2002 by The American Society of Human Genetics. ________________________
A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes
Abstract:
The variation of 77 biallelic sites located in the nonrecombining portion of the Y chromosome was examined in 608 male subjects from 22 African populations. This survey revealed a total of 37 binary haplotypes, which were combined with microsatellite polymorphism data to evaluate internal diversities and to estimate coalescence ages of the binary haplotypes. The majority of binary haplotypes showed a nonuniform distribution across the continent. Analysis of molecular variance detected a high level of interpopulation diversity (ΦST=0.342), which appears to be partially related to the geography (ΦCT=0.230). In sub-Saharan Africa, the recent spread of a set of haplotypes partially erased pre-existing diversity, but a high level of population (ΦST=0.332) and geographic (ΦCT=0.179) structuring persists. Correspondence analysis shows that three main clusters of populations can be identified: northern, eastern, and sub-Saharan Africans. Among the latter, the Khoisan, the Pygmies, and the northern Cameroonians are clearly distinct from a tight cluster formed by the Niger-Congo–speaking populations from western, central western, and southern Africa. Phylogeographic analyses suggest that a large component of the present Khoisan gene pool is eastern African in origin and that Asia was the source of a back migration to sub-Saharan Africa. Haplogroup IX Y chromosomes appear to have been involved in such a migration, the traces of which can now be observed mostly in northern Cameroon.
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How can the presence of Group IX chromosomes at considerable frequency in Cameroon be explained? A priori, we can envision three possibilities. First, group IX chromosomes in Cameroon are due to rather recent male gene flow from Europe or the Near East. Second, the entire M9 superclade (haplogroups VII–X) has an African origin. Third, group IX chromosomes in Cameroon represent a footprint of a male back migration from Asia to Africa. The first scenario seems to be very unlikely, because only derived haplotypes, carrying the M269 or M17/SRY10831 mutations, have been detected in western Eurasia. The second hypothesis, an African origin of the M9 superclade that includes haplotype 117, would imply a subsequent impressive extinction of derivative lineages in sub-Saharan Africa, since no other haplotypes carrying the M9 mutation (haplogroups VII–X) have been observed in this region (the only exception being represented by a few haplotype 109 chromosomes found in the Fulbe from Cameroon). The last scenario, that of a back migration from Asia to Africa, currently appears to be by far the most plausible. This is because most of the M9 haplotypes (the majority of group VII and VIII lineages, as well as some group IX and X lineages reported by Underhill et al. [2000]) have been observed only in Asia. Moreover, this possibility appears to be further supported by the recent finding of the UTY2+/M173− intermediate haplotype (Karafet et al. 2001) in central and northeastern Asia (the UTY2 marker in the study by Karafet et al. [2001] corresponds to M207 in the present study). On the basis of phylogeographic Y-haplotype analyses, Asia has been regarded as the source of several old migrations leading to the peopling of America, Oceania, and Europe (Karafet et al. 1999; Santos et al. 1999; Hammer et al. 2001; Underhill et al. 2001b; Wells et al. 2001; Lell et al. 2002). In particular, M173-bearing chromosomes in Europe are considered to delineate an ancient expansion from Asia during the Upper Paleolithic, ~30,000 years ago (Semino et al. 2000; Underhill et al. 2001b; Wells et al. 2001). It is quite reasonable to hypothesize that an ancient Asian gene pool was the source of both the European (haplotype 117b) and Cameroonian (haplotype 117) M173 chromosomes. The fact that haplotype 117 is rare or absent in Asia (P.A.U., unpublished data) or the Middle East (present study), suggests that a large portion of its microsatellite diversity in Cameroon accumulated within the African continent after the proposed back-migration event, probably as a consequence of a population expansion. The coalescence age of the African haplotype 117, which we estimated as 4,100 years (95% CI 2,400–8,060 years), could thus represent a date for such an expansion and a lower limit for the time of entry into Africa. The occurrence of the latter event may not necessarily be recent. Although anthropological evidence indicates recent movements between western Asia and Africa by pastoralists (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994), the phylogeography and diversity patterns of M173-associated lineages suggest an earlier demographic history. The absence in northern Cameroon of Y haplotypes affiliated with the recolonization of Europe following the Last Glacial Maximum, as well as the subsequent Neolithic transition (Semino et al. 2000), is consistent with this interpretation. Interestingly, phylogenetic analysis of primate T-cell lymphotropic viruses type 1 indicate a putative Asian origin (Vandamme et al. 1998) followed by a simian- or human-mediated introduction to Africa [gt-or-equal, slanted]20,000 years ago (Van Dooren et al. 2001). An ancient human back migration from Asia to Africa had already been proposed by Altheide and Hammer (1997) and Hammer et al. (1998, 2001), on the basis of nested cladistic analysis of Y-chromosome data. They suggested that the presence of YAP+ chromosomes in Africa was due to such an event, but this has recently been questioned by Underhill et al. (2001b) and Underhill and Roseman (2001), primarily on the basis of the Asian-specific YAP+ subclade that neutralizes the previous phylogenetic inferences. Thus, the only evidence of a migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa that is fully supported by Y-chromosome data relies, at least for the moment, on the finding of haplogroup IX chromosomes in Cameroon. Interestingly, a frequency of 13% has been previously reported in an Egyptian sample for a group of chromosomes defined as haplotype 1C (Scozzari et al. 1999) and closely related to the M173 chromosomes. Unfortunately, this sample was not available for the present study. Although we cannot define more precisely the haplotype of the Egyptian 1C Y chromosomes, it is worth noting that four of six of these chromosomes showed dinucleotide microsatellite haplotypes that matched or were one-step neighbors of the M173 chromosomes found in Cameroon. The genetic uniqueness of the northern Cameroon populations outlined here is based entirely on Y-chromosome evidence. It is desirable that additional markers are examined to provide a complement to the Y-chromosome data. In particular, an mtDNA analysis might help to evaluate possible sex-specific differences in migratory behavior.
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Perhaps you should read the thread I linked to above lion-tranny before you comment. Because if you had, you would realize how foolhardy and perhaps foolish it would be to claim a clade that shows its most diversity as well as age in Africa as 'Eurasian' in origin.
According to such beliefs Cameroonians below have more mixture from the Middle East than Egyptians!
Posts: 26238 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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quote:Originally posted by Bettyboo: Lioness is a troll and anti-black.
I'm pro black, I just don't put all my chips into Egypt, I believe that is was a multi racial society and their religion has been dead for two thousand years. Most blacks in America have no ancestry from Egypt. Zero.
Was there this back migration from Asia that this study theorizes? I don't know
also, question: did you ever do the do with a cave beast?
Posts: 42918 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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posted
^ Yet even the beliefs of the religious have not been contested let alone refuted as much as those of 'Lioness'. Posts: 26238 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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quote:Originally posted by xyyman: Reading the study now. But a quick note.
I proposed about 1 year ago that E3a, E3b were probably phenotypically very similar. They are siblings. E3a originated in the East Central Sahara plains.
Although they are primarily found in West Africa it is NOT of West African origin.
The incoming E3a people met an older African population adapted to live in the forest.
This study suggest a similar premise.
This is not rocket science.
Cameroonians, carry E3a, and the so called R1b Eurasian marker, yet to the untrained eye they all look "sub-saharan".
What does that tell you????? Simply. Humans adapt to their environment. Doesn't matter the lineage.
Want more proof. Andaman Islanders. They carry the East Asian markers yet look stereotypical "negro". What does that tell you??
This is not rocket science. Three different markers (East Asian, R1b and E3a). All phenotypically similar. All seem to live in a similar environment. Conclusion????
quote:Originally posted by xyyman: Reading the study now. But a quick note.
I proposed about 1 year ago that E3a, E3b were probably phenotypically very similar. They are siblings. E3a originated in the East Central Sahara plains.
Although they are primarily found in West Africa it is NOT of West African origin.
The incoming E3a people met an older African population adapted to live in the forest.
This study suggest a similar premise.
This is not rocket science.
Cameroonians, carry E3a, and the so called R1b Eurasian marker, yet to the untrained eye they all look "sub-saharan".
What does that tell you????? Simply. Humans adapt to their environment. Doesn't matter the lineage.
Want more proof. Andaman Islanders. They carry the East Asian markers yet look stereotypical "negro". What does that tell you??
This is not rocket science. Three different markers (East Asian, R1b and E3a). All phenotypically similar. All seem to live in a similar environment. Conclusion????
Man, I should be a rich man.
Actually what it tells me is that early Afrocentrics may have been right in their assessment of where East Asians are partly derived from . As for Cameroonians what better evidence of what the Natufians may have looked like. Posts: 4226 | From: New Jersey, USA | Registered: Mar 2007
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness: "Belief" in a non-religious context means that there is room for doubt, it's a theory.
Some other people speculate but don't say they "believe", they say they "know"
as if they walked round 2000 years ago.
And why they say they know? cause they compiled a bunch of select craka studies
All this just to say that you still have no evidence for your "multi-cultural" Egypt. Your own source on Hyksos/Asiatic immigration debunked you.
Posts: 4254 | From: dasein | Registered: Jun 2009
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quote:Originally posted by Djehuti: ^ *Yawn* All of this was discussed before.
Perhaps you should read the thread I linked to above lion-tranny before you comment. Because if you had, you would realize how foolhardy and perhaps foolish it would be to claim a clade that shows its most diversity as well as age in Africa as 'Eurasian' in origin.
According to such beliefs Cameroonians below have more mixture from the Middle East than Egyptians!
Yeap. In any event any Back-migration would be by people ALREADY looking like tropical Africans.
Posts: 5905 | From: The Hammer | Registered: Aug 2008
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posted
The only loss is you failing to prove your multi-cultural, "wonderful rainbow of all the different races" ["mulatto"] A.Egypt. Bitch please. lol
Posts: 4254 | From: dasein | Registered: Jun 2009
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posted
^ It's even worse than that. 'Lioness' a.k.a. 1Arm is an Arabized northern Sudanese who believes that nothing good can come from 'pure' black Africans. They have to be mixed in order for them to be intelligent enough to create civilization or for them to be beautiful. This is the same pyschotic mentality of those committing genocide in Darfur. It's a shame really.
Posts: 26238 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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posted
^ Because she (he) posted here before under the moniker Amr1 and explained his identity and who he was. He tried to propagate that nonsense of a mixed (Arab/Mid-Eastern) race Egypt and even northeast Africa as a whole from ancient times as an explanation for advanced cultures and 'beautiful' features. Ausar even chewed him out several times or so. One of his pet-peeves was that Ramses mural that featured a Kmtwy just as dark in complexion as the Nhsw. He tried to say it was fake. I knew 'Lion' was him, when he brought the topic of that mural back up in several different threads as he'd done before. Now apparently he has a sex change as 'lioness' as if that has somehow helped his 'cause'. Posts: 26238 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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quote:Originally posted by Djehuti: ^ Because she (he) posted here before under the moniker Amr1 and explained his identity and who he was. He tried to propagate that nonsense of a mixed (Arab/Mid-Eastern) race Egypt and even northeast Africa as a whole from ancient times as an explanation for advanced cultures and 'beautiful' features. Ausar even chewed him out several times or so. One of his pet-peeves was that Ramses mural that featured a Kmtwy just as dark in complexion as the Nhsw. He tried to say it was fake. I knew 'Lion' was him, when he brought the topic of that mural back up in several different threads as he'd done before. Now apparently he has a sex change as 'lioness' as if that has somehow helped his 'cause'.
LOL. Figures. If that's true that's scary and racist as it explains why only someone who looks like the below can be called "black" in his/her book.
Posts: 4226 | From: New Jersey, USA | Registered: Mar 2007
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posted
you promoting cheap rumors to avoid other threads that's what's scary. dana don't lower yourself to that plus topic switch from 2nd and 6th dyn to this paleolithic separate issue
Posts: 42918 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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posted
^ Of course the issue of who you are and what you stand for would be 'paleolithic' to you! LOL
Anyway, to get back to the topic what have you to say about anything that counters this claim of R1 being Eurasian? Are you really suggesting that Cameroonians and even Bantus are Middle-Eastern mixed?
Posts: 26238 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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quote:Originally posted by Djehuti: ^ Of course the issue of who you are and what you stand for would be 'paleolithic' to you! LOL
Anyway, to get back to the topic what have you to say about anything that counters this claim of R1being Eurasian? Are you really suggesting that Cameroonians and even Bantus are Middle-Eastern mixed?
xyyman and dana convinced me this prehistoric was true:
quote:Originally posted by dana marniche:
quote:Originally posted by the lioness:
quote:Originally posted by xyyman:
I proposed about 1 year ago that E3a, E3b were probably phenotypically very similar. They are siblings. E3a originated in the East Central Sahara plains.
Although they are primarily found in West Africa it is NOT of West African origin.
The incoming E3a people met an older African population adapted to live in the forest.
This study suggest a similar premise.
This is not rocket science.
Cameroonians, carry E3a, and the so called R1b Eurasian marker, yet to the untrained eye they all look "sub-saharan".
What does that tell you????? Simply. Humans adapt to their environment. Doesn't matter the lineage.
Want more proof. Andaman Islanders. They carry the East Asian markers yet look stereotypical "negro". What does that tell you??
This is not rocket science. Three different markers (East Asian, R1b and E3a). All phenotypically similar. All seem to live in a similar environment. Conclusion????
Man, I should be a rich man.
Originally posted by dana marniche: Actually what it tells me is that early Afrocentrics may have been right in their assessment of where East Asians are partly derived from . As for Cameroonians what better evidence of what the Natufians may have looked like.
dana didn't want me to mention this but this back migration is not to be confused with the most important (insignificant significant) influx of Djehuti type Eurasiatics occurring mainly between the 2nd and 6th dynasties in certain towns of northern Egypt. (Ucko, A.J. Berry, Armelagos, Loring Brace)
quote:Originally posted by Djehuti: While most of the fair-skinned elite may be traced to Turks, not all are. There is ample historical documentation of Circassians (ACTUAL Caucasians from the Caucasus Mountains) as well as Slavic and Balkans (mainly women) who were imported into the Middle East during Ottoman times but even before. Even many of the elite had white women in their harems. The keyword is *elite*. This is why the elite groups look so different from the majority populace with looks that are more European inclined including smaller noses and in some cases lighter eye and hair color. [/QB]
yes, for example, Amenhotep III (18th Dynasty) (husband of Queen Tiye, father of Akenhaten, ordered forty slave girls from Milkilu, a Canaanite prince, paying 40 kit of silver for each:
"Behold, I have sent you Hanya, the commissioner of the archers, with merchandise in order to have beautiful concubines, i.e. weavers; silver, gold, garments, turquoises, all sorts of precious stones, chairs of ebony, as well as all good things, worth 160 deben. In total: forty concubines - the price of every concubine is forty of silver. Therefore, send very beautiful concubines without blemish."
From the Brooklyn Papyrus, we learn that Near Eastern men and women were intermingled with Egyptian servants and outnumbered them. Interestingly, they seem to have been more highly regarded then their Egyptian counterparts. This is probably due to the fact that, as prisoners of war or their descendants, they initially belonged to a social stratum superior to that of the Egyptian servants. In fact, the Egyptians of similar status probably came to be slaves due to committing some sort of unlawful act.
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quote:dana didn't want me to mention this but this back migration is not to be confused with the most important (insignificant significant) influx of Djehuti type Eurasiatics occurring mainly between the 2nd and 6th dynasties in certain towns of northern Egypt. (Ucko, A.J. Berry, Armelagos, Loring Brace)
This should please you. You have been desperately struggling for recognition of A.Egypt [though not A.Greece and Rome] as a "mixed" rainbow society for so long.
quote:From the Brooklyn Papyrus, we learn that Near Eastern men and women were intermingled with Egyptian servants and outnumbered them. Interestingly, they seem to have been more highly regarded then their Egyptian counterparts. This is probably due to the fact that, as prisoners of war or their descendants, they initially belonged to a social stratum superior to that of the Egyptian servants. In fact, the Egyptians of similar status probably came to be slaves due to committing some sort of unlawful act.
Ancient Greece and Rome also had foreign slaves [and others] yet they don't constitute a "mixed" rainbow society according to you. Why?
Posts: 4254 | From: dasein | Registered: Jun 2009
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quote:Originally posted by anguishofbeing: Ancient Greece and Rome also had foreign slaves [and others] yet they don't constitute a "mixed" rainbow society according to you. Why?
It's a good question. America and a lot of Western European countries are "rainbow" societies in terms of population. Early Greece may have been mixed. The thing is if you look at a lot of Greek sculpture it looks largely like one type of people. But if you look at Egyptian sculpture it looks like a hodgepodge collection of various races.
Also, when when ancient black folk went into Central Asia, some were slightly blacker than others. The blacker ones complained about the cold more and didn't get picked as much to go on the more Northerly expeditions.
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