Egypt, located on the isthmus of Africa, is an ideal region to study historical population dynamics due to its geographic location and documented interactions with ancient civilizations in Africa, Asia and Europe. Particularly, in the first millennium BCE Egypt endured foreign domination leading to growing numbers of foreigners living within its borders possibly contributing genetically to the local population. Here we present 90 mitochondrial genomes as well as genome-wide data sets from three individuals obtained from Egyptian mummies. The samples recovered from Middle Egypt span around 1,300 years of ancient Egyptian history from the New Kingdom to the Roman Period. Our analyses reveal that ancient Egyptians shared more ancestry with Near Easterners than present-day Egyptians, who received additional sub-Saharan admixture in more recent times. This analysis establishes ancient Egyptian mummies as a genetic source to study ancient human history and offers the perspective of deciphering Egypt’s past at a genome-wide level.
We found the ancient Egyptian samples falling distinct from modern Egyptians, and closer towards Near Eastern and European samples
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the media evolution of titles/subject
1) We found the ancient Egyptian samples falling distinct from modern Egyptians, and closer towards Near Eastern and European samples
2) ancient Egyptians: First ever genome study of mummies reveals they were more Turkish and European than African
original article
3)Ancient Egyptians were more European than African, groundbreaking DNA research reveals
Interesting how the original biased study said Near Eastern and European samples, later on even the first relatedness they claimed, Near Eastern was removed from the topic and just Europeans remains. And in one day this Worldstar version has hit 80k + views, approaching double of the other version on youtube that was posted end of may 2017.
Nevertheless Verena J. Schuenemann et al of the University of Tübingen, affiliated with the nearby Max Planck Institute made over-reaching, biased assumptions about the ancient Egyptians in the original article "Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods"
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quote:The Greek term aithiops (aitho- ‘burnt’ + ops- ‘face’) identifies African peoples as darker-skinned than their Greek counterparts. The place name, Aithiopia, can denote the upper Nile region just to the south of Egypt plus the Sahara and areas beyond. (Herodotus reserves the term Aithiopia for sub-Saharan Africa.)
quote: An international team of scientists, led by researchers from the University of Tuebingen and the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena, successfully recovered and analyzed ancient DNA from Egyptian mummies dating from approximately 1400 BCE to 400 CE, including the first genome-wide nuclear data from three individuals, establishing ancient Egyptian mummies as a reliable source for genetic material to study the ancient past.
It’s ironic, because Hatshepsut (29.3.2) ca. 1473–1458 B.C is the predecessor to Amenhotep II. There is evidence that Hatshepsut had diplomatic and trading relations with Horn Africans.
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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"Our analyses reveal that ancient Egyptians shared more ancestry with Near Easterners than present-day Egyptians, who received additional sub-Saharan admixture in more recent times."
How does that explain the Mesolithic presence of these Africans who were tropical adapted in body portions and limb ratio vs the cold adapted Europeans and West Asians? Something doesn't addup here.
How can this be?
quote:
Figure 1: Images of North African prehistoric rock and cave paintings. From (a, b) Swimmer’s Cave (Wadi Sura, southern Egypt), (c) the Ennedi massif (northeastern Chad) and (d) Zolat el Hammad, Wadi Howar (northern Sudan).
Evidence for the African Humid Period The Early Holocene AHP is one of the most thoroughly documented and well-dated climate change events in the geologic record, and the number and diversity of paleoclimate records is remarkable (COHMAP Members, 1988; deMenocal et al., 2000; Gasse, 2000; Hoelzmann et al., 1998; Jolly, 1998; Kroepelin, 2008; Kuper and Kröpelin, 2006). Through these terrestrial and marine records we can document both the timing and extent of the humid interval. Geological evidence for past lake basins in the Sahara are commonly found near interdune depressions and other low-lying regions, where ancient lake bed sediment outcrops and shoreline deposits are exposed. Most of the early Holocene paleolakes were small, but numerous and widespread (Figure 2b). Some lake basins in North Africa were exceptionally large, as large as the Caspian Sea today. These so-called megalakes occurred in the North (Megalake Fezzan, Libya), South (Megalake Chad, Chad/Niger/Nigeria), West (Chotts Megalakes, Algeria) and East (Megalakes Turkana and Kenya) (Drake and Bristow, 2006). Based on their stratigraphic records, these must have been permanent, open-basin lakes, indicating that annual moisture supply exceeded evaporation for many millennia during the AHP, even in the driest regions of the modern-day Sahara.
A continent-wide compilation of past lake-level reconstructions (the Oxford Lake Level Database (OLLD) (COHMAP Members, 1988; Street-Perrott et al., 1989)) updated with lake-level reconstructions published in the last twenty years (Tierney et al., 2011) chronicles the changes in lake levels that occurred across Africa as a result of the African Humid Period (Figure 2b). This database classifies lakes as "low" (lake is within 0–15% of its potential volume or dry), "intermediate" (lake is within 15–70% of its potential volume) or "high" (lake is within 70–100% of its potential volume or overflowing) every 1000 years during the late-glacial period and the Holocene. The difference in lake levels at 9000 years — the height of the African Humid Period — relative to the conditions today shows that the extent of the AHP across the continent was vast — extending from the far northern Sahara to as far south as 10˚S in East Africa (Figure 3).
]Paleoclimate and archaeological evidence tells us that, 11,000-5,000 years ago, the Earth's slow orbital 'wobble' transformed today's Sahara desert to a land covered with vegetation and lakes.
quote:"Many of the sites reveal evidence of important interactions between Nilotic and Saharan groups during the formative phases of the Egyptian Predynastic Period (e.g. Wadi el-Hôl, Rayayna, Nuq’ Menih, Kurkur Oasis). Other sites preserve important information regarding the use of the desert routes during the Protodynastic and Pharaonic Periods, particularly during periods of political and military turmoil in the Nile Valley (e.g. Gebel Tjauti, Wadi el-Hôl)."
posted
Were all predynastic Egyptians more closely related (biologically or culturally) with one another than Levanites or Sudanese? Is the history of one group of people living along the Egyptian Nile during the predynastic the same for them all?
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Tukuler
multidisciplinary Black Scholar
Member # 19944
posted
^ See
Hayes 1964 Most Ancient Egypt Shaw 2004 The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt Török 2009 The Frontier Region between Ancient Nubia and Egypt
quote:Originally posted by Oshun: Were all predynastic Egyptians more closely related (biologically or culturally) with one another than Levanites or Sudanese? Is the history of one group of people living along the Egyptian Nile during the predynastic the same for them all?
I have posted these sources several times. You need to read and save them in a database.
quote:"Many of the sites reveal evidence of important interactions between Nilotic and Saharan groups during the formative phases of the Egyptian Predynastic Period (e.g. Wadi el-Hôl, Rayayna, Nuq’ Menih, Kurkur Oasis). Other sites preserve important information regarding the use of the desert routes during the Protodynastic and Pharaonic Periods, particularly during periods of political and military turmoil in the Nile Valley (e.g. Gebel Tjauti, Wadi el-Hôl)."
quote:"The ancient Egyptians were not 'white' in any European sense, nor were they 'Caucasian'... we can say that the earliest population of ancient Egypt included African people from the upper Nile, African people from the regions of the Sahara and modern Libya, and smaller numbers of people who had come from south-western Asia and perhaps the Arabian penisula."
~Morkot, Robert (2005) The Egyptians: An Introduction. (pp. 12-13)
quote:"When the Elephantine results were added to a broader pooling of the physical characteristics drawn from a wide geographic region which includes Africa, the Mediterranean and the Near East quite strong affinities emerge between Elephantine and populations from Nubia, supporting a strong south-north cline."
~Barry Kemp.(Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization. p. 54)(2006)
quote:"...sample populations available from northern Egypt from before the 1st Dynasty (Merimda, Maadi and Wadi Digla) turn out to be significantly different from sample populations from early Palestine and Byblos, suggesting a lack of common ancestors over a long time. If there was a south-north cline variation along the Nile valley it did not, from this limited evidence, continue smoothly on into southern Palestine. The limb-length proportions of males from the Egyptian sites group them with Africans rather than with Europeans."
~Barry Kemp, Ancient Egypt Anatomy of a Civilisation.( Routledge. p. 52-60)(2005)
However,
quote:"The Niger-Congo speakers, Congo, Dahomey and Haya, cluster closely with each other and a bit less closely with the Nubian sample, both the recent and the Bronze Age Nubians, and more remotely with the Naqada Bronze Age sample of Egypt, the modern Somalis, and the Arabic-speaking Fellaheen (farmers) of Israel. When those samples are separated and run in a single analysis as in Fig. 1, there clearly is a tie between them that is diluted the farther one gets from sub-Saharan Africa"
~Brace, (2005)
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My questions were intended to be rhetorical and were in response to the "how can this be" question above (though that may have also been rhetorical). Maybe I should've quoted it. If so, my bad. I wasn't expecting an insightful response with data or conjecture, but it's nevertheless welcomed.
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quote:Originally posted by Oshun: My questions were intended to be rhetorical and were in response to the "how can this be" question above (though that may have also been rhetorical). Maybe I should've quoted it. If so, my bad. I wasn't expecting an insightful response with data or conjecture, but it's nevertheless welcomed.
Ok, you should have put a smily in there. Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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Max Planck Association scientist and administrators took part in the murder of innocent men, women and children prior to and during the Nazi Reign of Terror in Germany. In fact, it was Two Max Plank Association Presidents, Eugene Fischer and Ernest Rudin who helped Hitler create the scientific rationalization for enslaving and slaughtering millions of people! They promoted the doctrines of "Racial Hygiene", and "Social Darwinism", which resulted in Germany's social policies and laws to sterilize and kill people of color. There most heinous of their Scientific Branches were the max Planck Institution of Human Evolution, Genetics and Eugenics. It was in this Institution were the most fraudulent and misleading forms of science practiced. They manipulated data, created fraudulent experiments and just lied in order to meet preconceived conclusions. The other Max Planck Institute of concern was the Bio-chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Institute. The Scientist in these divisions created the gas that killed several million Jews imprisoned in German concentration camps. They also experimented with and killed hundreds of Jewish and Black children. Scientist and Medical Doctors from the University of Tubingen also served at Max Planck Association. One of these was responsible for the torture and death of thousands of "patients", including 1500 sets of twins. Like countless other murderous, racist, and insane German scientist (Eugenics), they were let out of prison in order to lead the next generation of Eurocentric academia with its Eugenic eyes firmly fixed on the next target. The so called, "Third World". (Thank you, Rockefeller foundation) Many believe that the Max Planck Association is still the center for Neo-Nazi science even though I'm sure they would deny it. However, for the past few years their been several investigations about their Nazi Past. It also did not help them when someone snitched about the stock pile of brains; from the concentration camp victims, that happened to still be in their lab refrigerators. EEEW! Many people have been caught up with the, "Fraudulent Egyptian DNA study".
I have concerns about how Africans and African Americans are responding to these studies. First, Why are we debating this crap with them? These studies are led by German and Swiss scientific organizations. The very same ones who killed millions during the last wave of scientific based racial murder and mayhem! They have 100 year history of using fake science to sterilize, euthanize, subjugate and murder millions. And then we trust the Mormons! They believe in Racist doctrines such as; Afro-Americans can not go to heaven unless they first turn white! These Mormons own most of the DNA internet sites. It is ridiculous to me to get into serious discussion with people with such long histories of racist misconduct. It's like a chicken asking a fox, "What's for dinner?" Nope! I just can't see it!
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Does anybody get it! Dr. Johannes Strauss of Max Planck Genetics and Ancient Plague Diseases and Dr. Svante Paabo of Max Planck Association, Genetics and retrovirology. Dr. Strauss is a professor at the University of Tubingen; the same school that spawned some of the most murderous and racist doctors recorded in our modern era! Did you folks watch "Infinity Wars"? The Villain kept repeating his murderous theme of "mercy killings". He said that it was necessary to kill over half the people in the galaxy in order to make a better galaxy. In other words, "Galactic Genocide". Only he determines who will live and who will die.
Ok, Argue with Mormons and Nazi Germans if you want. If that your DNA thing to do.
Hotep!
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