MENTIONED ABOVE.

FOR INSTANCE, THE MUNSHIGANJ VIHARA DISCOVERED AS RECENTLY AS MARCH 23, 2013 IN BENGAL IS SAID TO HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED IN 9TH CENTURY AND WAS HOME TO 8000 STUDENTS WHO CAME FROM FARAWAY PLACES LIKE CHINA, TIBET, NEPAL AND THAILAND.

FURTHER CENTERS INCLUDE JAGADDALA, IN BENGAL (FROM THE PALA PERIOD TO THE MUSLIM CONQUEST), NAGARJUNAKONDA, IN ANDHRA PRADESH, SHARADA PEETH, IN MODERN DAY PAKISTAN ADMINISTERED KASHMIR, VARANASI IN UTTAR PRADESH (8TH CENTURY TO MODERN TIMES), KANCHIPURAM, IN TAMIL NADU, MANYAKHETA, IN KARNATAKA.


DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT INDIAN UNIVERSITIES AS YOU CAN SEE, MANY OF THE UNIVERSITIES MENTIONED ABOVE CAME TO AN END AROUND 12TH CENTURY. THE UNIVERSITIES LIKE NALANDA, VIKRAMASHILA ETC WERE DESTROYED AROUND THIS PERIOD DURING THE MUSLIM INVASION OF INDIA BY THE FANATIC BAKHTIYAR KHILJI FROM TURKEY IN 1193 CE.

THE DESTRUCTION OF THESE CENTRES OF LEARNING AT NALANDA AND OTHER PLACES ACROSS NORTHERN INDIA WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEMISE OF ANCIENT INDIAN SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT IN MATHEMATICS, ASTRONOMY, ALCHEMY, AND ANATOMY.

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Originally posted by Mindovermatter:
FALSE AND WRONG! The Indus valley civilization DOES PREDATE THE ANCIENT SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION! And the Indus Valley civilization HAD NOTHING to do with Mongoloid or Mongoloid type peoples. The so called Dravidians combined with the earlier inhabitants of the area, WERE THE PRIMARY PEOPLE THAT BUILT THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION!


The people of present day India and South Asia, ARE RELATED TO THE PEOPLE OF INDUS VALLEY GENETICALLY! And genetically the people of South or North India and even East India, have little to do nothing to do with Mongoloid or Mongoloid type peoples, except for places like the far east of India or places like Nepal!

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Originally posted by Clyde Winters:

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Originally posted by Mindovermatter:
FALSE AND WRONG! The Indus valley civilization DOES PREDATE THE ANCIENT SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION! And the Indus Valley civilization HAD NOTHING to do with Mongoloid or Mongoloid type peoples. The so called Dravidians combined with the earlier inhabitants of the area, WERE THE PRIMARY PEOPLE THAT BUILT THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION!


The people of present day India and South Asia, ARE RELATED TO THE PEOPLE OF INDUS VALLEY GENETICALLY! And genetically the people of South or North India and even East India, have little to do nothing to do with Mongoloid or Mongoloid type peoples, except for places like the far east of India or places like Nepal!

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You don't know what you're talking about. Bhirrana is not a Pre-Harappan site, because the Harappans (Dravidians) were not in the Indus Valley 9,000 years ago, they were still in Africa.

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Revealed: The Truth Behind the Indus Valley Civilization’s 'Collapse'

New evidence offers unique insight into the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization.


A new paper published in the journal Nature on May 25 has firmly established that the antiquity of the Harappan or Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) and its predecessors goes back almost 8,000 years, with some signs of settlement dating back to over 9,500 years before the present.

The civilization, which arose in the Indus-Ghaggar-Hakra river system (the Ghaggar and Hakra rivers are now defunct), spread out over a large area of modern Pakistan, eastern Afghanistan, and northwestern India.


It is now believed to have been a lot larger than previously assumed, as archaeologists initially believed that both the most important and largest of the Harappan sites dated from the third millennium BCE and were located on the Indus river and its tributaries in modern Pakistan. However, it is now established that the initial the original discoveries were merely the tip of an iceberg.


Harappan sites were not only dated to thousands of years before the initial third millennium finds, but were found in widely dispersed locations. These include Balochistan, Helmand in Afghanistan, and in Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh in India.

According to the paper in Nature, many of these early Harappan sites flourished on the Ghaggar-Hakra (mythical Saraswati) River, which flowed from the Himalayas through what is today the Thar Desert of Rajasthan in India into the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat; these areas contain low populations today.


“More than 500 sites of Harappan settlements have been discovered in this belt during the last hundred years,” according to the paper. The paper focuses on one of these sites, Bhirrana, in today’s Haryana, India. The findings from Bhirrana are interesting and shed light on one of archaeology’s enduring questions.

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Originally posted by Mindovermatter:
YES THEY WERE AND YES I KNOW WHAT I AM TALKING ABOUT! The Dravidian type people entered the Southern Asia area DURING THE EARLY NEOLITHIC THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGO BEFORE THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION! THEY ARE SAID TO HAVE SPREAD FARMING AND AGRICULTURE TO SOUTHERN ASIA!

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The Dravidians did not go to India first. The Dravidians settled in Iran first, then they migrated to the Indus Valley. Other Dracidians may have entered South India via Kumarinadu.


The Hindutva (Hindu Northern Indian Nationalist) have attempted to rewrite history and make it appear that there was formerly an Indus-Ghaggar-Hakra river system civilization , so they can continue to perpetuate a myth that a mythical Saraswati River civilization existed. The Indo-Aryans claim a mythical civilization existed along a mythical River, they call Saraswati, which never had a civilization.

Why are you claiming the Dravidians entered India during the early neolithic when the Indus Valley and South Indian megalithic civilizations practiced a Nubian and Proto-Saharan civilization. If the culture, writing and etc., fit, the Dravidians were not in India during the early neolithic.

The Dravidians and Mande began to migrate out of Africa by 2800BC. They were part of the C-Group. They first settled in Iran and from here expanded into Central Asia and the Indus Valley.


B.B. Lal ("The Only Asian expedition in threatened Nubia: Work by an Indian Mission at Afyeh and Tumas", The Illustrated London Times , 20 April 1963) and Indian Egyptologist has shown conclusively that the Dravidians originated in the Saharan area 5000 years ago. He claims they came from Kush, in the Fertile African Crescent and were related to the C-Group people who founded the Kerma dynasty in the 3rd millennium B.C. (Lal 1963) The Dravidians used a common black-and-red pottery, which spread from Nubia, through modern Ethiopia, Arabia, Iran into India as a result of the Proto-Saharan dispersal.


B.B. Lal (1963) a leading Indian archaeologist in India has observed that the black and red ware (BRW) dating to the Kerma dynasty of Nubia, is related to the Dravidian megalithic pottery. Singh (1982) believes that this pottery radiated from Nubia to India. This pottery along with wavy-line pottery is associated with the Saharo-Sudanese pottery tradition of ancient Africa . I call these people the Proto Saharans. I discuss their history here:

http://olmec98.net/Fertile1.pdf
Aravaanan (1980) has written extensively on the African and Dravidian relations. He has illustrated that the Africans and Dravidian share many physical similarities including the dolichocephalic indexes (Aravaanan 1980,pp.62-263; Raceand History.com,2006), platyrrhine nasal index (Aravaanan 1980,pp.25-27), stature (31-32) and blood type (Aravaanan 1980,34-35; RaceandHistory.com,2006). Aravaanan (1980,p.40) also presented much evidence for analogous African and Dravidian cultural features including the chipping of incisor teeth and the use of the lost wax process to make bronze works of arts (Aravaanan 1980,p.41).

There are also similarities between the Dravidian and African religions. For example, both groups held a common interest in the cult of the Serpent and believed in a Supreme God, who lived in a place of peace and tranquility ( Thundy, p.87; J.T. Cornelius,"Are Dravidians Dynastic Egyptians", Trans. of the Archaeological Society of South India 1951-1957, pp.90-117; and U.P. Upadhyaya, "Dravidian and Negro-African", International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics 5, no.1) .

There are also affinities between the names of many gods including Amun/Amma and Murugan . Murugan the Dravidian god of the mountains parallels a common god in East Africa worshipped by 25 ethnic groups is called Murungu, the god who resides in the mountains .


Up until the South Indian megalithic period the Dravidians continued to use black-and-red ware and Libyco-Berber/Indus Valley writing. Under the influence of the Ethiopians the script changed into what it is today. The architecture of the Dravidians is an ornamented pyramid with statues and other featured added within the construction of the pyramid.

[img]http://images-mediawiki-sites.thefullwiki.org/07/1/0/1/920987128756280.jpg [/img]

The architecture makes it clear that they have remained faithful to classical pyramid style.

Dravidians have a unique culture—but it is analogous to many culture presently found in Africa.

The first Aryans were Kushites. See:

http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic&f=15&t=004501#000005

Lal BB. 1963. “The Only Asian Expedition in threatened Nubia: Work by an India Mission at Afyeh and Tumas”. The Illustrated Times, London 20 April.

Singh, H.N. 1982. History and archaeology of Blackand Red ware. Vedic Books.net: Manchester.



Indus Valley


Archaeological and linguistic evidence indicates that the Dravidians were the founders of the Harappan culture which extended from the Indus Valley through northeastern Afghanistan, on into Turkestan. The Harappan civilization existed from 2600-1700 B.C. The Harappan civilization was twice the size the Old Kingdom of Egypt. In addition to trade relations with Mesopotamia and Iran, the Harappan city states also had active trade relations with the Central Asian peoples.(Winters 1990)
Fairservis (1975) makes it clear that early cultures of Baluchistan are analogous to Early Dynastic Sumerian, this movement eastward of the ancient Kushites led to the rise of the Indus cultures.
The Sumerians probably called the Indus Valley Dilmun. Dilmun was a rich trade center that provided Sumer with many valuable trade items.



Check out this video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3GnfxfTJOg

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Originally posted by Mindovermatter:
YES THEY WERE AND YES I KNOW WHAT I AM TALKING ABOUT! The Dravidian type people entered the Southern Asia area DURING THE EARLY NEOLITHIC THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGO BEFORE THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION! THEY ARE SAID TO HAVE SPREAD FARMING AND AGRICULTURE TO SOUTHERN ASIA!

And yes BOTH THE SUPPOSED ARYANS AND DRAVIDIANS ARE GENETICALLY SIMILAR! They are practically THE SAME RACE! HOWEVER!

The Aryans were SIMPLY ALBINO DRAVIDIAN TYPE PEOPLES WHO HAD GONE TO CENTRAL ASIA AND SIBERIA AND CAME BACK TO MIGRATE TO INDIA LATER ON DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND ECOLOGICAL DISASTERS ON THE STEPPES!

THERE WAS A MIGRATION TO INDIA/SOUTH ASIA BY THE ARYANS NOT AN INVASION! So BOTH ARYAN MIGRATION THEORY AND OUT OF INDIA THEORY ARE TRUE! That's because India/South Asia was the FIRST PLACE that Out of Africa migrants STOPPED TO BEFORE THEY MIGRATED TO THE REST OF THE EURASIAN LANDMASS!

Indians and South Asians as a whole, ARE ALL GENETICALLY SIMILAR AND THEY CLUSTER TOGETHER SEPARATE FROM EVERYONE ELSE! This is proved by recent genetic reports of their population. The Indus Valley PEOPLE WERE NOT MONGOLOIDS AND HAD LITTLE TO DO WITH THEM!

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Originally posted by Clyde Winters:
[QUOTE]Originally posted by Mindovermatter:
[qb]

THERE WAS A MIGRATION TO INDIA/SOUTH ASIA BY THE ARYANS NOT AN INVASION! So BOTH ARYAN MIGRATION THEORY AND OUT OF INDIA THEORY ARE TRUE! That's because India/South Asia was the FIRST PLACE that Out of Africa migrants STOPPED TO BEFORE THEY MIGRATED TO THE REST OF THE EURASIAN LANDMASS!

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• The ANI Indo-Aryan speakers did not come into India peacefully, the Rig Veda supports the AIT
  
  Firstly, the Vedas talk about wars in North India between the Vedic and non-Vedic people who lived in pura or tripura (walled cities or forts). The Vedas make it clear that the Aryans invaded India.
  
  Thusly, Indra was called the puramdar “fort destroyer. There is nothing in the vedic literature that refers to South India.
  
  The term dasa referred to people, not spiritual matters as you alledge. In Ralph T.H. Griffth (trs) Rig Veda (1896) of Book 2 hymn X1:18 we read “Thou hast disclosed the light to light the Arya; on they left hand, O indra, sank the Dasyu. [19] May we gain wealth, subduing with thou succour and the Aryas, all our foes, the Dasyus”. This makes it clear the Arya/Vedic people were attacking the Dasa/ Dasyus to steal their wealth and legacy. The presence of Indo-Aryan speakers in the North illustrates their success.
  
  
  The name for
  cities, the term used in the Rigveda is pur, meaning a 'rampart', 'fort' or 'stronghold' ….. Indra, the Aryan god, is puramdar, 'fort destroyer'…. In brief, 'he rends forts as age consumes a garment'. Where are or were these citadels
  
  
  Rig Veda, tr. by Ralph T.H. Griffith, [1896], at sacred-texts.com
  
  
  17 The Vārṣāgiras unto thee, O Indra, the Mighty One, sing forth this laud to please thee,
  Ṛjrāśva with his fellows, Ambarīṣa, Surādhas, Sahadeva, Bhayamāna.
  18 He, much invoked, hath slain Dasyus and Śimyus, after his wont, and laid them low with arrows.
  The mighty Thunderer with his fair-complexioned friends won the land, the sunlight, and the waters.
  19 May Indra evermore be our protector, and unimperilled may we win the booty.
  This prayer of ours may Varuṇa grant, and Mitra, and Aditi and Sindhu, Earth and Heaven.
  HYMN C. Indra.
  
  
  5 He who is Lord of all the world that moves and breathes, who for the Brahman first before all found the Cows;
  Indra who cast the Dasyus down beneath his feet,—him girt by Maruts we invoke to be our Friend.
  
  HYMN CI. Indra.
  HYMN CIII. Indra.
  1. THAT highest Indra-power of thine is distant: that which is here sages possessed aforetime.
  This one is on the earth, in heaven the other, and both unite as flag with flag in battle.
  2 He spread the wide earth out and firmly fixed it, smote with his thunderbolt and loosed the waters.
  Maghavan with his puissance struck down Ahi, rent Rauhiṇa to death and slaughtered Vyaṁsa.
  rmed with his bolt and trusting in his prowess he wandered shattering the forts of Dāsas.t thy dart, knowing, Thunderer, at the Dasyu; increase the Ārya's might and glory, Indra.
  4 For him who thus hath taught these human races, Maghavan, bearing a fame-worthy title,
  Thunderer, drawing nigh to slay the Dasyus, hath given himself the name of Son for glory.
  5 See this abundant wealth that he possesses, and put your trust in Indra's hero vigour.
  He found the cattle, and he found the horses, he found the plants, the forests and the waters.
  6 To him the truly strong, whose deeds are many, to him the strong Bull let us pour the Soma.
  The Hero, watching like a thief in ambush, goes parting the possessions of the godless.
  7 Well didst thou do that hero deed, O Indra, in waking with thy bolt the slumbering Ahi.
  in thee, delighted, Dames divine rejoiced them, the flying Maruts and all Gods were joyful.
  8 As thou hast smitten Śuṣṇa, Pipru, Vṛtra and Kuyava, and Śambara's forts, O Indra.
  This prayer of ours may Varuṇa grant, and Mitra, and Aditi and Sindhu, Earth and Heaven.
  
  
  HYMN CXXX. Indra.
  1. Come to us, Indra, from afar, conducting us even as a lord of heroes to the gatherings, home, like a King, his heroes' lord.
  We come with gifts of pleasant food, with juice poured forth, invoking thee,
  As sons invite a sire, that thou mayst get thee strength thee, bounteousest, to get thee strength.
  2 O Indra, drink the Soma juice pressed out with stones. poured from the reservoir, as an ox drinks the spring, a very thirsty bull the spring.
  For the sweet draught that gladdens thee, for mightiest freshening of thy strength.
  Let thy Bay Horses bring thee hither as the Sun, as every day they bring the Sun.
  3 He found the treasure brought from heaven that lay concealed, close-hidden, like the nestling of a bird, in rock, enclosed in never-ending rock.
  Best Aṅgiras, bolt-armed, he strove to win, as ’twere, the stall of kine;
  So Indra hath disclosed the food concealed, disclosed the doors, the food that lay concealed.
  4 Grasping his thunderbolt with both hands, Indra made its edge most keen, for hurling, like a carving-knife for Ahi's slaughter made it keen.
  Endued with majesty and strength, O Indra, and with lordly might,
  Thou crashest down the trees, as when a craftsman fells, crashest them down as with an axe.
  5 Thou, Indra, without effort hast let loose the floods to run their free course down,
  like chariots, to the sea, like chariots showing forth their strength.
  They, reaching hence away, have joined their strength for one eternal end,
  Even as the cows who poured forth every thing for man, Yea, poured forth all things for mankind.
  6 Eager for riches, men have formed for thee this song, like as a skilful craftsman fashioneth a car, so have they wrought thee to their bliss;
  Adorning thee, O Singer, like a generous steed for deeds of might,
  Yea, like a steed to show his strength and win the prize, that he may bear each prize away.
  7 For Pūru thou hast shattered, Indra ninety forts, for Divodāsa thy boon servant with thy bolt, O Dancer, for thy worshipper.
  For Atithigva he, the Strong, brought Śambara. from the mountain down,
  Distributing the mighty treasures with his strength, parting all treasures with his strength.
  8 Indra in battles help his Āryan worshipper, he who hath hundred helps at hand in every fray, in frays that win the light of heaven.
  Plaguing the lawless he gave up to Manu's seed the dusky skin;
  Blazing, ’twere, he burns each covetous man away, he burns, the tyrannous away.
  9 Waxed strong in might at dawn he tore the Sun's wheel off. Bright red, he steals away their speech, the Lord of Power, their speech he steals away from them,
  As thou with eager speed, O Sage, hast come from far away to help,
  As winning for thine own all happiness of men, winning all happiness each day.
  10 Lauded with our new hymns, O vigorous in deed, save us with strengthening help, thou Shatterer of the Forts!
  Thou, Indra, praised by Divodāsa's clansmen, as heaven grows great with days, shalt wax in glory.
  
  BOOK 2
  HYMN XI. Indra.
  1. HEAR thou my call, O Indra; be not heedless: thine may we be for thee to give us treasures;
  For these presented viands, seeking riches, increase thy strength like streams of water flowing.
  2 Floods great and many, compassed by the Dragon, thou badest swell and settest free, O Hero.
  Strengthened by songs of praise thou rentest piecemeal the Dāsa, him who deemed himself immortal.
  3 For, Hero, in the lauds wherein thou joyedst, in hymns of praise, O Indra, songs of Rudras,
  These streams in which is thy delight approach thee, even as the brilliant ones draw near to Vāyu.
  4 We who add strength to thine own splendid vigour, laying within thine arms the splendid thunder—
  With us mayst thou, O Indra, waxen splendid, with Sūrya overcome the Dāsa races.
  5 Hero, thou slewest in thy valour Ahi concealed in depths, mysterious, great enchanter,
  Dwelling enveloped deep within the waters, him who checked heaven and stayed the floods from flowing.
  6 Indra, we laud thy great deeds wrought aforetime, we laud thine exploits later of achievement;
  We laud the bolt that in thine arms lies eager; we laud thy two Bay Steeds, heralds of Sūrya.
  7 Indra, thy Bay Steeds showing forth their vigour have sent a loud cry out that droppeth fatness.
  The earth hath spread herself in all her fulness: the cloud that was about to move hath rested.
  8 Down, never ceasing, hath the rain-cloud settled: bellowing, it hath wandered with the Mothers.
  Swelling the roar in the far distant limits, they have spread wide the blast sent forth by Indra.
  9 Indra hath hurled down the magician Vṛtra who lay beleaguering the mighty river.
  Then both the heaven and earth trembled in terror at the strong Hero's thunder when he bellowed.
  10 Loud roared the mighty Hero's bolt of thunder, when he, the Friend of man, burnt up the monster,
  And, having drunk his fill of flowing Soma, baffled the guileful Dānava's devices.
  11 Drink thou, O Hero Indra, drink the Soma; let the joy-giving juices make thee joyful.
  They, filling both thy flanks, shall swell thy vigour. The juice that satisfies hath helped Indra.
  12 Singers have we become with thee, O Indra: may we serve duly and prepare devotion.
  Seeking thy help we meditate thy praises: may we at once enjoy thy gift of riches.
  13 May we be thine, such by thy help, O Indra, as swell thy vigour while they seek thy favour.
  Give us, thou God, the riches that we long for, most powerful, with stare of noble children.
  14 Give us a friend, give us an habitation; Indra, give us the company of Maruts,
  And those whose minds accord with theirs, the Vāyus, who drink the first libation of the Soma.
  15 Let those enjoy in whom thou art delighted. Indra, drink Soma for thy strength and gladness.
  Thou hast exalted us to heaven, Preserver, in battles, through the lofty hymns that praise thee.
  16 Great, verily, are they, O thou Protector, who by their songs of praise have won the blessing.
  They who strew sacred grass to be thy dwelling, helped by thee have got them strength, O Indra.
  17 Upon the great Trikadruka days, Hero, rejoicing thee, O Indra, drink the Soma.
  Come with Bay Steeds to drink of libation, shaking the drops from out thy beard, contented.
  Hero, assume the might wherewith thou clavest Vṛtra piecemeal, the Dānava Aurṇavābha.
  Thou hast disclosed the light to light the Ārya: on thy left hand, O Indra, sank the Dasyu.
  19 May we gain wealth, subduing with thy succour and with the Ārya, all our foes, the Dasyus.
  2. gain was that to Tṛta of our party thou gavest up Tvaṣṭar's son Viśvarūpa.
  20 He cast down Arbuda what time his vigour was strengthened by libations poured by Tṛta.
  Indra sent forth his whirling wheel like Sūrya, and aided by the Aṅgirases rent Vala.
  21 Now let that wealthy Cow of thine, O Indra, yield in return a boon to him who lauds thee.
  Give to thy praisers: let not fortune fail us. Loud may we speak, with brave men, in the assembly.
  
  HYMN XX. Indra.
  1. As one brings forth his car when fain for combat, so bring we power to thee—regard us, Indra—
  Well skilled in song, thoughtful in spirit, seeking great bliss from one like thee amid the Heroes.
  2 Indra, thou art our own with thy protection, a guardian near to men who love thee truly,
  Active art thou, the liberal man's defender, his who draws near to thee with right devotion.
  3 May Indra, called with solemn invocations. the young, the Friend, be men's auspicious keeper,
  One who will further with his aid the singer, the toiler, praiser, dresser of oblations.
  4 With laud and song let me extol that Indra in whom of old men prospered and were mighty.
  May he, implored, fulfil the prayer for plenty of him who worships, of the living mortal.
  5 He, Indra whom the Aṅgirases' praise delighted, strengthened their prayer and made their goings prosper.
  Stealing away the mornings with the sunlight, he, lauded, crushed even Aśna's ancient powers.
  2.
  3. He verily, the God, the glorious Indra, hath raised him up for man, best Wonder-Worker.
  He, self-reliant, mighty and triumphant, brought low the dear head of the wicked Dāsa.
  7 Indra the Vṛtra-slayer, Fort-destroyer, scattered the Dāsa hosts who dwelt in darkness.For men hath he created earth and waters, and ever helped the prayer of him who worships.
  8 To him in might the Gods have ever yielded, to Indra in the tumult of the battle.
  When in his arms they laid the bolt, he slaughtered the Dasyus and cast down their forts of iron.
  9 Now may that wealthy Cow of thine, O Indra, give in return a boon to him who lauds thee.
  Give to thy praisers: let not fortune fail us. Loud may we speak, with heroes, in assembly.
  
  
  BOOK 3
  
  HYMN XXXI. Indra.
  1. WISE, teaching, following the thought of Order, the sonless gained a grandson from his daughter.
  Fain, as a sire, to see his child prolific, he sped to meet her with an eager spirit.
  2 The Son left not his portion to the brother, he made a home to hold him who should gain, it.
  What time his Parents gave the Priest his being, of the good pair one acted, one promoted.
  3 Agni was born trembling with tongue that flickered, so that the Red's great children should be honoured.
  Great is their germ, that born of them is mighty, great the Bays' Lord's approach through sacrifices.
  4 Conquering bands upon the Warrior waited: they recognized great light from out the darkness.
  The conscious Dawns went forth to meet his coming, and the sole Master of the kine was Indra.
  5 The sages freed them from their firmbuilt prison: the seven priests drove them forward with their spirit.
  All holy Order's pathway they discovered he, full of knowledge, shared these deeds through worship.
  6 When Saramā had found the mountain's fissure, that vast and ancient place she plundered thoroughly.
  In the floods' van she led them forth, light-footed: she who well knew came first unto their lowing.
  7 Longing for friendship came the noblest singer: the hill poured forth its treasure for the pious.
  The Hero with young followers fought and conquered, and straightway Aṅgiras was singing praises,
  8 Peer of each noble thing, yea, all excelling, all creatures doth he know, he slayeth Śuṣṇa.
  Our leader, fain for war, singing from heaven, as Friend he saved his lovers from dishonour.
  9 They sate them down with spirit fain for booty, making with hymns a way to life eternal.
  And this is still their place of frequent session, whereby they sought to gain the months through Order.
  10 Drawing the milk of ancient seed prolific, they joyed as they beheld their own possession.
  Their shout of triumph heated earth and heaven. When the kine showed, they bade the heroes rouse them.
  11 Indra drove forth the kine, that Vṛtra-slayer, while hymns of praise rose up and gifts were offered.
  For him the Cow, noble and far-extending, poured pleasant juices, bringing oil and sweetness.
  12 They made a mansion for their Father, deftly provided him a great and glorious dwelling;
  With firm support parted and stayed the Parents, and, sitting, fixed him there erected, mighty.
  13 What time the ample chalice had impelled him, swift waxing, vast, to pierce the earth and heaven,—
  Him in whom blameless songs are all united: all powers invincible belong to Indra.
  14 I crave thy powers, I crave thy mighty friendship: full many a team goes to the Vṛtra-slayer.
  Great is the laud, we seek the Princes' favour. Be thou, O Maghavan, our guard and keeper.
  15 He, having found great, splendid, rich dominion, sent life and motion to his friends and lovers.
  Indra who shone together with the Heroes begot the song, the fire, and Sun and Morning.
  16 Vast, the House-Friend, he set the waters flowing, all-lucid, widely spread, that move together.
  By the wise cleansings of the meath made holy, through days, and nights they speed the swift streams onward.
  17 To thee proceed the dark, the treasure-holders, both of them sanctified by Sūrya's bounty.
  The while thy ovely storming Friends, O Indra, fail to attain the measure of thy greatness.
  18 Be Lord of joyous songs, O Vṛtra-slayer, Bull dear to all, who gives the power of living.
  Come unto us with thine auspicious friendship, hastening, Mighty One, with mighty succours.
  19 Like Aṅgiras I honour him with worship, and renovate old song for him the Ancient.
  Chase thou the many godless evil creatures, and give us, Maghavan, heaven's light to help me
  
  
  20 Far forth are spread the purifying waters convey thou us across them unto safety.
  Save us, our Charioteer, from harm, O Indra, soon, very soon, make us win spoil of cattle.
  21 His kine their Lord hath shown, e’en Vṛtra's slayer, through the black hosts he passed with red attendants.
  Teaching us pleasant things by holy Order, to, us hath he thrown open all his portals.
  22 Call we on Maghavan, auspicious Indra, best Hero in this fight where spoil is gathered.
  The Strong who listens, who gives aid in battles, who slays the Vṛtras, wins and gathers riches.
  
  
  
  
  HYMN XXXII. Indra
  1. DRINK thou this Soma, Indra, Lord of Soma; drink thou the draught of noonday which thou Iovest.
  Puffing thy cheeks, impetuous, liberal Giver, here loose thy two Bay Horses and rejoice thee.
  2 Quaff it pure, meal-blent, mixt with milk, O Indra; we have poured forth the Soma for thy rapture.
  Knit with the prayer-fulfilling band of Maruts, yea, with the Rudras, drink till thou art sated;
  3 Those who gave increase to thy strength and vigour; the Maruts singing forth thy might, O Indra.
  Drink thou, O fair of cheek, whose hand wields thunder, with Rudras banded, at our noon libation.
  4 They, even the Maruts who were there, excited with song the meath-created strength of Indra.
  By them impelled to act he reached the vitals Of Vṛtra, though he deemed that none might wound him.
  5 Pleased, like a man, with our libation, Indra, drink, for enduring hero might, the Soma.
  Lord of Bays, moved by sacrifice come hither: thou with the Swift Ones stirrest floods and waters.
  6 When thou didst loose the streams to run like racers in the swift contest, having smitten Vṛtra
  With flying weapon where he lay, O Indra, and, godless, kept the Goddesses encompassed.
  7 With reverence let us worship mighty Indra, great and sublime, eternal, everyouthful,
  Whose greatness the dear world-halves have not measured, no, nor conceived the might of him the Holy.
  8 Many are Indra's nobly wrought achievements, and none of all the Gods transgress his statutes.
  He beareth up this earth and heaven, and, doer of marvels, he begot the Sun and Morning.
  9 Herein, O Guileless One, is thy true greatness, that soon as born thou drankest up the Soma.
  Days may not check the power of thee the Mighty, nor the nights, Indra, nor the months, nor autumns.
  10 As soon as thou wast born in highest heaven thou drankest Soma to delight thee, Indra;
  And when thou hadst pervaded earth and heaven thou wast the first supporter of the singer.
  11 Thou, puissant God, more mighty, slewest. Ahi showing his strength when couched around the waters.
  The heaven itself attained not to thy greatness when with one hip of thine the earth was shadowed.
  12 Sacrifice, Indra, made thee wax so mighty, the dear oblation with the flowing Soma.
  O Worshipful, with worship help our worship, for worship helped thy bolt when slaying Ahi.
  13 With sacrifice and wish have I brought Indra; still for new blessings may I turn him hither,
  Him magnified by ancient songs and praises, by lauds of later time and days yet recent.
  14 I have brought forth a song when longing seized me: ere the decisive day will I laud Indra;
  Then may he safely bear us over trouble, as in a ship, when both sides invocate him.
  15 Full is his chalice: Glory! Like a pourer I have filled up the vessel for his drinking.
  Presented on the right, dear Soma juices have brought us Indra, to rejoice him, hither.
  16 Not the deep-flowing flood, O Much-invoked One! not hills that compass thee about restrain thee,
  
  Once here incited, for thy friends, O Indra, thou breakest e’en the firm built stall of cattle.
  17 Call we on Maghavan, auspicious Indra, best Hero in this fight where spoil is gathered,
  The Strong who listens, who gives aid in battles, who slays the Vṛtras, wins and gathers riches.
  
  HYMN XXXIV. Indra.
  1. FORT-RENDER, Lord of Wealth, dispelling foemen, Indra with lightnings hath o’ercome the Dāsa.
  Impelled by prayer and waxen great in body, he hath filled earth and heaven, the Bounteous Giver.
  2 I stimulate thy zeal, the Strong, the Hero decking my song of praise forth; Immortal.
  O Indra, thou art equally the Leader of heavenly hosts and human generations.
  
  Reading, his band Indra encompassed Vṛtra; weak grew the wily leader of enchanters.
  He who burns fierce in forests slaughtered Vyaṁsa, and made the Milch-kine of the nights apparent.
  4 Indra, light-winner, days' Creator, conquered, victorious, hostile bands with those who loved him.
  For man the days' bright ensign he illumined, and found the light for his joy and gladness.
  5 Forward to fiercely falling blows pressed Indra, herolike doing many hero exploits.
  These holy songs he taught the bard who gaised him, and widely spread these Dawns' resplendent colour.
  
  6 They laud the mighty acts of him the Mighty, the many glorious deeds performed by Indra.
  He in his strength, with all-surpassing prowess, through wondrous arts crushed the malignant Dasyus.
  
  
  7 Lord of the brave, Indra who rules the people gave freedom to the Gods by might and battle.
  Wise singers glorify with chanted praises these his achievements in Vivasvān's dwelling.
  8 Excellent, Conqueror, the victory-giver, the winner of the light and Godlike Waters,
  He who hath won this broad earth and this heaven, -in Indra they rejoice who love devotions.
  
  9 He gained possession of the Sun and Horses, Indra obtained the Cow who feedeth many.
  Treasure of gold he won; he smote the Dasyus, and gave protection to the Āryan colour.
  10 He took the plants and days for his possession; he gained the forest trees and air's mid-region.
  Vala he cleft, and chased away opponents: thus was he tamer of the overweening.
  11 Call we on Maghavan, auspicious Indra, best Hero in the fight where spoil is gathered,
  The Strong, who listens, who gives aid in battles, who slays the Vṛtras, wins and gathers treasures.
  
  
  HYMN XXXV Indra.
  1. MOUNT the Bay Horses to thy chariot harnessed, and come to us like Vāyu with his coursers.
  Thou, hastening to us, shalt drink the Soma. Hail, Indra. We have poured it for thy rapture.
  2 For him, the God who is invoked by many, the two swift Bay Steeds to the pole I harness,
  That they in fleet course may bring Indra hither, e’en to this sacrifice arranged completely.
  3 Bring the strong Steeds who drink the warm libation, and, Bull of Godlike nature, be thou gracious.
  Let thy Steeds eat; set free thy Tawny Horses, and roasted grain like this consume thou daily.
  4 Those who are yoked by prayer I harness, fleet friendly Bays who take their joy together.
  Mounting thy firm and easy car, O Indra, wise and all-knowing come thou to the Soma.
  5 No other worshippers must stay beside them thy Bays, thy vigorous and smooth-backed Coursers.
  Pass by them all and hasten onward hither: with Soma pressed we will prepare to feast thee.
  6 Thine is this Soma: hasten to approach it. Drink thou thereof, benevolent, and cease not.
  Sit on the sacred grass at this our worship, and take these drops into thy belly, Indra.
  7 The grass is strewn for thee, pressed is the Soma; the grain is ready for thy Bays to feed on.
  To thee who lovest them, the very mighty, strong, girt by Maruts, are these gifts presented.
  8 This the sweet draught, with cows, the men, the mountains, the waters, Indra, have for thee made ready.
  Come, drink thereof, Sublime One, friendly-minded, foreseeing, knowing well the ways thou goest.
  9 The Maruts, they with whom thou sharedst Soma, Indra, who made thee strong and were thine army,—
  With these accordant, eagerly desirous drink thou this Soma with the tongue of Agni.
  10 Drink, Indra, of the juice by thine own nature, or by the tongue of Agni, O thou Holy.
  Accept the sacrificial gift, O Śakra, from the Adhvaryu's hand or from the Hotar's.
  11 Call we on Maghavan, auspicious Indra, best Hero in the fight where spoil is gathered,
  The Strong, who listens, who.gives aid in battles, who slays the Vṛtras, wins and gathers riches.
  
  
  HYMN XXXIX. Indra.
  1. To Indra from the heart the hymn proceedeth, to him the Lord, recited, built with praises;
  The wakening song sung forth in holy synod: that which is born for thee, O Indra, notice.
  2 Born from the heaven e’en in the days aforetime, wakening, sting aloud in holy synod,
  Auspicious, clad in white and shining raiment, this is the ancient hymn of our forefathers.
  3 The Mother of the Twins hath borne Twin Children: my tongue's tip raised itself and rested silent.
  Killing the darkness at the light's foundation, the Couple newly born attain their beauty.
  4 Not one is found among them, none of mortals, to blame our sires who fought to win the cattle.
  Their strengthener was Indra the Majestic he spread their stalls of kine the Wonder-Worker.
  5 Where as a Friend with friendly men, Navagvas, with heroes, on his knees he sought the cattle.
  There, verily with ten Daśagvas Indra found the Sun lying hidden in the darkness.
  6 Indra found meath collected in the milch-cow, by foot and hoof, in the cow's place of pasture.
  That which lay secret, hidden in the waters, he held in his right hand, the rich rewarder.
  7 He took the light, discerning it from darkness: may we be far removed from all misfortune.
  These songs, O Soma-drinker, cheered by Soma, Indra, accept from thy most zealous poet.
  8 Let there be light through both the worlds for worship: may we be far from most overwhelming evil.
  Great woe comes even from the hostile mortal, piled up; but good at rescue are the Vasus.
  9 Call we on Maghavan, auspicious Indra, best Hero in the fight where spoil is gathered,
  The Strong, who listens, who gives aid in battles, who slays the Vṛtras, wins and gathers riches.
  
  
  HYMN XLIX. Indra.
  1. GREAT Indra will I laud, in whom all people who drink the Soma have attained their longing;
  Whom, passing wise, Gods, Heaven and Earth, engendered, formed by a Master's hand, to crush the Vṛtras.
  2 Whom, most heroic, borne by Tawny Coursers, verily none subdueth in the battle;
  Who, reaching far, most vigorous, hath shortened the Dasyu's life with Warriors bold of spirit.
  3 Victor in fight, swift mover like a warhorse, pervading both worlds, rainer down of blessings,
  To he invoked in war like Bhaga, Father, as ’twere, of hymns, fair, prompt to hear, strength-giver.
  4 Supporting heaven, the high back of the region, his car is Vāyu with his team of Vasus.
  Illumining the nights, the Sun's creator, like Dhiṣaṇā he deals forth strength and riches.
  5 Call we on Maghavan, auspicious Indra, best Hero in the fight where spoil is gathered;
  The Strong, who listens, who gives aid in battles, who slays the Vṛtras, wins and gathers treasure.
  
  
  
  .

Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                         

quote:

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Originally posted by Mindovermatter:


The Aryans were SIMPLY ALBINO DRAVIDIAN TYPE PEOPLES WHO HAD GONE TO CENTRAL ASIA AND SIBERIA AND CAME BACK TO MIGRATE TO INDIA LATER ON DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND ECOLOGICAL DISASTERS ON THE STEPPES!

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Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006  |  IP: Logged |