Ancient Local Evolution of African mtDNA Haplogroups in Tunisian Berber Populations
Frigi et al.
Human Biology
Ancient Local Evolution of African mtDNA Haplogroups in Tunisian Berber Populations
Frigi et al.
Human Biology (August 2010 (82:4)
Abstract
Our objective is to highlight the age of sub-Saharan gene flows in North Africa and particularly in Tunisia. Therefore we analyzed in a broad phylogeographic context sub-Saharan mtDNA haplogroups of Tunisian Berber populations considered representative of ancient settlement. More than 2,000 sequences were collected from the literature, and networks were constructed. The results show that the most ancient haplogroup is L3*, which would have been introduced to North Africa from eastern sub-Saharan populations around 20,000 years ago. Our results also point to a less ancient western sub-Saharan gene flow to Tunisia, including haplogroups L2a and L3b. This conclusion points to an ancient African gene flow to Tunisia before 20,000 years BP. These findings parallel the more recent findings of both archaeology and linguistics on the prehistory of Africa. The present work suggests that sub-Saharan contributions to North Africa have experienced several complex population processes after the occupation of the region by anatomically modern humans. Our results reveal that Berber speakers have a foundational biogeographic root in Africa and that deep African lineages have continued to evolve in supra-Saharan Africa.
Ancient Local Evolution of African mtDNA Haplogroups in Tunisian Berber Populations
Frigi et al.
Human Biology
August 2010 (82:4)
Discussion In this study we attempted to better elucidate the ancient African genetic background in the northwest African area, particularly in Tunisia. To this aim, we focused our study on Berber populations that are considered representative of the ancient North African populations that probably derived from Neolithic Capsians. During historic times, Berbers experienced a long and complicated history with many invasions, conquests, and migrations by Phoenicians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, Arabs, Bedouins, Spanish, Turks, Andalusians, sub-Saharans (communities settled in Jerba and Gabes in the 16th–19th centuries), and French (Brett and Fentress 1996). During these invasions, Berbers were forced back to the mountains and to certain villages in southern Tunisia (Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. 2004). At present, they are restricted to some isolates in the south who maintain the Berber language and to some populations in the north who lack an origin language. Many genetic studies on Tunisian Berber populations demonstrate the heterogeneity of Berbers with respect to European and sub-Saharan African contributions and the mosaic structure of Tunisian Berber populations with an absence of ethnic, linguistic, and geographic effects (Cherni et al. 2010).
In the present work, mtDNA data show a diversified distribution of African haplogroups. However, a question remains concerning the date of the sub-Saharan African inputs. Our results demonstrate an ancient local evolution in Tunisia of some African haplogroups (L2a, L3*, and L3b). The most ancient haplogroup is L3*, which would have been introduced from eastern sub-Saharan populations to North Africa about 20,000 years ago. The Siwa oasis sample studied by Coudray et al. (2009) contains sub-Saharan haplogroups L0a1, L3i, L4*, and L4b2, which are different from our Tunisian samples, in agreement with the heterogeneity of Berbers already shown in Tunisia.
Stevanovitch et al. (2004) suggested that the Gurna population in Egypt has conserved the trace of an ancestral genetic structure from an ancestral East African population characterized by a high haplogroup M1 frequency. This haplogroup is also present in three Berber populations (Kesra, Matmata, and Sned) with variable frequencies. In each of these populations, haplogroup L3* is also present. The association of both eastern African haplogroups in the Berber populations is a strong argument in favor of eastern African gene flow in Berbers. Other genetic and archaeological studies confirmed the crucial idea that an ancient population in East Africa constituted the basis of the ancestors of all African Upper Paleolithic populations—and their subsequent present-day descendants (Bengtson 2008; Keita 2004; Relethford 2000; Zakrzewski 2003, 2007).
Moreover, Berber languages spoken exclusively by North African populations belong to the Afro-Asiatic language. Diakonoff (1998) showed an exclusively African origin (Diakonoff, 1981, 1988) for the family. He explicitly described proto-Afro-Asiatic vocabulary as consistent with non-food-producing vocabulary and linked it to pre-Neolithic cultures in the Levant and in Africa south of Egypt. Moreover, Ehret. (2003) suggested that early Afro-Asiatic languages were spread by Mesolithic foragers from Africa into the Levant. On the contrary, Diamond and Bellwood (2003) suggested that food production and the Afro-Asiatic language family were brought simultaneously from the Near East to Africa by demic diffusion—in other words, by a migration of food-producing peoples. The evidence presented by Wetterstrom (1993) does not support this latter suggestion, however, and indicates that early African farmers in the Fayum initially incorporated Near Eastern domesticates into an existing indigenous foraging strategy and only over time developed a dependence on horticulture.
In conclusion, the crucial linguistic finding is that the three deepest clades of the Afro-Asiatic family are localized in Eritrea and Ethiopia. All the other languages of the family outside that region belong to subclades of just one of those deep clades. This kind of cladistic distribution is a basic criterion of the genetic argument for the genetic lineage origins well understood by geneticists. It applies to linguistic history as well.
Our results also point to a less ancient western African gene flow to Tunisia involving haplogroups L2a and L3b. Thus the sub-Saharan contribution to northern Africa starting from the east would have taken place before the Neolithic. The western African contribution to North Africa should have occurred before the Sahara’s formation (15,000 years BP). It seems likely that an expansion would have taken place in the Sahel zone starting about the time of a gradual climatic return to wetter conditions, when the Senegal River cut through the dunes (Burke et al. 1971). For subhaplogroup L2a1 (data not shown) we found some haplotypes that the Tunisian Berbers shared with Mauritanians and western sub-Saharan populations speaking a Niger-Congo language (studied by Salas et al. 2002).
This suggests that the people who brought these markers to the Berber populations most likely came from West African populations that spoke languages belonging to the Niger-Congo family when the Sahara became drier. However, this contribution of West African haplotypes and of other haplotypes, such as those belonging to haplogroup L1b1, could have been introduced to North Africa more recently.
Indeed, this West African contribution was difficult to date, because few haplotypes belonging to western African haplogroups have been observed, most of them being divergent. This result can be interpreted in different ways. Ancient western African mtDNA contributions could have disappeared from North Africa as a result of recent flows, or the situation observed now could be the result of a strong drift effect on ancient western African lineages, particularly those belonging to haplogroups L2a and L3b. A strong Iberian gene flow may have contributed to the decrease in African haplogroups. Indeed, most of the older hypotheses about North African population settlement used to suppose an Iberian or an eastern origin. The dates for subhaplogroups H1 and H3 (13,000 and 10,000 years, respectively) in Iberian and North African populations allow for this possibility. Kefi et al.’s (2005) data on ancient DNA could be viewed as being in agreement with such a presence in North Africa in ancient times (about 15,000–6,000 years ago) and with the fact that the North African populations are considered by most scholars as having their closest relations with European and Asian populations (Cherni et al. 2008; Ennafaa et al. 2009; Kefi et al. 2005; Rando et al. 1998).
However, considering the general understanding nowadays that human settlement of the rest of the world emerged from eastern northern Africa less than 50,000 years ago, a better explanation of these haplogroups might be that their frequencies reflect the original modern human population of these parts of Africa as much as or more than intrusions from outside the continent. The ways that gene frequencies may increase or decrease based on adaptive selection, gene flow, and/or social processes is under study and would benefit from the results of studies on autosomal and Y-chromosome markers.
Since the end of the extreme Saharan desiccation, lasting from before 25,000 years ago up to about 15,000 years ago, the Sahara has had post- and pre- Holocene cyclical climatic changes (Street and Grove 1976), and corresponding increases and decreases in population are probable. Wetter phases with better habitats perhaps allowed for increased colonization and gene and cultural exchange. Desiccation would have encouraged the emigration and segmentation of populations, with resultant genetic consequences secondary to drift producing more variation. During the last glacial period, the Sahara was even bigger than it is today, extending south beyond its current boundaries (Ehret 2002). About 13,000 years ago, large parts of the Sahara were as dry as the desert is now (White and Mattingly 2006). The end of the glacial period brought more rain to the Sahara, especially from about 8500 to 6000 BC (Fezzan Project 2006). By around 3400 BC, the monsoon retreated south to approximately where it is today, leading to the gradual desertification of the region (Kröpelin 2008). Thus the Sahara, through its cyclical environmental changes, might be seen as a microevolutionary “processor” and/or “pump” of African people that “ejected” groups to the circum-Saharan regions in times of increasing aridity.
Indeed, it must be noted that the high frequencies of cDe, P, and V antigens and low frequencies of FY antigens in some Berber-speaking groups (Chamla 1980; Mourant et al. 1976) indicate affinities with tropical Africans. These data may indicate recent or ancient gene flow from sub-Saharan Africa, a common immediate pre-Holocene ancestral group, or chance resemblance.
Our findings are in accordance with other studies on Y-chromosome markers that have shown that the predominant Y-chromosome lineage in Berber communities is the subhaplogroup E1b1b1b (E-M81), which emerged in Africa, is specific to North African populations, and is almost absent in Europe, except in Iberia (Spain and Portugal) and Sicily. Molecular studies on the Y chromosome in North Africa are interpreted as indicating that the southern part of Africa, namely, the Horn/East Africa, was a major source of population in the Nile Valley and northwest Africa after the Last Glacial Maximum, with some migration into the Near East and southern Europe (Bosch et al. 2001; Underhill et al. 2001). Hence, contrary to the suggestion that mtDNA haplogroups were introduced mostly from Iberia, it seems that Y-chromosome markers have an eastern African origin with an ancient local evolution in North Africa. These observations are in agreement with the proposal that the ancient communities ancestral in language to more recent Berber communities absorbed a lot of females from the existing pre-Holocene populations. This would indicate that the North African populations arose from admixture rather than from local evolution, leading to an intermediate genetic structure between eastern sub-Saharan Africans and Eurasians. Rock paintings in North Africa that show people of different phenotypes living together are a strong argument for our hypothesis (Hachid 1982, 1992, 1998).
In conclusion, our findings parallel the more recent findings of both archaeology and linguistics on the prehistory of Africa. The present study suggests that sub-Saharan contributions to North Africa have experienced several complex population processes after the occupation of the region by anatomically modern humans. Our results reveal that Berber speakers have a foundational biogeographic root in Africa and that deep African lineages have continued to evolve in supra-Saharan Africa.
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^ This study was discussed several times before especially the year in which the study was published. What's your point?
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^The obsession is with the small amount of "West African" gene flow.
In several debates with that person I have posted and cited from the study.
And yes, it was debated intensively in the year of the publication.
And it's funny how in several studies they claim typical African genes as foreign to Africa. Surprisingly E-M81.
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Divorcing the Late Upper Palaeolithic demographic histories of mtDNA haplogroups M1 and U6 in Africa
Erwan Pennarun, Toomas Kivisild et al.
quote:We report here 24 M1 and 33 U6 new complete mtDNA
sequences that allow us to refine the existing phylogeny of these haplogroups. The resulting phylogenetic information was used to genotype a further 131 M1 and 91 U6 samples to determine the geographic spread of their sub-clades. No southwest Asian specific clades for M1 or U6 were discovered. U6 and M1 frequencies in North Africa, the Middle East and Europe do not follow similar patterns, and their sub- clade divisions do not appear to be compatible with [...]
A New Topology of the Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) Revealed through the Use of Newly Characterized Binary Polymorphisms
It is interesting that these “non-African”mtDNA lineages are usually predominant while being diverse (Coudray et al. 2009; Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. 2004; Khodjet-el-Khil et al. 2008).
"Frigi et al.(2010) suggest these possibilities as factors in their consideration of the asymmetric assimilation of females of non-African origin into Berber-speaking populations whose males currently have a predominance lineage's defined by the African M35/81 biallelic marker.
Beniamino Trombetta et al.
Received November 17, 2010; Accepted December 6, 2010.
quote: Abstract
Haplogroup E1b1, defined by the marker P2, is the most represented human Y chromosome haplogroup in Africa. A phylogenetic tree showing the internal structure of this haplogroup was published in 2008. A high degree of internal diversity characterizes this haplogroup, as well as the presence of a set of chromosomes undefined on the basis of a derived character. Here we make an effort to update the phylogeny of this highly diverse haplogroup by including seven mutations which have been newly discovered by direct resequencing. We also try to incorporate five previously-described markers which were not, however, reported in the 2008 tree. Additionally, during the process of mapping, we found that two previously reported SNPs required a new position on the tree. There are three key changes compared to the 2008 phylogeny. Firstly, haplogroup E-M2 (former E1b1a) and haplogroup E-M329 (former E1b1c) are now united by the mutations V38 and V100, reducing the number of E1b1 basal branches to two. The new topology of the tree has important implications concerning the origin of haplogroup E1b1. Secondly, within E1b1b1 (E-M35), two haplogroups (E-V68 and E-V257) show similar phylogenetic and geographic structure, pointing to a genetic bridge between southern European and northern African Y chromosomes. Thirdly, most of the E1b1b1* (E-M35*) paragroup chromosomes are now marked by defining mutations, thus increasing the discriminative power of the haplogroup for use in human evolution and forensics.
Introduction
Human Y chromosome haplogroups are defined by unique mutations within the male specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY). The lack of recombination in this portion of the genome makes it possible to reconstruct an unequivocal haplogroup phylogenetic tree, which can be related to the geographic distribution of the individual branches of the tree, by an approach known as “phylogeography” [1]. The high genealogical resolution of this system, established by recent advances in mutation-detection technology, and the phylogeographic method have together proven highly informative in tracing patterns of human prehistoric colonization and migrations.
A parsimonious phylogenetic tree for 20 major haplogroups (A-T) representing worldwide Y chromosomal variation was proposed in 2008 [2]. In the present work, we focused on the structure of haplogroup E1b1. Within haplogroup E, which represents the majority of the Y chromosomes found in Africa, E1b1 is the haplogroup which has the greatest geographic distribution. Three lineages, E1b1a (E-M2), E1b1b (E-M215) and E1b1c (E-M329) were included in the genealogy presented by Karafet et al. [2]. To gain a better understanding of the structure of this complicated haplogroup, we performed a high resolution analysis by sequencing, on the average, 45.4 kb in each of 13 E1b1 Y chromosomes (Table S1). Incorporating the information obtained from this analysis into the previously reported tree produced an extensively revised phylogeny for the haplogroup E1b1 resulting in 52 distinct haplogroups.
Results
A total of 7 new SNPs within the E1b1 clade were discovered and mapped on the Y chromosome tree. In addition, five mutations (M293, V68, V92, V95 and V100) that had been previously described [3]–[5] but not included in the tree reported by Karafet et al. [2], were phylogenetically characterized. Information regarding these 12 SNPs is given in Table 1. Finally, two previously reported mutations, M154 [6] and M281 [7], required changes to their position in the phylogenetic tree as reported by Karafet et al. [2]. Changes to the previous “by lineage” haplogroup names have come about as a result of the incorporation of the new SNPs into the tree. To avoid any confusion, we have referred to the names of previous haplogroups (uninformed by the SNPs here characterized) by adding the term “former” throughout the text.
List of the phylogenetically characterized polymorphisms in the present study.
The phylogeny of the haplogroup E1b1 without (A) and with (B) the newly characterized SNPs is shown in Figure 1. Two SNPs (V43 and V95) turned out to be phylogenetically equivalent to the previously characterized mutation defining haplogroup E1b1a1 (E-M2, former E1b1a). However, incorporating the remaining ten mutations into the tree resulted in important changes compared with the previously published phylogeny.
Phylogeny of the haplogroup E1b1 without (A) and with (B) the SNPs phylogenetically characterized in this study (in red). The tripartite structure of E1b1 has now been resolved by virtue of the new markers V38 and V100, which combined haplogroup E-M2 (former E1b1a) with E-M329 (former E1b1c) into the haplogroup E-V38 (E1b1a). Within this haplogroup, the M154 marker was repositioned to the E-U209 clade. Nine chromosomes out of 95 E-U209*(x U290, P59) turned out to carry the derived state at M154. In addition, a new lineage was found to be defined within the E-U209 clade by the newly discovered V39 mutation. Two among 86 E-U209*(xU290, P59, M154) sub-Saharan chromosomes were found to have this mutation.
The V68 mutation was recently reported to be phylogenetically equivalent to M78 in a sample of 239 African chromosomes [4]. Here, undifferentiated paragroup E-V68*(xM78) chromosomes were observed in 3 among 9 E-M35* previously reported chromosomes from Europe [8]. A newly discovered mutation, V257, combined all the E-M81 and a subset (4/9 from Europe, 1/1 Marrakesh Berber and 1/1 Oromo from Kenya) of the E-M35* chromosomes reported by Cruciani et al. [8]. The V23 mutation was found to mark a new lineage within the E-M34 clade. Two out of 16 E-M34 Y chromosomes which had been previously observed in Africa [8] turned out to carry this mutation. The mutation M293 mutation [3] was shown to be positioned upstream of the P72 marker (Figure 1), which defines the E1b1b1f lineage in the tree by Karafet et al. [2]. All the sixteen Y chromosomes from southern Africa and 4/19 Y chromosomes from eastern Africa described by Cruciani et al. [8] as belonging to paragroup E-M35* turned out to carry the M293 mutation. The E-M35* undifferentiated state of two Jews and one Amhara from Ethiopia previously reported [8] has now been resolved by two mutations (V42 and V92, respectively), that identify two additional clades within the E-M35 haplogroup. Finally, we have found that M281 does not define a separate sub-lineage within E-M35; rather it is phylogenetically indistinct from the newly discovered V16 mutation and marks all the five E-M215* chromosomes reported by Cruciani et al. [4].
In conclusion, incorporating the newly characterized mutations into the E1b1 haplogroup, has led to a total of 52 lineages. This compares with the 44 lineages on the tree by Karafet et al. [2].
Discussion
Haplogroup E1b1 which is characterized by a high degree of internal diversity is the most represented Y chromosome haplogroup in Africa. Here we report on the characterization of 12 mutations within this haplogroup, eleven of which were discovered in the course of a resequencing and genotyping project performed in our laboratory. There are several changes compared to the most recently published Y chromosome tree [2]. Haplogroup E1b1 now contains two basal branches, E-V38 (E1b1a) and E-M215 (E1b1b), with V38/V100 joining the two previously separated lineages E-M2 (former E1b1a) and E-M329 (former E1b1c). Each of these two lineages has a peculiar geographic distribution. E-M2 is the most common haplogroup in sub-Saharan Africa, with frequency peaks in western (about 80%) and central Africa (about 60%). The same haplogroup is also present in North Africa, although at a lower frequency (usually below 10%) [9]–[11]. Haplogroup E-M329, on the other hand, was observed almost exclusively in eastern Africa [10], [12 and R.S. unpublished data], where E-M2 is virtually absent. The second basal branch of E1b1, E-M215, has a broad geographic distribution from southern Europe to northern and eastern Africa where it has been proposed to have originated [8]. The new topology here reported has important implications as to the origins of the haplogroup E1b1. Using the principle of the phylogeographic parsimony, the resolution of the E1b1b trifurcation in favor of a common ancestor of E-M2 and E-M329 strongly supports the hypothesis that haplogroup E1b1 originated in eastern Africa, as previously suggested [10], and that chromosomes E-M2, so frequently observed in sub-Saharan Africa, trace their descent to a common ancestor present in eastern Africa.
Within E-M35, there are striking parallels between two haplogroups, E-V68 and E-V257. Both contain a lineage which has been frequently observed in Africa (E-M78 and E-M81, respectively) [6], [8], [10], [13]–[16] and a group of undifferentiated chromosomes that are mostly found in southern Europe (Table S2). An expansion of E-M35 carriers, possibly from the Middle East as proposed by other Authors [14], and split into two branches separated by the geographic barrier of the Mediterranean Sea, would explain this geographic pattern. However, the absence of E-V68* and E-V257* in the Middle East (Table S2) makes a maritime spread between northern Africa and southern Europe a more plausible hypothesis. A detailed analysis of the Y chromosomal microsatellite variation associated with E-V68 and E-V257 could help in gaining a better understanding of the likely timing and place of origin of these two haplogroups.
Thanks to the newly characterized mutations, the large majority (34/45) of the chromosomes previously assigned to paragroup E-M35* [8] are now defined by unique mutations (Table S2). These findings will be of importance to those with research interests in human evolution [17]–[18] and forensic issues [19], [20].
Materials and Methods
This study was approved by the “Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza Universitŕ di Roma” Ethical Committee (protocol number 1016/2010, according to the DM 15/7/1997 and following). The data were analyzed anonymously. DNA samples came from collections of the Authors, and haplogroup information is as reported [4], [8]. DNAs were obtained from a total of 174 individuals from each of the following haplogroups E-M2* (3), E-U209* (95), E-V39, E-M215* (5), E-M35* (45), E-M78, E-V257*, E-M34*(18), E-V23, E-M293*, E-V42, E-V92 and E-V16.
Amplification and Sequencing
Overall, 45,4 Kb were sequenced on the average for each of 13 unrelated Y chromosomes (Table S1).
We designed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence primers on the basis of the Y-chromosome sequence reported in the February 2009 assembly of the UCSC Genome Browser (http://genome.ucsc.edu/) using Primer3 software (http://frodo.wi.mit.edu/primer3/). Sequencing templates were obtained through PCR in a 50-µl reaction containing 50 ng of genomic DNA, 200 µM each deoxyribonucleotide (dNTP), 2.5 mM MgCl2, 1 unit of Taq polymerase, and 10 pmoles of each primer. A touch-down PCR program was used with an annealing temperature decreasing from 62°C to 55°C over 14 cycles, followed by 30 cycles with an annealing temperature of 55°C.
Following DNA amplification, PCR products were purified using theQIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Cycle sequencing was performed using the BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit with Amplitaq DNA polymerase (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) and an internal or PCR primer. Cycle sequencing products were purified by ethanol precipitation and run on an ABI Prism 3730XL DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems). Chromatograms were aligned and analyzed for mutations using Sequencher 4.8 (Gene Codes Corporation, Ann Arbor, MI).
Mapping and genotyping of the new mutations were performed by using a total of 174 DNA samples classified as indicated above.
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^Great find. Just did a quick browse through it.
What is new to me..looking at the map above ...are those cities within the Sahara?
Are those Lakes also in the Sahara(Algeria)?
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Tukuler
multidisciplinary Black Scholar
Member # 19944
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quote:Originally posted by xyyman:
What is new to me..looking at the map above ...are those cities within the Sahara?
Are those Lakes also in the Sahara(Algeria)?
There are sizeable oases in the Sahara.
The chotts are a winter water feature of Tunisia and Algeria The chott region is pre-Saharan. Pre-Sahara is the desert's north periphery just as the Sahel is the desert's south periphery.
Lakes in central Algeria? First I've heard of them too. Maybe depressions filled with water on rare occasions?
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The correlation between languages and genes: the Usko-Mediterranean peoples 2001
Antonio Arnaiz-Villenaa, , , Jorge Martińez-Lasoa, Jorge Alonso-Garciáa
Abstract The usko-Mediterraneans peoples are defined as ancient and present day populations that have lived in the Mediterranean/Middle-East/Caucasus area and have spoken a Basque related language. The present day existing populations show an HLA genetic relatedness which is more or less close according to geographical distance. The Greek sample is an outlying in all genetic analyses, because Greeks have a significant genetic input from sub-Saharan Ethiopians and Blacks. This probably occurred in Pharaonic times. Present day comparisons between genes and languages show a lack of correlation: Macedonian, Palestinians, Kurds, part of Berbers, Armenians, and Turks belong to the old Mediterranean substratum, but they do not speak a language included in the old Mediterranean Dene-Caucasian group. This is due to an “elite”-imposed culture and language. Other ethnic groups speak an “old Mediterranean language” or “usko-Mediterranean language” modified by Roman Latin (i.e., Spanish, Italians), or by other not fully explained processes (Jews). Therefore, the correlation between genes and languages may exist at a macrogeographical level, but not when more precise microgeographical studies are done, as shown in the present “usko-Mediterranean” peoples model.
FIGURE 4. Neighbor-Joining dendrogram showing relatedness between Mediterranean and sub-Saharan populations. Genetic distances between populations (DA) were calculated by using HLA-DR and DQ (generic typing). Data from other populations were from references:
FIGURE 3. Usko-Mediterranean-Languages. The only ones which are non-extinct are Basque (spoken in the area detailed in Fig. 1) and Berber (or Tamazight) spoken at present in Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Niger, Mali, Mauritania, including the Sahara Desert. Basque and Berber were spoken in a much wider area.
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The correlation between languages and genes: the Usko-Mediterranean peoples 2001
Antonio Arnaiz-Villenaa, , , Jorge Martińez-Lasoa, Jorge Alonso-Garciáa
Abstract The usko-Mediterraneans peoples are defined as ancient and present day populations that have lived in the Mediterranean/Middle-East/Caucasus area and have spoken a Basque related language. The present day existing populations show an HLA genetic relatedness which is more or less close according to geographical distance. The Greek sample is an outlying in all genetic analyses, because Greeks have a significant genetic input from sub-Saharan Ethiopians and Blacks. This probably occurred in Pharaonic times. Present day comparisons between genes and languages show a lack of correlation: Macedonian, Palestinians, Kurds, part of Berbers, Armenians, and Turks belong to the old Mediterranean substratum, but they do not speak a language included in the old Mediterranean Dene-Caucasian group. This is due to an “elite”-imposed culture and language. Other ethnic groups speak an “old Mediterranean language” or “usko-Mediterranean language” modified by Roman Latin (i.e., Spanish, Italians), or by other not fully explained processes (Jews). Therefore, the correlation between genes and languages may exist at a macrogeographical level, but not when more precise microgeographical studies are done, as shown in the present “usko-Mediterranean” peoples model.
FIGURE 4. Neighbor-Joining dendrogram showing relatedness between Mediterranean and sub-Saharan populations. Genetic distances between populations (DA) were calculated by using HLA-DR and DQ (generic typing). Data from other populations were from references:
FIGURE 3. Usko-Mediterranean-Languages. The only ones which are non-extinct are Basque (spoken in the area detailed in Fig. 1) and Berber (or Tamazight) spoken at present in Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Niger, Mali, Mauritania, including the Sahara Desert. Basque and Berber were spoken in a much wider area.
lol At this desperate dork!
Frigi et al.
Human Biology
August 2010 (82:4)
Discussion
In this study we attempted to better elucidate the ancient African genetic background in the northwest African area, particularly in Tunisia. To this aim, we focused our study on Berber populations that are considered representative of the ancient North African populations that probably derived from Neolithic Capsians.
"During historic times, Berbers experienced a long and complicated history with many invasions, conquests, and migrations by Phoenicians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, Arabs, Bedouins, Spanish, Turks, Andalusians, sub-Saharans (communities settled in Jerba and Gabes in the 16th–19th centuries), and French (Brett and Fentress 1996). During these invasions, Berbers were forced back to the mountains and to certain villages in southern Tunisia (Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. 2004)."
Berber stems from the Afrasan phylum.
Following:
Libyco-Chadic, than Berber-Chadic. From a linguistic perceptive it's deep-rooted in Africa as well. Afrasan/ Afroasiatic has it's roots in East Africa, which is closely associated with Hg marker B-M60.
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quote:Originally posted by xyyman: ^Great find. Just did a quick browse through it.
What is new to me..looking at the map above ...are those cities within the Sahara?
Are those Lakes also in the Sahara(Algeria)?
Cities is somewhat of a big word, more like centers, yes.
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: I put it up because Amun Ra had referred to Frigi
Not every poster goes back to 2010
and new discussions put already discussed articles into new contexts
and with new additonal information such as Henn 2012 may change perspectives
lioness productions 2013
You got owned again, doofus.
so you agree with Djehutie that if an article was discussed two years ago it should never be discussed again, you are a cheerleading idiot. You want to join xyyman's Tunsisians are Negro camp be me guest. you constribute nothing, attempted humilaition of everybody is your sole purpose in the life, the life of a loser
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posted
Even though I don't agree with xxyman's opinion, he sometimes tells you what it is.
No one can really tell what Troll Patrols opinion is on a subject. like are modern Tunisians primarily of deep prehistoric Maghrebian ancestry or not? Djehuti would state and opinion right away. But Troll posts oversize charts and articles trying to make you think he is smart and you are supposed to guess what his point of view is. In actuality he is uncertain and is hiding behind articles and maps, it's a bluff game
He's dumb too because all I have to do is post something and he thinks that if he does the opposite that must be the afrocentric position.
For example xxyman would say a people like the Kabyle of Algeria , the largest population of all berbers are primarily indigenous Africans. So if I step and in and say they are not primarily indigenous Africans, Troll will assume i must have the wrong position.
But he doesn't even realize that if dana were here she would agree with me on this point even though disagee with other views of mine. Then an even lower roach will crawl in and cheerlead
Posts: 42919 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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quote:But Troll posts oversize charts and articles trying to make you think he is smart
LOL! Like your dumbass did with the Nizkor "holocaust" site? Troll please what you are doing above is propagandizing. LOL!
Posts: 4254 | From: dasein | Registered: Jun 2009
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Tell us again what Nizkor said about homicidal gas chambers. Show us how smart and certain you are... Posts: 4254 | From: dasein | Registered: Jun 2009
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^ LOL Ignoring the crazed Holocaust denial...
quote:Originally posted by Tukuler:
quote:Originally posted by xyyman:
What is new to me..looking at the map above ...are those cities within the Sahara?
Are those Lakes also in the Sahara(Algeria)?
There are sizeable oases in the Sahara.
The chotts are a winter water feature of Tunisia and Algeria The chott region is pre-Saharan. Pre-Sahara is the desert's north periphery just as the Sahel is the desert's south periphery.
Lakes in central Algeria? First I've heard of them too. Maybe depressions filled with water on rare occasions?
Let's not forget that there are underground aquifers or wells that are more numerous in the desert if one knows where to find them and it is the nomads are experts on this, thus their ability to survive in the deserts all this millennia.
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posted
^ Yet the majority of the aquifers are no where near the Atlas Mountains and are spread throughout the central Sahara and are no doubt the remnants of the prehistoric water sources that once existed.
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: Even though I don't agree with xxyman's opinion, he sometimes tells you what it is.
No one can really tell what Troll Patrols opinion is on a subject. like are modern Tunisians primarily of deep prehistoric Maghrebian ancestry or not? Djehuti would state and opinion right away. But Troll posts oversize charts and articles trying to make you think he is smart and you are supposed to guess what his point of view is. In actuality he is uncertain and is hiding behind articles and maps, it's a bluff game
He's dumb too because all I have to do is post something and he thinks that if he does the opposite that must be the afrocentric position.
For example xxyman would say a people like the Kabyle of Algeria , the largest population of all berbers are primarily indigenous Africans. So if I step and in and say they are not primarily indigenous Africans, Troll will assume i must have the wrong position.
But he doesn't even realize that if dana were here she would agree with me on this point even though disagee with other views of mine. Then an even lower roach will crawl in and cheerlead
I have not posted my opinion, I have posted EVALUATED SCIENCE! Which destroyed your trash. And those maps are as they come, I don't own those maps. I copied them from another site. As is obvious, considering the link! Ironically you are the only one who doesn't appreciate them. But, I am not surprised.LOL
Rediscovering Ancient Phoenicia: The Truth Behind Phoenician Identity in the Mediterranean
Joël J Hage The Morehead-Cain Foundation The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill May - August 2011
quote: No more than 20 percent of the Tunisian men sampled were found to be carrying Y-chromosomes that could have originated in ancient Phoenicia. Actually, most men were found to be carrying “the aboriginal North African [gene], M96.
Rediscovering Ancient Phoenicia: The Truth Behind Phoenician Identity in the Mediterranean
Joël J Hage The Morehead-Cain Foundation The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill May - August 2011
quote: No more than 20 percent of the Tunisian men sampled were found to be carrying Y-chromosomes that could have originated in ancient Phoenicia. Actually, most men were found to be carrying “the aboriginal North African [gene], M96.
20% is somewhat large for a city burnt to the ground by the Romans, Where is the exact quote relating to that figure? The reference given in that statement is no 9
the article is nat geo but the genetic analysis is
Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean
Pierre A. Zalloua et al.
excerpts:
The tests were constructed and validated in several ways. First, a noncontact test-pair matrix was constructed for detecting general east-to-west background variation reflecting Neolithic migrations, and the data were evaluated for significant results reflecting general non-Phoenician background variation against which the Phoenician pattern must be identified. Second, a colonization test-pair matrix for identification of gross features of the subsequent and more widespread Greek colonization event was applied. The Greek test sought to identify features typical of the Greek expansion but focused on those characteristics distinct from the Phoenician expansion. Third, the Phoenician colonization of Tunisia presented a unique test between the colonized coastal regions and interior Berber and Arab populations, because it has a different Neolithic history19 and no intervening Greek-colonization events. Additionally, the Moroccan military colonies are expected to be weaker than the major Phoenician Tunisian-trade-based colony but also to lack Greek influence.
The Phoenician-influenced regions selected were, thus, the coastal Lebanese Phoenician Heartland and the broader area of the rest of the Levant (the “Phoenician Periphery”); then Cyprus and South Turkey; then Crete; then Malta and East Sicily; then South Sardinia, Ibiza, and Southern Spain; and, finally, Coastal Tunisia and cities like Tingris in Morocco (Figures 1B and 1C). For each, we identified nearby sites of lesser or no Phoenician contact. Examples of the comparisons used thus include heartland versus periphery, colony versus trading center, and trading center versus noncontact sites.
Haplogroup J2, in general, and haplotypes PCS1+ through PCS6+ therefore represent lineages that might have been spread by the Phoenicians; but could the patterns that we observe be accounted for by other events, particularly the Jewish Diaspora, for which we could not develop a formal test? Note that this is a separate question from that of whether they could also have been spread by other expansions: indeed, we expect that Jews of the Diaspora carried some of the same STR+ and SNP lineages with them as did Phoenicians of Phoenician expansion. Two lines of reasoning suggest to us that we must be detecting a distinct signal. First, the frequency of Jews in the Mediterranean region over almost all of our sample sites is currently less than 0.1%, and our own collection of samples contained no individuals who identified themselves as bearing Jewish heritage in a number of sites, such as Tunisia and Morocco.22,23 Although historical admixture is expected to have occurred to some extent, recent studies tend to show strikingly low admixture in modern Jewish populations.15 Second, any such admixture is likely to have contributed to both Phoenician contact and noncontact populations and thus could not explain a systematically differential signal. The excess of J2 (Figure 1B), PCS1+ (Figures 1C and 1D), PCS2+ (Figure 1E), and PCS3+ (Figure 1F) in coastal Tunisia, the site of Carthage, compared with inland Tunisia is particularly salient, because these lineages are considerably more rare in North Africa than in Southern Europe. It also suggests that the Roman destruction of Carthage did not eliminate the Carthaginian gene pool. Further support for the PCS+ haplotypes' spread with the Phoenicians is illustrated by their generally high frequency among the Phoenician contact sites across the Mediterranean basin
_______________________________________________
The Tunisian History Outline:
Its long history may be very briefly outlined or summarized.[11] Here a reverse chronological order is employed.
A popular revolution of 2010-2011 instituted democratic reforms and substantial civil liberties. The prior regimes, headed in succession by two authoritarian presidents, administered the country's economic development during the bipolar and post–Cold War world. Since independence Tunisia has retained close ties both to Arab countries and to the West. Earlier the French had incorporated Tunisia into their sphere (1881–1956), preceded by many Italian settlers, merchants and farmers. Modernizing of methods, e.g., in business and education, was achieved. Before that, Tunisia was under the Ottoman Turks who had seized lasting control in 1574 after a brief Spanish occupation. The Ottomans eventually held Tunisia indirectly, through the Muradid and Husaynid Beys. The Ottoman Empire used the Turkish language; with it arrived a multi-ethnic influx. Prior to the Turkish era, the long medieval period had seen a cultural renaissance under the rule of native Berbers, already Arabized. At first the Zirids (973-1160) had ruled as vassals of the Fatimids who had relocated along the Nile; later the Zirids established an independent Ifriqiya, by breaking with the Fatimids. Next the Almohad movement succeeded in uniting the entire Maghrib, including Ifriqiya. Then the local Hafsid dynasty (1227-1574) of Tunis followed, ruling for many centuries during times both prosperous and lean, contested and peaceful. Their lands stretched form Constantine to Tarabulus.
The Islamic era had opened with the arrival of the Arabs (late seventh century). The Arabs brought their language and the religion of Islam, and its new calendar.] The Arabs also renewed the region's cultural ties with the Semitic east. Later the Fatimids, a Shi'a state, arose in Ifriqiya, circa 909; the Fatimds eventually conquered and ruled Egypt. During the last pre-Islamic centuries the Byzantines ruled, along with Berbrer vassals, and before them the Vandals (439-533). Over two thousand years ago the Romans had arrived, initially allied with Berber kingdoms; their cosmopolitan Empire long governed this Africa region as part of an integrated Mediterranean world.Before the Romans, came the Phoenicians, by sea from the eastern Mediterranean about three thousand years ago. The Phoenicians founded here the celebrated city of Carthage. Punic culture interacted continuously with the native Berbers, but the two did not then merge. | Earlier came migrations from surrounding territories including the north, the east, and the Sahel region of Africa. Perhaps eight millennia ago, already there were peoples established here, among whom the proto-Berbers (coming overland generally from the east) mingled and mixed, and from whom the Berbers would spring, during an era of their ethnogenesis.[
_______________________________________________
Modern Tunisians are more Arab than Phoenician
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E1b1b1b (E-M81) is the most common Y chromosome haplogroup in the Maghreb, dominated by its sub-clade E-M183. It is thought to have originated in the area of North Africa 5,600 years ago (Cruciani et al. 2004, Arredi et al. (2004)). It is colloquially referred to as the "Berber marker" for its prevalence among Mozabite, Moyen Atlas, Kabyle and other Amazigh groups, E-M81 is also quite common among North African Arab groups.
Posts: 42919 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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E1b1b1b (E-M81) is the most common Y chromosome haplogroup in the Maghreb, dominated by its sub-clade E-M183. It is thought to have originated in the area of North Africa 5,600 years ago (Cruciani et al. 2004, Arredi et al. (2004)). It is colloquially referred to as the "Berber marker" for its prevalence among Mozabite, Moyen Atlas, Kabyle and other Amazigh groups, E-M81 is also quite common among North African Arab groups.
Desperate dumb dork, you are simply repeating what I have shown in the extensive large maps, and several citations.
Rediscovering Ancient Phoenicia: The Truth Behind Phoenician Identity in the Mediterranean
Joël J Hage The Morehead-Cain Foundation The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill May - August 2011
quote: No more than 20 percent of the Tunisian men sampled were found to be carrying Y-chromosomes that could have originated in ancient Phoenicia. Actually, most men were found to be carrying “the aboriginal North African [gene], M96.
SNP Location Haplogroup Mutations
M96________ E __________ G > C
M96 closes just another marker in the E-81 linage. Proving once more, that they are local to Africa and not some foreign people who took over. And it's found in more than 80% of the men. Sounds like a lot to me.
Then again, the study you've cited gives good explanation on the no more than 20%.
As posted many times before.
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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posted
^^^ "North African" you dumb broad, what has been termed "aboriginal" in actuality is a unique Maghrebian ancestry comprised of several groups mainly from outside Africa, mainly Arab. And this unique combination also includes Phoenician, Greek, Roman, Vandal and Sub saharan ancestry, this unique combination is now labled by some scientists "aboriginal" or "Maghrebian ancestry" "Berber" marker and we have been through study after study describing back migration events from outside African at different periods going back to the Pleiostine. This is what scientist are referring to dumb fvck, I just put up an article in a new thread on E3 of which M96 is a part of. The word "indigenous" or "aborignal" is ambiguous in many cases. Even the American Indians are not indigenous to America if you go back far enough. At some point they get called "indigenous" and that point is arbitrary. If you were to take a deeper look at the details of what they are calling "indgenous" or "Maghrebian" "North African" you will find clustering which have significant affinty with Arabina and European groups. Much less so with the Sahelians. I put uo the SOURCE material, you dumb dodo of both the Joel Hage and Nat geo articles, the source journal article by Zalloua. That's right here in this thread, I am one step ahead of you
lioness productions in your ear
Posts: 42919 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: ^^^ "North African" you dumb broad, what has been termed "aboriginal" in actuality is a unique Maghrebian ancestry comprised of several groups mainly from outside Africa, mainly Arab. And this unique combination also includes Phoenician, Greek, Roman, Vandal and Sub saharan ancestry, this unique combination is now labled by some scientists "aboriginal" or "Maghrebian ancestry" "Berber" marker and we have been through study after study describing back migration events from outside African at different periods going back to the Pleiostine. This is what scientist are referring to dumb fvck, I just put up an article in a new thread on E3 of which M96 is a part of. The word "indigenous" or "aborignal" is ambiguous in many cases. Even the American Indians are not indigenous to America if you go back far enough. At some point they get called "indigenous" and that point is arbitrary. If you were to take a deeper look at the details of what they are calling "indgenous" or "Maghrebian" "North African" you will find clustering which have significant affinty with Arabina and European groups. Much less so with the Sahelians. I put uo the SOURCE material, you dumb dodo of both the Joel Hage and Nat geo articles, the source journal article by Zalloua. That's right here in this thread, I am one step ahead of you
lioness productions in your ear
Your frustration grows.LOL
Again, the root of E-M81 is at East Africa as has been shown several times by now. SNP M96 goes back 30 Ky, at least. And it's African! Now, what I have shown is that Levantine people are extensively mixed people. Phoenicians are suppose to be Levantine people, right?
A broad is a female. I happen to be a male. You racist dullard.
Something that is from abroad, can't be indigenous.
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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posted
You argue with me simply for the sake of arguing. Dana agrees with me that the average Tunisian berber is not primarily of African ancestry. I'm talking about the average when you look at the whole population. Now that's racist?
Ok you want to be in the xyyman camp that they are primarily African? Be my guest, I mean pest "the berbers are negroes" as xyyman says
___________________________________________
"Africa after the Last Glacial Maximum, with some migration into the Near East and southern Europe (Bosch et al. 2001; Underhill et al. 2001). Hence, contrary to the suggestion that mtDNA haplogroups were introduced mostly from Iberia, it seems that Y-chromosome markers have an eastern African origin with an ancient local evolution in North Africa. These observations are in agreement with the proposal that the ancient communities ancestral in language to more recent Berber communities absorbed a lot of females from the existing pre-Holocene populations. This would indicate that the North African populations arose from admixture rather than from local evolution, leading to an intermediate genetic structure between eastern sub-Saharan Africans and Eurasians"
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: You argue with me simply for the sake of arguing. Dana agrees with me that the average Tunisian berber is not primarily of African ancestry. I'm talking about the average when you look at the whole population. Now that's racist?
Ok you want to be in the xyyman camp that they are primarily African? Be my guest, I mean pest "the berbers are negroes" as xyyman says
___________________________________________
"Africa after the Last Glacial Maximum, with some migration into the Near East and southern Europe (Bosch et al. 2001; Underhill et al. 2001). Hence, contrary to the suggestion that mtDNA haplogroups were introduced mostly from Iberia, it seems that Y-chromosome markers have an eastern African origin with an ancient local evolution in North Africa. These observations are in agreement with the proposal that the ancient communities ancestral in language to more recent Berber communities absorbed a lot of females from the existing pre-Holocene populations. This would indicate that the North African populations arose from admixture rather than from local evolution, leading to an intermediate genetic structure between eastern sub-Saharan Africans and Eurasians"
-Frigi
No one is saying that berbers are primarily African, depending on the ethnic group that is. LOL
Fact is that the paternal side is extensively African. Easy put, for the most part. What I have posted thus far has been about Y-chromosomes. Which are only found to be in Africa, coming from an even older African linage.
Yes, I look at the entire population. That's correct. LOL
Remember this post?
quote: E1b1b1b (E-M81) is the most common Y chromosome haplogroup in the Maghreb, dominated by its sub-clade E-M183. It is thought to have originated in the area of North Africa 5,600 years ago (Cruciani et al. 2004, Arredi et al. (2004)). It is colloquially referred to as the "Berber marker" for its prevalence among Mozabite, Moyen Atlas, Kabyle and other Amazigh groups, E-M81 is also quite common among North African Arab groups.
Back to this here:
quote:"it seems that Y-chromosome markers have an eastern African origin with an ancient local evolution in North Africa."
You are so confused, you'll try to snatch "evidence" from anywhere. Even thou it doesn't correlate.LOL
We also know that the Tuareg carry a much older SNP of E-M81. Which makes Berbers the descendants of Tuaregs.
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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posted
This is what happened before 5,600 years ago:
Brenna M. Henn et al: 2012
The indigenous North African ancestry may have been more common in Berber populations and appears most closely related to populations outside of Africa, but divergence between Maghrebi peoples and Near Eastern/Europeans likely precedes the Holocene [>12,000 ya]. As indicated in Figure 3, population divergence between the Maghrebi and the European and Near Eastern populations occurred between 18,000–38,000 ya. The bounds here represent variation in ancestral k estimates and assumptions regarding Ne, as Near Eastern populations have a greater estimated Ne than European. Although these divergence time estimates may not be precise, as they do not adequately model ancient migration, they do suggest that the population divergence between the ancestral Maghrebi population and neighboring Mediterranean populations occurred at least 12,000 ya and indeed more likely predated even the Last Glacial Maximum
By sampling multiple populations along an approximate transect across North Africa, we were able to identify gradients in ancestry along an east-west axis [Figure 1 and Figure 2]. Notably, even northwestern populations with very high proportions of Maghrebi ancestry, such as the Tunisians and Saharawi, still cluster with Out-of-Africa populations in the population structure analyses [Figure 1 [k = 2], Figure 2]. This observation of clustering formed the basis for further analyses to distinguish between two alternative demographic models. First, North Africans could be closer to OOA populations due to extensive gene flow, likely from the Near East, over the past ~50 Kya. Second, North Africans could be closer to OOA populations if the two groups had diverged more recently than either had split with sub-Saharan Africans. After accounting for putative recent admixture [Figure 1], the indigenous Maghrebi component [k-based] is estimated to have diverged from Near Eastern/Europeans between 18–38 Kya [Figure 3], under a range of Ne and k values. We hence suggest that the ancestral Maghrebi population separated from Near Eastern/Europeans prior to the Holocene, and that the Maghrebi populations do not represent a large-scale demic diffusion of agropastoralists from the Near East.
A scenario where North African Maghrebi ancestry is the result of in situ population absorbing Near Eastern migrants would likely need the following premises to explain the results here and elsewhere: a] an Out-of-Africa migration [concurrent with bottleneck] occurs 50–60 Kya, geographically dividing North African and Near Eastern populations; b] North Africans experience a separate bottleneck; c] gene flow maintains similarity between the two geographically distinct populations; d] the gene flow then ceases or slows roughly between 12–40 Kya in order to allow sufficiently distinct allele frequency distributions to form. In contrast, we find it more parsimonious to describe model where: a] an OOA migration occurs [concurrent with a bottleneck]; b] OOA populations and North Africans diverge between 12–40 Kya when a migration back-to-Africa occurs. These models should be further tested with genomic sequence data, which have better power to detect magnitude and timing of bottlenecks, and to estimate the true joint allele frequency spectrum. Our genome-wide dense genotyping data from seven North African populations allow us to address outstanding questions regarding the origin and migration history of North Africa. We propose that present-day ancestry in North Africa is the result of at least three distinct episodes: ancient “back-to-Africa” gene flow prior to the Holocene, more recent gene flow from the Near East resulting in a longitudinal gradient, and limited but very recent migrations from sub-Saharan Africa.
Since most of the languages spoken in North Africa and in nearby parts of Asia belong to the Afro-Asiatic family (Ruhlen 1991), this expansion could have involved people speaking a proto–Afro-Asiatic language.
These people could have carried, among others, the E3b and J lineages, after which the M81 mutation arose within North Africa and expanded along with the Neolithic population into an environment containing few humans.
Under the hypothesis of a Neolithic demic expansion from the Middle East, the likely origin of E3b in East Africa could indicate either a local contribution to the North African Neolithic transition (Barker 2003) or an earlier migration into the Fertile Crescent, preceding the expansion back into Africa.
In conclusion, we propose that the Y-chromosomal genetic structure observed in North Africa is mainly the result of an expansion of early food-producing societies.
^^^^ A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa
Barbara Arredi,1 2004
_________________________________________________
E-M81 is restricted to northern Africa. The haplogroup is not found in sub-Saharan Africa.
E-M81 is rare (1.9%), and the southernmost finding of E-M81 chromosomes on the continent is that here reported in the Tuareg from Niger (9.1%),
[yet 90-100% in certain Tunisian populations. -lioness et al]
Basques; 12.2% in southern Portuguese; and 41.1% in the Pasiegos from Cantabria.
we estimated for haplogroup E-M81 and the lack of differentiation between European and African haplotypes in the network of E-M81 (fig. 2C) support the hypothesis of recent gene flow between northwestern Africa and Iberia. In this context, our data refine the conclusions of Bosch et al. (2001) in two ways. First, not all of the E3b chromosomes in Iberia can be regarded as a signature of African gene flow into the peninsula
^^^^^ Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa Fulvio Cruciani,
^^^ you readin this xyyman?
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Since most of the languages spoken in North Africa and in nearby parts of Asia belong to the Afro-Asiatic family (Ruhlen 1991), this expansion could have involved people speaking a proto–Afro-Asiatic language.
These people could have carried, among others, the E3b and J lineages, after which the M81 mutation arose within North Africa and expanded along with the Neolithic population into an environment containing few humans.
Under the hypothesis of a Neolithic demic expansion from the Middle East, the likely origin of E3b in East Africa could indicate either a local contribution to the North African Neolithic transition (Barker 2003) or an earlier migration into the Fertile Crescent, preceding the expansion back into Africa.
In conclusion, we propose that the Y-chromosomal genetic structure observed in North Africa is mainly the result of an expansion of early food-producing societies.
^^^^ A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa
Barbara Arredi,1 2004
_________________________________________________
E-M81 is restricted to northern Africa. The haplogroup is not found in sub-Saharan Africa.
E-M81 is rare (1.9%), and the southernmost finding of E-M81 chromosomes on the continent is that here reported in the Tuareg from Niger (9.1%), yet 90-100% in certain Tunisian populations. Basques; 12.2% in southern Portuguese; and 41.1% in the Pasiegos from Cantabria.
we estimated for haplogroup E-M81 and the lack of differentiation between European and African haplotypes in the network of E-M81 (fig. 2C) support the hypothesis of recent gene flow between northwestern Africa and Iberia. In this context, our data refine the conclusions of Bosch et al. (2001) in two ways. First, not all of the E3b chromosomes in Iberia can be regarded as a signature of African gene flow into the peninsula
^^^^^ Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa Fulvio Cruciani,
^^^ you readin this xyyman?
Of course E-M81 is a mutation caused by genetic drift. The parent clade is E-M78, E-M78 is the child clade of E-M35. E-M78 and E-M3 are rooted where?LOL
Hence:
quote: E1b1b1b (E-M81) is the most common Y chromosome haplogroup in the Maghreb, dominated by its sub-clade E-M183. It is thought to have originated in the area of North Africa 5,600 years ago (Cruciani et al. 2004, Arredi et al. (2004)).
Again, look at the overly sized map, which bothered you so much. LOL
I have posted this MULTIPLE TIMES prior to this. Look at the large ma again!
And I already elaborated on Afrasan, with a study done recently, as of 2008. Other recent studies also confirm an East African root for the Afrasan phylum, certainly proto-Afrasan. As posted before.
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A New Topology of the Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) Revealed through the Use of Newly Characterized Binary Polymorphisms, 2011.
Beniamino Trombetta et al.
The new topology of the tree has important implications concerning the origin of haplogroup E1b1. Secondly, within E1b1b1 (E-M35), two haplogroups (E-V68 and E-V257) show similar phylogenetic and geographic structure, pointing to a genetic bridge between southern European and northern African Y chromosomes. Thirdly, most of the E1b1b1*(E-M35*) paragroup chromosomes are now marked by defining mutations, thus increasing the discriminative power of the haplogroup for use in human evolution and forensics.
Within E-M35, there are striking parallels between two haplogroups, E-V68 and E-V257 [...] However, the absence of E-V68* and E-V257* in the Middle East (Table S2) makes a maritime spread between northern Africa and southern Europe a more plausible hypothesis.
Haplogroup E1b1 which is characterized by a high degree of internal diversity is the most represented Y chromosome haplogroup in Africa. Here we report on the characterization of 12 mutations within this haplogroup, eleven of which were discovered in the course of a resequencing and genotyping project performed in our laboratory. There are several changes compared to the most recently published Y chromosome tree [2]. Haplogroup E1b1 now contains two basal branches, E-V38 (E1b1a) and E-M215 (E1b1b), with V38/V100 joining the two previously separated lineages E-M2 (former E1b1a) and E-M329 (former E1b1c). Each of these two lineages has a peculiar geographic distribution. E-M2 is the most common haplogroup in sub-Saharan Africa, with frequency peaks in western (about 80%) and central Africa (about 60%).
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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posted
Tissue Antigens. 2010 Nov;76(5):416-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2010.01534.x. Polymorphism of HLA class II genes in Berbers from Southern
Tunisia. Fadhlaoui-Zid K, Buhler S, Dridi A, Benammar El Gaaied A, Sanchez-Mazas A.
Source Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology and Human Pathologies Faculty of Science of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia.
Abstract
quote: In this study, the HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 molecular diversity of two Berber-speaking populations of Southern Tunisia was analysed. Genetic comparisons indicate that both populations exhibit peculiar profiles for HLA-DRB1, as they diverge significantly from most other North Africans, while being highly diversified. At the opposite, they are much less differentiated from neighbouring populations according to the HLA-DQB1 polymorphism. Overall, the HLA class II genetic structure of Arab and Berber-speaking populations from Tunisia, and of North Africa as a whole, is complex and cannot be simply explained by geographic or linguistic differentiations. The present North African genetic pool has probably been shaped by both genetic drift and the contribution of genetically heterogeneous populations during the history of settlement of North Africa.
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa
Barbara Arredi,1 2004
Since most of the languages spoken in North Africa and in nearby parts of Asia belong to the Afro-Asiatic family (Ruhlen 1991), this expansion could have involved people speaking a proto–Afro-Asiatic language.
These people could have carried, among others, the E3b and J lineages, after which the M81 mutation arose within North Africa and expanded along with the Neolithic population into an environment containing few humans.
Under the hypothesis of a Neolithic demic expansion from the Middle East, the likely origin of E3b in East Africa could indicate either a local contribution to the North African Neolithic transition (Barker 2003) or an earlier migration into the Fertile Crescent, preceding the expansion back into Africa.
In conclusion, we propose that the Y-chromosomal genetic structure observed in North Africa is mainly the result of an expansion of early food-producing societies.
_________________________________________________
Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa Fulvio Crucian
M81 is a mutation that arose after other migration previous to it
E-M81 is restricted to northern Africa. The haplogroup is not found in sub-Saharan Africa.
E-M81 is rare (1.9%), and the southernmost finding of E-M81 chromosomes on the continent is that here reported in the Tuareg from Niger (9.1%), yet 90-100% in certain Tunisian populations. Basques; 12.2% in southern Portuguese; and 41.1% in the Pasiegos from Cantabria.
we estimated for haplogroup E-M81 and the lack of differentiation between European and African haplotypes in the network of E-M81 (fig. 2C) support the hypothesis of recent gene flow between northwestern Africa and Iberia. In this context, our data refine the conclusions of Bosch et al. (2001) in two ways. First, not all of the E3b chromosomes in Iberia can be regarded as a signature of African gene flow into the peninsula
A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa
Barbara Arredi,1 2004
Since most of the languages spoken in North Africa and in nearby parts of Asia belong to the Afro-Asiatic family (Ruhlen 1991), this expansion could have involved people speaking a proto–Afro-Asiatic language.
These people could have carried, among others, the E3b and J lineages, after which the M81 mutation arose within North Africa and expanded along with the Neolithic population into an environment containing few humans.
Under the hypothesis of a Neolithic demic expansion from the Middle East, the likely origin of E3b in East Africa could indicate either a local contribution to the North African Neolithic transition (Barker 2003) or an earlier migration into the Fertile Crescent, preceding the expansion back into Africa.
In conclusion, we propose that the Y-chromosomal genetic structure observed in North Africa is mainly the result of an expansion of early food-producing societies.
_________________________________________________
Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa Fulvio Crucian
M81 is a mutation that arose after other migration previous to it
E-M81 is restricted to northern Africa. The haplogroup is not found in sub-Saharan Africa.
E-M81 is rare (1.9%), and the southernmost finding of E-M81 chromosomes on the continent is that here reported in the Tuareg from Niger (9.1%), yet 90-100% in certain Tunisian populations. Basques; 12.2% in southern Portuguese; and 41.1% in the Pasiegos from Cantabria.
we estimated for haplogroup E-M81 and the lack of differentiation between European and African haplotypes in the network of E-M81 (fig. 2C) support the hypothesis of recent gene flow between northwestern Africa and Iberia. In this context, our data refine the conclusions of Bosch et al. (2001) in two ways. First, not all of the E3b chromosomes in Iberia can be regarded as a signature of African gene flow into the peninsula
E-M81 is local to Northwest Africa. So is the language and culture. The E* sub-clade that back migrated is E-M34, as was shown to you countless of times. Even on the extensive map, of which you complaint and cried a river.
quote: Our results reveal that Berber speakers have a foundational biogeographic root in Africa and that deep African lineages have continued to evolve in supra- Saharan Africa.
-Frigi et al.
quote: However, the absence of E-V68* and E-V257* in the Middle East makes a maritime spread between northern Africa and southern Europe a more plausible hypothesis.
-Trombetta (2011)
Guess what, the Tuareg carry E-V68 and older clades of E-M81.
Guess what, you are a desperate racist, so you try to take the entire E-M81 out of Africa, in hopes to win the arguments. LOL
The new topology of the tree has important implications concerning the origin of haplogroup E1b1. Secondly, within E1b1b1 (E-M35), two haplogroups (E-V68 and E-V257) show similar phylogenetic and geographic structure, pointing to a genetic bridge between southern European and northern African Y chromosomes. Thirdly, most of the E1b1b1*(E-M35*) paragroup chromosomes are now marked by defining mutations, thus increasing the discriminative power of the haplogroup for use in human evolution and forensics.
Within E-M35, there are striking parallels between two haplogroups, E-V68 and E-V257 [...] However, the absence of E-V68* and E-V257* in the Middle East (Table S2) makes a maritime spread between northern Africa and southern Europe a more plausible hypothesis.
quote:Haplogroup E1b1 which is characterized by a high degree of internal diversity is the most represented Y chromosome haplogroup in Africa. Here we report on the characterization of 12 mutations within this haplogroup, eleven of which were discovered in the course of a resequencing and genotyping project performed in our laboratory. There are several changes compared to the most recently published Y chromosome tree [2]. Haplogroup E1b1 now contains two basal branches, E-V38 (E1b1a) and E-M215 (E1b1b), with V38/V100 joining the two previously separated lineages E-M2 (former E1b1a) and E-M329 (former E1b1c). Each of these two lineages has a peculiar geographic distribution. E-M2 is the most common haplogroup in sub-Saharan Africa, with frequency peaks in western (about 80%) and central Africa (about 60%).
-A New Topology of the Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) Revealed through the Use of Newly Characterized Binary Polymorphisms, 2011.
Beniamino Trombetta et al.
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quote:Originally posted by Troll Patrol: We also know that the Tuareg carry a much older SNP of E-M81. Which makes Berbers the descendants of Tuaregs.
How (from what study?) do we know that the Tuareg carry a much older SNP of E-M81?
E-M81 in the Tuerag goes back at least 10Ky.
Interesting data but I don't know how does it proves that Tuareg got a much older SNP of E-M81. Is there a passage in the study saying that (for example higher variance in Tuareg)? What is the passage? From what study is this image from?
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quote:Originally posted by Troll Patrol: We also know that the Tuareg carry a much older SNP of E-M81. Which makes Berbers the descendants of Tuaregs.
How (from what study?) do we know that the Tuareg carry a much older SNP of E-M81?
E-M81 in the Tuerag goes back at least 10Ky.
Interesting data but I don't know how does it proves that Tuareg got a much older SNP of E-M81. Is there a passage in the study saying that (for example higher variance in Tuareg)? What is the passage? From what study is this image from?
You need to look at the SNP and chromosomes.
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posted
TP, are you referring to two seperate studies? Haven't read this paper, but it doesn't seem to significantly revise coalescence ages noted in previous studies:
quote:Originally posted by Troll Patrol: High-resolution investigation of 37 Y-chromosome STR loci and analysis of 35 bi-allelic markers in 47 individuals revealed a predominant northwest African component (E-M81, haplogroup E1b1b1b) which likely originated in the second half of the Holocene
What led you to conclude the following?
quote:Originally posted by Troll Patrol: E-M81 in the Tuerag goes back at least 10Ky.
posted
^ LOL Troll Patrol, I don't know why you even bother. The lyinass obviously lacks basic reading skills as well as being scientifically illiterate despite her citing and posting studies. Seriously trying to explain anything to the twit is like teaching a dog how to read. She is ineducable.
Anyway, TP I'm sure you're aware that Tuareg and even some Maghrebi even possess noticeable frequencies of E2 derived lineages as well and even E2*.
Posts: 26238 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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quote:Originally posted by Swenet: TP, are you referring to two seperate studies? Haven't read this paper, but it doesn't seem to significantly revise coalescence ages noted in previous studies:
quote:Originally posted by Troll Patrol: High-resolution investigation of 37 Y-chromosome STR loci and analysis of 35 bi-allelic markers in 47 individuals revealed a predominant northwest African component (E-M81, haplogroup E1b1b1b) which likely originated in the second half of the Holocene
What led you to conclude the following?
quote:Originally posted by Troll Patrol: E-M81 in the Tuerag goes back at least 10Ky.
I read somewhere in a paper that the Tuareg (and I believe the Fulani) carry E-V68. It said; its most common to the region of Egypt. Berber populations don't carry the clade, from what I know. Yet both population carry E-M81, while E-V68 is much older, but is only found in group not in the other?
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the maternal genetic pool of the Libyan Tuaregs is characterized by a major "European" component shared with the Berbers that could be traced to the Iberian Peninsula, as well as a minor 'south Saharan' contribution possibly linked to both Eastern African and Near Eastern populations.
The European Component
A high fraction of HVS-I CRS sequences were present in the Libyan Tuareg sample (56%). Screening of the single Pleistocene hunter-gatherers to repopulate central and north- ern Europe (Torroni et al., 1998, 2001, 2006; Achilli et al., 2004; Loogvali¨ et al., 2004) at the same time as another pop- ulation movement is thought to have spread southward into northwest Africa (Achilli et al., 2005; Cherni et al., 2008; Coudray et al., 2009). Haplogroup V was found in the Libyan Tuareg sample at a frequency (4%) comparable to that of other Berber populations, and its presence often coincides with the occurrence of HVS-I H-CRS in the Berber samples (Table 3). So, it is possible that the H-CRS component reflects the presence of H1 in the samples which were not defined at the sub-haplogroup level. The high incidence of H1 in the Libyan Tuaregs, particularly its H-CRS pool, points to a geneticrelationship between the Libyan Tuaregs and the Berbers. This is also apparent from the MDS plot, where the Libyan Tuareg sample locates together with Berber populations (Fig. 2). Of note is that the other Tuareg sample described in the litera- ture (Watson et al., 1996) (Western Tuaregs) did not show a close genetic relationship with the Libyan Tuaregs, implying a genetic heterogeneity of the Tuaregs. This difference ap- pears to be primarily caused by the low frequency (8%) of the European component in the Western Tuaregs, characteristic of northern African populations. After the removal of the H and V haplotypes, the Libyan Tuaregs showed a strong affilia- tion with the Eastern populations, while the Western Tuaregs associated more with the Central and Western African pop- ulations (Fig. 2). A scenario can be hypothesized in which the continuously changing Saharan environment, particularly during the second half of the Holocene coinciding with the start of the arid phase (Hassan, 1996, 2002), was responsi- ble for human migratory dynamics that led different Tuareg groups to mix and to separate from one another. In this con- nection, the hypothesis that the Libyan Tuaregs originated through a founder effect from an ancestral Tuareg population seems likely. Moreover, the coalescence age of the H1 varia- tion confirmed that it might have occurred in the second half of the Holocene, about 1,800 years ago, despite the fact that a more recent event seems likely as indicated by the age of the H1-CRS clade. A Berber origin is supported by linguistic data that characterise the Tuareg language as a proto-Berber language (Greenberg, 1970; Gaudio, 1993). Founder effect coupled to subsequent genetic drift might be the explanation of such a high frequency of H1 as well as of the absence of other typically North African haplogroups that are indeed frequent in the Berbers (e.g. U6).
The South Saharan Component Besides the European genetic component, a minor but more heterogeneous African component was observed in our sam- ples. Phylogeographic analysis of L0a1a highlighted a genetic affinity of the Libyan Tuaregs with the Northeast African and the Near Eastern populations. More particularly, this holds true when the Libyan Tuareg L2a1 lineages were grouped with the 16189–16192-16309A! sub-branch. Interestingly, the coalescence age calculated in the typically Near Eastern 16189–16192-16309A! cluster of full mtDNAs (16,012 yrs, SD 5,661) was very close to the values observed in the L0a1a cluster (i.e., 14,678 yrs, SD 4,811). Noteworthy is that similar coalescence ages and geographic distributions were observed in the Y-chromosome haplogroup E-V12* (Cruciani et al., 2007), which is related to the movement of people from East Africa northward through the Nile Valley and spreading also into the Central Sahara and the Arabian peninsula. Accordingly, a relationship between the L2a1 and L0a1a mtDNA lineages and this migration flow is proposed. More interest- ingly, the genetic closeness of the Libyan Tuareg lineages to the haplotypes from Saudi Arabia and Israel can be inter- preted as the result of the arrival of pastoral groups from the Near East into North Africa in the early middle Holocene, which is documented by the appearance of sheep and goats in the archaeological records of Egypt and in the Sahara as well (Vermeersch et al., 1994; Wendorf & Schild, 1994; Bradley et al., 1996; Close 2002; Kuper & Kropelin, 2006) All other south Saharan lineages were represented at very low frequencies (1–3%). That a sporadic introduction of these lineages into the Libyan Tuareg population may have taken place perhaps through the slave trade is confirmed by the typical south Saharan morphological traits of the slaves’ de- scendants. A remarkable genetic affinity with the Eastern African pop- ulations (particularly with the Beja) was observed for auto- somal markers by Cavalli-Sforza (Cavalli-Sforza et al., 1994). From an analysis of a sample of individuals from many Tu- areg populations in Western and Central Africa, he proposed that the Tuaregs originated through a population split from an ancestral pastoral group in the area between the Nile and the Red Sea in the middle Holocene. Despite some affinity with Eastern African mtDNA lineages, our data differ ap- parently from Cavalli-Sforza’s survey, as he found no close relationship with Berber groups. This might suggest that the geographic connotation is particularly strong in the Tuaregs, so that groups from different areas are genetically different. This has been confirmed by mtDNA data from another Tu- areg sample (Western Tuareg) (Watson et al., 1996). It is worth noting the low haplotype diversity value of the south Saharan mtDNA pool, which pointed out that genetic drift affected this component in the Tuaregs as well as the European one. An early introduction of south Saharan lineages into the main European matrix could be plausible; however, the hypothesis that both mtDNA components were present in the same founder population cannot be ruled out. Final Remarks The mtDNA analysis helped to characterise the Libyan Tu- aregs as a mixed group in which two main components are present. A European component, marked by haplogroups H1 and V, is strongly predominant and is shared with some Berber groups and other north African populations as well. Also present is a typically south Saharan component that shows a genetic relationship with Eastern African populations. The L2a1 and L0a1a lineages could be related to the movement of people from Eastern Africa approximately 15,000 years ago and subsequently via the Near East during pastoral move-ments. Additional studies are needed to collecmore data.
posted
^The fact of the matter is that the study above have been reviewed and discussed many time already.
And we have debunked you many times on this. Since the study you keep referring at is from a small Libyan location. Which represent a high input of Hg H, maternal!
Further more, lets look at the former and the later of the gene-tree. All the way from L3 to M and N, to R, to H in maternal lineage.
quote: Both the hypervariable regions and the coding region of mtDNA were investigated. Phylogeographic investigation was carried out in order to reconstruct human migratory shifts in central Sahara, and to shed light on the origin of the Libyan Tuaregs. Our results clearly show low genetic diversity in the sample, possibly due to genetic drift and founder effect associated with the separation of Libyan Tuaregs from an ancestral population. Furthermore, the maternal genetic pool of the Libyan Tuaregs is characterized by a major “European” component shared with the Berbers that could be traced to the Iberian Peninsula, as well as a minor ‘south Saharan’ contribution possibly linked to both Eastern African and Near Eastern populations.
--Claudio Ottoni
I am still waiting for you to show me the anthropological remains of these "hypothetical European females".
Where are those site scenes? Thus far you haven't shown nothing yet, and is has been for a both a year I am asking for this evidence. LOL
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posted
^ The irony comes from the physical remains of that region and time period in question.
"...Type B which fits, in all essential respects, the usual definition of the Mediterranean racial type, but sometimes shows also certain morphological peculiarities commonly known as "Boskopid," [Capoid/Khoisan] as well as Negroid features among females. Type B therefore was classified as African Mediterranean...It may have well acquired its "Boskopid" traits on the road, near the headwaters of the Nile, and kidnapped a few Negro or heavily Negroid women on its way west before turning northward into Northwest Africa. The peculiar characteristics of such women could have been restricted largely to females, at least for a time, by artificial selection in the form of preferential mating."
L. Cabot Briggs, Stone Age Races of Northwest Africa, pgs 81,89.
^^ The above was the hypothesis espoused by Briggs due to the "Negroid" features of the early Maghrebi females!
So much for European ancestresses. LOLPosts: 26238 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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posted
^^^ Excellent post man. Also shouldn't that prove that U6 carriers looked no different from their African counterparts?
Euronuts love to claim Paleolithic U6 is the origins for Berbers/Northwest Africans...They know European ancestry for Berbers is flawed so they now cling on for a Paleolithic Eurasian origins.
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posted
^ And the irony about hg U6 is that while it is most frequent in Northwest Africa, it is found in East Africa as well and as far south as Kenya. Funny how nobody is claiming Kenyan folks like the Maasai as having European ancestry. And yes while U and H and R in Africa may have Eurasian origins, their origins are right next door in Southwest Asia. We all know Southwest Asians well before the Holocene looked no different from Africans and why should they? They are right next to Africa. The issue of how much Paleolithic migration from the Near East there may have been is intriguing, and the mitochondrial DNA variation may need to be reassessed as to what can be considered to be only of "Eurasian origin" because if hunters and gatherers roamed between the Saharan and supra-Saharan regions and Eurasia it might be difficult to determine exactly "where" a mutation arose.-- Keita, In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory ed. John Benjamins. (2008)
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so in summation, Tunisian berbers like President Moncef Marzouki are indigneous African blacks
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UBBFriend: Email this page to someone!
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The above was the hypothesis espoused by Briggs due to the "Negroid" features of the early Maghrebi females! 
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