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Author Topic: DNA reveals Recent Origin of Human Populations in North Africa
Amun-Ra The Ultimate
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Genome-Wide and Paternal Diversity Reveal a Recent Origin of Human Populations in North Africa


quote:
First identified inhabitants of North Africa: Aterians (black Africans)

Archaeological data suggest that the earliest modern humans arrived to North Africa around 160,000 years ago (ya) [1]. Human settlements dated between 145,000 ya and 40,000 ya were associated with the Aterian lithic industry [2], [3], which was replaced by the Iberomaurusian culture during the Last Glacial Maximum [4].

quote:
Recent Migrations

During the historical period, North Africa has been settled successively by diverse populations including Phoenicians, Romans, Vandals and Byzantines . By the end of the 7th century C.E, Arab armies from the Arabian Peninsula arrived to North Africa spreading Islam and the Arabic language in the region. Subsequent migrations of Arab populations followed, in particular the 10th century saw considerable movement of Bedouins to North Africa

quote:
We show that genetic diversity of today's North Africans mostly captures patterns from migrations post Last Glacial Maximum with no traces of genetic continuity with the first human settlers in the region . Therefore, reconstruction of modern humans' history would probably require analysis of indigenous ancient DNA from human fossils.
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0080293
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Amun-Ra The Ultimate
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100s of such rock paintings in the Atlas Mountains in the Morocco country have been discovered by Susan Searight.

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Ish Geber
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I'll post this additive along the already existing data in this thread. For the readers who aren't known with this.


quote:
The cultural sequence of the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene of Morocco displays three main techno-complexes: a Middle Palaeolithic, including a special facies called Aterian; an Upper Palaeolithic, separated into an early phase of uncertain configuration; a later phase, termed Iberomaurusian; and an Epipalaeolithic (Linstädter et al. 2012).
--Gerd-Christian Weniger 1; Jörg Linstädter 2; Josef Eiwanger 3 and Abdessalam Mikdad 4 (2012)

Late Pleistocene human occupation of Northwest Africa:
A crosscheck of chronology and climate change in Morocco


https://www.nespos.org/download/attachments/147128348/Weniger_2012poster.pdf


quote:



Abstract The Aterian fossil hominins represent one of the most abundant series of human remains associated with Middle Stone Age/Middle Paleolithic assemblages in Africa.


[...]


A complete mandible of Homo erectus was discovered at the Thomas I quarry in Casablanca by a French-Moroccan team co-led by Jean-Paul Raynal, CNRS senior researcher at the PACEA(1) aboratory (CNRS/Université Bordeaux 1/ Ministry of Culture and Communication). This mandible is the oldest human fossil uncovered from scientific excavations in Morocco. The discovery will help better define northern Africa's possible role in first populating southern Europe.

A Homo erectus half-jaw had already been found at the Thomas I quarry in 1969, but it was a chance discovery and therefore with no archeological context.


This is not the case for the fossil discovered May 15, 2008, whose characteristics are very similar to those of the half-jaw found in 1969. The morphology of these remains is different from the three mandibles found at the Tighenif site in Algeria that were used, in 1963, to define the North African variety of Homo erectus, known as Homo mauritanicus, dated to 700,000 B.C.


The mandible from the Thomas I quarry was found in a layer below one where the team has previously found four human teeth (three premolars and one incisor) from Homo erectus, one of which was dated to 500,000 B.C. The human remains were grouped with carved stone tools characteristic of the Acheulian(2) civilization and numerous animal remains (baboons, gazelles, equines, bears, rhinoceroses, and elephants), as well as large numbers of small mammals, which point to a slightly older time frame. Several dating methods are being used to refine the chronology.

The Thomas I quarry in Casablanca confirms its role as one of the most important prehistoric sites for understanding the early population of northwest Africa. The excavations that CNRS and the Institut National des Sciences de l’Archéologie et du Patrimoine du Maroc have led there since 1988 are part of a French-Moroccan collaboration. They have been jointly financed by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs(3), the Department of Human Evolution at the Max Plank Institute in Leipzig (Germany), INSAP(4)(Morocco) and the Aquitaine region.

--J.-J. Hublin, C. Verna, S. Bailey, T. Smith, A. Olejniczak, F. Z. Sbihi-Alaoui, and M. Zouak (2012)


Dental Evidence from the Aterian Human Populations of Morocco


http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~bioanth/tanya_smith/pdf/Hublin_et_al_2012.pdf

Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | Report this post to a Moderator
Amun-Ra The Ultimate
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quote:

Older Saharan Occupation and Crossings

Using the Holocene biogeography and palaeohydrology of the
Sahara as an analogue for the MIS5 humid period, it is likely that
an interconnected waterway would have been available for faunal
and human dispersal. This humid period corresponds very closely
with the age of the first modern human occupation of the North
African coast (45) and the Levant (46) by sub-Saharan populations ,
who may have been crossing the Sahara at this time (9).
The occupation of the Mediterranean coast of Africa by these early modern human migrants appears to have lasted from
∼110 to ∼30 ka (45), though the Levantine occupation appears
to have finished by ∼70 ka (47).

- From Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert

Basically it tells us in ancient times, Africans from the south of the Sahara (Sub-Saharan Africans) inhabited the Mediterranean coast crossing the Sahara from previous ancient wet phases.

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Ish Geber
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The above also explains the expulsion on why some African populations at these early settlements are closer to Eurasian populations. Hence. Outmigration of African....further clustering.
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Amun-Ra The Ultimate
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^^^ It doesn't explain that at all.

It explains that in very ancient time North Africa (including the coastal area) used to be inhabited by black Africans. That the modern populations now living there are not the same as the ancient. Although, it must be said, in Northwestern Africa, Iberian immigrants migrated there since a very long time ago (not later than 10000BC), replacing the previous Aterians(black Africans) inhabitants. (For those curious: then they went through admixtures with East African migrants and then went through bottleneck/founder effect(s), then went through admixtures with European/West Asian migrants and conquerors).

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Son of Ra
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This makes perfect sense! Good article. Debunks the Eurcentric nonsense that modern day NA are descendants from wandering Cacausoids during the Paleolithic. When in fact Northwest Africa was recently densely. Heck even during historical times Northwest Africa was sparsely populated. Carthage was the only area in NA(besides Egypt/Nubia obviously) that was densely.
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Amun-Ra The Ultimate
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quote:
Originally posted by Son of Ra:
modern day NA are descendants from wandering Caucasoid

Yes very true. Most of them are descendant of Iberian-European migrants and West Asian/European/Arabs/Muslim migrants admixed with African people. There's still many black Africans people mostly living in the south of North African countries.
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Son of Ra
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quote:
Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
quote:
Originally posted by Son of Ra:
modern day NA are descendants from wandering Caucasoid

Yes very true. Most of them are descendant of Iberian-European migrants and West Asian/European/Arabs/Muslim migrants admixed with African people. There's still many black Africans people mostly living in the south of North African countries.
Lets remember that they were able to do this due to the coast of Northwest Africa hardly being populated. We have to look at this at a historical context too. Think the Moors. I still hold the opinion that the bulk of modern Northwest African people descend from expelled muslims from Europe and European slaves. Just look at their Y-DNA and mtDNA. I can back this up with historical sources...

IMO I believed modern NA are the result of African men and European women.

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Amun-Ra The Ultimate
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quote:
Originally posted by Son of Ra:
quote:
Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
quote:
Originally posted by Son of Ra:
modern day NA are descendants from wandering Caucasoid

Yes very true. Most of them are descendant of Iberian-European migrants and West Asian/European/Arabs/Muslim migrants admixed with African people. There's still many black Africans people mostly living in the south of North African countries.
Lets remember that they were able to do this due to the coast of Northwest Africa hardly being populated. We have to look at this at a historical context too. Think the Moors. I still hold the opinion that the bulk of modern Northwest African people descend from expelled muslims from Europe and European slaves. Just look at their Y-DNA and mtDNA. I can back this up with historical sources...

IMO I believed modern NA are the result of African men and European women.

I don't believe so. I think immigrants from Iberia (earlier than 10000BC) went through a high level of genetic drift event(s) (after admixing with East Africans migrants) which dramatically changed their ethnic and genetic composition. Then they admixed with other Europeans and West Asians populations (Romans, Muslims, etc). So the current genetic profile of those population are not the same as the ancient one, at any point in their history. They are nice admixtures of many great people (Europeans, West Asians and Africans).
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Ish Geber
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quote:
Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
^^^ It doesn't explain that at all.

It explains that in very ancient time North Africa (including the coastal area) used to be inhabited by black Africans. That the modern populations now living there are not the same as the ancient. Although, it must be said, in Northwestern Africa, Iberian immigrants migrated there since a very long time ago (not later than 10000BC), replacing the previous Aterians(black Africans) inhabitants. (For those curious: then they went through admixtures with East African migrants and then went through bottleneck/founder effect(s), then went through admixtures with European/West Asian migrants and conquerors).

[Roll Eyes]

As mentioned many times before, early Africans were the inhabitants of the Iberia, long before the modern population entered.


quote:
The Mesolithic–Neolithic transition in southern Iberia

Resumen: New data and a review of historiographic information from Neolithic sites of the Malaga and Algarve coasts (southern Iberian Peninsula) and from the Maghreb (North Africa) reveal the existence of a Neolithic settlement at least from 7.5 cal ka BP. The agricultural and pastoralist food producing economy of that population rapidly replaced the coastal economies of the Mesolithic populations. The timing of this population and economic turnover coincided withmajor changes in the continental and marine ecosystems, including upwelling intensity, sea-level changes and increased aridity in the Sahara and along the Iberian coast. These changes likely impacted the subsistence strategies of the Mesolithic populations along the Iberian seascapes and resulted in abandonments manifested as sedimentary hiatuses in some areas during the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition. The rapid expansion and area of dispersal of the early Neolithic traits suggest the use of marine technology. Different evidences for a Maghrebian origin for the first colonists have been summarized.

The recognition of an early North-African Neolithic influence in Southern Iberia and the Maghreb is vital for understanding the appearance and development of the Neolithic in Western Europe. Our review suggests links between climate change, resource allocation, and population turnover.

http://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/93059


Migration from Africa to Europe took place, not the other way around. This is the part you still don't get. Thus, you could never backup your claims with archeological and anthropological findings.


quote:
The scientists recovered 1.34 percent and 0.5 percent of the human genomes from the bones of these two cave men. Analyses revealed that current populations of the Iberian Peninsula, which includes Spain, Portugal and Andorra, are not genetically linked with these ancient hunter-gatherers. Instead, these cavemen were closer genetically to the current populations of northern Europe.

"There are many works that claim the Basques [of the Iberian Peninsula] could be descendants from Mesolithics that became isolated in the Basque country," Lalueza-Fox said. "We found the modern Basques are genetically not related to these two individuals."

The scientists also recovered the complete mitochondrial DNA of one of these cavemen. This revealed that European populations during the Mesolithic were very uniform genetically.

"Despite their geographical distance, individuals from the regions corresponding to the current England, Germany, Lithuania, Poland and Spain shared the same mitochondrial lineage," Lalueza-Fox said. "These hunters-gatherers shared nomadic habits and had a common origin."

http://www.livescience.com/21246-cavemen-bones-oldest-human-dna.html


quote:
This suggests a remarkable genetic uniformity and little phylogeographic structure over a large geographic area of the pre-Neolithic populations. Using Approximate Bayesian Computation, a model of genetic continuity from Mesolithic to Neolithic populations is poorly supported. Furthermore, analyses of 1.34% and 0.53% of their nuclear genomes, containing about 50,000 and 20,000 ancestry informative SNPs, respectively, show that these two Mesolithic individuals are not related to current populations from either the Iberian Peninsula or Southern Europe.

[...]

Indicate that La Bran ̃ a specimens (Figure 1) belong to the U5b haplotype (16192T-16270T).

--Carles Lalueza-Fox et al

Current Biology, 28 June 2012 doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.005

Genomic Affinities of Two 7,000-Year-Old Iberian Hunter-Gatherers

Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | Report this post to a Moderator
Ish Geber
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quote:
Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
quote:
Originally posted by Son of Ra:
quote:
Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
quote:
Originally posted by Son of Ra:
modern day NA are descendants from wandering Caucasoid

Yes very true. Most of them are descendant of Iberian-European migrants and West Asian/European/Arabs/Muslim migrants admixed with African people. There's still many black Africans people mostly living in the south of North African countries.
Lets remember that they were able to do this due to the coast of Northwest Africa hardly being populated. We have to look at this at a historical context too. Think the Moors. I still hold the opinion that the bulk of modern Northwest African people descend from expelled muslims from Europe and European slaves. Just look at their Y-DNA and mtDNA. I can back this up with historical sources...

IMO I believed modern NA are the result of African men and European women.

I don't believe so. I think immigrants from Iberia (earlier than 10000BC) went through a high level of genetic drift event(s) (after admixing with East Africans migrants) which dramatically changed their ethnic and genetic composition. Then they admixed with other Europeans and West Asians populations (Romans, Muslims, etc). So the current genetic profile of those population are not the same as the ancient one, at any point in their history. They are nice admixtures of many great people (Europeans, West Asians and Africans).
This here exposes you on your Hamitic myth theme. This is why you are so paranoid to prove back migrations, however you always lack industrial backup material, unfortunately.


Why is it M1 and U6 don't follow the same pattern?


quote:
"No southwest Asian specific clades for M1 or U6 were discovered. U6 and M1 frequencies in North Africa, the Middle East and Europe DO NOT FOLLOW similar patterns, and their sub-clade divisions do not appear to be compatible with their shared history reaching back to the Early Upper Palaeolithic."
--Erwan Pennarun, Toomas Kivisild et al.


How come chromosomes C and R share a common ancestor in BT? In large parts of west Africa and this haplotype is being carried. Don't be shocked if you carry this as well.

quote:


The deepest branching separates A1b from a monophyletic clade whose members (A1a, A2, A3, B, C, and R) all share seven mutually reinforcing derived mutations (five transitions and two transversions, all at non-CpG sites).


 -


These chromosomes belong to a clade (haplogroup BT) in which chromosomes C and R share a common ancestor (Figure 2).

--Fulvio Cruciani et al
A Revised Root for the Human Y Chromosomal Phylogenetic Tree: The Origin of Patrilineal Diversity in Africa (2011)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929711001649

Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | Report this post to a Moderator
Amun-Ra The Ultimate
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quote:
Originally posted by Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor:
This is why you are so paranoid to prove back migrations

Eurasian back migrations into North Africa is not something I need to prove, clearly modern North Africans populations are the products of the back migrations of Eurasian people in Africa which admixed with African population to various degrees. We know it historically, and genetically. Most modern North African people also look like Middle Eastern people. This admixtures between many Middle Eastern, European and African populations is great. We just must separate it to study history and place it in context.
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Swenet
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quote:
Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate
This admixtures between many Middle Eastern, European and African populations is great. We just must separate it to study history and place it in context.

It's okay to seperate the Eurasian ancestry from North
Africans and study their local ancestry, but it's "racist"
and "Hamitic theory promoting", to take a Red Sea Coast
population with Middle Palaeolithic ties in the region
and study and acknowledge their local ancestry (L3'4'6)?

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Ish Geber
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quote:
Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
quote:
Originally posted by Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor:
This is why you are so paranoid to prove back migrations

Eurasian back migrations into North Africa is not something I need to prove, clearly modern North Africans populations are the products of the back migrations of Eurasian people in Africa which admixed with African population to various degrees. We know it historically, and genetically. Most modern North African people also look like Middle Eastern people. This admixtures between many Middle Eastern, European and African populations is great. We just must separate it to study history and place it in context.
You can't that's why you run off. This behavior is typical Eurocentric. Thus you come with nonsense arguments, which you can't backup with peer reviewed anthropological and archeological material, only the existence of a genetic sequence. Yet it was proven the opposite with outgoing industries, many times. And even ancestral alleles in these African populations, who migrated out of Africa.


Thus, I'm asking you again.


Why is it M1 and U6 don't follow the same pattern?


quote:
"No southwest Asian specific clades for M1 or U6 were discovered. U6 and M1 frequencies in North Africa, the Middle East and Europe DO NOT FOLLOW similar patterns, and their sub-clade divisions do not appear to be compatible with their shared history reaching back to the Early Upper Palaeolithic."
--Erwan Pennarun, Toomas Kivisild et al.


How come chromosomes C and R share a common ancestor in BT? In large parts of west Africa and this haplotype is being carried. Don't be shocked if you carry this as well.

quote:


The deepest branching separates A1b from a monophyletic clade whose members (A1a, A2, A3, B, C, and R) all share seven mutually reinforcing derived mutations (five transitions and two transversions, all at non-CpG sites).


 -


These chromosomes belong to a clade (haplogroup BT) in which chromosomes C and R share a common ancestor (Figure 2).

--Fulvio Cruciani et al
A Revised Root for the Human Y Chromosomal Phylogenetic Tree: The Origin of Patrilineal Diversity in Africa (2011)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929711001649

Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | Report this post to a Moderator
Son of Ra
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IMO I think this helps Trolls argument a lot...

quote:
The first modern humans to reach Europe arrived from Africa 35,000 to 40,000 years ago. By about 30,000 years ago, they were widespread throughout the area while their close cousins, the Neanderthals, disappeared. Hardly any of these early hunter-gatherers carried the H haplogroup in their DNA.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/13/130423-european-genetic-history-dna-archaeology-science/
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