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beyoku
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First Genetic Insight into Libyan Tuaregs: A Maternal Perspective


quote:
The Tuaregs are a semi-nomadic pastoralist people of northwest Africa. Their origins are still a matter of debate due to the scarcity of genetic and historical data. Here we report the first data on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genetic characterization of a Tuareg sample from Fezzan (Libyan Sahara). A total of 129 individuals from two villages in the Acacus region were genetically analysed. Both the hypervariable regions and the coding region of mtDNA were investigated. Phylogeographic investigation was carried out in order to reconstruct human migratory shifts in central Sahara, and to shed light on the origin of the Libyan Tuaregs. Our results clearly show low genetic diversity in the sample, possibly due to genetic drift and founder effect associated with the separation of Libyan Tuaregs from an ancestral population. Furthermore, the maternal genetic pool of the Libyan Tuaregs is characterized by a major „European" component shared with the Berbers that could be traced to the Iberian Peninsula, as well as a minor 'south Saharan' contribution possibly linked to both Eastern African and Near Eastern populations.


Anyone able to get this full text for me?
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Neferet
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I have this saved on my computer since it's in my DNA.

Google:

phD_tesi_ottoni.pdf

It is Chapter 1 (full version 194 pgs.)

http://dspace.uniroma2.it/dspace/bitstream/2108/646/1/PhD_Tesi_Ottoni.pdf


quote:
Originally posted by astenb:
First Genetic Insight into Libyan Tuaregs: A Maternal Perspective


quote:
The Tuaregs are a semi-nomadic pastoralist people of northwest Africa. Their origins are still a matter of debate due to the scarcity of genetic and historical data. Here we report the first data on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genetic characterization of a Tuareg sample from Fezzan (Libyan Sahara). A total of 129 individuals from two villages in the Acacus region were genetically analysed. Both the hypervariable regions and the coding region of mtDNA were investigated. Phylogeographic investigation was carried out in order to reconstruct human migratory shifts in central Sahara, and to shed light on the origin of the Libyan Tuaregs. Our results clearly show low genetic diversity in the sample, possibly due to genetic drift and founder effect associated with the separation of Libyan Tuaregs from an ancestral population. Furthermore, the maternal genetic pool of the Libyan Tuaregs is characterized by a major „European" component shared with the Berbers that could be traced to the Iberian Peninsula, as well as a minor 'south Saharan' contribution possibly linked to both Eastern African and Near Eastern populations.


Anyone able to get this full text for me?

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the lioness,
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excerpt:

Of note is that the other Tuareg sample described in the literature (Watson et al., 1996) (Western Tuaregs) did not show a close genetic relationship with the Libyan Tuaregs, implying a genetic heterogeneity of the Tuaregs. This difference appears to be primarily caused by the low frequency (8%) of the European component in the Western Tuaregs, characteristic of northern African populations. After the removal of the H and V haplotypes, the Libyan Tuaregs showed a strong affiliation with the Eastern populations, while the Western Tuaregs associated more with the Central and Western African populations.

I don't have the full article

_________________________

also see:

Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel.

Pereira L, Cerný V, Cerezo M, Silva NM, Hájek M, Vašíková A, Kujanová M, Brdička R, Salas A

Abstract

The Tuareg presently live in the Sahara and the Sahel. Their ancestors are commonly believed to be the Garamantes of the Libyan Fezzan, ever since it was suggested by authors of antiquity. Biological evidence, based on classical genetic markers, however, indicates kinship with the Beja of Eastern Sudan. Our study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences and Y chromosome SNPs of three different southern Tuareg groups from Mali, Burkina Faso and the Republic of Niger reveals a West Eurasian-North African composition of their gene pool. The data show that certain genetic lineages could not have been introduced into this population earlier than approximately 9000 years ago whereas local expansions establish a minimal date at around 3000 years ago. Some of the mtDNA haplogroups observed in the Tuareg population were involved in the post-Last Glacial Maximum human expansion from Iberian refugia towards both Europe and North Africa. Interestingly, no Near Eastern mtDNA lineages connected with the Neolithic expansion have been observed in our population sample. On the other hand, the Y chromosome SNPs data show that the paternal lineages can very probably be traced to the Near Eastern Neolithic demic expansion towards North Africa, a period that is otherwise concordant with the above-mentioned mtDNA expansion. The time frame for the migration of the Tuareg towards the African Sahel belt overlaps that of early Holocene climatic changes across the Sahara (from the optimal greening approximately 10 000 YBP to the extant aridity beginning at approximately 6000 YBP) and the migrations of other African nomadic peoples in the area.European Journal of Human Genetics advance online publication, 17 March 2010; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.21.

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beyoku
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quote:
Originally posted by NeferKemet:
I have this saved on my computer since it's in my DNA.

Google:

phD_tesi_ottoni.pdf

It is Chapter 1 (full version 194 pgs.)

http://dspace.uniroma2.it/dspace/bitstream/2108/646/1/PhD_Tesi_Ottoni.pdf


quote:
Originally posted by astenb:
First Genetic Insight into Libyan Tuaregs: A Maternal Perspective


quote:
The Tuaregs are a semi-nomadic pastoralist people of northwest Africa. Their origins are still a matter of debate due to the scarcity of genetic and historical data. Here we report the first data on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genetic characterization of a Tuareg sample from Fezzan (Libyan Sahara). A total of 129 individuals from two villages in the Acacus region were genetically analysed. Both the hypervariable regions and the coding region of mtDNA were investigated. Phylogeographic investigation was carried out in order to reconstruct human migratory shifts in central Sahara, and to shed light on the origin of the Libyan Tuaregs. Our results clearly show low genetic diversity in the sample, possibly due to genetic drift and founder effect associated with the separation of Libyan Tuaregs from an ancestral population. Furthermore, the maternal genetic pool of the Libyan Tuaregs is characterized by a major „European" component shared with the Berbers that could be traced to the Iberian Peninsula, as well as a minor 'south Saharan' contribution possibly linked to both Eastern African and Near Eastern populations.


Anyone able to get this full text for me?

This is close but this is not the other study. I think Ottoni used this paper for his Thesis but LATER published a smaller paper (possibly with the same or additional samples) that was published by the 'Annals of Human Genetics'.
The very long study you posted has a date of 2008 but the newer study has a date of 2009 although they use the same samples.

Also this quote (Bold) is not found in the large article but comes from the new one. The samples are the same though. I am L0a1a and have matches in Sudan/Chad/etc. All help is appreciated.

quote:
Annals of Human Genetics

First Genetic Insight into Libyan Tuaregs: A Maternal Perspective

Claudio Ottoni et al.

Phylogeographic analysis of L0a1a highlighted a genetic affinity of the Libyan Tuaregs with the Northeast African and the Near Eastern populations. More particularly, this holds true when the Libyan Tuareg L2a1 lineages were grouped with the 16189-16192-16309A! sub-branch. Interestingly, the coalesence age calculated in the typically Near Eastern 16189-16192-16309A! cluster of full mtDNAs (16,012 yrs, SD 5,661) was very close to the values observed in the L0a1a cluster (i.e., 14,678 yrs, SD 4,811). Noteworthy is that similar coalesence ages and geographic distributions were observed in the Y-chromosome haplogroup E-V12* (Cruciani et al., 2007), which is related to the movement of people from East Africa northward through the Nile Valley and spreading also into the Central Sahara and the Arabian peninsula. Accordingly, a relationship between L2a1 and L0a1a mtDNA lineages and this migration flow is proposed.


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Neferet
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I suppose you can pay the $29.95 fee to access it.


quote:
Originally posted by astenb:
quote:
Originally posted by NeferKemet:
I have this saved on my computer since it's in my DNA.

Google:

phD_tesi_ottoni.pdf

It is Chapter 1 (full version 194 pgs.)

http://dspace.uniroma2.it/dspace/bitstream/2108/646/1/PhD_Tesi_Ottoni.pdf


quote:
Originally posted by astenb:
First Genetic Insight into Libyan Tuaregs: A Maternal Perspective


quote:
The Tuaregs are a semi-nomadic pastoralist people of northwest Africa. Their origins are still a matter of debate due to the scarcity of genetic and historical data. Here we report the first data on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genetic characterization of a Tuareg sample from Fezzan (Libyan Sahara). A total of 129 individuals from two villages in the Acacus region were genetically analysed. Both the hypervariable regions and the coding region of mtDNA were investigated. Phylogeographic investigation was carried out in order to reconstruct human migratory shifts in central Sahara, and to shed light on the origin of the Libyan Tuaregs. Our results clearly show low genetic diversity in the sample, possibly due to genetic drift and founder effect associated with the separation of Libyan Tuaregs from an ancestral population. Furthermore, the maternal genetic pool of the Libyan Tuaregs is characterized by a major „European" component shared with the Berbers that could be traced to the Iberian Peninsula, as well as a minor 'south Saharan' contribution possibly linked to both Eastern African and Near Eastern populations.


Anyone able to get this full text for me?

This is close but this is not the other study. I think Ottoni used this paper for his Thesis but LATER published a smaller paper (possibly with the same or additional samples) that was published by the 'Annals of Human Genetics'.
The very long study you posted has a date of 2008 but the newer study has a date of 2009 although they use the same samples.

Also this quote (Bold) is not found in the large article but comes from the new one. The samples are the same though. I am L0a1a and have matches in Sudan/Chad/etc. All help is appreciated.

quote:
Annals of Human Genetics

First Genetic Insight into Libyan Tuaregs: A Maternal Perspective

Claudio Ottoni et al.

Phylogeographic analysis of L0a1a highlighted a genetic affinity of the Libyan Tuaregs with the Northeast African and the Near Eastern populations. More particularly, this holds true when the Libyan Tuareg L2a1 lineages were grouped with the 16189-16192-16309A! sub-branch. Interestingly, the coalesence age calculated in the typically Near Eastern 16189-16192-16309A! cluster of full mtDNAs (16,012 yrs, SD 5,661) was very close to the values observed in the L0a1a cluster (i.e., 14,678 yrs, SD 4,811). Noteworthy is that similar coalesence ages and geographic distributions were observed in the Y-chromosome haplogroup E-V12* (Cruciani et al., 2007), which is related to the movement of people from East Africa northward through the Nile Valley and spreading also into the Central Sahara and the Arabian peninsula. Accordingly, a relationship between L2a1 and L0a1a mtDNA lineages and this migration flow is proposed.



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the lioness,
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quote:
Originally posted by NeferKemet:
I suppose you can pay the $29.95 fee to access it.

don't have to

http://www.htmlpublish.com/convert-pdf-to-html/success.aspx?zip=DocStorage/f99dfa8e8f974daea6e66e68a


First Genetic Insight into Libyan Tuaregs: A Maternal Perspective

Claudio Ottoni1, Cristina Mart´ınez-Labarga1, Eva-Liis Loogvali¨2, Erwan Pennarun2,
Alessandro Achilli3, Flavio De Angelis1, Emiliano Trucchi1, Irene Contini1, Gianfranco Biondi4 and
Olga Rickards1∗

Summary
The Tuaregs are a semi-nomadic pastoralist people of northwest Africa. Their origins are still a matter of debate due to the scarcity of genetic and historical data. Here we report the first data on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genetic characterization of a Tuareg sample from Fezzan (Libyan Sahara). A total of 129 individuals from two villages in the Acacus region were genetically analysed. Both the hypervariable regions and the coding region of mtDNA were investigated. Phylogeographic investigation was carried out in order to reconstruct human migratory shifts in central Sahara, and to shed light on the origin of the Libyan Tuaregs. Our results clearly show low genetic diversity in the sample, possibly due to genetic drift and founder effect associated with the separation of Libyan Tuaregs from an ancestral population. Furthermore, the maternal genetic pool of the Libyan Tuaregs is characterized by a major “European” component shared with the Berbers that could be traced to the Iberian Peninsula, as well as a minor ‘south Saharan’ contribution possibly linked to both Eastern African and Near Eastern populations.

Introduction
The Tuaregs are a semi-nomadic, pastoralist people of north- western Africa (southern Algeria, southwestern Libya, Mali and Niger), and in fewer numbers inhabit Burkina Faso, Chad and Nigeria. Their origin is unclear as the scarcity of writ- ten chronicles prevents a reliable reconstruction of their his- tory. Most Arabian historians and geographers report that the Tuaregs descend from Arabic or Semitic populations that reached the Maghreb after various military campaigns and progressively entered the southern parts of the region, where they intermingled with the local Berber populations (Lhote, 1955; Hama, 1967). The Tuaregs speak a Berber language, Tamajaq (also called Tamasheq or Tamahaq, according to the region where it is spoken), which appears to have several
dialects spoken in different regions (Greenberg, 1970). The Tamajaq writing system is the Tifinagh (also called Shifinagh and Tifinar), whose origins remain unclear. An old version of Tifinagh, also known as Libyco-Berber, dates to between the 3rd century BC and the 3rd century AD in northwestern Africa (Gaudio, 1993).
Despite their sharing a common language and culture, the Tuareg population has always been divided into differ- ent groups called confederations. Precolonial organization of Tuareg society was based on rigid division into social classes and reflected tribal separation. French colonization in the early 20th century, long periods of war, and Tuareg group rebellions between 1916 and 1919 severely weakened the Tuareg socio-political system. Under French rule, most of the slaves were set free and the confederations disassembled (Giazzi, 1996). This was accompanied by a significant decline in pastoralism: nomad tribes were confined to areas desig- nated by the new administration, and pastoral activities were restricted to small ranges. Many Libyan Tuaregs came to Libya from Chad, Algeria and Niger, and settled in the south of the country, near Ghat and Ubarj (Fig. 1) (Gaudio, 1993).


Genetic data collected so far on the Tuaregs are quite scarce (Cavalli-Sforza et al., 1994; Watson et al., 1996; Gonzalez et al., 2006; Martinez-Labarga et al., 2007). Nuclear genetic markers show a high genetic affinity between the Tuaregs and Eastern African populations from Ethiopia, and with the Beja in particular (Cavalli-Sforza et al., 1994). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data collected from the Tuaregs of Mali, Niger and Nigeria show a high affinity of the Tuaregs with western south Saharan populations (Watson et al., 1996; Rando et al., 1998, Gonzalez et al., 2006).
The present work aimed to trace the origin of the Libyan Tuaregs inhabiting the Fezzan, in southwestern Libya (Fig. 1) through analysis of mtDNA lineages in two samples from the region of Tahala near the Acacus massif. Oral traditions in the villages of Fezzan claim that the Tuaregs directly descend from the Garamantes, whose presence in the central Sahara can be dated to between 2700 and 1800 years ago (Liverani, 2000). Nevertheless, the origin of the Garamantes and their relation- ship with the pastoral peoples inhabiting the Sahara during the second half of the Holocene are largely unknown. The molecular data from the Tuareg sample presented here con- stitute the first mtDNA genetic study to focus on the Tuaregs and offer an insight into an African region that is genetically almost unknown: the central Sahara. It might be said that the Sahara is nearly uninhabited; nonetheless, we think that the small local ethnic groups, both sedentary and nomadic, that occupy this region represent an important source for collect- ing information about the dynamics of human migrations in the Sahara and northern Africa as well.
Materials and Methods
DNA Extraction and mtDNA Analysis
Two batches of mouth swab samples from healthy and mater- nally unrelated individuals of ascertained Tuareg descent were collected from Fezzan (Libya). A total of 129 individuals were genetically analyzed: 111 from the village of Al Awaynat and 18 from the neighbouring village of Tahala (Fig. 1). Both the vil- lages have about 500 inhabitants. Appropriate informed consent to anonymously use their data was obtained from all individuals. Sample collection was carried out as part of the Italian-Libyan Archaeological Mission in the Acacus and Messak (Libyan Sahara) of the University of Rome La Sapienza and the Department of Antiquities, Tripoli, directed by Prof. Savino di Lernia and the late Ebrahim Azzebi.
Total genomic DNA was extracted from mouth swab sam- ples as previously described in the literature (Budowle et al., 2000). PCR amplification of the first and second hypervariable segments (HVS-I and HVS-II) of mtDNA was carried out in a 25-μl reaction volume. The primers in the amplification reac- tions allowed us to read clear sequences from nucleotide position (np) 15996 to 16401 and np 00029 to 00408 for HVS-I and HVS-II, respectively (Rickards et al., 1999, 2001). When hap- logroup classification could not be properly resolved by sequenc- ing HVS-I and the HVS-II, selected diagnostic markers in the mtDNA coding region were analyzed by RFLP screening and sequencing. Details about the primers and the PCR conditions are reported as Supporting Information (Tables S1-S4 available on the journal’s website).
Population Genetic and Phylogeographic Analysis
Each mtDNA sequence was phylogenetically classified accord- ing to the literature (Salas et al., 2002; Achilli et al., 2004, 2005; Olivieri et al., 2006; Torroni et al., 2006; Behar et al., 2008). Published HVS-I sequences were used for comparative analysis: a total of 5,757 HVS-I sequences from 92 African population samples were entered into a database and divided into geograph- ical groups: Northern Africa, Eastern Africa, Western Africa, Central Africa, Equatorial Africa, Southern Africa (i.e., popu- lations south of the Equator). Literature references and other details about the samples collected in the database are reported in Table S5 as Supplementary Online Material (available on the journal’s website). Database update and file conversion into the appropriate format (i.e., text, fasta, phylip) were done with the mtDNA 2.4 program (kindly provided by E. Fabrini; for details see http://www.doppiovu3.it/mtdna/index.htm). In addition to the comparative survey, which relies mainly on the huge amount of published HVS-I data collected so far, we performed higher C. Ottoni et al.
resolution comparison analysis of the L sequences based on the latest tree of complete mtDNA sequences reported in Behar et al., 2008. This comparative survey provided valuable phy- logeographic information about the lineages characterizing the individuals in our collection.
We used the Arlequin 2.000 program (Schneider et al., 2000) to calculate the standard diversity indices (i.e., sample size, num- ber of haplotypes, number of polymorphic sites, haplotype di- versity) and the molecular indices (mean number of pairwise differences) of the populations in our database on the basis of the HVS-I haplotype (Schneider et al., 2000). For the Libyan Tuareg sample, these parameters were calculated by combining the HVS-I and HVS-II haplotypes.
Bayesian 95% credible regions (CRs) and a χ 2 test were per- formed on the haplogroup frequencies observed in the two Libyan Tuareg samples. Bayesian 95% CRs were calculated with the Sampling program (kindly provided by V. Macaulay, Depart- ment of Statistics, University of Glasgow).
Computation of Slatkin’s linearized FST was done with Ar- lequin 2.000 software, and HVS-I sequences for each popula- tion were used as input data. The Libyan Tuaregs from both Al Awaynat and Tahala were pooled together to calculate the ma- trix of Slatkin’s linearized FST. A second matrix was calculated after excluding the non-originally African haplotypes from the Libyan Tuaregs. Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) of Slatkin’s lin- earized FST genetic distances between all database samples was done for each matrix with Statistica 6.0 software (StatSoft, Inc. Tulsa, OK), and the data were represented on a two-dimensional plot.
Median Joining (Bandelt et al., 1999) (MJ, ε = 0) network analysis and Reduced Median (Bandelt et al., 1995) (RM, r = 2) network analysis were carried out to locate most of the HVS- I haplotypes observed in the Tuareg sample in the context of other lineages collected from literature in the database. All net- works were performed at the haplogroup level using Network 4.5 software (Fluxus Technology Ltd., Clare, Suffolk, UK). Weights were assigned to the polymorphic sites according to their rel- ative mutation rate (Allard et al., 2002). For the H1 lineages, published African, European and Asian haplotype data (Achilli et al., 2004; Loogvali¨ et al., 2004; Coudray et al., 2009) were used together with 169 North African sequences from Algeria, Morocco, Libya and Tunisia (Table S6), which are characterised by the H1 diagnostic substitution G3010A. From this dataset of H1 sequences, HVS-I haplotypes that are shared or closely related to Libyan Tuareg were shown in the network. Furthermore, in order to have a clearer resolution of the network, polymorphic status at np 00073 in HVS-II was considered in the analysis. The original African Tuareg lineages were plotted in the latest phy- logenetic tree of complete African mtDNA sequences available in the literature (Behar et al., 2008). When relevant, coalescence time estimation was carried out: the ρ (rho) statistic (Forster et al., 1996) and its standard deviation as defined by the parame- ter σ (sigma) (Saillard et al., 2000) were calculated and converted into years according to the rate of 1 synonymous transition/ 8,006 years (E-L Loogvali,¨ T Kivisild, T Margus, R Villems, in preparation()

Results
MtDNA Gene Pool in the Libyan Tuaregs
Haplogroup affiliations and HVS-I and HVS-II sequences were determined for 129 Tuareg individuals. In the two sam- ples collected from the villages of Al Awaynat and Tahala (Table 1), the haplogroup frequencies were not dissimilar, as suggested by 95% Credible Regions (data not shown). Very similar frequencies were noted for H1, which comprised the main component in both samples (Table 1), while the fre- quency of haplogroup L1b1 was unexpectedly higher in the Tahala sample. These results were statistically confirmed by χ 2 analysis which provided non-significant p values (p > 0.01) when the L1b1 haplogroup was excluded. For this reason, and considering that the main objective of this study was not to determine the genetic relationship between the neighbour- ing villages of Al Awaynat and Tahala, the two samples were subsequently analysed together.
A total of 79 mtDNAs (61%) were characterised by the diagnostic RFLP markers of −7025 AluI, and −14766 MseI, and by the transition at np 3010. This pattern of mutations allowed us to assign these mtDNAs to H1, the main H sub- haplogroup. Within the H1 haplotypes, 68 shared the same HVS-I/HVS-II pattern (CRS/263). The HVS-I transition at 16298 and the HVS-II transversion at np 72, together with the RFLP marker −4577 NlaIII and the mutation at np 15904,
Table 1 Absolute and relative haplogroup frequencies in the Tuareg samples from the villages of Al Awaynat and Tahala (Fezzan, Libya) analysed in the present study.

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allowed classification of five additional mtDNAs (4%) into haplogroup V. In contrast, haplogroup M1 and south Saharan lineages within L0, L1, L2 and L3 were observed at a lower frequency (35%) than the typically Western Eurasian H1 and V (65%) (Table 1). L2a1 (9%) and L0a1a (6%) were the most frequent originally African haplogroups. Transitions at nps 143 and 12693 allowed classification of 12 Tuareg mtDNAs as L2a1. Among these, 11 were characterised by a reversion at np 16309 (16309A!). According to the latest L2a1 phylogeny (Behar et al., 2008), a reversion to 16309A was observed in at least seven L2a1 clusters of full mtDNAs, while motif 16189– 16192-16309A!, which characterizes the Libyan Tuaregs, was observed in two different L2a1 sub-clades. One individual was classified as L2a1a due to the presence of a reversion at np 143 and a mutation at np 16286. The L0a1a Tuareg lineages were defined by the transition at np 200; more particularly, the presence of a transition at np 64 might allow us to group them in a specific L0a1a sub-clade. The five L1b1 lineages were characterised by a mutation at np 2768; specifically, two individuals from Al Awaynat were assigned to L1b1a because of a mutation at np 5393. The L3e haplotypes were charac- terised by the RFLP marker +2349 MboI; their assignment to the L3e sub-haplogroups was based on the HVS-I and HVS- II patterns. The mutation at np 7645, together with 152 and 16260, made it possible to assign three individuals to L3i2, while motif 189–200-16292-16311 observed in two individ- uals was diagnostic for L3f1b. Haplotype L2b was defined by motif 204–16114-16129–16213, together with the RFLP marker +4157 AluI. Finally, two individuals were affiliated to M1 due to the −10397 AluI. A complete list of muta- tions observed in each individual is reported in Table S7 as Supporting Information (available on the journal’s website).
As shown in Table 2, despite the relatively large sample size, the Libyan Tuareg sample showed the lowest number of different haplotypes, followed by two Pygmy populations, the Mbuti and the Mbenzele. The high homogeneity at the haplotype level was reflected by the lowest value of hap- lotype diversity. This is also true when considering only the South-Saharan component in the Libyan Tuareg sample (H = 0.909 ± 0.025). The Tuaregs were also characterised by the lowest mean number of pairwise differences.
Comparisons with other African Populations
The results of the MDS suggest that geographical criteria can explain the grouping of populations on the two-dimensional plot. Almost all North African populations located at one end of the first dimension, with the remaining populations (i.e., Western, Eastern, Equatorial and Southern African samples) at the other end (Fig. 2). Berber groups and some isolates (i.e., Ac¸ores islanders, Canary islanders, Madeira islanders) fromNorth Africa occupied the most marginal position on the left of our two-dimensional plot, together with the Libyan Tuareg sample. A further geographical partition into East- Central-West might be observed according to the second di- mension. African populations south of the Equator located at the top-right fringe of the plot (e.g., Khwe, Mozambique, and Southeast Bantu). The analysis was repeated after re- moving all the ‘extra-African’ haplotypes (i.e., the haplo- types classified as H1 and V) from the Libyan Tuareg sample. Interestingly, the two-dimensional representation showed a shift of the Libyan Tuaregs from nearby the other north- ern African populations toward the Eastern African samples (Fig. 2).
Phylogeography of Lineages H1, L2a and L0a1
A detailed phylogeographic analysis of the H1 lineage and the African haplogroups observed in the Tuareg samples (L and M1) was carried out. Only the results of the most represented lineages (H1, L2a and L0a1) are reported here.
The network of H1 haplotypes (Fig. 3) shows that the CRS-3010 haplotype, which is the central node of the net- work, is widely distributed in northern African populations, including the Berbers and the Tuaregs, while the Eurasian samples show much more diversity. In order to include in our comparative analysis other north African populations that have not been typed for the H1 marker (i.e., the transition at np 3010), a comparison of the HVS-I H-CRS haplo- type frequencies among the African populations was car- ried out (Table 3). Again, results show that this haplotype is well spread in northwestern Africa, especially among some Berber groups, where it may account for more than 15% of their mtDNA pool. The coalescence age of H1 varia- tion in the Tuareg sample was estimated to be 1800 years (SE 1550). More remarkably, after focusing exclusively on the H1-CRS, we calculated that with a 95% probability the age of a clade that shows 72 times no mutations is not older than 850 years.
Phylogeographic investigation of the L2a1 lineages was lim- ited to the comparison with the tree of fully sequenced mtD- NAs from Behar et al., 2008. The major concern when using HVS-I haplotypes was that L2a1 could have been misclassi- fied as L2a because of the lack of 16309G, as described by old classification schemes (Salas et al., 2002). The three Tuareg haplotypes clustered in a specific clade defined by transition A3203G. Results of the investigation of the variable positions in the coding region and HVS-I motif 16189–16192-16309A! (see Table S7) suggested that the Tuareg haplotypes could be assigned to the sub-clade that included three sequences from the Arabian peninsula and one from Israel (samples L430, L442, L584 and L313 in Behar et al., 2008). Coalescence age

 -

was calculated in this cluster of full mtDNAs (excluding the partial Tuareg mtDNAs) and a value of 16,012 yrs (SD 5661) was observed.
The eight identical L0a1a haplotypes were characterised by a reversion at np 16223 and HVS-II mutations at nps 146 and 150. They could be possibly attributed to L0a1a- 64T clade encompassing mainly Eastern and Central Africa (2 haplotypes in Egypt, 1 in Sudan and 1 in Chad) and, more interestingly, one Israeli mtDNA (samples L407, L408, L259p and L553 in Behar et al., 2008). Coalescence time in this clade was 14,678 years (SD 4,811). A similar geographic distribution was observed in the MJ network of 221 HVS-I L0a1 haplotypes (Fig. S1 Supporting Information), in which the eight Libyan Tuaregs departed through 16223C! from a root that is widely distributed in eastern Africa (44% of the haplotypes). Discussion
The Libyan Tuareg sample as a whole appears to be ex- tremely homogenous, as indicated by the low estimate of haplotype diversity. Its value is the lowest ever observed in African populations analysed so far (Table 2). Only 20 dif- ferent HVS-I haplotypes were found in a total of 129 Tu- areg individuals. The reason for this low genetic diversity, at least as regards mtDNA, may be explained by high genetic drift.
Furthermore, the structure of Tuareg society might have reduced the diversity of maternally inherited mtDNA due to matrilocality phenomena (Oota et al., 2001; Bolnick & Smith 2003).
The European Component
A high fraction of HVS-I CRS sequences were present in the Libyan Tuareg sample (56%). Screening of the singlenucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding region al- lowed us to classify all these HVS-I CRS sequences as H1. As observed in the network of the H1 lineages, this haplo- type is widely diffused in northern Africa, both in Berber and Arab communities. This is confirmed by the frequency data in Northern African populations shown in Table 3. Hap- logroup H1, together with haplogroups H3, V and U5b, marked the population expansion that occurred after the Last Glacial Maximum from the Iberian Peninsula and led Late-Pleistocene hunter-gatherers to repopulate central and north- ern Europe (Torroni et al., 1998, 2001, 2006; Achilli et al., 2004; Loogvali¨ et al., 2004) at the same time as another pop- ulation movement is thought to have spread southward into northwest Africa (Achilli et al., 2005; Cherni et al., 2008; Coudray et al., 2009). Haplogroup V was found in the Libyan Tuareg sample at a frequency (4%) comparable to that of other Berber populations, and its presence often coincides with the occurrence of HVS-I H-CRS in the Berber samples (Table 3). So, it is possible that the H-CRS component reflects the presence of H1 in the samples which were not defined at the sub-haplogroup level. The high incidence of H1 in the Libyan Tuaregs, particularly its H-CRS pool, points to a genetic relationship between the Libyan Tuaregs and the Berbers. This is also apparent from the MDS plot, where the Libyan Tuareg sample locates together with Berber populations (Fig. 2). Of note is that the other Tuareg sample described in the litera- ture (Watson et al., 1996) (Western Tuaregs) did not show a close genetic relationship with the Libyan Tuaregs, implying a genetic heterogeneity of the Tuaregs. This difference ap- pears to be primarily caused by the low frequency (8%) of the European component in the Western Tuaregs, characteristic of northern African populations. After the removal of the H and V haplotypes, the Libyan Tuaregs showed a strong affilia- tion with the Eastern populations, while the Western Tuaregs associated more with the Central and Western African pop- ulations (Fig. 2). A scenario can be hypothesized in which the continuously changing Saharan environment, particularly during the second half of the Holocene coinciding with the start of the arid phase (Hassan, 1996, 2002), was responsi- ble for human migratory dynamics that led different Tuareg groups to mix and to separate from one another. In this con- nection, the hypothesis that the Libyan Tuaregs originated through a founder effect from an ancestral Tuareg population seems likely. Moreover, the coalescence age of the H1 varia- tion confirmed that it might have occurred in the second half of the Holocene, about 1,800 years ago, despite the fact that a more recent event seems likely as indicated by the age of the H1-CRS clade. A Berber origin is supported by linguistic data that characterise the Tuareg language as a proto-Berber language (Greenberg, 1970; Gaudio, 1993). Founder effect coupled to subsequent genetic drift might be the explanation of such a high frequency of H1 as well as of the absence of other typically North African haplogroups that are indeed frequent in the Berbers (e.g. U6).
The South Saharan Component
Besides the European genetic component, a minor but more heterogeneous African component was observed in our sam- ples.
Phylogeographic analysis of L0a1a highlighted a genetic affinity of the Libyan Tuaregs with the Northeast African and the Near Eastern populations. More particularly, this holds true when the Libyan Tuareg L2a1 lineages were grouped with the 16189–16192-16309A! sub-branch. Interestingly, the coalescence age calculated in the typically Near Eastern 16189–16192-16309A! cluster of full mtDNAs (16,012 yrs, SD 5,661) was very close to the values observed in the L0a1a cluster (i.e., 14,678 yrs, SD 4,811). Noteworthy is that similar coalescence ages and geographic distributions were observed in the Y-chromosome haplogroup E-V12∗ (Cruciani et al., 2007), which is related to the movement of people from East Africa northward through the Nile Valley and spreading also into the Central Sahara and the Arabian peninsula. Accord ingly, a relationship between the L2a1 and L0a1a mtDNA lineages and this migration flow is proposed. More interest- ingly, the genetic closeness of the Libyan Tuareg lineages to the haplotypes from Saudi Arabia and Israel can be inter- preted as the result of the arrival of pastoral groups from the Near East into North Africa in the early middle Holocene, which is documented by the appearance of sheep and goats in the archaeological records of Egypt and in the Sahara as well (Vermeersch et al., 1994; Wendorf & Schild, 1994; Bradley et al., 1996; Close 2002; Kuper & Kropelin, 2006)
All other south Saharan lineages were represented at very low frequencies (1–3%). That a sporadic introduction of these lineages into the Libyan Tuareg population may have taken place perhaps through the slave trade is confirmed by the typical south Saharan morphological traits of the slaves’ de- scendants.
A remarkable genetic affinity with the Eastern African pop- ulations (particularly with the Beja) was observed for auto- somal markers by Cavalli-Sforza (Cavalli-Sforza et al., 1994). From an analysis of a sample of individuals from many Tu- areg populations in Western and Central Africa, he proposed that the Tuaregs originated through a population split from an ancestral pastoral group in the area between the Nile and the Red Sea in the middle Holocene. Despite some affinity with Eastern African mtDNA lineages, our data differ ap- parently from Cavalli-Sforza’s survey, as he found no close relationship with Berber groups. This might suggest that the geographic connotation is particularly strong in the Tuaregs, so that groups from different areas are genetically different. This has been confirmed by mtDNA data from another Tu- areg sample (Western Tuareg) (Watson et al., 1996).
It is worth noting the low haplotype diversity value of the south Saharan mtDNA pool, which pointed out that genetic drift affected this component in the Tuaregs as well as the European one. An early introduction of south Saharan lineages into the main European matrix could be plausible; however, the hypothesis that both mtDNA components were present in the same founder population cannot be ruled out.
Final Remarks
The mtDNA analysis helped to characterise the Libyan Tu- aregs as a mixed group in which two main components are present. A European component, marked by haplogroups H1 and V, is strongly predominant and is shared with some Berber groups and other north African populations as well. Also present is a typically south Saharan component that shows a genetic relationship with Eastern African populations. The L2a1 and L0a1a lineages could be related to the movement of people from Eastern Africa approximately 15,000 years ago and subsequently via the Near East during pastoral move- ments. Additional studies are needed to collect more datafrom various African populations in order to improve our understanding of the genetic roots of the Tuaregs, as well as those of other Saharan peoples.


 -

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It's 5 years later, that paper is free accessible now.

And there are many many api's who can do auto-convert. SMH

But of course that's not your motive, sneaky bastard.

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quote:
Haplogroup H dominates present-day Western European mitochondrial DNA variability (>40%), yet was less common (~19%) among Early Neolithic farmers (~5450 BC) and virtually absent in Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. Here we investigate this major component of the maternal population history of modern Europeans and sequence 39 complete haplogroup H mitochondrial genomes from ancient human remains. We then compare this 'real-time' genetic data with cultural changes taking place between the Early Neolithic (~5450 BC) and Bronze Age (~2200 BC) in Central Europe. Our results reveal that the current diversity and distribution of haplogroup H were largely established by the Mid Neolithic (~4000 BC), but with substantial genetic contributions from subsequent pan-European cultures such as the Bell Beakers expanding out of Iberia in the Late Neolithic (~2800 BC). Dated haplogroup H genomes allow us to reconstruct the recent evolutionary history of haplogroup H and reveal a mutation rate 45% higher than current estimates for human mitochondria.
--Brotherton P1, Haak W, Templeton J,

Nat Commun. 2013;4:1764. doi: 10.1038/ncomms2656.

Neolithic mitochondrial haplogroup H genomes and the genetic origins of Europeans.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23612305

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quote:


Haplogroup L1b roots deeply in the human mtDNA phylogeny and has the characteristic motif 16126, 16187, 16189, 16223, 16264, 16270, 116278, 16311.

[...]

Our results also point to a less ancient western African gene flow to Tunisia involving haplogroups L2a and L3b. Thus the sub-Saharan contribution to northern Africa starting from the east would have taken place before the Neolithic. The western African contribution to North Africa should have occurred before the Sahara’s formation (15,000 BP).

[...]

The dates for subhaplogroups H1 and H3 (13,000 and 10,000 years, respectively) in Iberian and North African populations allow for this possibility. Kefi et al.’s (2005) data on ancient DNA could be viewed as being in agreement with such a presence in North Africa in ancient times (about 15,000–6,000 years ago) and with the fact that the North African populations are considered by most scholars as having their closest relations with European and Asian populations (Cherni et al. 2008; Ennafaa et al. 2009; Kefi et al. 2005; Rando et al. 1998). How- ever, considering the general understanding nowadays that human settlement of the rest of the world emerged from eastern northern Africa less than 50,000 years ago, a better explanation of these haplogroups might be that their frequencies re- flect the original modern human population of these parts of Africa as much as or more than intrusions from outside the continent. The ways that gene frequencies may increase or decrease based on adaptive selection, gene flow, and/or social processes is under study and would benefit from the results of studies on autosomal and Y-chromosome markers.

--Frigi et al.
Ancient Local Evolution of African mtDNA Haplogroups in Tunisian Berber


quote:
The Mesolithic–Neolithic transition in southern Iberia

Resumen: New data and a review of historiographic information from Neolithic sites of the Malaga and Algarve coasts (southern Iberian Peninsula) and from the Maghreb (North Africa) reveal the existence of a Neolithic settlement at least from 7.5 cal ka BP. The agricultural and pastoralist food producing economy of that population rapidly replaced the coastal economies of the Mesolithic populations. The timing of this population and economic turnover coincided withmajor changes in the continental and marine ecosystems, including upwelling intensity, sea-level changes and increased aridity in the Sahara and along the Iberian coast. These changes likely impacted the subsistence strategies of the Mesolithic populations along the Iberian seascapes and resulted in abandonments manifested as sedimentary hiatuses in some areas during the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition. The rapid expansion and area of dispersal of the early Neolithic traits suggest the use of marine technology. Different evidences for a Maghrebian origin for the first colonists have been summarized.

The recognition of an early North-African Neolithic influence in Southern Iberia and the Maghreb is vital for understanding the appearance and development of the Neolithic in Western Europe. Our review suggests links between climate change, resource allocation, and population turnover.

Cortés-Sánchez, Miguel Et al.

The Mesolithic–Neolithic transition in southern Iberia

Quaternary Research (77): 221–234 (2012)


http://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/93059

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Lioness, the thing is. You're no researcher. You're a blind sheep who only follows (c/p).

Below are the alleles. Enjoy rereading it, you need it.

quote:
http://www.cell.com/cms/attachment/1077329/7908829/mmc2.xls


http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/sequences_by_group/L0k_genbank_sequences.htm


http://www.nature.com/jhg/journal/v56/n9/extref/jhg201171x2.xls


C16223T – L0b – 16223C, L0d1a – 16223C, L0k2 – 16223C, L1c1a1 – 16223C, L2d – 16223C, L3x2a – 16223C, L3e2b – 16223C, M1a3b – 16223C, M7c3 – 16223C, N21 – 16223C, Q1a – 16223C, R – 16223C, R2a – 16223C, U4a2b – 16223T, X2h – 16223C, D4c1a – 16223C, D4g2a1 – 16223C, D5c2 – 16223C, B5b1b – 16223T,

C12705T – R- 12705C.


http://www.africaresource.com/rasta/sesostris-the-great-the-egyptian-hercules/the-african-origin-of-the-so-called-caucasians-of-europe-ironlion/


The Explorer, also noticed the same pattern.


Update on Investigation into the "Mysterious" EpiPaleolithic Maghrebi Remains!


quote:



Introduction

This entry is supposed to serve as an update and add-on to a blog entry that was first published here back in May 5th, 2010, under the heading, An Investigation into the "Mysterious" Mesolithic Maghrebi populations.

The arguments made there—in the main, are still quite sound, but over the years, some DNA-assignment shuffling within the reconstructed human mtDNA phylogenetic network had taken place. This sort of thing happens quite a bit in the field of molecular genetics, usually in the form of either changing the phylogenetic location of a newly identified clade or a preexisting one, and/or renaming entire clades with new naming schemes, since researchers tend to see information about larger phenomena in the form of fragments. As such, sometimes previous information (source material), especially on newly identified clades, becomes obscure or rarer. To address a situation such as this, in the few occasions where they may have occurred, this entry has revisited elements of the aforementioned entry, modify as necessary, or simply add to information previously posted.


Discussion

Another driver, though a minor one, for revisiting this subject, is the tremendous popularity of population genetics of coastal northern Africa in the so-called "west". People in the so-called "west" tend to have a bizarre fascination with coastal northern Africa, in contrast to enthusiasm greeted upon other areas of the continent, and in doing so, the people of the sub-region have been taken to "mystical" proportions, that is almost as ridiculous as speaking of extraterrestrial aliens transplanted into a new land where they would subsequently be cordoned off from preexisting inhabitants. With that said, as of this 2013 writing...

L1b and L2a subclades have tested positive for transition 16126C. L3 was earlier implicated (see older content of the main entry) in this mutation; examples for this, reportedly occur in the L3d, L3e (L3e2), and L3f clades [4].

Transition 16355T appears in subclade L5a, L2c, L2b, L2e [1], L1c3a1b, L3k1 [2], L4b2 [5] and L2d [3]. It’s worth noting the presence of this polymorphism in the so-called L-type aforementioned clades, but also, that while it appears in the R sub-haplogroup of the L3N clade, the location of both transition 16126C and 16355T in 2 mutually independent sub-haplogroups of the R clade, which are in turn mutually independent of hg N sub-haplo-groups N1a1a and N11 [2], where 16355T again appears, whereas either polymorphism is rendered absent in other sub-haplogroups of hg R and hg N super-clades, suggests that these polymorphisms have independently emerged multiple times in distinct mtDNA organelles.

These sites are thus highly polymorphic compared to some other sites, and chance occurrence in mutually independent mtDNA clades is also quite high; in other words, these polymorphisms in on themselves, cannot reliably be used in absence of additional differentiating data to draw solid conclusions about haplogroup assignment with high confidence. Also helpful, is the possible necessity of not only solid reproduction of results in more than a single individual [e.g. polymorphisms 16126C and 16355T were pinned on a single individual], but as noted in the earlier passages, solid reproductions of results involving several different runs of DNA sequencing involving the very same individuals.

More examples of convergent mutations across different mitochondrial clades, recalling other earlier posted material: Take the aforementioned mutations at np 16298 rendering the mtDNA clade assignment into divergent super-clades; to this end, L3 was given as an example—add hg M7b or M8, as other exemplary alternatives.

Likewise, the transition at np 16179 (16179T) has been reportedly identified in L3 (xL3M, L3N). While it remains valid that the noted mutations at np 16179 and 16298 respectively occur in hg L3h1, it is important to note, and hence clarify, that they don’t occur in a single haplotype, but two different sub-clades (L3h1b1 and L3h1a1 respectively [2]); better phylogenetic resolution of this clade over the course of nearly the last three years, i.e. since the main entry passages were posted, has now made it possible to pinpoint such specifics. On the other hand, no material yet available to the present author has shed light on occurrence of the 16179T mutation in hg V, the clade of Kefi et al.’s choice.

In the older passages of the main entry, it was mentioned that L1 could well be a relatively “distant possibility”, or alternative to that which Kefi & co. preferred to associate with the alleged incidence of the 16179T; it appears that since then, further shuffling of the human mtDNA phylogenetic network has now rendered the initial sourcing, which had led to the drawing of that assessment, obscure. However, in lieu, new publication puts forward L0dx [6], which is reportedly defined by 16179T and is reckoned to be a possible subclade of hg L0d1, as a possible candidate for DNA-assignment consideration. Clades L4b (L4b1), L3d, and L3e (L3e1) happen to be yet other such candidates.

Mutation 16124T/C, as noted in the main entry, could allow for assignment into hg L3, with 16124T reported in L3b1a [2], and 16124C reported in L3e2 (L3e2a [4]), L3d and L3b, for example. The earlier notes of the main entry also briefly noted possible assignment into L3, with regards to the alleged transition to T polymorphism at np 16239; possible L3 candidates for this are reportedly L3d again, and L3e (L3e2 and L3e2b [4]), while the mutation is found across other L-type clades, namely hg L0 (L0f2, L0d1), L1b ( L1b2), L2a (L2a1c2 [2]), L2e and L4b (L4b1).

The aforementioned L3h1b1 clade had been implicated in the polymorphism at np 16179; however, the same clade had also been implicated in the earlier entry as a possible candidate for clade assignment for the polymorphisms at np 16172 (16172C) and np 16126 (16126C). With regards to the latter situation, it appears that DNA network reshuffling has—once again—now rendered the primary source for this observation either obscure or outdated, in contrast to what the situation was back in 2010. The subclade which may have had the necessary nucleotide attributes that fit these two latter polymorphisms under L3h1b may have been reassigned to some other position within the mtDNA network. As such, it’s only fitting to look towards what currently available information suggests:

Citing from earlier posting, it was noted...

The positions "16172C" and the aforementioned "16126C" could place a specimen (Taf XXIV) in a rare L3h1b1 marker, and likewise, Taf V19E in either some L3h1b1 derivative, L1a subclade, or even M1 subclade, which all have variants bearing the 16172C mutation, assuming that Kefi et al.'s reports for either specimens doesn't involve exogenous mutations, and that homoplasic mutational events took place across hgs L3h1b1, L1a, U6, M1 and possibly, per Kefi et al.'s reckoning, JT in the HVR1 control region. - An Investigation into the "Mysterious" Mesolithic Maghrebi populations, 2010.

The earlier noting of 16172C location within Hgs M1, U6, and L1a still have merit, although it’s worth noting that L1a has been re-assign in the network or treated as L0a in some publications. L1, L3e1, L3, and L4b2a2 (L4b2a2b) have all tested positive for 16172C polymorphism.

With regards to the 16174T mutation, also mentioned in the notes from 2010 (main entry), L0f1 clade has tested positive for 16174T [2], as did L3 [4], which is worth pointing out, as it appears that Kefi et al. treated that mutation [not to dismiss the record that it has been located in U6-identified DNA] as another primary identifying polymorphism for U6 consideration in DNA assignment, although it is otherwise rarely treated as such in many other publications. So, it appears that all three polymorphisms, namely 16126C, 16172C, and 16174T have appeared in L3 clades [4]; in other words, the DNA assigned to U6 by Kefi et al., could just as well be outright placed in L3.

To build on the last few observations, L3e2b clades (including L3e2b1a1, L3e2b3 sub-clades [4]) have tested positive for both 16126C and 16172C [4]. There is rarely, if any, publication that treats 16126C as a primary identifying polymorphism for U6, yet Kefi et al. has treated this mutation just as that.

References are as follows:

1 - Kerchner.com

2 - PhyloTree.org

3 - Howell et al. 2004, African Haplogroup L mtDNA Sequences Show Violations of Clock-like Evolution.

4 - Family Tree DNA

5 - SNPedia

6- Schlebusch et al. 2013, MtDNA control region variation affirms diversity and deep sub-structure in populations from southern Africa.

— Kefi et al. (2005), Mitochondrial Diversity of the Population of Taforalt (12,000 years b.p. - Morocco): A Genetic Study Approach to the Peopling of North Africa.

Recommended reading: An Investigation into the "Mysterious" Mesolithic Maghrebi populations


Investigation-into-the-Mysterious-Epipaleolithic-Maghrebi-Update
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the lioness,
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quote:
Originally posted by Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor:
[QB] It's 5 years later, that paper is free accessible now.

And there are many many api's who can do auto-convert. SMH


why are you saying this when I have already coverted the article and linked the PDF and posted it in this thread?

Somebody might read your comment and think they would have to go and do it.
I just posted it. Are you trying to confuse people?

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What was the motive for reposting this half way paper? SMH

It is paper a free anyway. A paper you have posted at least 5 times already. LOL

You are a racist and sneaky troll. You keep forcing this theory yet never have been able to back it up with valid archeological and anthropological evidence. SMH

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Amun-Ra The Ultimate
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quote:
Originally posted by Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor:
You are a racist and sneaky troll.[/QB]

A good description of Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor [Big Grin]
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^ How so? Because he does not support your "Negro-Egyptien language" theory??! LOL

quote:
Originally posted by Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor:

What was the motive for reposting this half way paper? SMH

It is paper a free anyway. A paper you have posted at least 5 times already. LOL

You are a racist and sneaky troll. You keep forcing this theory yet never have been able to back it up with valid archeological and anthropological evidence. SMH

And you are just now finding this out about the 'li-oness'?! Note that this very theory of indigenous North Africans somehow being more related to Eurasians than sub-Saharans is the exact same premise Mathilda vehemently espouses. This is why I have always called lion*ss an agent of Mathilda. Too bad that as more evidence comes out, she and her mistress are debunked further. [Big Grin]
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the lioness,
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keep in mind, this thread was started by beyoku back in 2010 and in the first post he asks

"Anyone able to get this full text for me?"

So I posted it. Maybe he already read it, I don't know but know the whole thing is documented in this thread for reference or quoting.
I don't know when it became available since then but I just noticed it was so I posted the full item. I have posted the abstract of this paper before as well as Ottoni's other article on the paternal DNA of the Tuaregs.
If I am not mistaken that Y DNA article is still behind a pay wall. correct me if I am wrong
I don't think there are many genetic analysis on Tuareg DNA.

If you think the article is wrong, then make the argument. The fact that I am the one who converted the PDF and posted it is irrelevant

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Amun-Ra The Ultimate
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quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:

If you think the article is wrong, then make the argument. The fact that I am the one who converted the PDF and posted it is irrelevant

Of course. Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor and Djehuti only try to distract us from scientific results.
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Let's deal with the facts here
The Tuareg have high frequencies of Y DNA E-M81 and some people think they may be the founder berber populaltion
(although the Siwa are an exception, with frequencies of M81 under 2%)

At the same time the Libyan Tuaregs in particular have the highest frequencies of mtDNA Haplogroup H in the world (61% - Ottoni) (but not all Tuaregs, in Mali for instance-not a NA littoral country)

H is the predominant matrilineal line of Europeans
Somebody might suggest what if the Tuareg brought Hap H to Europe?
The problem is there is very low genetic diversity in Tuaregs. For this reason and that it wouldn't make sense historically that possibility is not reasonable. The likely reason for their high frquency is the founder effect in an isolated popuation coming in through admixture from the Near East

"the coalescence age of the H1 variation confirmed that it might have occurred in the second half of the Holocene, about 1,800 years ago, despite the fact that a more recent event seems likely as indicated by the age of the H1-CRS clade."
--Ottoni

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quote:
Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:

If you think the article is wrong, then make the argument. The fact that I am the one who converted the PDF and posted it is irrelevant

Of course. Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor and Djehuti only try to distract us from scientific results.
LOL Hahaha hihihi

No we're not, we're are adding to it:

quote:
Haplogroup H dominates present-day Western European mitochondrial DNA variability (>40%), yet was less common (~19%) among Early Neolithic farmers (~5450 BC) and virtually absent in Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. Here we investigate this major component of the maternal population history of modern Europeans and sequence 39 complete haplogroup H mitochondrial genomes from ancient human remains. We then compare this 'real-time' genetic data with cultural changes taking place between the Early Neolithic (~5450 BC) and Bronze Age (~2200 BC) in Central Europe. Our results reveal that the current diversity and distribution of haplogroup H were largely established by the Mid Neolithic (~4000 BC), but with substantial genetic contributions from subsequent pan-European cultures such as the Bell Beakers expanding out of Iberia in the Late Neolithic (~2800 BC). Dated haplogroup H genomes allow us to reconstruct the recent evolutionary history of haplogroup H and reveal a mutation rate 45% higher than current estimates for human mitochondria.
--Brotherton P1, Haak W, Templeton J,

Nat Commun. 2013;4:1764. doi: 10.1038/ncomms2656.

Neolithic mitochondrial haplogroup H genomes and the genetic origins of Europeans.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23612305

quote:
characteristic motif 16126, 16187, 16189, 16223, 16264, 16270, 116278,
16311.


The dates for subhaplogroups H1 and H3 (13,000 and 10,000 years, respectively) in Iberian and North African populations allow for this possibility. Kefi et al.’s (2005) data on ancient DNA could be viewed as being in agreement with such a presence in North Africa in ancient times (about 15,000–6,000 years ago) and with the fact that the North African populations are considered by most scholars as having their closest relations with European and Asian populations (Cherni et al. 2008; Ennafaa et al. 2009; Kefi et al. 2005; Rando et al. 1998). How- ever, considering the general understanding nowadays that human settlement of the rest of the world emerged from eastern northern Africa less than 50,000 years ago, a better explanation of these haplogroups might be that their frequencies re- flect the original modern human population of these parts of Africa as much as or more than intrusions from outside the continent. The ways that gene frequencies may increase or decrease based on adaptive selection, gene flow, and/or social processes is under study and would benefit from the results of studies on autosomal and Y-chromosome markers.

--Frigi et al.
Ancient Local Evolution of African mtDNA Haplogroups in Tunisian Berber


quote:

According to the current data East Africa is home to nearly 2/3 of the world genetic diversity independent of sampling effect. Similar figure have been suggested for sub-Saharan Africa populations [1]. The antiquity of the east African gene pool could be viewed not only from the perspective of the amount of genetic diversity endowed within it but also by signals of uni-modal distribution in their mitochondrial DNA (Hassan et al., unpublished) usually taken as an indication of populations that have passed through ‘‘recent’’ demographic expansion [33], although in this case, may in fact be considered a sign of extended shared history of in situ evolution where alleles are exchanged between neighboring demes [34].


 -


  • Figure S1 Neighbor joining (NJ). NJ tree of the world populations based on MT-CO2 sequences. The evolutionary relationship of 171 sequences and evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method. The optimal tree with the sum of branch length = 0.20401570 is shown. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood method and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site. Codon positions included were 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated from the dataset. There were a total of 543 positions in the final dataset. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted in MEGA4. Red dots: east Africa, Blue: Africa, Green: Asia, Yellow: Australia, Pink: Europe and gray: America. (TIF)



 -

  • Figure S2 Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). The 2nd and 3rd coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 nuclear microsatellite loci from 469 individuals of 24 world populations. MDS uses pairwise IBS data based on the 848 loci generated by PLINK software and plotted using R version 2.15.0. The figure, besides a separate clustering of east Africans, indicates the substantial contribution of Africans and east Africans to the founding of populations of Europe and Asia.
    (TIF)



 -


  • Figure S3 Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). The 3rd and 4th coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 Microsatellite loci, across the human genome in 469 individuals from 24 populations from Africa, Asia and Europe. MDS uses pairwise IBS data based on the 848 loci generated by PLINK software and plotted using R version 2.15.0. The central position of east Africans and some other Africans emphasizes the founding role of east African gene pool and the disparate alignment on coordinates along which the world populations were founded including populations of Aftica aligning along the 4th dimension.
    (TIF)



Figure 4. Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). A. First and second coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 Microsatellite Marshfield data set across the human genome for 24 populations from Africa, Asia and Europe. MDS plot was constructed from pairwise differences FST generated by Arlequin program (Table S3). B. First and second coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 Microsatellite loci, across the human genome in 469 individuals from 24 populations from Africa, Asia and Europe. MDS uses pairwise IBS data based on the 848 loci generated by PLINK software and plotted using R version 2.15.0. East Africans cluster to the left of the plot, while Beja (red cluster in the middle), assumes intermediate position. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097674.g004

  • Figure S4 Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). First and second coordinates of an MDS plot based on MT-CO2 data set constructed from pairwise differences FST generated by Arlequin v3.11. Population code as follows: Nara: Nar, Kunama (Kun), Hidarb (Hid), Afar (Afa), Saho (Sah), Bilen (Bil), Tigre (Tgr), Tigrigna (Tig), Rashaida (Rsh), Nilotics (Nil), Beja (Bej), Ethiopians(Eth), Egyptians (Egy), Moroccans (Mor), Southern Africans (Sth), Pygmy (Pyg), Saudi Arabia (Sdi), Asia (Asi), Europe (Eur), Native Americans (NA), Australians (Ast), Nubians (Nub), Nuba (Nba)
    (TIF)




--Jibril Hirbo, Sara Tishkoff et al.

The Episode of Genetic Drift Defining the Migration of Humans out of Africa Is Derived from a Large East African Population Size

PLoS One. 2014; 9(5): e97674.
Published online 2014 May 20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097674

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4028218/pdf/pone.0097674.pdf


And surprisingly the following was stated by Brenna Henn, in this interview on population genetics and population structure, considering African populations.

“African populations have the most genetic diversity in the world,” Henn said. “If you compared people from the Kalahari Desert to people from Mali, they’d be as different from each other [genetically] as Italians and Chinese people.”

Why are other populations of humans so much less genetically varied than Africans? The answer, Henn explains, lies in our ancestors’ history; the groups of people that migrated out of Africa and spread throughout other continents were smaller subsets of that original, genetically diverse population.

"AND WITHIN EACH OF THESE GROUPS THERE IS AN AMAZING AMOUNT OF DIVERSITY, [...] THE DIVERSITY IS INDIGNIOUS TO AFRICAN POPULATIONS":


Tracing Family Trees, And Human History, With Genetics


http://youtu.be/Pjf0qKdzmrc

Hihihi

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quote:
Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
quote:
Originally posted by Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor:
You are a racist and sneaky troll.

A good description of Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor [Big Grin] [/QB]
Says the euronut, Africana imposter. Who beliefs in the racist outdated "true negroe stereotype". tripple [Big Grin] [Big Grin] [Big Grin]

Claiming anyone who doesnt comprice as mixed with non-African populations. Where did I read such stuff again. Oh yeah ... at euronust forums.


See, up till this day you havent been able to show peer reviewed multiple archeological and anthropological back migrations into Africa.

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quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
Let's deal with the facts here
The Tuareg have high frequencies of Y DNA E-M81 and some people think they may be the founder berber populaltion
(although the Siwa are an exception, with frequencies of M81 under 2%)

At the same time the Libyan Tuaregs in particular have the highest frequencies of mtDNA Haplogroup H in the world (61% - Ottoni) (but not all Tuaregs, in Mali for instance-not a NA littoral country)

H is the predominant matrilineal line of Europeans
Somebody might suggest what if the Tuareg brought Hap H to Europe?
The problem is there is very low genetic diversity in Tuaregs. For this reason and that it wouldn't make sense historically that possibility is not reasonable. The likely reason for their high frquency is the founder effect in an isolated popuation coming in through admixture from the Near East

"the coalescence age of the H1 variation confirmed that it might have occurred in the second half of the Holocene, about 1,800 years ago, despite the fact that a more recent event seems likely as indicated by the age of the H1-CRS clade."
--Ottoni

Again, you can't comprehend. Tuareg is a CLUSTER NAME.

The Siwa do relate. If you only understood the basics. SMH

How many times do I have to post the same for you to understand?


Did you read Brotherton P1, Haak W, Templeton J?

Did you read Frigi et al. Frigi even explained the alleles. A Haplo group name doens't make it confined, lioness.

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As you will notice Troll Patrol can't critique the article posted by beyoku. He can't explain anything. In two sentences Djehuti could make a clear argument.
But Troll Patrol can only quote other articles and say things like "don't you understand this?"
"haven't you read this?"

After a while you realize Troll Patrol only half understands the quotes he puts up trying to appear smart.

He won't quote from the article that is the topic of the thread and say "this is wrong because..."

All he does puts up a lot of quotes and charts from other articles and does not know how to connect it to the article being discussed.

In other words the topic is the mtDNA of the Tuaregs.
He can't write a short paragraph about it or even quote data about Libyan Tuareg mtDNA

If you look at all the quotes and charts he has up, not a single one even mentions the Tuareg or their mtDNA !!


His basic strategy is "I don't like this article, here read some other articles" It's diversionary

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TrollPatrol, am I correct to assume that the reason for your post on L3 mutations was to question the alleged Eurasian let alone European origins of H* and H1 found in Tuareg. It's interesting that both clades show a greater diversity in North Africa than in Europe. What's more the presence of H in Europe is associated with Neolithic immigration from the 'Near East' where ancestral HV supposedly originated though HV's ancestor R0 has a high frequency and diversity in northeast Africa. I'll have to look into this more because I am not as familiar with mitochondrial clades as I am with NRY.
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Ish Geber
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quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
As you will notice Troll Patrol can't critique the article posted by beyoku. He can't explain anything. In two sentences Djehuti could make a clear argument.
But Troll Patrol can only quote other articles and say things like "don't you understand this?"
"haven't you read this?"

After a while you realize Troll Patrol only half understands the quotes he puts up trying to appear smart.

He won't quote from the article that is the topic of the thread and say "this is wrong because..."

All he does puts up a lot of quotes and charts from other articles and does not know how to connect it to the article being discussed.

In other words the topic is the mtDNA of the Tuaregs.
He can't write a short paragraph about it or even quote data about Libyan Tuareg mtDNA

If you look at all the quotes and charts he has up, not a single one even mentions the Tuareg or their mtDNA !!


His basic strategy is "I don't like this article, here read some other articles" It's diversionary

I quote as a backup of what I am stating, you dumbo, and I have explainded it a few times already. But you love to ignore. As you are still doing. You know how you are, if people don't show evidence, I mean even with the evidence in your face you ignore it. Let alone without.LOL


But. Even a simple question, like give me evidence of these supposed multiple back migrations is where you fail. All you post it based on suggestive stuff, unproven and unsupported. As you keep "QUOTING".


Yet, When I show you the other way around, you act as if it's not there.LOL. Then say... "After a while you realize Troll Patrol only half understands the quotes he puts up trying to appear smart. "LOL are you really this dumb?LOL


I posted other studies for comparisons. To show what these show and say. LOL

Since these oppose your racist Eurocentric mindset you dismiss them. You have always lied about who and what you are. Supposedly African American woman.

Now, here is your tactic and mindset. You dread it long enough it gets tiresome and people you converse with start to spinoff from the original topic, then you later act as if you don't know what the original topic was all about. You have done this repeatedly, over the years.


So even when I quote the original sources where it clearly said the opposite you ignore and come with strawmen arguments.


You hate this:


According to the current data East Africa is home to nearly 2/3 of the world genetic diversity independent of sampling effect. Similar figure have been suggested for sub-Saharan Africa populations


The figure, besides a separate clustering of east Africans, indicates the substantial contribution of Africans and east Africans to the founding of populations of Europe and Asia.
[Big Grin]

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quote:
Originally posted by Djehuti:
TrollPatrol, am I correct to assume that the reason for your post on L3 mutations was to question the alleged Eurasian let alone European origins of H* and H1 found in Tuareg. It's interesting that both clades show a greater diversity in North Africa than in Europe. What's more the presence of H in Europe is associated with Neolithic immigration from the 'Near East' where ancestral HV supposedly originated though HV's ancestor R0 has a high frequency and diversity in northeast Africa. I'll have to look into this more because I am not as familiar with mitochondrial clades as I am with NRY.

You type this down, but the lioness will post an image with a middle finger and text on it saying **** you, or whatever.

I mean, I posted sources showing what you describe and this is not excepted. Just like a black Egypt is not excepted. Yet he lioness thne gets into "black is not this or that so and so". It always another distraction. while fact speak clearly. But when it's about Eurocentric views it is all cocrrect and shouldn't be questioned.


Brotherton Haak W and Templeton J clearly show that haplo H arrived in Europe later. While Frigi clearly shows and explained why haplo H carried by the Tuaregs is likely from the region of Northwest Africa.

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quote:
Originally posted by Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor:
I quote as a backup of what I am stating, you dumbo, and I have explainded it a few times already. But you love to ignore. As you are still doing. You know how you are, if people don't show evidence, I mean even with the evidence in your face you ignore it. Let alone without.LOL


But. Even a simple question, like give me evidence of these supposed multiple back migrations is where you fail. All you post it based on suggestive stuff, unproven and unsupported. As you keep "QUOTING".


Yet, When I show you the other way around, you act as if it's not there.LOL. Then say... "After a while you realize Troll Patrol only half understands the quotes he puts up trying to appear smart. "LOL are you really this dumb?LOL


I posted other studies for comparisons. To show what these show and say. LOL

Since these oppose your racist Eurocentric mindset you dismiss them. You have always lied about who and what you are. Supposedly African American woman.

Now, here is your tactic and mindset. You dread it long enough it gets tiresome and people you converse with start to spinoff from the original topic, then you later act as if you don't know what the original topic was all about. You have done this repeatedly, over the years.


So even when I quote the original sources where it clearly said the opposite you ignore and come with strawmen arguments.


You hate this:


According to the current data East Africa is home to nearly 2/3 of the world genetic diversity independent of sampling effect. Similar figure have been suggested for sub-Saharan Africa populations


The figure, besides a separate clustering of east Africans, indicates the substantial contribution of Africans and east Africans to the founding of populations of Europe and Asia.
[Big Grin] [/QB]

One can read all this and still Troll Patrol takes no position on the mtDNA of the Tuaregs
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the lioness,
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quote:
Originally posted by Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor:
quote:
Originally posted by Djehuti:
TrollPatrol, am I correct to assume that the reason for your post on L3 mutations was to question the alleged Eurasian let alone European origins of H* and H1 found in Tuareg. It's interesting that both clades show a greater diversity in North Africa than in Europe. What's more the presence of H in Europe is associated with Neolithic immigration from the 'Near East' where ancestral HV supposedly originated though HV's ancestor R0 has a high frequency and diversity in northeast Africa. I'll have to look into this more because I am not as familiar with mitochondrial clades as I am with NRY.

You type this down, but the lioness will post an image with a middle finger and text on it saying **** you, or whatever.

I mean, I posted sources showing what you describe and this is not excepted. Just like a black Egypt is not excepted. Yet he lioness thne gets into "black is not this or that so and so". It always another distraction. while fact speak clearly. But when it's about Eurocentric views it is all cocrrect and shouldn't be questioned.


Brotherton Haak W and Templeton J clearly show that haplo H arrived in Europe later. While Frigi clearly shows and explained why haplo H carried by the Tuaregs is likely from the region of Northwest Africa.

Frigi doesn't mention the Tuareg at all

From the conclusion of the article >

Ancient Local Evolution of African mtDNA Haplogroups in Tunisian Berber Populations

Frigi et al.

Human Biology (August 2010)

Molecular studies on the Y chromosome in
North Africa are interpreted as indicating that the southern part of Africa, namely,
the Horn/East Africa, was a major source of population in the Nile Valley and
northwest Africa after the Last Glacial Maximum, with some migration into the
Near East and southern Europe (Bosch et al. 2001; Underhill et al. 2001).
Hence, contrary to the suggestion that mtDNA haplogroups were introduced
mostly from Iberia, it seems that Y-chromosome markers have an eastern
African origin with an ancient local evolution in North Africa. These observations
are in agreement with the proposal that the ancient communities ancestral
in language to more recent Berber communities absorbed a lot of females from
the existing pre-Holocene populations. This would indicate that the North African
populations arose from admixture rather than from local evolution, leading
to an intermediate genetic structure between eastern sub-Saharan Africans and
Eurasians.

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Ish Geber
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quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
quote:
Originally posted by Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor:
quote:
Originally posted by Djehuti:
TrollPatrol, am I correct to assume that the reason for your post on L3 mutations was to question the alleged Eurasian let alone European origins of H* and H1 found in Tuareg. It's interesting that both clades show a greater diversity in North Africa than in Europe. What's more the presence of H in Europe is associated with Neolithic immigration from the 'Near East' where ancestral HV supposedly originated though HV's ancestor R0 has a high frequency and diversity in northeast Africa. I'll have to look into this more because I am not as familiar with mitochondrial clades as I am with NRY.

You type this down, but the lioness will post an image with a middle finger and text on it saying **** you, or whatever.

I mean, I posted sources showing what you describe and this is not excepted. Just like a black Egypt is not excepted. Yet he lioness thne gets into "black is not this or that so and so". It always another distraction. while fact speak clearly. But when it's about Eurocentric views it is all cocrrect and shouldn't be questioned.


Brotherton Haak W and Templeton J clearly show that haplo H arrived in Europe later. While Frigi clearly shows and explained why haplo H carried by the Tuaregs is likely from the region of Northwest Africa.

Frigi doesn't mention the Tuareg at all

From the conclusion of the article >

Ancient Local Evolution of African mtDNA Haplogroups in Tunisian Berber Populations

Frigi et al.

Human Biology (August 2010)

Molecular studies on the Y chromosome in
North Africa are interpreted as indicating that the southern part of Africa, namely,
the Horn/East Africa, was a major source of population in the Nile Valley and
northwest Africa after the Last Glacial Maximum, with some migration into the
Near East and southern Europe (Bosch et al. 2001; Underhill et al. 2001).
Hence, contrary to the suggestion that mtDNA haplogroups were introduced
mostly from Iberia, it seems that Y-chromosome markers have an eastern
African origin with an ancient local evolution in North Africa. These observations
are in agreement with the proposal that the ancient communities ancestral
in language to more recent Berber communities absorbed a lot of females from
the existing pre-Holocene populations. This would indicate that the North African
populations arose from admixture rather than from local evolution, leading
to an intermediate genetic structure between eastern sub-Saharan Africans and
Eurasians.

Huh, Frigi doesn talk about Hg H here. So apparently you are confused agian. SMH

Northwest Africa had invasions, thus admixture. Never stated this did not happen.


Now, go and cite Frigi on Hg H, if you dear. LOL


This thing has been shown many times, by different posters. It's trully sad. SMH


quote:



Abstract

BACKGROUND:

The most recent Alu insertions reveal different series of characteristics such as stability that make them particularly suitable genetic markers for human biological studies.

AIM:

Six human-specific Alu insertion polymorphisms were typed in two Tunisian Berber populations with the aim of analysing the genetic diversity of these two communities and the genetic relationships between this region of North Africa and other populations.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS:

Forty-seven Berbers from Sejnane and 33 from Takrouna were sampled. Alu insertion polymorphism was analysed using PCR with loci specific primers.

RESULTS:

A similar level of gene diversity was detected in Sejnane and Takrouna populations. PC results revealed genetic affinities between these two populations and some Eurasian populations (Germany, Genova and Syria). In contrast, there is a differentiation between these two Berber communities and North African and Iberian populations.


CONCLUSION:

The results of this study confirm the heterogeneity of Berbers in North Africa, which suggests their diverse origins. In the case of Sejnane and Takrouna populations, these results are in line with an ancient Euro Mediterranean background that has already been studied by archaeologists, particularly for the population of Sejnane.


--S. Frigi, H. Ennafaa, M. Ben Amor, L. Cherni and A. Ben Ammar-Elgaaied
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the lioness,
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quote:
Originally posted by Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor:


Northwest Africa had invasions, thus admixture.


So what are you arguing for?

-just to get at me ??

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Ish Geber
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quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
quote:
Originally posted by Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor:


Northwest Africa had invasions, thus admixture.


So what are you arguing for?

-just to get at me ??

The argument is that you revived this thread, to proof some thing. But Europeans did not introduce Hg H into Norhtwest Africa. LOL

Rather the other way around. LOL

Look up above a few posts from this one. And reread it. LOL


But for efficiency I have it also below.

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quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
quote:
Originally posted by Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor:
I quote as a backup of what I am stating, you dumbo, and I have explainded it a few times already. But you love to ignore. As you are still doing. You know how you are, if people don't show evidence, I mean even with the evidence in your face you ignore it. Let alone without.LOL


But. Even a simple question, like give me evidence of these supposed multiple back migrations is where you fail. All you post it based on suggestive stuff, unproven and unsupported. As you keep "QUOTING".


Yet, When I show you the other way around, you act as if it's not there.LOL. Then say... "After a while you realize Troll Patrol only half understands the quotes he puts up trying to appear smart. "LOL are you really this dumb?LOL


I posted other studies for comparisons. To show what these show and say. LOL

Since these oppose your racist Eurocentric mindset you dismiss them. You have always lied about who and what you are. Supposedly African American woman.

Now, here is your tactic and mindset. You dread it long enough it gets tiresome and people you converse with start to spinoff from the original topic, then you later act as if you don't know what the original topic was all about. You have done this repeatedly, over the years.


So even when I quote the original sources where it clearly said the opposite you ignore and come with strawmen arguments.


You hate this:


According to the current data East Africa is home to nearly 2/3 of the world genetic diversity independent of sampling effect. Similar figure have been suggested for sub-Saharan Africa populations


The figure, besides a separate clustering of east Africans, indicates the substantial contribution of Africans and east Africans to the founding of populations of Europe and Asia.
[Big Grin]

One can read all this and still Troll Patrol takes no position on the mtDNA of the Tuaregs [/QB]
It's of certain Tuaregs. LOL If you only understood. SMH

quote:
Haplogroup L1b roots deeply in the human mtDNA phylogeny and has the characteristic motif 16126, 16187, 16189, 16223, 16264, 16270, 116278, 16311.


Our results also point to a less ancient western African gene flow to Tunisia involving haplogroups L2a and L3b. Thus the sub-Saharan contribution to northern Africa starting from the east would have taken place before the Neolithic. The western African contribution to North Africa should have occurred before the Sahara’s formation (15,000 BP).

[...]

The dates for subhaplogroups H1 and H3 (13,000 and 10,000 years, respectively) in Iberian and North African populations allow for this possibility. Kefi et al.’s (2005) data on ancient DNA could be viewed as being in agreement with such a presence in North Africa in ancient times (about 15,000–6,000 years ago) and with the fact that the North African populations are considered by most scholars as having their closest relations with European and Asian populations (Cherni et al. 2008; Ennafaa et al. 2009; Kefi et al. 2005; Rando et al. 1998). However, considering the general understanding nowadays that human settlement of the rest of the world emerged from eastern northern Africa less than 50,000 years ago, a better explanation of these haplogroups might be that their frequencies reflect the original modern human population of these parts of Africa as much as or more than intrusions from outside the continent. The ways that gene frequencies may increase or decrease based on adaptive selection, gene flow, and/or social processes is under study and would benefit from the results of studies on autosomal and Y-chromosome markers.

--Frigi et al.
Ancient Local Evolution of African mtDNA Haplogroups in Tunisian Berber


A year or two before Frigi published.


quote:


Among the first African mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences were those from data sets 3, 4 obtained mostly from Tuareg living in Niger and Nigeria, and which revealed a rather sub-Saharan affinity of their population.


More recently, however, a study based on 129 Tuareg samples from two villages of the Libyan Fezzan, stressed a high frequency but concomitant low diversity of the West Eurasian component, bearing only haplogroups H1, V and M1.

The sub-Saharan component of the Libyan Tuareg was more diversified but predominantly represented by only two haplogroups (L2a1 and L0a1a). The Tuareg population from Libya was homogenous with very low estimates of haplotype diversity suggesting high genetic drift.5

[...]

Both H1 and H3 commonly display rather low diversity in the D-loop region, but the Tuareg haplotypes belonging to haplogroup V have a specific diagnostic mutation – the transition at position 16 234. All the Tuareg V haplotype samples collected in Burkina Faso and the Republic of Niger (three haplotypes observed in 11 individuals) bear this mutation together with the defining substitution at position 16 298, This polymorphism is present in two of the five V haplotypes observed in the recently published Libyan Tuaregs.5 This fact seems to point to a founder effect in haplogroup V occurring in our southern Tuareg population; the further presence of two other polymorphisms in two V samples (substitutions at positions 16 189 and 16 293) allows a very preliminary estimation for the Time to the Most Recent Common Ancestor (TMRCA) of this Tuareg V sub-lineage at around 3600±2600 years ago or at a maximum of 8800 years ago if using a 95% confidence interval (see Supplementary Material SM6 for the network


[...]


Another very interesting characteristic of the West Eurasian mtDNA pool in the Tuareg population as a whole (including Watson's and Ottoni's data sets) is the total absence of so-called Neolithic haplogroups derived from the branch JT, which are otherwise common in Near Eastern, North African, Mediterranean and even some East African populations.

[...]

The sub-Saharan mtDNA pool of the Tuareg is composed of various lineages from the major L-type haplogroups including: 2.3% of L0; 14.0% of L1; 58.1% of L2; 23.3% L3; and 2.3% of L4. We assayed to search for haplotype matches in an extensive database of 7211 individuals from all over Africa (Table 2). The most ancient lineages L0a1a and L1c, characteristic of east/southeast Africa13 and the Pygmies,39 respectively, were each observed in only one individual. The highly frequent African haplogroup L2, and specifically its dominant clade L2a, is also dominant in Tuareg – it is probable that some branches of L2a were involved in the Bantu expansion towards the African south13, 40 and many matches are observed for these haplotypes all over the continent. Curiously, the two L2a lineages having substitutions at positions 16 192 and 16 193, respectively, have no match in Africa. As far as the L3 macrohaplogroup is concerned, the two L3b haplotypes observed in the Tuareg are widespread throughout the continent, but one of the L3f1 haplotypes (T47 in Table 1) has no matches. Both are included in the L3f1 sub-haplogroup, which is quite frequent and widespread, and which very probably originated in East Africa. No L3f3, a typical marker of the Chadic migration,41 has been observed in the Tuareg.


--Luísa Pereira,1,2 Viktor Černý, et al.

Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel

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Djehuti
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^ This is awfully reminiscent of the whole hg U5 and U6 debacle. Both clades show more frequency and diversity in Africa than anywhere else yet we keep hearing the Euronuts that they are proof of "back-migration".
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the lioness,
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quote:
Originally posted by Djehuti:
[QB] ^ This is awfully reminiscent of the whole hg U5 and U6 debacle. Both clades show more frequency and diversity in Africa than anywhere else

wrong on both counts, show us a primary source reference for the claim.
U5 and U6 show the greatest diversity in Europe. U6a in the Near East

Neither is the highest diversity of H1 in Africa, the highest diversty is in Anatolia

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Amun-Ra The Ultimate
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the lioness, is right. Djehuti is lying as usual.

Any mtDNA M and N descendant haplogroups is Eurasian by definition. Africans are from the African mtDNA L haplogroups.

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quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
quote:
Originally posted by Djehuti:
[QB] ^ This is awfully reminiscent of the whole hg U5 and U6 debacle. Both clades show more frequency and diversity in Africa than anywhere else

wrong on both counts, show us a primary source reference for the claim.
U5 and U6 show the greatest diversity in Europe. U6a in the Near East

Neither is the highest diversity of H1 in Africa, the highest diversty is in Anatolia

See, as I was telling a few posts back.


Djehuti, your explanation is not excepted and enough. If I cite it's not enough and I don't know why am talking about. Lioness will come up with another excuse. LOL


1). U6 shows a different pattern in Africa.

2). La Brana

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the lioness,
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If you follow their line of thinking,
the end product would be that modern Europeans are indistinguishable genetically from Africans

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quote:
Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
the lioness, is right. Djehuti is lying as usual.

Any mtDNA M and N descendant haplogroups is Eurasian by definition. Africans are from the African mtDNA L haplogroups.

But, if he is lying howcome?


quote:
"No southwest Asian specific clades for M1 or U6 were discovered*. U6 and M1 frequencies in North Africa, the Middle East and Europe DO NOT FOLLOW similar patterns, and their sub-clade divisions do not appear to be compatible with their shared history reaching back to the Early Upper Palaeolithic."
--Erwan Pennarun, Toomas Kivisild

(2012) Divorcing the Late Upper Palaeolithic demographic histories of mtDNA haplogroups M1 and U6 in Africa


quote:
Although Haplogroup M differentiated
soon after the out of Africa exit and it is
widely distributed in Asia (east Asia and
India) and Oceania, there is an
interesting exception for one of its more
than 40 sub-clades: M1 ... Indeed this
lineage is mainly limited to the African
continent with peaks in the Horn of
Africa."

--Paola Spinozzi, Alessandro Zironi

(2010). Origins as a Paradigm in the
Sciences and in the Humanities.
Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 48-50


quote:
"The presence of M haplogroup in Ethiopia, named M1, led to the proposal that haplogroup M originated in eastern Africa, approximately 60,000 years ago, and was carried towards Asia [34].

Macrohaplogroup M is ubiquitous in India and covers more than 70 per cent of the Indian mtDNA lineages [28], [36]–[38]. Recent studies on complete mtDNA sequences (~187) tried to resolve the phylogeny of Indian macrohaplogroup M. As a result, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6 [28], [36], [39]–[40], M18, M25 [38], M30, [41], M31 [42], [24] M33, M34, M35, M36, M37, M38, M39, M40 [22], M41, M42 [43], M43 [23], [44], M45 [45], M48, M49, and M50 [46] haplogroups of M that was identified in India helped to a certain extent in understanding M genealogy in diversified Indian populations. In the above background, extensive sequencing of complete mtDNA of South Asia, particularly India, is essential for better understanding of the peopling of the non-African continents, and pathogenesis of diseases in various ethnic groups with different matrilineal backgrounds."

-Adimoolam Chandrasekar et al. 2009

Updating Phylogeny of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup M in India: Dispersal of Modern Human in South Asian Corridor


quote:
"Macrohaplogroup M (489-10400-14783-15043), *excluding M1 which is east African*, is distributed among most south, east and north Asians, Amerindians (containing a minority of north and central Amerindians and a majority of south Amerindians), and many central Asians and Melanesians."
--SUVENDU MAJI, S. KRITHIKA and T. S. VASULU (2009)

Phylogeographic distribution of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup M in India


Can you explain the belonging industry correlating with this supposed back migration? Thanks in advance.

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quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
If you follow their line of thinking,
the end product would be that modern Europeans are indistinguishable genetically from Africans

LOL up and down streams. LOL


I just love it how you fight with tooth and nails against African presence in Europe, even during modern day time. LOL


I just love it how you expose your euronut ass, every time you post.


quote:
According to the current data East Africa is home to nearly 2/3 of the world genetic diversity independent of sampling effect. Similar figure have been suggested for sub-Saharan Africa populations


The figure, besides a separate clustering of east Africans, indicates the substantial contribution of Africans and east Africans to the founding of populations of Europe and Asia.


--Jibril Hirbo, Sara Tishkoff et al.

The Episode of Genetic Drift Defining the Migration of Humans out of Africa Is Derived from a Large East African Population Size

PLoS One. 2014; 9(5): e97674.
Published online 2014 May 20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097674


And surprisingly the following was stated by Brenna Henn, in this interview on population genetics and population structure, considering African populations.

“African populations have the most genetic diversity in the world,” Henn said. “If you compared people from the Kalahari Desert to people from Mali, they’d be as different from each other [genetically] as Italians and Chinese people.”

Why are other populations of humans so much less genetically varied than Africans? The answer, Henn explains, lies in our ancestors’ history; the groups of people that migrated out of Africa and spread throughout other continents were smaller subsets of that original, genetically diverse population.

"AND WITHIN EACH OF THESE GROUPS THERE IS AN AMAZING AMOUNT OF DIVERSITY, [...] THE DIVERSITY IS INDIGNIOUS TO AFRICAN POPULATIONS":

Tracing Family Trees, And Human History, With Genetics

http://youtu.be/Pjf0qKdzmrc

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the lioness,
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^^^ according to Troll Patrol there's no such thing as a European or Levantine, they are all Africans


This is what Troll Patrol typically does. He takes an article and in the article they discuss various hypothesisor ambiguous remarks He extracts that quote and pretends it's the conclsuion of the article.

Here's an example.
Above he has an ambiguos comment from the article: Divorcing the Late Upper Palaeolithic demographic histories of mtDNA haplogroups M1 and U6 in Africa. 2012

Yet when we read the conclusion of the article we find this:

Conclusions
Our analyses do not support the model according to which mtDNA haplogroups M1 and U6 represent an early dispersal event of anatomically modern humans at around 40–45 KYA in association with the spread of Dabban industry in North Africa as proposed earlier [28,29]. A West Asian origin for these haplogroups still remains a viable hypothesis as sister clades of U (and ancestral to it, macro-hg N (including R)) and M are spread overwhelmingly outside Africa, notably in Eurasia, even though the phylogeographic data on extant populations do not present a clear support for it. Our estimates of coalescent times and demographic analyses of U6 and M1 variations suggest that their spread in North and East Africa is largely due to a number of demographic events, predominantly occurring at the end of the peak of as well as after the LGM, but largely before the Holocene.

________________________________

In other words take any article where they discuss theories already proposed. Take the one you like best, take it out of context, ignore the conclusion and method of the article and then pretend aother theory they were discussing as background is the main theme of the paper. He did the same thing with the Frigi

Then the cry is "ypu never acknowledge and African influence in Europe" but that is not true
"You never" is just an attempt to avoid the issue at hand

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Ish Geber
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quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
^^^ according to Troll Patrol there's no such thing as a European or Levantine, they are all Africans


This is what Troll Patrol typically does. He takes an article and in the article they discuss various hypothesisor ambiguous remarks He extracts that quote and pretends it's the conclsuion of the article.

Here's an example.
Above he has an ambiguos comment from the article: Divorcing the Late Upper Palaeolithic demographic histories of mtDNA haplogroups M1 and U6 in Africa. 2012

Yet when we read the conclusion of the article we find this:

Conclusions
Our analyses do not support the model according to which mtDNA haplogroups M1 and U6 represent an early dispersal event of anatomically modern humans at around 40–45 KYA in association with the spread of Dabban industry in North Africa as proposed earlier [28,29]. A West Asian origin for these haplogroups still remains a viable hypothesis as sister clades of U (and ancestral to it, macro-hg N (including R)) and M are spread overwhelmingly outside Africa, notably in Eurasia, even though the phylogeographic data on extant populations do not present a clear support for it. Our estimates of coalescent times and demographic analyses of U6 and M1 variations suggest that their spread in North and East Africa is largely due to a number of demographic events, predominantly occurring at the end of the peak of as well as after the LGM, but largely before the Holocene.

________________________________

In other words take any article where they discuss theories already proposed. Take the one you like best, take it out of context, ignore the conclusion and method of the article and then pretend aother theory they were discussing as background is the main theme of the paper. He did the same thing with the Frigi

Then the cry is "ypu never acknowledge and African influence in Europe" but that is not true
"You never" is just an attempt to avoid the issue at hand

See, even when you cite, loon lioness is not going to except, but lioness posted about a supposed back migration within a heartbeat. Though no archeological and anthropological references were added. No industries, NOTHING. Like so in the past 5 years.


Now lioness claims he doesn't fight off African precnes in Europe, LOL SMH


The forum is loaded with this stuff.


 -


Trail of Tools Reveals Modern Humans' Path Out of Africa
Early Homo sapiens lingered in a lush Arabia before encountering Neanderthals in the Levant.

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/02/150224-africa-stone-tools-modern-humans-arabia-emiran-nubian-origins/

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the lioness,
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Troll Patrols theory is that mankind only ever left Africa. Once out of Africa it was impossible to find one's way back to Africa.
People could follow the coastline out of Africa but there is something about going in the opposite direction, it's just too weird, that just can't happen.
And now he's just lying that I fight off African presence in Europe. In fact I have four separate threads, each devoted to a separate book about the African presence in Europe

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Ish Geber
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quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
Troll Patrols theory is that mankind only ever left Africa. Once out of Africa it was impossible to find one's way back to Africa.
People could follow the coastline out of Africa but there is something about going in the opposite direction, it's just too weird, that just can't happen.
And now he's just lying that I fight off African presence in Europe. In fact I have four separate threads, each devoted to a separate book about the African presence in Europe

Instead of posting this rubbish and wasting bandwidth and my time. Answer my simple questions, euronut!


Yep, it's hard to navigate back when you are hunter-gatherer and rely on primitive tools. Yes, that's true.


So when are you going to show us industries correlating with you obfuscated claims, lioness? [Big Grin]


If you read between the lines you'll find that as they migrated out, they hopped back and forth. Thus we find different patterns like in U and M. Before making definitive migrations further down the path. Into the Arabian Pininsual etc. This is how mankind spread from Africa. And this is what industries tell us.


 -


 -
Figure 5. Map with the different paleoenvironmental records mentioned in the text. Light blue/orange areas show wet/dry conditions respectively obtained in each paleorecord at this time interval (7.8–7.3 ka). Dark blue arrows indicate the upwelling system and Western Mediterranean Deep Water (WMDW). Light blue arrows indicate the theoretical su- perficial water circulation in the Alboran Sea, Atlantic Surface Water (ASW) and Modified Atlantic Water (MAW). Dashed brown arrows represent the wind system Saharan Air Layer (SAL).


You should do some field work or hiking as a basis. Without modern tools of course.LOL


Or if you like get dropped somewhere in the Sahara desert. For a true life experience. LOL


Survival of the fittest.

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quote:
Originally posted by the L word,:
Troll Patrols theory is that mankind only ever left Africa. Once out of Africa it was impossible to find one's way back to Africa.
People could follow the coastline out of Africa but there is something about going in the opposite direction, it's just too weird, that just can't happen.
And now he's just lying that I fight off African presence in Europe. In fact I have four separate threads, each devoted to a separate book about the African presence in Europe

This dumbass doesn't know that there was monsoon, which let small pockets of mankind move out of Africa. Yet, instead this dumbass keeps slamming the deadhorse.


If Mike, Iron Lion, Clyde or any one else for that matter posts and propose about recent African influence in Europe backed up with evidence, this Eurocentric loon fights it, as if it's life depends on it. And starts picture spamming like there is no tomorrow.


quote:

Our results also point to a less ancient western sub-Saharan gene flow to Tunisia, including haplogroups L2a and L3b. This conclusion points to an ancient African gene flow to Tunisia before 20,000 BP. These findings parallel the more recent findings of both archaeology and linguistics on the prehistory of Africa.

--Frigi et al



 -


 -


 -

Successes and failures of human dispersals from North Africa
(2011)

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618211003612

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Djehuti
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quote:
Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:

the lioness, is right. Djehuti is lying as usual.

Any mtDNA M and N descendant haplogroups is Eurasian by definition. Africans are from the African mtDNA L haplogroups.

[Eek!] [Eek!] So I am the liar but not lioness?!! Your brain is definitely dysfunctional. And since when have I ever lied about anything, unlike lioness??!! Yes I admit that since I don't know everything I can be at times mistaken and I'm not afraid to say so. But to accuse me of intentionally being dishonest and spreading disinformation is something else entirely! And again, I say you either prove your allegations or shut up! The only one lying here is YOU. And I don't take to kindly to bearing false witness. [Embarrassed]

By the way, ironically it is YOU who seems to support the Euronut claims that all African mitochondrial lineages must be apriori L but not M and N even though both M and N are descended from L3. You do realize that there are Africans in sub-Sahara who carry M1 and even N1 clades that are distinct from those in Eurasia, right? I guess not. So judging by your false claims it is definitely YOU who is lying!

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Y'all need to see this article:

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X15300535

A 12 meter stone mesolithic carved monolith found at 40 meters depth between Tunisia and Sicily, flooded 9350 years ago.

This shows that the Mediterranean Sea was getting higher, before the 7,700 year ago Black Sea deluge occurred, filling the entire Central Asia plains to Tarim Basin, China.

- - -

"The ancient geography of the Mediterranean Basin was profoundly changed by the increase in sea level following the Last Glacial Maximum. This global event has led to the retreat of the coastlines, especially in lowland areas and shallow shelves, such as the Sicilian Channel."

After the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), around 19,000 year B.P., when the land area of Europe was ~ 40% larger than it is now, a relatively abrupt global rise in sea-level took place, estimated to be of 125 ± 5 m, as determined by correcting observed sea-level changes for glacio-hydro-isostatic contributions (e.g., Fleming et al., 1998, Mix et al., 2001, Siddall et al., 2003, Lambeck et al., 2004 and Clark et al., 2009).

The Sicilian Channel is one of the shallow shelves of the central Mediterranean region where the consequences of changing sea-level were most dramatic and intense, as also occurred in part of the Aegean Sea, the northern Adriatic, and the Tunisia and Malta platforms. The Sicilian Channel is geologically part of the northern African continental shelf (Fig. 1)

- - -
Remarkable pictures

--------------------
xyambuatlaya

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