Diplomacy for dinner! President Trump jokes he has 'gotten absolutely nothing' from Chinese leader as he and First Lady in red Melania host their counterparts at start of two-day Palm Beach summit Trump and First Lady Melania welcomed Chinese President Xi JinPing and his wife Peng Liyuan at Mar-a-Lago Trump joked that he hadn't gotten anywhere in the talks but said he and Xi had already 'developed friendship' This marks their first ever meeting since Trump became president, and the summit will last until Friday Trade and North Korea were at the top of Trump's agenda: 'I think China will be stepping up,' he said His aides have been tempering expectations, saying it is only a 'first step' toward a dialogue with Beijing On Thursday evening, the US launched airstrikes in Syria, with Trump issuing a statement from the resort He cited the Sarin gas attack earlie this week and said it was in the US' 'vital national security interest' to 'prevent and deter the spread and use of deadly chemical weapons'
President Donald Trump and first lady Melania Trump stood at the doors of the president's Mar-a-Lago resort to officially welcome Chinese President Xi Jinping and his wife, Peng Liyuan
The world leaders, along with an entourage of family members, government officials, and translators, will dine on pan-seared Dover sole and New York strip steak
Trump, who shared another handshake with Xi at the table, said the two had 'developed a friendship'
Trump also joked: 'We’ve had a long discussion already, and so far I have gotten nothing, absolutely nothing, but we have developed a friendship - I can see that'
This marks their first ever meeting since Trump became president. While laborers and Democratic lawmakers are urging Trump to bring up touchy subjects like currency manipulation and trade, his aides are tempering expectations
Trump said he wants to raise concerns about China's trade practices and urge Xi to do more to rein in North Korea's nuclear ambitions in the talks, though no major deals on either issue were expected
Mena: The USA President Donald Trump the leader of most powerful country in t the Western World and the president of China Xi (She) Jinping the most powerful leader of the Eastern world are meeting in the USA on the island of Palm Beach to negotiate international politic and international trade. Because of globalization the USA and China economies are link together. Most of the USA product manufacturing is done in China because of cheap and skill labor of China and most of China manufacturing goods are exported to the USA and Western Europe and China need to license patented USA technology for its industry.. the USA and China are friendnemies meaning two powerful countries that are competing in politic and economically but have to work together for the interest of both countries.
We can see the symbolism of the red and blue or hot and cold Egyptian duality on the ties of USA President Donald Trump and the Chinese President Xi Jinping. I think blue and red and white and yellow were the colors of two Ancient Egyptian flags. I saw a sketch or a reconstruction of an Ancient Egyptian Temple with those two flags on top . I almost miss that the wife of Xi Jinping wear a blue silk robe and the wife of Donald Trump Melania Trump is wearing a red robe.
Blue and red flag of Leichenstein
Haiti blue and red flag
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Vatican flag. I saw the yellow and white flag minus the tiara and the gold and silver keys and the red and blue flag inside of a reconstruction of an Ancient Egyptian Temple.
g Chinese Admiral Zheng He
Zheng He boat compare t Colombus boat
Chinese and African giraffe
Giraffe in Medieval European book
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Mena: Probably Chinese admiral Zenghe travel to North america before Christopher Colombus and met with the Iroquois, Algonkin, Yamassee and Califa Kings, Queens and Presidents. So the modern USA presidents Barack Obama meeting Chinese President Hu Jantao and USA President Donald Trump meeting Chinese President Xi Jinping may not be the first time the politicians of China and North America are meeting.
Zheng He (1371–1433 or 1435), formerly romanized as Cheng Ho, was a Hui Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, and fleet admiral during China's early Ming dynasty. Born Ma He(Chinese for Muhammad)[2], Zheng commanded expeditionary voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, Western Asia, and East Africa from 1405 to 1433. His larger ships stretched 120 meters in length. These carried hundreds of sailors on four tiers of decks.[3]
As a favorite of the Yongle Emperor, whose usurpation he assisted, Zheng He rose to the top of the imperial hierarchy and served as commander of the southern capital Nanjing (the capital was later moved to Beijing by the Yongle Emperor). These voyages were long neglected in official Chinese histories but have become well known in China and abroad since the publication of Liang Qichao's Biography of Our Homeland's Great Navigator, Zheng He in 1904.[4][5] A trilingual stele left by the navigator was discovered on the island of Sri Lanka shortly thereafter.
he Yuan dynasty and expanding Sino-Arab trade during the 14th century had gradually expanded Chinese knowledge of the world: "universal" maps previously only displaying China and its surrounding seas began to expand further and further into the southwest with much more accurate depictions of the extent of Arabia and Africa.[52] Between 1405 and 1433, the Ming government sponsored seven naval expeditions. The Yongle Emperor – disregarding the Hongwu Emperor's expressed wishes[53] – designed them to establish a Chinese presence and impose imperial control over the Indian Ocean trade, impress foreign peoples in the Indian Ocean basin, and extend the empire's tributary system.[citation needed] It has also been inferred from passages in the History of Ming that the initial voyages were launched as part of the emperor's attempt to capture his escaped predecessor,[52] which would have made the first voyage the "largest-scale manhunt on water in the history of China".[54]
Zheng He was placed as the admiral in control of the huge fleet and armed forces that undertook these expeditions. Wang Jinghong was appointed his second in command. Preparations were thorough and wide-ranging, including the use of such numerous linguists that a foreign language institute was established at Nanjing.[52] Zheng He's first voyage departed 11 July 1405, from Suzhou[55]:203 and consisted of a fleet of 317[56][57][58] ships holding almost 28,000 crewmen.[56]
Early 17th-century Chinese woodblock print, thought to represent Zheng He's ships. Zheng He's fleets visited Brunei, Java, Thailand and Southeast Asia, India, the Horn of Africa, and Arabia, dispensing and receiving goods along the way.[58] Zheng He presented gifts of gold, silver, porcelain, and silk; in return, China received such novelties as ostriches, zebras, camels, and ivory from the Swahili.[55]:206[58][59][60][61] The giraffe he brought back from Malindi was considered to be a qilin and taken as proof of the favor of heaven upon the administration.[62]
While Zheng He's fleet was unprecedented, the routes were not. Zheng He's fleet was following long-established, well-mapped routes of trade between China and the Arabian peninsula employed since at least the Han dynasty. This fact, along with the use of a more than abundant amount of crew members that were regular military personnel, leads some to speculate that these expeditions may have been geared at least partially at spreading China's power through expansion.[63] During the Three Kingdoms Period, the king of Wu sent a diplomatic mission along the coast of Asia, which reached as far as the Eastern Roman Empire.[citation needed] After centuries of disruption, the Song dynasty restored large-scale maritime trade from China in the South Pacific and Indian Oceans, reaching as far as the Arabian peninsula and East Africa.[64] When his fleet first arrived in Malacca, there was already a sizable Chinese community. The General Survey of the Ocean Shores (瀛涯勝覽, Yíngyá Shènglǎn) composed by the translator Ma Huan in 1416 gave very detailed accounts of his observations of people's customs and lives in the ports they visited.[65] He referred to the expatriate Chinese as "Tang" people (唐人, Tángrén).
The Kangnido map (1402) predates Zheng's voyages and suggests that he had quite detailed geographical information on much of the Old World.
Detail of the Fra Mauro map relating the travels of a junk into the Atlantic Ocean in 1420. The ship also is illustrated above the text. Zheng He generally sought to attain his goals through diplomacy, and his large army awed most would-be enemies into submission. But a contemporary reported that Zheng He "walked like a tiger" and did not shrink from violence when he considered it necessary to impress foreign peoples with China's military might.[66] He ruthlessly suppressed pirates who had long plagued Chinese and southeast Asian waters. For example, he defeated Chen Zuyi, one of the most feared and respected pirate captains, and returned him back to China for execution.[67] He also waged a land war against the Kingdom of Kotte on Ceylon, and he made displays of military force when local officials threatened his fleet in Arabia and East Africa.[68] From his fourth voyage, he brought envoys from thirty states who traveled to China and paid their respects at the Ming court.[citation needed]
In 1424, the Yongle Emperor died. His successor, the Hongxi Emperor (r. 1424–1425), stopped the voyages during his short reign. Zheng He made one more voyage during the reign of Hongxi's son, the Xuande Emperor (r. 1426–1435) but, after that, the voyages of the Chinese treasure ship fleets were ended. Xuande believed his father's decision to halt the voyages had been meritorious and thus "there would be no need to make a detailed description of his grandfather’s sending Zheng He to the Western Ocean."[53] The voyages "were contrary to the rules stipulated in the Huang Ming Zuxun" (皇明祖訓), the dynastic foundation documents laid down by the Hongwu Emperor:[53]
Some far-off countries pay their tribute to me at much expense and through great difficulties, all of which are by no means my own wish. Messages should be forwarded to them to reduce their tribute so as to avoid high and unnecessary expenses on both sides.[69]
They further violated longstanding Confucian principles. They were only made possible by (and therefore continued to represent) a triumph of the Ming's eunuch faction over the administration's scholar-bureaucrats.[52] Upon Zheng He's death and his faction's fall from power, his successors sought to minimize him in official accounts, along with continuing attempts to destroy all records related to the Jianwen Emperor or the manhunt to find him.[53]
Although unmentioned in the official dynastic histories, Zheng He probably died during the treasure fleet's last voyage.[52] Although he has a tomb in China, it is empty: he was buried at sea
Iroquois Empire
Seneca chief cornplanter
eaders from five Iroquois nations (Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca) assembled around … The Granger Collection, New York or Iroquois congress
Distribution of Northeast Indians. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Or I think it is a Iroquois Empire.
Thayendenaega aka Joseph Brandt Mohawk leader
The Iroquois (/ˈɪrəkwɔɪ/ or /ˈɪrəkwɑː/) or Haudenosaunee (/ˈhoʊdənoʊˈʃoʊni/)[1] are a historically powerful northeast Native American confederacy. They were known during the colonial years to the French as the "Iroquois League," and later as the "Iroquois Confederacy," and to the English as the "Five Nations" (before 1722), and later as the "Six Nations," comprising the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora peoples.
The Iroquois have absorbed many other peoples into their cultures as a result of warfare, adoption of captives, and by offering shelter to displaced peoples.
The historic Erie, Susquehannock, Wyandot (Huron), and St. Lawrence Iroquoians, all independent peoples, spoke Iroquoian languages. In the larger sense of linguistic families, they are often considered Iroquoian peoples because of their similar languages and cultures, all culturally and linguistically descended from the Proto-Iroquoian people and language; however, they were traditionally enemies of the nations in the Iroquois League.[2]
In 2010, more than 45,000 enrolled Six Nations people lived in Canada, and about 80,000 in the United States.
Formation of the League[edit]
Iroquois painting of Tadodaho receiving two Mohawk chiefs The Iroquois League was established prior to European contact, with the banding together of five of the many Iroquoian peoples who'd originated 'to the south'.[36][a] Reliable sources link the origins of the Iroquois confederacy to 1142 and an agricultural shift when corn was adopted as a staple crop. [37] Many archaeologists and anthropologists believe that the League was formed about 1450.[38][39] Arguments have been made for an earlier date.[note1 1]
Meeting of Hiawatha and Deganawidah by Sanford Plummer One theory argues that the League formed shortly after a solar eclipse on August 31, 1142, an event thought to be expressed in oral tradition about the League's origins.
[40][41] [42] Anthropologist Dean Snow argues that the archaeological evidence does not support a date earlier than 1450, and that recent claims for a much earlier date "may be for contemporary political purposes".[43] .231 In contrast, other scholars note that when anthropological studies were made, only male informants were consulted, even though the Iroquois people had distinct oral traditions held by males and females, thus excluding half of the historical story which was told by women. [44] For this reason, origin tales tend to emphasize Deganawidah and Hiawatha while the role of Jigonsaseh largely remains unknown because this part of the oral history was held by women. [44]
According to oral traditions, the League was formed through the efforts of two men and one woman. They were Dekanawida, sometimes known as the Great Peacemaker, Hiawatha, and Jigonhsasee, known as the Mother of Nations, whose home acted as a sort of United Nations. They brought together two other men to create the union among tribes. Those men were tribal leaders Dekanawidah and Tadadaho. These five brought the Peacemaker's message, known as the Great Law of Peace, to the squabbling Iroquoian nations, who were fighting, raiding and feuding with one another and other tribes, both Algonkians and Iroquoian people. There were originally only five nations that joined themselves into the League giving rise to the many historic references of Five Nations of the Iroquois[b] (or as often, just "The Five Nations").[36] With the addition of the southern Tuscarora in the 17th century, these original five tribes are the others which still compose it today: the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca. There were as many, and likely a few more tribal peoples[45] including the populous Wyandot (Huron) with Iroquoian language, social organization, and cultures that were to later go extinct as tribes[c] which did not join the league when invited[d] after the decades over which the multiple bloodlettings of the Beaver Wars, and the various colonial frontier wars with the Indians, through the French and Indian War. After the end of the later, which was in effect a civil war between Iroquois who'd backed both sides,
According to legend, an evil Onondaga chieftain named Tadodaho was the last converted to the ways of peace by The Great Peacemaker and Hiawatha. He was offered the position as the titular chair of the League's Council, representing the unity of all nations of the League.[46] This is said to have occurred at Onondaga Lake near present-day Syracuse, New York. The title Tadodaho is still used for the League's chair, the fiftieth chief who sits with the Onondaga in council.
With the formation of the League, the impact of internal conflicts was minimized, the council of fifty thereafter ruled on disputes,[36] displacing raiding traditions and most of the impulsive actions by hotheaded warriors onto surrounding peoples. This allowed the Iroquois to increase in numbers while pushing down rival nations' numbers.[36] The political cohesion of the Iroquois rapidly became one of the strongest forces in 17th- and 18th-century northeastern North America; though only occasionally used as representations of all five tribes until about 1678,[36] when negotiations between the governments of Pennsylvania and New York seemed to awake the power.[36] Thereafter, the editors of American Heritage write the Iroquois became very adroit at playing the French off against the British,[36] as individual tribes had played the Swedes, Dutch, and English.[36] The editors of American Heritage magazine suggest the Iroquois spokesmen were politically sophisticated, and as manipulative as many a modern politician.[36]
As has been noted above, there were peoples who spoke languages in the same linguistic family,[36] but who were not part of the League of whom it is known were culturally similar including reputations of being as fierce, as territorial—yet before the Beaver Wars, were known to co-exist in societies which more often than not, were at peace and conducting trade with the Iroquois[36] when the French and Dutch first explored, conducted maritime fur trading and first settled North America. The explorer Robert La Salle in the 17th century identified the Mosopelea as among the Ohio Valley peoples defeated by the Iroquois[47] in the early 1670s, whereas the Erie and peoples of the upper Allegheny valley were known to have fallen earlier during the Beaver Wars, while by 1676 the Susquehannock[e] were known to be broken as a power between three years of epidemic disease, war with the Iroquois, and frontier battles as settlers took advantage of the weakened tribe.[36]
According to one theory of early Iroquois history, after becoming united in the League, the Iroquois invaded the Ohio River Valley in the territories that would become the eastern Ohio Country down as far as present-day Kentucky to seek additional hunting grounds. They displaced about 1200 Siouan-speaking tribepeople of the Ohio River valley, such as the Quapaw (Akansea), Ofo (Mosopelea), and Tutelo and other closely related tribes out of the region. These tribes migrated to regions around the Mississippi River and the piedmont regions of the east coast.[48]
Expansion[edit] In Reflections in Bullough's Pond, historian Diana Muir argues that the pre-contact Iroquois were an imperialist, expansionist culture whose cultivation of the corn/beans/squash agricultural complex enabled them to support a large population. They made war primarily against neighboring Algonquian peoples. Muir uses archaeological data to argue that the Iroquois expansion onto Algonquian lands was checked by the Algonquian adoption of agriculture. This enabled them to support their own populations large enough to have sufficient warriors to defend against the threat of Iroquois conquest.[49] The People of the Confederacy dispute whether any of this historical interpretation relates to the League of the Great Peace which they contend is the foundation of their heritage.[citation needed]
Engraving based on a drawing by Champlain of his 1609 voyage. It depicts a battle between Iroquois and Algonquian tribes near Lake Champlain The Iroquois may be the Kwedech described in the oral legends of the Mi'kmaq nation of Eastern Canada. These legends relate that the Mi'kmaq in the late pre-contact period had gradually driven their enemies – the Kwedech – westward across New Brunswick, and finally out of the Lower St. Lawrence River region. The Mi'kmaq named the last-conquered land Gespedeg or "last land," from which the French derived Gaspé. The "Kwedech" are generally considered to have been Iroquois, specifically the Mohawk; their expulsion from Gaspé by the Mi'kmaq has been estimated as occurring c. 1535–1600.[50][page needed]
Around 1535, Jacques Cartier reported Iroquoian-speaking groups on the Gaspé peninsula and along the St. Lawrence River. Archeologists and anthropologists have defined the St. Lawrence Iroquoians as a distinct and separate group (and possibly several discrete groups), living in the villages of Hochelaga and others nearby (near present-day Montreal), which had been visited by Cartier. By 1608, when Samuel de Champlain visited the area, that part of the St. Lawrence River valley had no settlements, but was controlled by the Mohawk as a hunting ground. On the Gaspé peninsula, Champlain encountered Algonquian-speaking groups. The precise identity of any of these groups is still debated.
The Iroquois became well known in the southern colonies in the 17th century by this time. After the first English settlement in Jamestown, Virginia (1607), numerous 17th-century accounts describe a powerful people known to the Powhatan Confederacy as the Massawomeck, and to the French as the Antouhonoron. They were said to come from the north, beyond the Susquehannock territory. Historians have often identified the Massawomeck / Antouhonoron as the Haudenosaunee. Other Iroquoian-language tribes included the Erie, who were destroyed by the Iroquois in 1654 over competition for the fur trade.[51][page needed]
Between 1665 and 1670, the Iroquois established seven villages on the northern shores of Lake Ontario in present-day Ontario, collectively known as the "Iroquois du Nord" villages. The villages were all abandoned by 1701.[52]
Over the years 1670–1710, the Five Nations achieved political dominance of much of Virginia west of the fall line and extending to the Ohio River valley in present-day West Virginia and Kentucky. As a result of the Beaver Wars, they pushed Siouan-speaking tribes out and reserved the territory as a hunting ground by right of conquest. They finally sold the British colonists their remaining claim to the lands south of the Ohio in 1768 at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix.
Women in society[edit] Further information: Clan Mother and Matriarchy The Iroquois are a matriarchal Mother Clan system. No person is entitled to 'own' land, but it is believed that the Creator appointed women as stewards of the land. Traditionally, the Clan Mothers appoint leaders, as they have raised children and are therefore held to a higher regard. By the same token, if a leader does not prove sound, becomes corrupt or does not listen to the people, the Clan Mothers have the power to strip him of his leadership.
The Iroquois had a matrilineal system: women held property and hereditary leadership passed through their lines. They held dwellings, horses and farmed land, and a woman's property before marriage stayed in her possession without being mixed with that of her husband. They had separate roles but real power in the nations. The work of a woman's hands was hers to do with as she saw fit. At marriage, a young couple lived in the longhouse of the wife's family. A woman choosing to divorce a shiftless or otherwise unsatisfactory husband was able to ask him to leave the dwelling and take his possessions with him.[120]
The children of the marriage belong to their mother's clan and gain their social status through hers. Her brothers are important teachers and mentors to the children, especially introducing boys to men's roles and societies. The clans are matrilineal, that is, clan ties are traced through the mother's line. If a couple separated, the woman traditionally kept the children.[121] The chief of a clan can be removed at any time by a council of the women elders of that clan. The chief's sister was responsible for nominating his successor.[121]
Spiritual beliefs[edit]
Member of the False Face Society Like many cultures, the Iroquois' spiritual beliefs changed over time and varied across tribes. Generally, the Iroquois believed in numerous deities, including the Great Spirit, the Thunderer, and the Three Sisters (the spirits of beans, maize, and squash). The Great Spirit was thought to have created plants, animals, and humans to control "the forces of good in nature", and to guide ordinary people.[122] Orenda was the Iroquoian name for the magical potence found in people and their environment.[123]
Sources provide different stories about Iroquois creation beliefs. Brascoupé and Etmanskie focus on the first person to walk the earth, called the Skywoman or Aientsik. Aientsik's daughter Tekawerahkwa gave birth to twins, Tawiskaron, who created vicious animals and river rapids, while Okwiraseh created "all that is pure and beautiful".[124] After a battle where Okwiraseh defeated Tawiskaron, Tawiskaron was confined to "the dark areas of the world", where he governed the night and destructive creatures.[124] Other scholars present the "twins" as the Creator and his brother, Flint.[125] The Creator was responsible for game animals, while Flint created predators and disease. Saraydar (1990) suggests the Iroquois do not see the twins as polar opposites but understood their relationship to be more complex, noting "Perfection is not to be found in gods or humans or the worlds they inhabit."[126]
Descriptions of Iroquois spiritual history consistently refer to dark times of terror and misery prior to the Iroquois Confederacy, ended by the arrival of the Great Peacemaker. Tradition asserts that the Peacemaker demonstrated his authority as the Creator's messenger by climbing a tall tree above a waterfall, having the people cut down the tree, and reappearing the next morning unharmed.[126] The Peacemaker restored mental health to a few of the most "violent and dangerous men", Ayonhwatha and Thadodaho, who then helped him bear the message of peace to others. [127]
After the arrival of the Europeans, some Iroquois became Christians, among them the first Native American Saint, Kateri Tekakwitha, a young woman of Mohawk-Algonquin parents. The Seneca sachem Handsome Lake, also known as Ganeodiyo,[128] introduced a new religious system to the Iroquois in the late 18th century,[129] which incorporated Quaker beliefs along with traditional Iroquoian culture.[122] Handsome Lake's teachings include a focus on parenting, appreciation of life, and peace.[128] A key aspect of Handsome Lake's teachings is the principle of equilibrium, wherein each person's talents combined into a functional community. By the 1960s, at least 50% of Iroquois followed this religion.[122]
Dreams play a significant role in Iroquois spirituality, providing information about a person's desires and prompting individuals to fulfill dreams. To communicate upward, humans can send prayers to spirits by burning tobacco.[122]
Iroquois ceremonies are primarily concerned with farming, healing, and thanksgiving. Key festivals correspond to the agricultural calendar, and include Maple, Planting, Strawberry, Green Maize, Harvest, and Mid-Winter (or New Year's), which is held in early February.[122] The ceremonies were given by the Creator to the Iroquois to balance good with evil.[126]
During healing ceremonies, a carved "False Face Mask" is worn to represent spirits in a tobacco-burning and prayer ritual. False Face Masks are carved in living trees, then cut free to be painted and decorated.[130] False Faces represent grandfathers of the Iroquois, and are thought to reconnect humans and nature and to frighten illness-causing spirits.[128] The False Face Society continues today among modern Iroquois.
Condolence ceremonies are conducted by the Iroquois for both ordinary and important people, but most notably when sachems died. Such ceremonies were still held on Iroquois reservations as late as the 1970s.[122] After death, the soul is thought to embark on a journey, undergo a series of ordeals, and arrive in the sky world. This journey is thought to take one year, during which the Iroquois mourn for the dead. After the mourning period, a feat is held to celebrate the soul's arrival in the skyworld.
"Keepers of the faith" are part-time specialists who conduct religious ceremonies. Both men and women can be appointed as keepers of the faith by tribe elders.[122]
Festivals[edit] The Iroquois traditionally celebrate six major festivals throughout the year.[73] These usually combine a spiritual component and ceremony, a feast, a chance to celebrate together, sports, entertainment and dancing. These celebrations have historically been oriented to the seasons and celebrated based on the cycle of nature rather than fixed calendar dates.
For instance, the Mid-winter festival, Gi’-ye-wä-no-us-quä-go-wä ("The supreme belief") ushers in the new year. This festival is traditionally held for one week around the end of January to early February, depending on when the new moon occurs that year.[73]:pp.200–201
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Iroquois around a priest dress in Saturnalian black.g
4 Mohawk chiefs
Iroquois city
Past: Iroquois Indians: Iroquois Chief ( Charles de Wolf Brownell, 1873) Black Iroquois chief, I think in part of America, Europe, Asia and West Asia the majority of the population was Brown and White but the ruling class was Black.
Historic Iroquois and Wabanaki Beadwork: Iroquois bandolier bags
Seneca woman Ah-Weh-Eyu (Pretty Flower), 1908. | The Seneca are a group of indigenous people native to North America. They were the nation located farthest to the west within the Six Nations or Iroquois League in New York before the American Revolution. Mulato Iroquois woman
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Iroquois Indians during the French and Indian War
Historic Iroquois and Wabanaki Beadwork: An Intriguing Narragansett & Wampanoag Image from 1925
historic painting of a Black Mohawk Indian in Moorish style garments
ORIGINAL PAINTINGS OF BLACK MOHAWK INDIANS IN MOORISH GARB
Tel-maz-há-za, a Warrior of Distinction, 1834, George Catlin, oil on canvas, 29 x 24 in. (73.7 x 60.9 cm), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Gift of Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Jr.
It's said natives a.k.a. aboriginal American negroes couldn't grow beards Quincy Hott Said "That's A Moses Beard!" They Claim American Indians Did Not And Could Not Grow Beards Right? Allegorie Amerika, Hinterglasbild, 28 x 23 cm, Augsburg, letztes Viertel 18. Jh., nach Stichvorlage von Giovanni Volpato (1733-1803) Date 18th century
American Indian
Man Smoking a Pipe, Peru, 1780s Martinez Companon y Bujanda "Negro," shows a black man smoking a long stemmed pipe, holding what appears to be a long handled spade. He wears a conical cap, tattered pantaloons, and a chemise or shirt; he may have a storage pouch hanging over his chest.
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Fruit and Vegetable Vendor, Brazil, ca. 1641 C. Ferrao and J. P. Soares Titled, "Molher Negra" (a corruption, according to the translators, of the Portuguese "mulher negra" [black woman]). The woman, with a child at her side, is carrying a basket of fruit, wearing a short skirt, large hat, and bead necklace; a white clay pipe is tucked into her skirt.
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Chinese admiral Zeng He traveling in the Pacific Ocean would have met the Black Queen Califa of the California kingdom on the West Coast of North America first. According to a Russian mathematician and bad chronologist the ancient leaders of the Western and Eastern worlds come from Egypt.
QUEEN KHALIFA (AKA CALIFIA/CALAFIA) THE BLACK EMPRESS OF CALIFORNIA
California, the land of the ever-living Muurish Empress Calafia/Califia. Calafia was the title of each empress. California was her land. She was known to be black of skin, of the muurish nationality, and ruled over Islands and Islands of black people, from California, Baja, to Hawaii.
A muurish Island, ruled by women. It was first mentioned in the records of the western European christians in the seventh century, and retold “The Song of Roland” where a passing mention of a place called Califerne, was made perhaps because it was the caliph’s domain. See (Putnam, Ruth (1917). Herbert Ingram Priestley. ed. California: the name. Berkeley: University of California)
Spanish conquistadors told stories about a mystical black muurish queen that ruled a State of California, situated in the same location as the present day California. The modern state of State California continues the legacy and the memory of this great black Queendom and its Queens.
CalifiabyTheArthurWright (Califia, Queen of California painting by Arthur Wright)
The Muurs and Calafia
Khalifa means God’s ruler (in Muurish Arabic).
The story of Calafia was later re-narrated in the book The Adventures of Esplandián, a book written in 1500, probably based on stories gleaned from the old Muurish seamen of Spain, Portugal, Holland, Belgium and England.
Calafia is introduced as “… a regal Muurish black woman, courageous, strong of limb and large in person, full in the bloom of womanhood, the most beautiful of a long line of queens who ruled over the mythical realm of California.”
She supposedly commanded a fleet of ships with which she ruled and maintained peace in the surrounding lands, and islands including Baja and Hawaii. She reportedly kept an aerial defense force of “griffins”, and other fabulous animals which were native to California, trained to defend the land against invanders.
She was so powerful she could project her imperial power over the seas of the mediteranean at will. The Esplandian narrates that Calafia maintained cultural and trading contacts with the Muurs of Africa. It told of her wars in the mediterranean seas, in Anatolia, the Byzantine empire and in southern Europe. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calafia#cite_ref-Sabir2004_23-1
According to the author of The Adventures of Esplandián:
“Know ye that at the right hand of the Indies there is an island called California, very close to that part of the Terrestrial Paradise, which was inhabited by black women without a single man among them, and they lived in the manner of Amazons. They were robust of body with strong passionate hearts and great virtue. The island itself is one of the wildest in the world on account of the bold and craggy rocks.”(Putnam, Ruth (1917). Herbert Ingram Priestley. ed. California: the name. Berkeley: University of California)
The crusader and conqueror of the territory of California Hernán Cortés and his men were familiar with the book. Cortés quoted liberally from the book and it did have an influence on his decision to look for the Island of California. As governor of Mexico he sent out an ill-fated expedition of two ships, one guided by the famous pilot Fortún Ximénez. That expedition did not fare well at all and most of the ships and the men were lost.
In 1535, Cortés led an expedition back to the land of Calafia or California, and decided to re-named it Santa Cruz. However, that name did not stick, as the natives, and the Muurs and the black Indians and red Indians and so-called whites continued to use the ancient and old name of the land “California”.
Cortes himself and his contemporaries appeared to have used the name too. In 1550 and 1556, the name appears three times in reports about Cortés written by Giovanni Battista Ramusio.
Thus over the years of increasing conquest, colonization and rape of the land of California, the ancient land of the muurs has held onto its name and identity, in the knowledge that one day, it will be as it was in the beginning.
Posts: 5374 | From: sepedat/sirius | Registered: Jul 2012
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quote:Originally posted by mena7: Vatican flag. I saw the yellow and white flag minus the tiara and the gold and silver keys and the red and blue flag inside of a reconstruction of an Ancient Egyptian Temple.
g Chinese Admiral Zheng He
Zheng He boat compare t Colombus boat
Chinese and African giraffe
Giraffe in Medieval European book
The problem with Zheng He and the whole treasure fleets proving China was advanced argument, was that Zheng He was not even Chinese, and likely had White ancestry in him given the region he was born in. The picture might of him not actually be accurate.
Also Zheng He's ships were not indigenous Chinese style ships; Zheng he's treasure fleet ships were based in engineering and design, on Ancient Indian ships from India. It's a fact that Zheng He had his advisor's study ship building in the Bengal region of India, for his later treasure fleets, and even had various numbers of his ships repaired and built in India.
Ancient India was the biggest manufacturer and builders of the largest ships in the ancient world, bigger then Chinese ones; and the Ottoman empire and the British empire based their naval military ships and construction, on Ancient Indian ships and engineering.
The ships that you see being utilized by Zheng He was a cross pollination of ancient to medieval Indian/Arab/Phoenician ship technology, which Chinese historians actually admit was the case, combined with various elements of Persian/Western ship design with a sprinkling of indigenous chinese influence (which was very little).
So using Zheng He as an example of the advanced state of the chinese civilization is actually a VERY BAD example; given how ancient China really wasn't that great of a civilization, and actually was behind in many fields compared to other contemporary ancient civilizations; and their society pretty much sucked compared to even medieval Europe....
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.231 In contrast, other scholars note that when anthropological studies were made, only male informants were consulted, even though the Iroquois people had distinct oral traditions held by males and females, thus excluding half of the historical story which was told by women. [44] For this reason, origin tales tend to emphasize Deganawidah and Hiawatha while the role of Jigonsaseh largely remains unknown because this part of the oral history was held by women. [44]
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