posted
I know this may be an old topic, but I feel this topic should be touched on more in more detail.
Many people today are unaware of the genius of the African. Although they might admit to a complex verbal language structure, it may come as quite a surprise to many that African people have a multitude of written languages. In Liberia the Bassa people have a written script. The Kpelle, Gola, Lorma, Grebo, Vai and Kissi also are known to have their own written language. Most of these scripts have diminished over time, as a result of abandonment.
Had Hanibal visited Liberia in 500 B.C., particularly Kpowin(Tradetown) and Bassa Cove, he would have witnessed the Bassa script in use. The script is called Vah by the Bassas, which is translated to the phrase: To throw sign. Not to be confused with the Vai ethnic group, who also have their own written script as mentioned above. Vah was initially the throwing of sign or signals utilizing the natural environment. Teeth marks would be left on leaves and placed in a discrete location for the intended reader. Messages where also carved in the barks of trees. Eventually this evolved into a complex written language. During the era of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, many Bassas avoided slave traders by utilizing Vah(Bassa Script). During the colonial, and on through to the neo-colonial period in Africa, a decline in the usage of Vah script caused by external cultural forces, almost brought this written portion of the Bassa language to extinction.
Dr. Flo Darvin Lewis in the 1900s would re-discover the script in South America. Bassas that were sold into slavery now living in Brazil and the West Indies; kept the tradition of writing alive, passing it from generation to generation. Through his travels, Dr. Lewis was astonished to find out that he, being a Bassa himself, knew nothing of any such writing amongst his people back in Liberia. This discovery put Dr. Lewis on a determined path to learn, teach and revive the script in Liberia. Lewis attended Syracuse University and earned a doctorate in Chemistry, where he was known as the African Prince. Dr. Lewis returned to Liberia by way of Dresden, Germany where a company manufactured the first printing press for the Bassa alphabet. In Liberia, he established an institution for learning Vah. Among his students were, former Senator Edwin A. Morgan, Counselors Zacharia Roberts and Jacob Logan. Fear, mis-trust, sabotage and colonial thinking Liberians would lead to Dr. Lewis’ untimely death; leaving an open legacy yet to be completed.
The reviving of the Bassa Vah script continues to day with the efforts of the Bassa Vah Association, striving to expand the use of this African writing for the printing of newspapers, literature, science and religious text. http://www.yinda.de/bassa/script_history.html
So how old is the Bassa script and what was it used for? Also this further debunks the idea of Africans not having a writing system of their own.
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posted
The Bassa Vah writing system is indeed very interesting. Showing Africans adapting writing to African needs and realities (tones, etc). As Europeans did for example. The system is said to have existed for a very long time as far as 500 BC in one form or another. Even slaves in Brazil bought it to the "new world", demonstrating its antiquity. The system is also phonetic which is always a plus. While writing scripts doesn't matter as much as the languages that are used (African languages), an African developed script is a very nice thing. That one got a practical aspect to it.
posted
^ Very interesting though not surprising in the least. With all the advanced cultural complexes in West Africa, is it all surprising that they had writing??
quote:Originally posted by Son of Ra: Why did you decide to only attack my thread?
Because the White Nobody is angry that all his fantasies and lies about African inferiority is being pulverized right before his very eyes. This is why he vandalizes threads like a silly child. Posts: 26246 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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Yeah he's getting annoying. Which is why I encouraged other people to join my site until he gets bored.
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quote:Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate: The Bassa Vah writing system is indeed very interesting. Showing Africans adapting writing to African needs and realities (tones, etc). As Europeans did for example. The system is said to have existed for a very long time as far as 500 BC in one form or another. Even slaves in Brazil bought it to the "new world", demonstrating its antiquity. The system is also phonetic which is always a plus. While writing scripts doesn't matter as much as the languages that are used (African languages), an African developed script is a very nice thing. That one got a practical aspect to it.
most west african scripts you find taught in secret societies like Poro in the Manding. You should read up on them if you want to understand how writing is generally used in classical Africa societies.
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posted
Vodou people of Haiti and Cuba have a hieroglyph script call VeVe. They write the Veve script with a white sand on the floor before the Vodu ceremony. In the VeVe script a scholar say you find the symbol of the DNA, nuclear symbol, fractal symbol etc. I notice the freemason square and compass symbol or x symbol on Baron Samedi VeVe symbol or some other loa symbol.
Some people states the Vodou Veve come from the Igbo Nsibidi script.
Veve
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For the Greek village, see Vevi. For the mountain, see Mount Veve.
A Veve or Vévé (also spelled beybey and vever) is a religious symbol commonly used in Haitian Vodou.
Contents [hide] 1 Uses 2 History 3 Function 4 Presentation 5 Examples 6 References 7 External links
Uses[edit]
It acts as a "beacon" for the Loa (also spelled Lwa) - a type of spirit, sometimes referred to as "angel", and will serve as a loa's representation during rituals.
History[edit]
In the past, it was believed that the veve was derived from the beliefs of the native Taíno people, but more recent scholarship has demonstrated a close link between the veve and the cosmogram of the Kongo people.[citation needed]
Veve symbols may also have originated as the Nsibidi system of writing for the Igboid and Ekoid languages. It was transported to Haiti through the Atlantic slave trade and then evolved into the Veve.
Function[edit]
According to Milo Rigaud "The veves represent figures of the astral forces... In the course of Voodoo ceremonies, the reproduction of the astral forces represented by the veves obliges the loas... to descend to earth." [1]
Every Loa has his or her own unique veve, although regional differences have led to different veves for the same loa in some cases. Sacrifices and offerings are usually placed upon them, with food and drink being most commonly used in the West.
Presentation[edit]
In ritual and other formalities, veve is usually drawn on the floor by strewing a powder-like substance, commonly cornmeal, wheat flour, bark, red brick powder, or gunpowder, though the material depends entirely upon the ritual. In Haitian Vodou, a mixture of cornmeal and wood ash is used.
Veve can be made into screenprint, painting, patchwork etc., as wall hangings, artworks and banners.
quote:Originally posted by Tukuler: Secrecy in writing and iron metallurgy was counterproductive and in part allowed others to advance beyond us in literature and metal production
cheap imports really impacted our practical iron metallurgy
You don't know what your talking about.
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posted
Secrecy should be ban. I don't like secrecy. It is a crime against humanity to keep history secret from the masses. I agree with Tukuler secret African history and secret African technology kept away from the masses hurt African kingdom and kept them from dominating the world today. Chinese, Korean and Japanese history are not a secret that's why they are successful today. African have to chose between conspiracy/secrecy and universal education in real history.
quote:Originally posted by mena7: Secrecy should be ban. I don't like secrecy. It is a crime against humanity to keep history secret from the masses. I agree with Tukuler secret African history and secret African technology kept away from the masses hurt African kingdom and kept them from dominating the world today. Chinese, Korean and Japanese history are not a secret that's why they are successful today. African have to chose between conspiracy/secrecy and universal education in real history.
you can agree all you want, it still boils down to you and him don't know what your talking about and clearly don't know enough W. African history to even know what was kept secret to what wasn't. They kept esoteric knowledge secret not technology. You both need to go to Africa and learn.
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posted
I think Nicola Telsa scientific discoveries like AC electricity, wireless electricity, radio, TV etc were originaly the Nile Valley priest invention rediscovered by Tesla. Many Egyptian migrated to Europe for trade, religion and as refugee. Probably some Egyptian priest brought those secret with them in the Balkan area in ancient time and Telsa inherited those knowledge.
I like Telsa concept of free energy. You put a pole in your backyard and get free electricity.
quote:Originally posted by mena7: I think Nicola Telsa scientific discoveries like AC electricity, wireless electricity, radio, TV etc were originaly the Nile Valley priest invention rediscovered by Tesla. Many Egyptian migrated to Europe for trade, religion and as refugee. Probably some Egyptian priest brought those secret with them in the Balkan area in ancient time and Telsa inherited those knowledge.
I like Telsa concept of free energy. You put a pole in your backyard and get free electricity.
So your saying ancient Egyptians had electricity supposedly, which ok, maybe. Then these Egyptians went into Europe, gave them (eastern Europeans) this technology, which they didn't seem to employ in their homeland. Then, Thousands of years pass, America is founded, some eastern european then brings this technology (which isn't in use in his homeland) to america? Is that the sequence of events your giving us?
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Tukuler
multidisciplinary Black Scholar
Member # 19944
posted
quote:Originally posted by typeZeiss:
quote:Originally posted by Tukuler: Secrecy in writing and iron metallurgy was counterproductive and in part allowed others to advance beyond us in literature and metal production
cheap imports really impacted our practical iron metallurgy
You don't know what your talking about.
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posted
I'm on the fence about the Bassa and Bamum scripts man, all the sources I've read on them say they are 19th century constructions. Africa has quite a few precolonial scripts anyhow. Any links I could take a look at?
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posted
I don't care about this script. This is why we should look to black writing systems outside of Africa, exluding hieroglyphs, demotic, hieratic, and Meroitic. Writing systems that we know are ancient. Cuneiform, Phoenician, Sanskrit, Persian Avestan, Pahlavi, Aramaic, Adite, Thamudite, Sabean, Hebrew, etc.
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quote:Originally posted by PreColonialAfrica13: ^ Oh boy, here we go again.
Ignore. Anyways yeah the Bamum script is around the 19th century. But on the other hand, the Bassa script origin is shrouded in mystery. Many people claim most scripts were only confined to the secret societies. You should touch base with typeZeiss since he is very knowledgeable on this subject.
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quote:Originally posted by Ebony Allen: Why don't y'all believe that the ancient Mesopotamians were black?
If they did research from the father of assyriology, Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, he seemed to think the Mesopotamian were Africans. In his book "Memoir on Cuneiform Inscription on page 114 in the foot notes he says the following "If it be true, as Dr. Lepsius has recently asserted, that the Beja, the most ancient dialect of the Aethiopie, be of the Caucasian family of languages, it will go far to connect the Aethiopians of Africa with the Eastern Kush. I have long, indeed, suspected, and am becoming daily more convinced that the languages of the so-called Median and Babylonian Inscriptions will be found to be nearly connected with those of Western Africa, and that the links of the connection will be traced in the migrations of the Kush.
You should also try to get your hands on a peer reviewed article titled: "The Early Chronology of Sumer and Egypt and the Similarities in Their Culture" by Dr. S. Langdon.
In that article he talks about how close the African religions, in this case Egyptian religion is to Sumerian religion. He talks about how different it is from the Semite religion that finds its way into the middle east from Asia. He also talks about how close the language seems to be to "Ethiopian". This article was written back in 1921, before the modern day country of Ethiopia got it's name, so I am not sure what he means by "Ethiopia" in this article.
I think the problem is, people rely on pictures of modern day people and because they have not traveled to the middle east themselves. 1. Populations move, that is just common sense. Think about America 1,000 years ago. It looked a LOT different than it does today, because populations moved in, replacing previous cultures in the region. The same thing happens in Middle East. 2. If you go to Iran, Iraq and many other parts of the middle east you are going to find black skinned people who are aboriginal to the area. These aboriginal black middle easterners look just like any other group of Africans.
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posted
According to the Bantu Hebrew There was a Bantu Bakuba empire in Mesopotamia. That Mesopotamian Bakuba Empire was ruled by a bantu Lunda King. Ancient Egypt also was ruled by a Lunda Pharaoh. The Chaldean Priest of Mesopotamia were from Egypt.
The city of Bakuba/Baquba in Irak was name after the bantu Bakuba people of Congo. The ancient black Mesopotamian spoke a Niger Congo bantu language.
quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters: Don't forget that Rawlinson used Galla/Oromo and South Arabic to decipher the cuneiform script.
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Do you have a source for that? I would like to mention this in a paper I am working on, but I need primary source if possible.
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George Rawlinson, The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World - Volume
Chapter IV - Language and Writing It was noted in the preceding chapter that Chaldaea, in the earliest times to which we can go back, seems to have been inhabited by four principal tribes. The early kings are continually represented on the monuments as sovereigns over the Kiprat-arbat, or, Four Races. These "Four Races" are called sometimes the Arba Lisun, or "Four Tongues," whence we may conclude that they were distinguished from one another, among other differences, by a variety in their forms of speech. The extent and nature of the variety could not, of course, be determined merely from this expression; but the opinion of those who have most closely studied the subject appears to be that the differences were great and marked-the languages in fact belonging to the four great varieties of human speech—Hamitic, Semitic, Arian, and Turanian. The language which the early inscriptions have revealed to us is not, of course, composed equally of these four elements. It does, however, contain strong marks of admixture. It is predominantly Cushite in its vocabulary, Turanian in its structure. Its closest analogies are with such dialects as the Mahra of Arabia, the Galla and Wolaitsa of Abyssinia, and the ancient language of Egypt, but in certain cases it more resembles the Turkish. Tatar, and Magyar (Turanian) dialects; while in some it presents Semitic and in others Arian affinities. http://www.wisdomlib.org/mesopotamian/book/the-seven-great-monarchies-of-the-ancient-eastern-world-volume-1/d/doc7625.html
George Rawlinson, The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World - Volume
Chapter IV - Language and Writing It was noted in the preceding chapter that Chaldaea, in the earliest times to which we can go back, seems to have been inhabited by four principal tribes. The early kings are continually represented on the monuments as sovereigns over the Kiprat-arbat, or, Four Races. These "Four Races" are called sometimes the Arba Lisun, or "Four Tongues," whence we may conclude that they were distinguished from one another, among other differences, by a variety in their forms of speech. The extent and nature of the variety could not, of course, be determined merely from this expression; but the opinion of those who have most closely studied the subject appears to be that the differences were great and marked-the languages in fact belonging to the four great varieties of human speech—Hamitic, Semitic, Arian, and Turanian. The language which the early inscriptions have revealed to us is not, of course, composed equally of these four elements. It does, however, contain strong marks of admixture. It is predominantly Cushite in its vocabulary, Turanian in its structure. Its closest analogies are with such dialects as the Mahra of Arabia, the Galla and Wolaitsa of Abyssinia, and the ancient language of Egypt, but in certain cases it more resembles the Turkish. Tatar, and Magyar (Turanian) dialects; while in some it presents Semitic and in others Arian affinities. http://www.wisdomlib.org/mesopotamian/book/the-seven-great-monarchies-of-the-ancient-eastern-world-volume-1/d/doc7625.html
Thank you! Reading George Rawlinson's book now, absolutely fascinating. Reading some of this, makes me think of the Hyksos. Do you know if the Hyksos were Caaninites of some type?
The chapter on Cush! WOW! I was reading something about the modern day people of Tahama in Yemen, who say the are the original Arabs and the white and tan ones are persian invaders. The Tahama by the way look like any other group of Africans. History is fascinating!
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posted
History is fascinating. The problem is Europeans write history to white out Black people, i.e., change African people into whites.
. Hyksos were Tehenu or Kushite people that's why they were intimate with the Kushites and expected them to support them when the Egyptians began to retake Egypt.
quote:Originally posted by alTakruri: Way back in the 6th dynasty we find heqa:x3st applied to rulers of various Nehesi kingdoms as in line 46 of Weni.
sT HqA.w xAs.w.t n.i.w irT.t wAwA.t iAm mDA Hr sTA xt ir=s iri.n(=i) mrw-qd n rnp.t wa.t
footnote 12. HqA.w xAs.w.t, "rulers of foreign countries," the term from which the name Hyksos, used by Manetho to denote the Asiatic invaders of Egypt, was derived. [trans. Lichtheim 1975:22]
The fact that HqA.w xAs.w.t, "rulers of foreign countries," was used in relation to the Kushites, and the term from which the name Hyksos comes,may explain why the Hyksos expected support from the Kushites as their power waned in Egypt.
-------------------- C. A. Winters Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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Hatti In the ancient literature the Proto Dravidians are called Kushites. Using boats the Kushites moved down ancient waterways many now dried up, to establish new towns in Asia and Europe after 3500 BC. The Kushites remained supreme around the world until 1400 1200 BC. During this period the Hua (Chinese) and Indo European (I E) speakers began to conquer the Kushites whose cities and economies were destroyed as a result of natural catastrophes which took place on the planet between 1400 1200 BC. Later, after 500 AD, Turkish speaking people began to settle parts of Central Asia. This is the reason behind the presence of the K s h element in many place names in Asia e.g., Kashgar, HinduKush, and Kosh. The HinduKush in Harappan times had lapis lazuli deposits.
Proto Saharans/Kushites expanded into Inner Asia from two primary points of dispersal : Iran and Anatolia. In Anatolia the Kushites were called Hattians and Kaska. In the 2nd millennium BC, the north and east of Anatolia was inhabited by non I E speakers.
Anatolia was divided into two lands “the land of Kanis” and the “land of Hatti”. The Hatti were related to the Kaska people who lived in the Pontic mountains.
Hattians lived in Anatolia. They worshipped Kasku and Kusuh. They were especially prominent in the Pontic mountains. Their sister nation in the Halys Basin were the Kaska tribes. The Kaska and Hattians share the same names for gods, along with personal and place names (1). The Kaska had a strong empire which was never defeated by the Hittites.
Singer (1981) has suggested that the Kaska, are remnants of the indigenous Hattian population which was forced northward by the Hittites. But at least as late as 1800 BC, Anatolia was basically settled by Hattians (2)
Anatolia was occupied by many Kushite groups,including the Kashkas and or Hatti. The Hatti , like the Dravidian speaking people were probably related . The Hatti were probably members of the Tehenu tribes.
The Tehenu was composed of various ethnic groups. One of the Tehenu tribes was identified by the Egyptians as the Hatiu or Haltiu.
During the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt (2563-2423), namely during the reign of Sahure there is mention of the Tehenu people. Sahure referred to the Tehenu leader “Hati Tehenu” .(3) These Hatiu, may correspond to the Hatti speaking people of Anatolia. The Hatti people often referred to themselves as Kashkas or Kaskas.
The Hatti controlled the city state of Kussara. Kussara was situated in southern Anatolia.
The earliest known ruler of Kussara was Pitkhanas. It was his son Anitta (c. 1790-1750 BC) who expanded the Kussara empire through much of Anatolia.
Many researchers get the Hittites (Nesa) mixed up with the original settlers of Anatolia called Hatti according to Steiner “.[T]his discrepancy is either totally neglected and more or less skillfully veiled, or it is explained by the assumption that the Hittites when conquering the country of Hatti adjusted themselves to the Hattians adopting their personal names and worshipping their gods, out of reverence for a higher culture” .(4)
Neshili, was probably spoken by the Hatti, not the IE Hittite. Yet, this language is classified as an IE langauge. Researchers maintain that the Hatti spoke 'Hattili' or Khattili “language of the Hatti”, and the IE Hittites spoke "Neshumnili"/ Neshili .(5) Researchers maintain that only 10% of the terms in Neshumnili is IE. This supports the view that Nesumnili may have been a lingua franca.
It is clear that the Anatolians spoke many languages including:Palaic, Hatti, Luwian and Hurrian, but the people as you know mainly wrote their writings in Neshumnili. The first people to use this system as the language of the royal chancery were Hatti Itamar Singer makes it clear that the Hittites adopted the language of the Hatti .(6) Steiner wrote that, " In the complex linguistic situation of Central Anatolia, in the 2nd Millennium B.C. with at least three, but probably more different languages being spoken within the same area there must have been the need for a language of communication or lingua franca [i.e., Neshumnili), whenever commercial transactions or political enterprises were undertaken on a larger scale" .(7)
The Hatti language which provided the Hittites with many of the terms Indo-Aryan nationalists use to claim and Aryan origin for the Indus civilization is closely related to African languages including Egyptians. For example: Big, mighty, powerful protect, help upper Hattic ur $uh tufa Egyptian wr swh tp Malinke fara solo dya, tu ‘raising’ Head stretch (out) prosper to pour Hattic tu put falfalat duq
Egyptian tup pd Malinke tu ‘strike head’ pe, bemba fin’ya du Eye hand Place King, term of respect
The Malinke-Bambara and Hatti language share other cognates and grammatical features. For example,in both languages the pronoun can be prefixed to nouns, e.g., Hatti le ‘his’, le fil ‘his house’; Malinke-Bambara a ‘his’, a falu ‘his father’s house’. Other Hatti and Malinke- Bambara cognates include: Hattic b’la ka -ka Kaati Malinke n’ye teke -ka ka, kuntigi ‘headman’
Good hypothesis generation suggest that given the fact that the Malinke-Bambara and Hatti languages share cognate terms, Sumerian terms may also relate to Hatti terms since they were also Kushites. Below we compare a few Hatti, Sumerian and Malinke Bambara terms:
Mother father lord,ruler build, to set up Hattic na-a ša tex Malinke na baba sa te Sumerian na ‘she’ aba tu ‘to create’ To pour child,son up, to raise strength,powerful land Hatti dug pin,pinu tufa ur -ka Malinke du den dya, tu fara -ka Sumerian dub peš dul usu ki
Conclusion
In summary,HqA.w xAs.w.t, "rulers of foreign countries," was used in relation to the Kushites, and the term from which the name came. The Hattic speaking people were members of the Kushite tribe called Tehenu. They were probably called Hati ( pl. Hatiu), by the Egyptians. It was members of the Hati who probably founded the Hyksos Dynasty of Egypt.
The language of the Hittites was more than likely a lingua franca, with Hattic, at its base. In Western Anatolia many languages were spoken including Hattic, Palaic, Luwian and Hurrian used Nesa as a lingua franca. For example, the king of Arzawa, asked the Egyptian in the Amarna Letters, to write them back in Nesumnili rather than Egyptian .(8)
Steiner notes that “In the complex linguistic situation of Central Anatolia in the 2nd Millennium B.C., with at least three, but probably more different languages being spoken within the same area there must have been the need for a language of communication or lingua franca whenever commercial transaction or political enterprises were undertaken on a larger scale” .(9)
This led Steiner to conclude that “moreover the structure of Hittite easily allowed one to integrate not only proper names, but also nouns of other languages into the morphological system. Indeed, it is a well known fact the vocabulary of Hittite is strongly interspersed with lexemes from other languages, which is a phenomenon typical of a “lingua franca” .(10)
The Hattians were pushed out of Anatolia into Iran by the Hittites and other Indo-European speaking people. Here they mixed with tribal people and invaded India . The Hattians and Mitanni along with tribal people in Iran formed the backbone of the Indo-Aryan people who are Hindus today. This is the only way we can explain the spread of Anatolian horse terms and religious concepts into Hinduism.
.
Footnotes
1. Itamar Singer, Hittites and Hattians in Anatolia at the beginning of the Second Millennium B.C., Journal of Indo-European Studies, 9 (1-2) (1981), pp.119-149.
2 Gerd Steiner, The role of the Hittites in ancient Anatolia, Journal of Indo-European Studies, 9 (1-2) (1981), 119-149.
3 El Mosallamy,A.H.S. Libyco-Berber relations with ancient Egypt:The Tehenu in Egyptian records. In (pp.51-68) 1986, p.55; and L. Borchardt, Das Grabdenkmal des Konigs Sahure. Vol. II, Table 1.
4 Steiner, p.160.
5 I.M. Diakonoff and P.L. Kohl, Early Antiquity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
6. Itamar Singer, Hittites and Hattians in Anatolia at the Beginning of the Second Millennium BC,Journal of Indo-European Studies, 9 (1-2) (pp.119-149).
7 Ibid., p.162.
8 Ibid., p.161.
9 Ibid., p.162
10 Ibid., p.165. .
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Ok, now you are peeking my interest! What lead you to the conclusion that Hyksos were Kushitic people? I only ask because Europeans have tried to make them anything but. I heard one professor claim the Hyksos were the Amorites of the bible. However, that doesn't mean the Amorites were Africans themselves.
Also, do you think W. Africans would fall under the term Kushitic too? I ask because Mande peoples came out of the Sahara, and are the original conquerers of the West, taking it from the Tellam, Batwa etc. Were all Saharan Kushitic or is that just a certain group of Saharan peoples?
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posted
I believe the Hyksos were related to the Kushites because the people who occupied much of the Levant and Mesopotamia were the so-called Asiatic Kushites of Greco-Roman literature.
The inhabitants of the Fezzan were round headed Africans. (Jelinek, 1985,p.273) The cultural characteristics of the Fezzanese were analogous to C-Group culture items and the people of Ta-Seti . The C-Group people occupied the Sudan and Fezzan regions between 3700-1300 BC (Jelinek 1985).
The inhabitants of Libya were called Tmhw (Temehus). The Temehus were organized into two groups the Thnw (Tehenu) in the North and the Nhsj (Nehesy) in the South. (Diop 1986) A Tehenu personage is depicted on Amratian period pottery (Farid 1985 ,p. 84). The Tehenu wore pointed beard, phallic-sheath and feathers on their head.
During the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt (2563-2423), namely during the reign of Sahure there is mention of the Tehenu people. Sahure referred to the Tehenu leader “Hati Tehenu” .(3) These Hatiu, may correspond to the Hatti speaking people of Anatolia. The Hatti people often referred to themselves as Kashkas or Kaskas.
The Tehenu was composed of various ethnic groups. One of the Tehenu tribes was identified by the Egyptians as the Hatiu or Haltiu. During the Egyptian 6th dynasty we find heqa:x3st applied to rulers of various Nehesy kingdoms as in line 46 of Weni.
quote: . sT HqA.w xAs.w.t n.i.w irT.t wAwA.t iAm mDA Hr sTA xt ir=s iri.n(=i) mrw-qd n rnp.t wa.t .
The Temehus are called the C-Group people by archaeologists (Jelinek, 1985; Quellec, 1985). The central Fezzan was a center of C-Group settlement. Quellec (1985, p.373) discussed in detail the presence of C-Group culture traits in the Central Fezzan along with their cattle during the middle of the Third millennium BC.
The Temehus or C-Group people began to settle Kush around 2200 BC. The kings of Kush had their capital at Kerma, in Dongola and a sedentary center on Sai Island. The same pottery found at Kerma is also present in Libya especially the Fezzan.
They bear a striking resemblance to predynastic (Badarian) portraits.
The C-Group founded the Kerma dynasty of Kush.
The term HqA.w xAs.w.t , "rulers of foreign countries," was the name used by Manetho to denote the Asiatic invaders of Egypt, we call Hyksos. This is interesting because it was the name given to the Nehesy kings of Kerma by the Egyptians.
The fact that HqA.w xAs.w.t, "rulers of foreign countries," was used in relation to the Kushites, and the term from which the name Hyksos comes from , explain why the Hyksos expected support from the Kushites as their power waned in Egypt.
quote:Originally posted by typeZeiss: Dr. Winters,
Also, do you think W. Africans would fall under the term Kushitic too? I ask because Mande peoples came out of the Sahara, and are the original conquerers of the West, taking it from the Tellam, Batwa etc. Were all Saharan Kushitic or is that just a certain group of Saharan peoples?
This is a complicated issue. West Africans entered their respective present regions of habitation from the North and East. Egypt was a multiethnic society that is why it was divided into nomes.Technically during the Roman period most Egyptians migrated out of Egypt, into the Meroitic empire.
After Axumites and the Nubians conquered the Meroites most Kushites probably migrated into West Africa. The Egyptianized Bantu migrated into Central, East and Southern Africa.
As a result, a majority of West Africans are descendants of Kushites and Egyptians who replaced the Anu or pgymy people.
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