Tukuler
multidisciplinary Black Scholar
Member # 19944
posted
Now everyone remember the words of the Preacher
• A dictionary page means nothing • It does not matter if Kamose called the Hyksos Aamw
No. All that matters and means anything is the words of the preacher who aks Who you gon bliebe, me or your lying 4 AEL dictionaries and Pharaoh Kamose?
quote:Originally posted by Tukuler: Lemme AEL dictionary nuke this khast mosquito a final time.
"Tukuler Cite other text where this term was applied to other nations."
I told him to hop his ass on while he had the chance. Now look at 'im. SMH
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A dictionary page means nothing. Everyday Egyptologists are creating new meanings for Egyptian terms, this is why we have moved beyond Gardiner's Egyptian Sign List, to AEL dictionaries.
As I noted previously to confirm a theory in science one test the theory through rigorous attempts at falsification. In falsification the researcher uses cultural, linguistic, anthropological and historical evidence to invalidate a proposed theory. If a theory can not be falsified through the variables (evidence) associated with the theory it is confirmed. It can only be disconfirmed when new generalizations (based on evidence) associated with the original theory fail to survive attempts at falsification.
In science you either confirm, or disconfirm a theory. A valid theory has abundant evidence supporting that theory, and remains valid as long as it is not disconfirmed by a researcher who provides counter evidence, that nullifies the evidence which supported the original theory.
Tukuler you have one variable to support your proposition a dictionary page. Anyone who thinks for themselves would realize that Egyptologist have expanded the meaning of Gardiner's N25 sign since publication of his wordlist. The meaning of Egypting words is evolving, I am just interpreting the sign as it meant in Weni's time in relation to the people of Wawat.
There are 6 variables that confirm my hypothesis:
1.N25 sign from Gardiner’s List of Egyptian Signs xЗs Khas or kЗs meant Kush.
2. The "Asians' ruled by the Heqe Khas included Kushite tribes like the kaska, Hattians and Hurrians.
3. The Kaska ethononym corresponds to Khas.
4. The Hyksos Rulers said they ruled Khas. The Egyptians called the Asians Aam.
5. The hyksos called themselves Khas or kЗs
6. Hyksos left textual evidence of their use of the term xЗs Khas or kЗs, for Kush.
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. Heqe Khasut was not always translated as ‘Kings Foreign “, the original meaning of Khas/Kash, was “Kings Negroland “, there was no such place as ‘Negroland’, so the actual meaning was Kings Khas.The term Haqe Khas (xЗs), because it related to Wawat rulers had been translated as “Rulers of Negroland. The Egyptian elements / -w-t/ were added to Khas to make it plural and denote a nationality.
The Weni inscription makes it clear that the name Khas was made up (of three) N25 signs from Gardiner’s List of Egyptian Signs. The N25 sign also represents Kash = Kush. This means that N25 represented the name Kash and Khas for the ethononym Kushite.
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The meaning of N25 as Kush and Kushite is obvious in the Hyksos scarabs where we see N25, as the people the Hyksos Kings ruled.
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Jesus, Muhammad and the Bhudda could return and tell Clyde he made a mistake. He wouldn't listen.
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Tukuler
multidisciplinary Black Scholar
Member # 19944
posted
One can't sell books if one admits to error.
Within a year he'll plagiarize my hieroglyphics research claiming he composed it and will publish it in a book and make $ off it.
Despicable behavior bereft of maat. In total character with desret.
posted
The Kushites were Niger-Congo speakers The Niger-Congo Speakers probably played animportant role in the peopling of the Sahara. Drake etal make it clear there was considerable human activityin the Sahara before it became a desert[1]. The Kushites in history were characterized as users of the bow-and-arrow.
. Drake et al[1] provides evidence that the original settlers of this wet Sahara, who used aquatic tool kits, were Nilo-Saharan (NS) speakers. The authors also recognized another Saharan culture that played a role in the peopling of the desert. This population hunted animals with the bow-and –arrow; they are associatedwith the Ounanian culture. The Ounanian cultureexisted 12kya [2].
The Ounanians were members of the Capsian population.There was continuity between the populations in the Maghreb and southern Saharareferred to as Capsians, Iberomaurusians, andMechtoids [3]. The Niger-Congo speakers are decendants of the Capsian population.Capsian people did not only live in Africa, they were also present in South Asia.
Using craniometric data researchers have made it clear that the Dravidian speakers of South India and the Indus valley were primarily related to the ancient Capsian or Mediterranean population [4-9].Lahovary [7] and Sastri [8] maintains that the Capsian population was unified over an extensive zone fromAfrica, across Eurasia into South India.
Some researchers maintain that the Capsian civilization originated in East Africa [7].The Ounanian culture is associated with sites in central Egypt, Algeria, Mali, Mauretania and Niger [10].The Ounanian tradition is probably associated with the Niger-Congo phyla. This would explain the closerelationship between the Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan languages.
The original homeland of the Kushites or Niger-Congo speakers was probably situated in the Saharan Highlands during the Ounanian period.
This is why the Egyptians often referred to the Kushites as a hill people. This is supported by the various meanings of Gardiner's Egyptian sign N25. The N25 sign from Gardiner’s List of Egyptian Signs xЗs Khas or kЗs meant Kush.
From here the Kushite populations migrated into the Fezzan, Nile Valley and Sudan as their original homeland became more and more arid.The Niger-Congo speakers formerly lived in the highland regions of the Fezzan and Hoggar until after4000 BC. Originally hunter-gatherers the Proto-Niger-Congo people developed an agro-pastoral economy which included the cultivation of millet, and domestication of cattle (and sheep).This was probably the ancient homeland of the Dravidians, Egyptians, Sumerians,Niger-Kordofanian-Mande and Elamite speakers. We call this part of Africa the Fertile African Crescent[9-10,13-14]. We call these people the Proto-Saharans[9,14]. .
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The generic term for this group is in the ancient literatures was: Kushite. Origination of these diverse Kushite tribes in the ancient Sahara, explains the analogy between the Bafsudraalam languages as outlined in Figure 1.These Proto-Saharans were called Wawat, Ta-Seti, xЗs Khas , kЗs and Tehenu by the Egyptians.
The Niger-Congo inhabitants of the Fezzan were round headed Africans [13]. The cultural characteristics of the Fezzanese were analogous to the C-Group culture items and the people of Ta-Seti and Wawat.
The C-Group people were the Proto-Saharan orNiger-Congo speakers who occupied the Sudan andFezzan regions between 3700-1300 BC [13].The inhabitants of the Fezzan were called Tmhw (Temehus). The Temehus represent the Proto-Niger-Congo speakers.The Temehus were organized into two groups the Thnw (Tehenu) in the North and the Nhsj (Nehesy) in the South [14]. A Tehenu personage is depicted on an Amratian period pottery vessel.
Some Tehenu wore a pointed beard, phallic-sheath and feathers on theirheadThe Temehus are called the C-Group people by archaeologists [13,15]. The central Fezzan was a center of C-Group settlement. Quellec [15] discussed in detail the presence of C-Group culture traits in the Central Fezzan along with their cattle during the middle of the Third millennium BC.
The Kushites lived in Ta_seti and Wawat. Europeans when they first translated the Egyptian language referred to Kush as "Negroland" The first mention of Kush, in Egyptian text was made by Wini, an Egyptian administrator. Below is the Wini text. . .
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. The Wini text Wawat King was called Heqe Khasut. Heqe Khasut today is translated as ‘Kings Foreign “, when Europeans originally translated Wini's inscription using the Gardiner Egyptian Word List, the original meaning of xЗs Khas , kЗs, was “Kings Negroland “. This interpretation of xЗs Khas , kЗs was a Eurocentric interpretation of N25, because there was no such place as ‘Negroland’, so the actual meaning was Kings Khas.
The term Haqe Khas (xЗs), because it related to Wawat rulers had been translated as “Rulers of Negroland. The Egyptian elements / -w-t/ were added to Khas to make it plural and denote a nationality.
The Weni inscription makes it clear that the name Khas was made up (of three) N25 signs from Gardiner’s List of Egyptian Signs. The N25 sign also represents Kash = Kush. This means that N25 represented the name Kash and Khas for the ethononym Kushite.
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The meaning of N25 as Kush and Kushite is obvious in the Hyksos scarabs where we see N25, as the people the Hyksos Kings ruled.
The Temehus or C-Group people began to settle Kusha round 2200 BC. The kings of Kush had their capitalat Kerma, in Dongola and a sedentary center on Sai Island. The same pottery found at Kerma is also present in Libya (and even India) especially in the Fezzan, which was one of the ancient homelands ofthe Niger-Congo speaking people.
The C-Group founded the Kerma dynasty of Kush. Diop [14] noted that the "earliest substratum of the Libyan population was a black population from the south Sahara".Kerma was first inhabited in the 4th millennium BC[16]. By the 2nd millennium BC Kushites at Kerma were already worshippers of Amon/Amun and they used a distinctive black-and-red ware [16]. Amon, later became a major god of the Egyptians during the 18th Dynasty.
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Now we can move on to where Clyde explains the Scythians were also Niger-Koingo speaking Kushites, it's endless
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Using boats the Kushites moved down ancient waterways many now dried up, to establish new towns in Asia and Europe after 3500 BC. The Kushites remained supreme around the world until 1400-1200 BC. During this period the Hua (Chinese) and Indo-European (I-E) speakers began to conquer the Kushites whose cities and economies were destroyed as a result of natural catastrophes which took place on the planet between 1400-1200 BC. Later, after 500 AD, Turkish speaking people began to settle parts of Central Asia. This is the reason behind the presence of the K-s-h element in many place names in Asia e.g., Kashgar, HinduKush, and Kosh. The HinduKush in Harappan times had lapis lazuli deposits.
Kushites expanded into Inner Asia from two primary points of dispersal: Iran and Anatolia. In Anatolia the Kushites were called Hattians and Kaska. In the 2nd millennium BC, the north and east of Anatolia was inhabited by non-I-E speakers.
Anatolia was divided into two lands “the land of Kanis” and the “land of Hatti”. The Hatti were related to the Kaska people who lived in the Pontic mountains. Hatti
Some of the Tehenu or Kushites settled Anatolia. The major Anatolian Kushite tribes were the Kaska and Hatti speakers who spoke non-IE languages called Khattili. The gods of the Hattic people were Kasku and Kusuh ( Kush). The Hattic people, may be related to the Hatiu, one of the Delta Tehenu tribes. Many archaeologist believe that the Tehenu people were related to the C-Group people. The Hattic language is closely related to African and Dravidian languages as illustrated in Figure 2. Hattians lived in Anatolia. They worshipped Kasku and Kusuh. They were especially prominent in the Pontic mountains. Their sister nation in the Halys Basin were the Kaska tribes. The Kaska and Hattians share the same names for gods, along with personal and place-names. The Kaska had a strong empire which was never defeated by the Hittites.
Singer [17] has suggested that the Kaska, are remnants of the indigenous Hattian population which was forced northward by the Hittites. But at least as late as 1800 BC, Anatolia was basically settled by Hattians.
Anatolia was occupied by many Kushite groups,including the Kashkas and or Hatti. The Hatti, like the Dravidian speaking people were probably related .
The languages have similar syntax Hattic le fil 'his house'; Mande a falu 'his father's house'. This suggest that the first Anatolians were Kushites, a view supported by the Hattic name for themselves: Kashka. Hurrians
Another important group in Anatolia in addition to the Hatti, were the Hurrians. The Hurrians enter Mesopotamia from the northeastern hilly area. They introduced horse-drawn war chariots to Mesopotamia.
Hurrians penetrate Mesopotamia and Syria-Palestine between 1700-1500 BC. The major Hurrian Kingdom was Mitanni , which was founded by Sudarna I (c.1550), was established at Washukanni on the Khabur River. The Hurrian capital was Urkesh, one of its earliest kings was called Tupkish.
Linguistic and historical evidence support the view that Dravidians influenced Mittanni and Lycia [17,19]. Alain Anselin is sure that Dravidian speaking peoples once inhabited the Aegean. For example Anselin [11] has discussed many Dravidian place names found in the Aegean Sea area.
Two major groups in ancient Anatolia were the Hurrians and Lycians. Although the Hurrians are considered to be Indo-European speakers, some Hurrians probably spoke a Dravidian language.
The Hurrians lived in Mittanni. Mittanni was situated on the great bend of the Upper Euphrates river. Hurrian was spoken in eastern Anatolia and North Syria.
Most of what we know about the Hurrian language comes from the Tel al-Armarna letters. These letters were written to the Egyptian pharaoh. The Armarna letters are important because they were written in a language different from diplomatic Babylonian.
The letters written in the formerly unknown language were numbers 22 and 25. In 1909 Bork, in Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatische Gesellschaft, wrote a translation of the letters.
In 1930, G.W. Brown proposed that the words in letters 22 and 25 were Dravidian especially Tamil. Brown [18], has shown that the vowels and consonants of Hurrian and Dravidian are analogous. In support of this theory Brown [18] noted the following similarities between Dravidian and Hurrian: 1) presence of a fullness of forms employed by both languages; 2) presence of active and passive verbal forms are not distinguished; 3) presence of verbal forms that are formed by particles; 4) presence of true relative pronouns is not found in these languages; 5) both languages employ negative verbal forms; 6) identical use of -m, as nominative; 7) similar pronouns; and 8) similar ending formations:
Dravidian Hurrian a a -kku -ikka imbu impu
There are analogous Dravidian and Hurrian terms as illustrated in Table 4.
Many researchers have noted the presence of many Indo-Aryan words. In Hurrians. This has led some researchers to conclude that Indo –Europeans may have ruled the Hurrians. This results from the fact that the names of the Hurrian gods are similar to the Aryan gods:
There are other Hurrian and Sanskrit terms that appear to show a relationship:
* English Hurrian Sanskrit Tamil One aika eka okka ‘together’ Three tera tri Five panza panca ańcu Seven satta sapta Nine na nava onpatu Other Hurrian terms relate to Indo-Aryan: English Hurrian I-A Tamil Brown babru babhru pukar Grey parita palita paraitu ‘old’ Reddish pinkara pingala puuval * English Mitanni Vedic Tamil Warrior marya marya makan, maravan
Henry Rawlinson used the Book of Genesis to find the identity of the Mesopotamia. He made it clear that the original inhabitants of Babylonia were represented by the name Nimrod and were represented by the family of Ham: Kushites, Egyptians and etc. This name came from the popularity among these people of hunting the leopard (Nimri). And as noted in earlier post the Egyptian and Nubian rulers always associated leopard spots with royalty, just as Siva is associated with the feline. As a result, Rawlinson used an African language Galla, to decipher the cuneiform writing.
The Sumerians and Elamites came from Africa, like the founders of the Indus Valley civilization. This is why the Elamite and Sumerian languages are closely related to African and Dravidian languages.
The Kushites when they migrated from Middle Africa to Asia continued to call themselves Kushites. This is most evident in place names and the names of gods. The Kassites, chief rulers of Iran occupied the central part of the Zagros. The Kassite god was called Kashshu, which was also the name of the people. The K-S-H, name element is also found in India. For example Kishkinthai, was the name applied to an ancient Dravidian kingdom in South India. Also it should be remembered that the Kings of Sumer, were often referred to as the " Kings of Kush".
The major Kushite tribe in Central Asia was called Kushana. The Kushan of China were styled Ta Yueh-ti or "the Great Lunar Race". Along the Salt Swamp, there was a state called Ku-Shih of Tibet. The city of K-san, was situated in the direction of Kushan, which was located in the Western part of the Gansu Province of China.
The Elamites later conquered Sumer. They called this line of Kings,he "King of Kish'. This term has affinity to the term Kush,that was given to the Kerma dynasty, founded by the C-Group people of Kush. It is interesting to note that the Elamite language, is closely related to the African languages including Egyptian and the Dravidian languages of India.
The most important Kushite colony in Iran was ancient Elam. The Elamites called their country KHATAM or KHALTAM (Ka-taam). The capital of Khaltam which we call Susa, was called KHUZ (Ka-u-uz) by the Aryans, NIME (Ni-may) by the people of Sumer, and KUSHSHI (Cush-she) by the Elamites.In the Akkadian inscriptions the Elamites were called GIZ-BAM (the land of the bow). The ancient Chinese or Bak tribesmen which dominate China today called the Elamites KASHTI. Moreover, in the Bible the Book of Jeremiah (xlxx,35), we read "bow of Elam". It is interesting to note that both Khaltam-ti and Kashti as the name for Elam, agrees with Ta-Seti, the ancient name for Nubia located in the Meroitic Sudan.
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The ancients were sure the Kushites had founded the Elamite civilization. According to Strabo, the Roman geographer the first Elamite colony of Susa, was founded by Tithonus, a King of Kush, and father of Memnon. Strabo in Book 15,chapter 3,728, wrote that "In fact, it is claimed that Susa was founded by Tithonus Memnon's father, and that his citadel bore the name Memnonium. The Susians are also called Cissians; and Aeschylus, calls Memnon's mother Cissia.
Elam
The most important Kushite colony in Iran was Elam. The Elamites like other Africans practiced the custom of matrilineal descent.
The history of Elam is usually divided into three periods the Kings of Awan, Kings of Simashki and the Sukkalmah period. For over 300 years the Elamite Kings of Awan ruled Elam, and much of Mesopotamia.Much of this period is unknown. During the 3rd Millennium B.C., the Elamites and Su people (a term used for mountain people in the Western Zagros) sacked Ur. The King of the Dynasty of Simaskhi, led to Elamite rule in Sumer. The first king of the Simashki Dynasty was Girnamme.
In Sumer, the Elamites contributed nuch to Sumerian civilization. The Elamite Kings of Sumer were called the Kings of Kish.
After a Sumerian King of Kish pushed the Elamites out of Mesopotamia, Elam went into a period of chaos until around 2500 B.C., when King Peli became the ruler of Elam. After Peli, there were six other Elamite Kings until Elam was conquered by Sargon of Akkad.
Before the Sukkalmah period (c.1900-1500 B.C.) much of what we know about Elam comes from the Akkadian sources. This period is called the Sukkalmah period, because the rulers of Elam were called Sukkalmah ‘grand regent”. The Elamite title for king ws sunkir.
During the Sukkahmah Dynasty there was a tripartite system of rule. The Susa text indicate that there was a senior ruler called sukkalmah ‘grand regent’ of Elam and Shimashki, he was usually the brother of the sukkahmah, and a junior co-regent, entitled sukkal of Susa. This nephew was usually from the maternal side of the King’s family. Thus the sukkal of Susa was often called the ruhusak ‘sister’s son’
The first rulers of the Sukkamah period was Eabarat (=Eparti). He was followed by the ruhusak Addahushu, the “sukkal and magustrate of the people of Susa”. He is known mostly for his building of several temples and the erection of his “justic stele” outlining the laws of Elam .
The Elamites/Old Persians were probably descendants of the Mande people. This is obvious in the language and names of the Elamite Kings. I hope you remember the book Roots, the main character Kunte Kinte. His name is interesting because we have the following ruler during the Sukkalmah Dynasty: Kutur-Nahhunte I (c. 1752) who conquered southern Babylonia The name Kutur Nahhunte, would correspond to a popular Mande name Kunte among the Mande speaking people. The Elamite name Peli, is also popular among the Mande, in the form of Pe, this name was also common among the Olmec people of ancient Mexico.
It should also be noted that the Mande term for people is Si, this corresponds to the word Su, used to designate the mountain people of Elam. The Elamite term Su would correspond to the Mande termSi-u (the /u/ is the plural suffix in the Mande language).
By the 2nd Millennium B.C., a new more aggressive dynasty appeared in Elam. The Kings of this Dynasty called themselves ‘divine messenger, father and king’ of Susa and Anzan. One of the rulers of this Dynasty was Shutruk-Nahhunte. Shutruk-Nahhunte, like Kutur invaded Mesopotamia and took Babylon around 1160B.C.
After Kutur took Babylon, the Elamites ruled Babylon until Hammurabi defeated the Elamite King Rin-Sin. Later the Elamites were driven from Larsa and other Sumerian cities back to the Susiana plains.
There is textual evidence supporting a relationship between the founders of Sumer, Elam and Dilmun. Col. Henry Rawlinson , used textual evidence to determine that a link existed between the Mesopotamians to their ancestors in Africa . Rawlinson called these people Kushites.
There is a positive relationship between crania from Africa and Eurasia. The archaeologist Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy (Dieulafoy,2004) and Hanberry (1981) maintains that their was a Sub-Saharan strain in Persia . These researchers maintain that it was evident that an Ethiopian dynasty ruled Elam from a perusal of its statuary of the royal family and members of the army ( Dieulafoy, 2004; Dieulafoy, 2010;Hansberry,1981). Dieulafoy (2010 ) noted that the textual evidence and iconography make it clear that the Elamites were Africans, and part of the Kushite confederation .Dieulafoy (2010) made it clear that the Elamites at Susa were Sub-Saharan Africans.
Marcel Dieulafoy and M. de Quatrefages observed that the craniometrics of the ancient Elamites of Susa indicate that they were Sub-Saharan Africans or Negroes (Dieulafoy,2010). Ancient Sub-Saharan African skeletons have also been found in Mesopotamia (Tomczyk et al, 2010). The craniometric data indicates that continuity existed between ancient and medieval Sub-Saharan Africans in Mesopotamia (Ricault & Waelkens,2008).
Rawlinson,H. “ Letter read at the meeting of the Royal Asiatic Society on February 5, 1853”, The Athenaeum, (No. 1321) ,p.228.
Rawlinson,H. “Note on the early History of Babylonia”, Journal Royal Asiatic Soc., 15, 215-259.
Ricaut,F.X. and Waelkens.2008. Cranial Discrete Traits in a Byzatine Population and Eastern Mediterranean Population Movements, Hum Biol, 80(5):535-564.
Tomczyk,J., Jedrychowska-Danska, K., Ploszaj,T & Witas H.W. (2010). Anthropological analysis of the osteological material from an ancient tomb (Early Bronze Age) from the middle Euphrates valley, Terqa (Syria) , International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, Retrieved 04/04/10 from (www.interscience.wiley.com)DOI:10.1002/oa.1150 .
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: Now we can move on to where Clyde explains the Scythians were also Niger-Koingo speaking Kushites, it's endless
Scythian was Rawlinson's name for the Kushites of Asia.
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: Now we can move on to where Clyde explains the Scythians were also Niger-Koingo speaking Kushites, it's endless
Scythian was Rawlinson's name for the Kushites of Asia.
Were the Kushites of Asia from the Kingdom of Kush in Sudan?
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The Hyksos are also mentioned in the Rig Veda and other Indian Literature.The heqa khasut, "ruler(s) of the Kushites" or Hyksos/ Hykussos, were Hattians or Kashkas. in otherwords they were Kushites. This is obvious in their name khasut which corresponds to Kaska. The name heqa khasut , was first used by the Old Kingdom to refer to the Kushite Nubian chieftains. That is why the Hyksos / Hykussos expected the Kushites in Nubia to support them in their war with the Egyptians.
Information about the Nile Valley in Purana and Pali Records
Many people assume that the history of Africa begins and ends on the African continent. This is false. Africans have left their imprint in ancient Eurasia.
An important part of Africa was the Nile Valley. The Nile Valley was not only the homeland of ancient Egypt. It was also the place where the Kushites originated.
An interesting record of Nile Valley Africans is found in the ancient records of India. These records are written in Sanskrit and Prakrit. As a result, we find mention of the Nile Valley in Pali and Purana text.
The word Puranas means "ancient, old. It is and it is Indian literature written in Sanskrit. Prakrit any ancient or medieval vernacular dialect of northern and central India that existed alongside Sanskrit. Pali was a Prakrit language of India used by Buddhist to write their conical records.
Many of us have heard about the fact that the ancient text of India, called the Purana and Pali text provide valuable information on Nile Valley history. In this post we will discuss the research of Dr. Liny Srinivasan an Indian linguist and Indologist.
Dr. Srinivasan has published many articles and Books on the presence of Mesopotamian and Nile Valley people in the Rig Veda (RV), Puranas and Pali documents. Dr. Srinivasan in her article : Myths, Metaphors and Dravidians, provides considerable information on Upper and Lower Nubia.
The people in Upper and Lower Nubia in the Nile valley, were called ḫЗš (Kushites) or ḫЗšt (Khasut) by the ancient Egyptians. The inhabitants of the Fezzan were round headed Africans. (Jelinek, 1985,p.273) The cultural characteristics of the Fezzanese were analogous to C-Group culture items and the people of Ta-Seti . The anthropologist Jelinek made it clear that C-Group people occupied the Sudan and Fezzan regions between 3700-1300 BC .
The inhabitants of Libya were called Tmhw (Temehus). Dr. Anta Diop noted that the Temehus were organized into two groups the Thnw (Tehenu) in the North and the Nhsj (Nehesy) in the South. Farid observed that a Tehenu personage is depicted on Amratian period pottery . The Tehenu wore pointed beard, phallic-sheath and feathers on their head. The archeaologist B.B. Lal, who conducted research in Africa and India, proved that the ancient Nubians and the Dravidians of Megalithic South India practiced the same culture. Dr. Lal a leading Indian archaeologist in India has observed that the black and red ware (BRW) dating to the Kerma dynasty of Nubia, is related to the Dravidian megalithic pottery. B.B. Lal (1963) proved conclusively that the culture associated with the South Indian Megalithic was related to the C group people or Nehesy, given the fact that both groups used 1) a common black-and-red ware (BRW), 2) a common burial complex incorporating megaliths and circular rock enclosures and 3) a common type of rock cut sepulchre.
The South Indian Megalithic is usually associated with the Tamil speaking Dravidian people of Tamilnadu . This suggest that the Tamil belonged to the Nehesy , and the Telugu and Kannada belonged to the Tehenu. In ancient Indian text the Nile Valley was called Kušadvipa or Kushland . The inhabitants of Kušadvipa were mainly named Kashi in the Indian text.
Other people living in Kušadvipa were called Nhsj (Nehesy) . Heqa Khasut also appears in the Epic Puranas as Ikshvaku ( < Heqa Khasu)t. The Ikshvaku were seen as evil. The ancient Indian records report that the Ikshvaku worshiped Seth.
The Rig Veda (RV) provides considerable information on the Kushites of Nubia and Anatolia. These people belonged to the Kushite Confederation. The term Kushite was a generic term for the tribes that belonged to the Confederation living in the Nile Valley, Levan and Anatolia.
Dr.Srinivasan notes that Nile Valley Kush was called Kušadvipa or Kush in the Puranas and Kuš-Nila in Pali texts. The Puranas and Pali are the names given to ancient Vedic/Indian text. In the Indian text Rama’s sons were Lava and Kušs. Ancient Libya was called Lava and Kush in the Nile Valley was called Kuša.
In the Puranas Kuša was southern Nubia or upper Kush. In the Purana northern Nubia or lower Kush was called Krouńcha . The main urban center in Kuša , was Kaši. Kaši was described as a great city in Pali and Purana text.
Dr. Srinivasan made it clear that the RV King named Divadoasa “servant of Diva” . In the Mahabbarata, Divodaase .was an ancientr King of Kaaši and Puranic Kaaši or Nubia.
In the Puranas and Pali text Nhšy, corresponds to Mandaean Nahas, the name for the undersorld abode of the serpent Ur, the metaphoric name for Nubia (see page 2).
A major Kushite nation and tribe were the Wawat. The Egyptian semivowels change into Sankrit /y/ or /v/. Srinivasan believes that Yayaati (/ Vayati) was the name for Wawat. We also find in the Puranas, the a tribe named Vaša or Vaasishtha. The Vaša tribe corresponds to the Wase/ Waset tribe/nation (/w/ = /v/). Srinivasan according to Srinivasan was the name for Thebes. It was also the name for the Nehesy: Waset tribe.
In the myth of Višvaamitra they lived on the otherside of Sarasuati. The alternate name for Višvaamitra was Kušika or Kuša
The Sumerians trade with Punt or Meluhha. Meluhha was the home of the Medjay. The Medjay served as mercenaries in the Egyptian army.
Malaya was an ancient people/country in the Nile Vallley. The Vayu Purana, said that the Mayadvipa was “naanaa Mleccha ganaakirna”, a place where mercenaries were recruited. This passage in the Vayu Purana suggest that Malaya or Mleccha was Meluhha of the Sumerians.
Meluhha was a place where Egyptians recruited mercenaries for their armies. This makes it clear that “mythical” Malayadvipa was located in Africa.
In the Puranas we see the Name Draavira. The Dravira was the Purana name for the Tamil. The heqa khasut, "ruler(s) of the Kushites" or Hyksos/ Hykussos, were Hattians or Kashkas. in otherwords they were Kushites. This is obvious in their name khasut which corresponds to Kaska. The name heqa khasut , was first used by the Old Kingdom to refer to the Kushite Nubian chieftains. That is why the Hyksos / Hykussos expected the Kushites in Nubia to support them in their war with the Egyptians.
During the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt (2563-2423), namely during the reign of Sahure there is mention of the Tehenu people. Sahure referred to the Tehenu leader “Hati Tehenu” . These Hatiu, correspond to the Hatti speaking people of Anatolia. The Hatti/Hurrian people often referred to themselves as Kashkas or Kaskas.
During the Old Kingdom the Kushites were also called heqa khasut. The term Heqa Khasut was used for the Kings of Nile Valley Kushites and the Hyksos. The term Heqa Khasute appears in line 46 of the Weni inscription.
There is mention of Nahuša, which correspond to the 15th Dynasty King Nhšy (Nehesy). Nehesy was a Hyksos prince.
The Nhsj (Nehesy) or C-Group people began to settle Kush around 2200 BC. The kings of Kush had their capital at Kerma, in Dongola and a sedentary center on Sai Island. The same pottery found at Kerma is also present in Libya especially the Fezzan.
Srinivasan claims the Hurrian tribe was mentioned in the R V, called Hastuk ‘elephant herd’. Singer and Steiner, said the Hurrians lived in Mittanni. Mittanni was situated on the great bend of the Upper Euphrates river. Hurrian was spoken in eastern Anatolia and North Syria .
In the Indian records the individual Hurrian was called Hasti. Srinivasan made it clear that Hasti corresponds to Egyptian (Hšty) Hštyw (Ta Seti). Ta Seti is mentioned in Egyptian literature as an early Kushite nation in Nubia. Asoka Prakrit inscriptions mention several Dravidian tribes including Cholas, Seraa (Tamil), Keras (Keraalputra ) , Pandya, Cheras and Satyaputra. The Cholas were Telugu speakers. The Chola were related to the Naga. The Naga were suppose to have lived in Naagaloka, in the Underworld. Dr. Srinivasan believes the Purana underworld: Nagaloka was located in upper Nubia.
The Chola Kings in the Puranas were called Ikshvaakuš or Heqa Khasut like the Nehesy kings of the Nile Valley. Ikshvaa of the Puranas corresponds to ḫЗšt (Khasut).
The ancient Indian records indicate the Chola came to India with a great knowledge of war strategy, charioteering, ship building and navigation.
The Chola are related to the Naga. This is evident in the story of the romance between the Chola and Naga princess. Srinivasan wrote “In both [legends] the son of their union came from Naagaloka in Paataal was a real country of Upper Nubia, the myths point to a connection of the Chola with Nubia. To realize some important points of similarities the Cholas and the great Napatan Kingdom of Nubia…”.
In the Indian texts the royal title of the Cholas was Qore/Kora/Chora. In Meroitic, qore was the title for king. Among the Tamils Chola is pronounced with a /r/. As a result, in Prakrit inscription Cholas is written as Soraa and Koraa. Srinivasan suggested that the Qore “Korites” of the Bible ( 1 Chronicles 26:1), may be the same people.
A coastal region of East India was called Coromandel / Koramandal ‘domain of Koraa” . Koraa is a dynastic name for the Cholas . The royal insignia of the Cholas was snakes. Twin serpents was a popular symbol of royalty among the Napatan Kings.
The Napatan Kushite double crown was worn by the rulers of Kerma. It was called the Double Wadjet Crown. This Wadjet crown was worn by Taharqa.
In summary the Telugu speakers belonged to the Tehenu and Nehesy tribes of Nubia, or Kush in the Nile Valley. The Telugu and Egyptian languages share many terms because the Chola came from Kaši or Kush, which was called Kušadvipa. They migrated into Anatolia and formed several city states including the Hurrian/Mitanni and Kassite states and were members of the Hatti Confederation.
The major Telugu state in India was Chola. In the Puranas the Chola were also called Kora/Chora /Qore. The Chola who came to India by land and sea settled on the Coromande coast. It takes it’s name from the word Koraa, one of the names for the Chola Dynasty.
Ancient Telugu continued in India to refer to themselves as Heqa Khasut or IkshvaaKuš. The royal insignia for the Chola were two snakes. The two snakes as a symbol of royalty goes back to the Napatan Kings of Kush (Nubia) who wore the Double Wadjet crown.
References:
Bright, John (2000). "A History of Israel". Westminster John Knox Press . Borchardt, L. Das Grabdenkmal des Konigs Sahure. Vol. II, Table 1. Brass, M. (2013). Revisiting a hoary chestnut: the nature of early cattle domestication in North-East Africa. Sahara (Segrate, Italy), 24, 65–70. Drews, Robert ( 1994). "The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East". Princeton University Press El Mosallamy,A.H.S. Libyco-Berber relations with ancient Egypt:The Tehenu in Egyptian records. In (pp.51-68) 1986, p.55; Lal, B B. 1963. "The Only Asian Expedition in threatened Nubia:Work by an India Mission at Afyeh and Tumas". THE ILLUSTRATED TIMES, 20 April. Levy et al. ( 1997).Egyptian-Canaanite Interaction at Nahal Tillah, Israel (ca. 4500-3000 B. C. E.): An Interim Report on the 1994-1995 Excavations. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/302287010_Egyptian-Canaanite_Interaction_at_Nahal_Tillah_Israel_ca_4500-3000_B_C_E_An_Interim_Report_on_the_1994-1995_Excavations Mitchell P., Paul Lane (Ed.),(2013). The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology. Oxford . Miller N.F., Robert N Spengler, Michael Frachetti. (2010). Millet cultivation across Eurasia: Origins, spread, and the influence of seasonal climate, The Holocene , Vol. 26 10:1566-1575 Singer, Itamar. (1981). Hittites and Hattians in Anatolia at the beginning of the Second Millennium B.C., Journal of Indo-European Studies, 9 (1-2):119-149. Srinivasan, L.. Myths, Metaphors and Dravidians. Indian Linguistics, 66:133-156. Steiner, Gerd. (1981).The role of the Hittites in ancient Anatolia, Journal of Indo-European Studies, 9 (1-2): 119-149. Wengrow, D., Dee, M., Foster, S., Stevenson, A., & Ramsey, C. (2014). Cultural convergence in the Neolithic of the Nile Valley: A prehistoric perspective on Egypt's place in Africa. Antiquity, 88(339), 95-111. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/cultural-convergence-in-the-neolithic-of-the-nile-valley-a-prehistoric-perspective-on-egypts-place-in-africa/198005B5D23B6 44951E17B3F0803AF74
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