Y-Chromosome and mtDNA Genetics Reveal Significant Contrasts in Affinities of Modern Middle Eastern Populations with European and African Populations
Danielle A. Badro, Bouchra Douaihy equal contributor, Marc Haber equal contributor, Sonia C. Youhanna, Angélique Salloum, Michella Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Brian Johnsrud, Georges Khazen, Elizabeth Matisoo-Smith, David F. Soria-Hernanz, R. Spencer Wells, Chris Tyler-Smith, Daniel E. Platt, [ ... ], The Genographic Consortium
Abstract
The Middle East was a funnel of human expansion out of Africa, a staging area for the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution, and the home to some of the earliest world empires. Post LGM expansions into the region and subsequent population movements created a striking genetic mosaic with distinct sex-based genetic differentiation. While prior studies have examined the mtDNA and Y-chromosome contrast in focal populations in the Middle East, none have undertaken a broad-spectrum survey including North and sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, and Middle Eastern populations. In this study 5,174 mtDNA and 4,658 Y-chromosome samples were investigated using PCA, MDS, mean-linkage clustering, AMOVA, and Fisher exact tests of FST's, RST's, and haplogroup frequencies. Geographic differentiation in affinities of Middle Eastern populations with Africa and Europe showed distinct contrasts between mtDNA and Y-chromosome data. Specifically, Lebanon's mtDNA shows a very strong association to Europe, while Yemen shows very strong affinity with Egypt and North and East Africa. Previous Y-chromosome results showed a Levantine coastal-inland contrast marked by J1 and J2, and a very strong North African component was evident throughout the Middle East. Neither of these patterns were observed in the mtDNA. While J2 has penetrated into Europe, the pattern of Y-chromosome diversity in Lebanon does not show the widespread affinities with Europe indicated by the mtDNA data. Lastly, while each population shows evidence of connections with expansions that now define the Middle East, Africa, and Europe, many of the populations in the Middle East show distinctive mtDNA and Y-haplogroup characteristics that indicate long standing settlement with relatively little impact from and movement into other populations.
Introduction
As a crossroad between Africa, Arabia, Asia, and Europe, the Levant has been a primary historical stepping stone in the first modern human expansions out of Africa and for later migrations into and out of Europe, Asia, and Africa [1]–[7]. As such, it has also become a land of remarkable human diversity. The earliest fossil and archaeological evidence of modern humans outside of the African continent are from the Levant, presumably indicating a migration via the northern route, and date to 125–95 kya [8], [9]. Additionally, genetic studies suggest that the initial peopling of Eurasia occurred through the northern Levantine (modern day Lebanon and Syria) route [10]–[12]. Two proposed routes chart the dispersal of anatomically modern humans out of the African continent: (1) a northern route, reaching west and central Asia through the Sinai Peninsula and the Levant, and (2) a southern route via the Bab el-Mandeb Strait and along the south Asian coast, ultimately reaching Australia [13]–[15].
While the out-of-Africa migrations have been major determining factors, other migratory events have strongly influenced genetic marker distributions throughout the Levant and the surrounding geographical areas. During the last glacial maximum (LGM, 26.5–19 kya), most of the Levant was an uninhabitable desert, with forested hills in Levantine Mediterranean coastal areas [7]. The genetics of the modern Levant were largely determined by subsequent repopulation (especially during the Neolithic agricultural revolution) and mass movements associated with empire building. Neolithic expansions in particular, beginning around 10 kya, induced gene flow between the Fertile Crescent and Europe, which shaped the genetic structure of both regions [16]–[22].
Most genetic studies of the Levant as a geographical area have focused exclusively on either Y-chromosome [23]–[27] or mitochondrial markers [28]. Further, contrasts between Y-chromosome and mtDNA data provide distinct insights into human expansions unavailable to somatic genome analyses [29]. While comparative analyses among the two marker types have been undertaken in the Middle East and Africa [30]–[34], none of these studies have explored the contrasting relationships of expansions throughout Europe, North Africa, the Levant and Arabian Peninsula after the LGM. Building on a previous study that reported phylogeographic characteristics of Y-chromosome markers in the Levantine region [25], we now compare and contrast Y and mtDNA phylogeographic distributions in the Levant and investigate the affinities of Middle Eastern populations with European and African populations.
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Just saw this Lioness. Maybe there something to you. Will read. But note the FREQUENCY of H in Africa. Mali, greater than 60%!!!! Even more than Iberia.
I will make a believer of you yet.
The pattern matches what I posted on H1 with a central Sahel African origin. Iberia and Sardinia was a beachhead for H1.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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Maybe your are not here to create traffic for the owner after all, and possibly smarter than I thought. It is great to have so much time on your hands.
This is very close to what I was looking for. The interpretation and choice of words are still sketchy in this one but the data is very useful. I could have done the write-up much differently.
Being in the scientific engineering field myself I know a properly designed study when I see one. This is not bad but you have to weed through the hypothetical and focus on the facts. . What is useful, is they use the same “measuring stick” when studying the mtDNA haplo-groups and also the same resolution across continents. The only drawback is, he did not use the latest technology as to not skew his hypothesis. Increased resolution would have been more informative. But to work through the premise they had no other choice.
That said – This is first time I have seen that such a high frequency of mt-DNA H next to Cameroon(R-V88). As I said when they eventually sample enough African populations they will have to re-label R1b and H1 as African Haplogroups not Eurasian.
Mali/Niger//Burkino Faso(Bantus) have a higher FREQUENCY of Eurasian female haplogroup than Europe(Iberia). GTFOH!!!! Ha! Ha! Ha! AND!!! Listen up HV is 3X higher in Burkina-Faso than the Cantabria Cornice. Look out Torroni! Those who don’t know. HV is upstream of H. Similarly to R-V88 is upstream to R-M269. Sage this may be your smoking gun on migration through Iberia.
It will be really fascinating when the migration patterns of AMH is finally mapped. The migration of AMH populations is not simplistic as some of the racialist believes. It is becoming really clear the migration pattern is a complex scenario of migrating Africans within Africa and waves after waves OUT of Africa. Again this proves there is no race. What we have here is population movement and adaptation to their new environment.
This paper have two parts. 1. Fact 2. Fiction.
1. Facts are the data eg frequency values, diversity values, identification of Haplogroups (assuming proper sampling).
2. Fiction – when they try to explain away or justify data that is a surprise to them. eg language as African slaves in Europe/Asia 1000ya or back-migration to Africa. Or when they try to interject their importance in pre-history and early historical times. Usually their prejudices screw up their logic
Looks like these European women were standing in line waiting for BLACK DICK. Things have not change much since the Holocene. What I heard they moved on to Kenya.
Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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Looks like these European women were standing in line waiting for BLACK DICK. Things have not change much since the Holocene. What I heard they moved on to Kenya.
So what was the genetic profile of the Euroepan women before they went out seeking black dick in Africa and why did they have to go all the way down to Cameroon to get it?
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^ Apparently such sentences above is what you get when you combine ignorance on population genetics with 'dirty' minds. Posts: 26280 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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