quote:DNA from a man who lived in Ethiopia about 4,500 years ago is prompting scientists to rethink the history of human migration in Africa.
Until now, the conventional wisdom had been that the first groups of modern humans left Africa roughly 70,000 years ago, stopping in the Middle East en route to Europe, Asia and beyond. Then about 3,000 years ago, a group of farmers from the Middle East and present-day Turkey came back to the Horn of Africa (probably bringing crops like wheat, barley and lentils with them).
Population geneticists pieced this story together by comparing the DNA of distinct groups of people alive today. Since humans emerged in Africa, DNA from an ancient Africa could provide a valuable genetic baseline that would make it easier for scientists to track genome changes over time.
Unfortunately, such DNA has been hard to come by. DNA isn’t built to last for thousands of years. The samples of ancient DNA that have been sequenced to date were extracted from bodies in Europe and Asia that were naturally refrigerated in cooler climates.
That’s what makes the Ethiopian man so special. His body was found face-down in Mota cave, which is situated in the highlands in the southern part of the country. The cool, dry conditions in the cave preserved his DNA, and scientists extracted a sample from the petrous bone at the base of his skull. The resulting sequence is the first nuclear genome from an ancient African, according to a report published Thursday in the journal Science.
Radiocarbon dating revealed that the bone was 4,500 years old. That meant Mota (as the researchers called him) lived before Eurasians returned to the African continent.
Consistent with that timeline, Mota did not have any of the genetic variants for light-colored eyes or skin that evolved in the populations that left Africa. Nor did he have variants that arose in Eurasian farmers that allowed them to digest milk as adults.
Mota did have three variants that are known to help modern-day Ethiopians live in high altitudes. (The present-day town of Mota lies more than 8,100 feet above sea level.)
When the researchers compared Mota’s genome to those of contemporary humans, the closest match was with the Ari people of southern Ethiopia.
With this information, the research team was able to investigate the mysterious group of Eurasians that came to Africa 3,000 years ago. They created a model that assumed the Ari genome was a mixture of DNA from Mota and an unknown population from west Eurasia. Then they “plugged in” DNA from several candidate populations to see if they could get a combination that looked like Ari DNA.
Two results stood out from the rest. One was for modern-day Sardinians, who are known to be the closest living relatives to the earliest farmers. The other was for members of the so-called LBK culture in Germany, early farmers who lived about 7,000 years ago.
If the Eurasian settlers who arrived in Africa 3,000 years ago were indeed descendants of the LBK farmers, then the story of their migration through Africa needs to be revised, the researchers wrote.
By comparing the LBK genome with DNA from Africans alive today, the scientists calculated that these ancient farmers may have made up 25% or more of the population in the Horn of Africa during the migration years. All of those migrants ultimately pushed farther into Africa than previously thought, they determined.
African populations from the western and southern tips of the continent got at least 5% of their DNA from these Eurasian migrants, according to the study. Some groups from Ethiopia, Somalia, Djibouti and Eritrea can trace more than 30% of their DNA to these migrants.
“The ability to sequence ancient genomes has revolutionized our understanding of human evolution,” wrote the research team, which was led by Marcos Gallego Llorente of the University of Cambridge and Eppie Ruth Jones of Trinity College Dublin. They said they are eager to find “even older African genomes” that may make the story more complete.
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'Consistent with that timeline, Mota did not have any of the genetic variants for light-colored eyes or skin that evolved in the populations that left Africa. Nor did he have variants that arose in Eurasian farmers that allowed them to digest milk as adults.'
Light eyes and skin did not "evolve".
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The mitochondrial haplogroup was determined following the analysis described by Skoglund et al in 2014 (48). In brief, this involved generating a consensus mitochondrial sequence using SAMtools (38) and assigning a haplogroup using HAPLOFIND (46) (Table S3). Depth of coverage was calculated using bedtools (Table S3), and mutations are reported with respect to the Reconstructed Sapiens Reference Sequence (49). Mota was assigned to haplogroup L3x2a. Haplogroup L3 arose 60-70 kya (50) in Eastern Africa where the richest present-day haplogroup diversity is found (51). All mitochondrial haplogroups found outside Africa descend from the L3 lineage and hence this haplogroup is associated with the spread of Homo sapiens out of Africa to the rest of the world (52). The subhaplogroup L3x2 is restricted to the Horn of Africa and the Nile Valley in modern Ethiopian samples (12), suggesting a degree of maternal continuity in Ethiopia over the past 4,500 years.
Y chromosome haplogroups
We used a maximum likelihood based approach to determine the Y chromosome haplogroup of Mota. We called genotypes along the Y chromosome with a minimum base threshold of 20 using GATK and employed YFitter (53) to predict the most likely haplogroup. Mota was assigned to haplogroup E1b1. We verified this haplogroup by looking for mutations in Mota that were described by the International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) as defining the branches leading to haplogroup E1b1 (Table S4). Macrohaplogroup E is the most prevalent haplogroup found in Africa with reduced frequencies in Europe and the Middle East (54, 55). It is proposed to have originated in the Eastern Africa 21,000-32,000 years ago (54–56). Mutation E-P2 (Table S4), present in Mota, represents the most widespread subclade of haplogroup E and has been found at high frequency in modern Ethiopians (57).
quote:Although researchers have managed to sequence the genomes of Neandertals from Europe, prehistoric herders from Asia, and Paleoindians from the Americas, Africa’s hot and humid climate has left little ancient DNA intact for scientists to extract. As a result, “Africa was left out of the party,” says anthropological geneticist Jason Hodgson of Imperial College London.
Until now. A paper published online this week in Science (http://scim.ag/MGLlorente) reveals the first prehistoric genome from Africa: that of Mota, a hunter-gatherer man who lived 4500 years ago in the highlands of Ethiopia. Named for the cave that held the remains, the Mota genome “is an impressive feat,” says Hodgson, who was not involved in the work.
It “gives our first glimpse into what an African genome looked like prior to many of the recent population movements.” And when compared with the genomes of living Africans, it implies something startling. Africa is usually seen as a source of outward migrations, but the genomes suggest a major migration into Africa by farmers from the Middle East, possibly about 3500 years ago.
These farmers’ DNA reached deep into the continent, spreading even to groups considered isolated, such as the Khoisan of South Africa and the pygmies of the Congo.
When population geneticist Andrea Manica and graduate student Marcos Gallego Llorente at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom analyzed the sequence, they found that the Mota man had brown eyes and dark skin, as well as three gene variants associated with adaptation to high altitudes; some peaks in the highlands reach 4500 meters, as high as the Matterhorn.
Inviduals from 40 populations in Africa and 81 populations from Europe and Asia, the team found that Mota was most closely related to the Ari, an ethnic group that still lives nearby in the Ethiopian highlands.
They zeroed in on the DNA that the Ari carry but Mota doesn’t, which was presumably added during the past 4500 years. They found that Mota lacks about 4% to 7% of the DNA found in the Ari and all other Africans examined. This new DNA most closely matches that of modern Sardinians and a prehistoric farmer who lived in Germany.
--Ann Gibbons
Prehistoric Eurasians streamed into Africa, genome shows First genome of an ancient African suggests widespread mixing with farmers from the Middle East
quote: Hints of these early farmers’ DNA previ ously had turned up in some living Africans, but Mota helped researchers zero in on the farmer’s genetic signature in Africa, and to establish when it arrived.
Manica suggests that both the European farmers and living Africans inherited this DNA from the same source—a population in the Middle East, perhaps Anatolia or Mesopotamia. Some of these Middle Easterners headed into Europe and Asia starting 8000 years ago, and were the first farmers of Europe (Science, 20 February, p. 814).
But other descendants of this population migrated into Africa, likely after Mota lived. This fits with traces of Middle Eastern grains found in Africa and dated to 3000 to 3500 years ago.Because so many far-flung Africans still carry the farmers’ DNA, the study suggests a “huge” migration, Manica says. Farming had already been established in Africa by this time, but the newcomers likely had some advantage that explains why their genes spread. “It must have been lots of people coming in or maybe they had new crops that were very successful,” Manica says.
Population geneticist David Reich of Harvard University is struck by the magnitude of the mixing
between Africans and Eurasians. He notes that “a profound migration of farmers moving from Mesopotamia to North Africa has long been speculated.” But, he says, “a western Eurasian migration into every popula- tion they study in Africa—into the Mbuti pygmies and the Khoisan? That’s surprising and new.”
Migrations into and out of Africa were likely complex and ongoing. “This study is significant on its own,” Hodgson says. “But hopefully it is only just the beginning of an- cient African genomics.”
--Ann Gibbons
Prehistoric Eurasians streamed into Africa, genome showsFirst genome of an ancient African suggests widespread mixing with farmers from the Middle East
quote:From various kinds of evidence it can now be argued that agriculture in Ethiopia and the Horn was quite ancient, originating as much as 7,000 or more years ago, and that its development owed nothing to South Arabian inspiration. Moreover, the inventions of grain cultivation in particular, both in Ethiopia and separately in the Near East, seem rooted in a single, still earlier subsistence invention of North-east Africa, the intensive utilization of wild grains, beginning probably by or before 13,000 b.c. The correlation of linguistic evidence with archaeology suggests that this food-collecting innovation may have been the work of early Afroasiatic-speaking communities and may have constituted the particular economic advantage which gave impetus to the first stages of Afroasiatic expansion into Ethiopia and the Horn, the Sahara and North Africa, and parts of the Near East.
quote:Ofer Bar-Yosef cites the microburin technique and “microlithic forms such as arched backed bladelets and La Mouillah points" as well as the parthenocarpic figs found in Natufian territory originated in the Sudan.
--Bar-Yosef O., Pleistocene connections between Africa and South West Asia: an archaeological perspective. The African Archaeological Review; Chapter 5, pg 29-38; Kislev ME, Hartmann A, Bar-Yosef O, Early domesticated fig in the Jordan Valley. Nature 312:1372–1374.
quote:Christopher Ehret noted that the intensive use of plants among the Natufians was first found in Africa, as a precursor to the development of farming in the Fertile Crescent.
--Ehret (2002) The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia
quote:The Natufians existed in the Mediterranean region of the Levant 15,000 to 11,500 years ago. Dr. Grosman suggests this grave could point to ideological shifts that took place due to the transition to agriculture in the region at that time.
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Labels! Labels! Labels! There is a reason it is not believed because it is a stupid hypothesis. No analysis needed AMRTU
QUOTE Prof David Reich, from Harvard Medical School in the US, added: "The claim that all sub-Saharan Africans today have a substantial amount of [b][/b]ancestry DUE TO BACK-migrations is quite interesting, and while I won't be 100% convinced until I look at the data myself, I think the analyses seem careful and thoughtful.
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All continental SNP is found in ALL populations because it is all AFRICAN in origin. lol!
Old news....If they go to the beginning of time, say, 40,000ya they will find "non-African" DNA in Africans.
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Looking at the 2nd chart. Did Mbuti pygmies "back-migrate" to Finland at 1.4%? lol!
"African" DNA is found in Swedes and Native American.
Just as "non-African" DNA is found in the deepest and most isolated parts of Africa.
What Dr Reich is doubting is the claim by the author that it is non-African DNA
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posted
You people needed to calm down when these reactionary papers come out. Stop with the knee jerk reaction. They cannot prove there were farmers back migrating to Africa because it NEVER happened. It doesnt matter how many ways they spin it. Lol!
All populations are a subset of Africans. ALL! nothing can change that. Isolation-by-distance is a fact.
Interestingly in Dr Reich's report they are now admitting SSA have 2% Neanderthal ancestry. Lol! Racist idiots!
How did I know they would come around? Simple! AMH and Neanderthals weren't doing the nasty. It is African sub-structure as some studies have shown.
Forget the pop culture sensationalism.
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As more African aDNA comes out if I am a betting man I predict more “non-African” DNA will be found in ancient Africans than in modern Africans. That means more “Neanderthal” DNA will also be found in ancient Africans. They go together. All older population will have more Neanderthal/”non-African DNA even within Africa. That is why Melenesians and populations further from modern Africans will have more Neanderthal/”non-African DNA. This is not too difficult to understand. Modern Africans are admixed with a new breed of AMH, the so called Neolithics. Since Europeans also have Neolithic ancestry essentially their ancient DNA is “diluted”…..just as modern Africans.
This is not rocket science.
Quote Supplementals D statistics to quantify Neanderthal component We computed the statistic f4(Denisova, AltaiNea; X, Mota) / f4(Denisova, AltaiNea; X, MezNea), where Mota is the unadmixed individual, and X is the target genome. Both Yoruba and Mbuti were shown to have a small Neanderthal component (Table S9), in line with their West Eurasian ancestry. As expected, estimates for French and Han were higher than for either of the two contemporary African genomes (from 0.21% in Mbuti to 2.96% in Han).
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So Sardinians back-migrated and admixed with Mbuti pygmies(insert tongue in cheek). Lol!
To those keeping score remember the Iceman carried a motif (sex lineage related ) that was only found in Pygmies and Berbers. Posted on ESR for those deep into this stuff. Why did I bring this up? Because the very same Iceman closest modern relative in “Europe” are Sardinians. Connect the dots. This is a freebie.
Carry on. .
Pg36 Table S7. D statistics determining the possible source of West Eurasian ancestry in Mbuti. D(Mbuti, Mota; X, Han); where X is a range of European populations that represent possible sources of gene flow.
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This is from Dienekes. He doesn’t know what to make of it. Lol! The racialist world is falling apart. He knows it makes absolutely no sense. So he and others are confused. How long can they spin this until they are laugh out of the genetic lab.
How long can they keep up the BS? Ha! Ha! Ha!
Yeah. Europe ancestry is found all over Africa. Wink! Wink! ( I am hold back from cracking up). It is not striking discovery Dienekes. DNATribes wrote about this 2 years ago. See charts above. Basque=Europeans ancestry….found all over Africa. DNATribes used the label…”BASQUE”. Labels! Labels! Labels! Lol!
Dienekes - Quote: In 2012, I wrote: It is no longer tenable to view West Eurasian back-migrations as limited events that affected only North and East Africa: their effects are clearly evident throughout Africa, having affected different populations to a different extent. A new paper in Science seems to confirm West Eurasian admixture related to Early Neolithic farmers throughout Africa, including the Yoruba, and Mbuti. I haven't read the paper yet, but it would be a striking discovery if confirmed.
Quote by George Busy Furthermore, we show that it is the properties of Y-STRs, not the number used per se, that appear to control the accuracy of divergence time estimates, attributes which are rarely, if ever, considered in practise. ----
Busby is saying many geneticist continue to assign labels based upon frequency when there are more accurate ways such as diversity. The above is an example.
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@AMRTU. While you are doing your analysis. Can you verify the data from TS11? Lesson learned, always check the data when published. IIRC – for SLC24A5 rs1426654 GG, isn’t that coding for black skin. I need to get to my other computer to verify. Are the authors lying when they say “undetermined”? They lie you know.
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Much of the key fossil evidence for human origins and evolution is found in modern-day Ethiopia. Early putative hominin fossils such as Ardipithicus kadabba (5.2–5.8 million years ago [mya]) 1 and Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4 mya; e.g., “Ardi”), 2 as well as the earliest indisputable hominin species, Australopithecus anamensis (3.9–4.2 mya) and the better-known Australopithecus afarensis (3.0–3.9 mya; e.g., “Lucy”), 3 have all been found there. It is also the homeland of the earliest known anatomically modern human remains: Omo 1 (195 thousand years ago [kya]) 4 and Homo sapiens idaltu (154–160 kya). 5 Perhaps for these reasons and because of Ethiopia's geographical position between Africa and Eurasia, its capital, Addis Ababa, is often used in genetic studies as a proxy embarkation point for modern human range expansions. 6 and 7 However, such studies have seldom included Ethiopians; they are absent from widely used collections, such as the Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP), 8 HapMap, 9 and 1000 Genomes 10 sets. In practice, our understanding of genome-wide patterns of diversity in Africa has been limited to populations from central and western Africa. Indeed, with a few exceptions, 11 and 12 studies of African genetic diversity that have included Ethiopians have been restricted to mtDNA 13, 14, 15 and 16 and the Y chromosome. 14 and 17 This deficiency has led to an incomplete picture of African genetic diversity that has implications for the study of our origins as a species, including the route followed during the dispersal(s) out of Africa and more recent demographic events involving East Africa.
In linking present-day genetic diversity to the Middle and Late Stone Age populations of Africa, it is important to consider the possibility of long-term population discontinuity in the region and the sparseness of information relating to Ethiopia over the past 200 thousand years (ky). Although archaeological studies focusing on the past few millennia document indigenous Ethiopian developments, including the early cultivation of local species such as teff (Eragrostis tef, a cereal), enset (Musa ensete), and coffee (Coffea arabica), 18 they also reveal some cultural influences from outside, such as the cultivation of wheat and barley, which originated in the Fertile Crescent and reached Ethiopia presumably through Egypt during the first documented trade links, around 5 kya. 19 and 20 External contacts with the Ethiopian region are also evident in the historical record from the first millennium BCE onward, wherein Sudanese, Egyptian, South Arabic, and Mediterranean influences are documented. 19 and 21 Another line of evidence for the variegated history of the Ethiopian people comes from linguistic studies. The spread of the two major language families spoken in Ethiopia today—Afro-Asiatic and Nilotic—is considered to be the outcome of cultural and demographic events over the past 10 ky. 22 The presence of three diverse Afro-Asiatic branches (Omotic, Semitic, and Cushitic) makes the Horn of Africa one potential source of this family, although the Ethio-Semitic branch is likely to have originated at a later stage in the Middle East. 23 The Nilotic languages, represented in Ethiopia by the East Sudanic, Kunama, and Koman branches, are more widespread in Sudan, and their presence in Ethiopia is probably the result of recent demographic processes. 24 Similarly, genetic studies indicate that a major component of recent Ethiopian ancestry originates outside Africa: for example, half of the mtDNA haplotypes 16 and more than one-fifth of Y haplotypes 17 found in Ethiopia belong to lineages that, on the basis of phylogeographic criteria, have been attributed to a non-African rather than a sub-Saharan African origin. These historical admixture events are themselves of interest to historians, anthropologists, and linguists, as well as to geneticists.
Our current study is motivated by four questions. First, where do the Ethiopians stand in the African genetic landscape? Second, what is the extent of recent gene flow from outside Africa into Ethiopia, when did it occur, and is there evidence of selection effects? Third, do genomic data support a route for out-of-Africa migration of modern humans across the mouth of the Red Sea? Fourth, assuming temporal stability of current populations, what are the estimated ages of Ethiopian populations relative to other African groups? In order to address these questions, we generated genome-wide SNP genotypes from Ethiopian individuals.
S11. D statistics and f4 ratios show that Mota has no discernible Neanderthal component, as opposed to modern-day Africans.
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posted
To those who don’t know. Sardinians/Italians carry E1b1(not only E1b1b) at high frequency.
On the African Ari population and “Eurasian ancestry”
---- Quote:
63). LBK an early Neolithic farmer and Sardinians are the two most likely sources showing the most negative admixture f3 values for the Eurasian admixture in the Ari. A number of other analyses have shown Sardinians to be the closest contemporary population to early Neolithic farmers that came into Europe from the Near East 9, as contemporary populations from that region have been affected by large-scale populations movements in the last few millennia 65. Thus, the West Eurasian backflow originated from the direct descendants of the same early farmers who brought agriculture into Europe. Given that we have a putative source for the West Eurasian component, we can re-estimate its extent by using LBK as its source in our estimation of the f4 ratio, from which λMota,LBK can be derived without having to worry about West African ancestry in the source as we had to for the Druze; Fig. S7. We next tested whether the West Eurasian component found in Yoruba, which had been previously suggested to be OLDER than Mota dated to 9.6k±1.8k yrs ago using ALDER 16, comes from the same source found for the Ari. We use the D statistics 66, 67 in the form DYoruba, Mota; X, Han, where X is a contemporary Eurasian population from our global panel or a Eurasian ancient genome. Sardinians and LBK were again found to be the most likely source of the West Eurasian component giving the strongest positive values that indicate excess affinity between X and Yoruba compared to Mota, Table S6. This result suggests that there was a single source for the West Eurasian component found throughout Africa. So, how can the date estimated by ALDER 9,618±1,825 assuming a generation time of 29 years, and 8,300±1,575 with 25 years be reconciled with the timing directly inferred by the age of our ancient genome <4.5 k yrs? Given 16
Finally, we repeated the analysis detailed above using Mbuti as our target Table S7. The signal was slightly weaker in this case, but Sardinians were again highlighted as the most likely source of the West Eurasian component in this population LBK was ranked 6th in this analysis.
------ I hope Beyoku now understand why Sardinia is so important. See my thread on Nuragic on ESR.
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To those who still haven’t gotten the big picture as yet. The author is stating there is an ancient connection between West Africans including Mbuti and West Eurasian/Sardinians. Going back about 9000years. Much older than “Eurasian” connection to East Africans/Ari.
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quote:Originally posted by xyyman: [QB] To those who don’t know. Sardinians/Italians carry E1b1(not only E1b1b) at high frequency.
this is a false statement, the frequency is under 10% for all Sardinan's E clades combined
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Monday, February 3, 2014 Sources Of West Eurasian Ancestry In Eastern and Southern Africans
A new paper by Pickrell (preprint discussed here in 2012) observes that click language speaking, historically hunter-gatherer populations of Southern Africa (the Khoi-San) have West Eurasian admixture (in the extreme case as much as 15% but more often on the order of 5% or less) dated to 900 to 1800 years ago and predating Dutch and English colonists who gave rise to modern South Africa.
He concludes that this is probably derived from the migrations of people from East Africa. There, in there, there was substantial West Eurasian admixture ca. 2,700 to 3,300 years ago, around the time of the arrival of Ethio-Semitic languages in Ethiopia from Southern Arabia.
I would add a few observations.
1. Comparability to East African Hunter-Gatherer Percentages. The levels of West Eurasian admixture seen in the Khoi-san of Southern Africa is similar to that seen in the Hazda and Sandawe who are click language hunter-gatherer populations of East Africa. Bantu languages in Mozambique, intermediate between these two groups, also have clicks in their Bantu dialects that were presumably inherited from substrate languages that preceded Bantu expansion there. The lack of much dilution of West Eurasian ancestry relative to hunter-gatherer populations in East Africa is notable. It indicates a migration rather than mere diffusion of West Eurasian genes over time (something also supported by the lack of similar West Eurasian ancestry in geographically intermediate parts of Africa).
2. Push Factors. These hunter-gatherer population migrations were probably more than mere random wanderings. Hunter-gatherer populations in East Africa may been retreating from Ethio-Semitic peoples, from later waves of Bantu expansion, or even from Nilo-Saharan expansion in East Africa. Their exiles may have been a pilot wave in advance of the expansions of groups that cast them out of East African homelands.
3. West Eurasian Ancestry In East Africans Probably Arose In At Least Three Waves. Pickrell supposes that the nearly 50% West Eurasian ancestry found in Ethiosemetic peoples in the vicinity of the former D'mt Kingdom of Eritrea and Ethiopia happened in a single event on the grounds of maximum parsimony.
Pickrell relies to a great extent in doing so on a 2012 study by Luca Pagani, et al., so criticism of this part of Pickrell's paper really amounts to criticism of Pagani rather than Pickrell who merely relied on Pagani's findings.
In fact, other evidence makes such a simple scenario unlikely. Instead, West Eurasian ancestry in East Africa probably arrived in at least three waves: an Upper Paleolithic back migration from West Asia, an early Neolithic back migration from West Asia, and an Ethiosemetic migration from Southern Arabic.
Moreover, the ancestry seen in the Khoi-San, is probably derived largely from the first and second waves, rather than the third. As discussed below, the source population was from the Ethiopian fringe where Ethiosemitic influence was lightest. These populations may have experienced only two waves of West Eurasian ancestry.
Some of the evidence includes the following:
* Methodology Mutes Impact Of Prior Waves. The method used to date the East African-West Eurasian admixture event tends to obscure or ignore waves of admixture other than the most recent one.
* Known Upper Paleolithic Back Migration. We know that sometime in the Upper Paleolithic era that there was a back migration to North Africa and East African that brought with it mtDNA haplogroups M1 and U6. This may have been on the order of 10%-20% of the populations at the time - U6 has a more North African distribution, while M1 has a more East African distribution (mtDNA charts via Ethiohelix are informative on this point).
* Chadic-Cushitic Links Indirectly Date Cushites And West Eurasian Contact. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Chadic people made their way to Lake Chad, after a period of depopulation of the region during an arid climate period, around 5,200 BCE as part of the Gobero culture. These populations show tighter mtDNA similarities to Cushitic peoples with whom they share pottery designs and words for domesticated animals, suggesting a split of Chadic people away from Cushitic people around that time in the vicinity of Sudan. But, the Chadic people have a distinct R1b-V88 dominanted Y-DNA profile from that of Cushitic people. Thus, proto-Chadic men may have taken Cushitic women as wives and then migrated West to Lake Chad. mtDNA distributions in Northeastern, Eastern and Central Africa, however, tend to follow regional patterns except for one mtDNA L3f clade particular to Chadic peoples and derived from a Cushitic clade. The TMCRA time depth of the Chadic specific Y-DNA clade and Chadic specific mtDNA clade are consistent with this archaeologically supported date.
* Autosomal Genetic Clustering. Autosomal evidence points mostly to three clusters - a Northern Berber-Egyptian-Semitic cluster, a Southwestern Chadic cluster, and a Southeastern Cushitic cluster, with each almost equidistant from each other. All of these Afro-Asiatic populations in turn tend to cluster away from more southerly linguistic populations. Thus, Northern Afro-Asiatic speakers are part of a significantly West Eurasian cluster, while Chadic and Cushitic populations have less West Eurasian ancestry, and the Chadic population having different kinds of West Eurasian ancestry than other Afro-Asiatic populations.
* High West Eurasian Ancestry In Cushitic Ethiopians. Many Cushitic populations have as much as about 35% West Eurasian admixture. This is 10%-15% less than that of Ethiosemitic populations closer to South Arabia, but too small a discrepancy to be accounted for by an initial admixture of South Arabians with Ethiosemitic peoples that then spills over to neighboring Cushitic populations. This level of impact would be on the same order of magnitude as the Turks in Turkey, or the Indo-Aryans in India. This would be more than the demographic impact of the Uralic population that brought Hungarian to Hungary (almost nil), less than the demographic impact of the Yaoyi who brought Japanese to Japan (on the order of 50%).
A more plausible scenario is that Cushitic populations had roughly 25% to 35% West Eurasian admixture prior to the arrival of the proto-Ethiosemetic peoples, and that Ethiosemitic invaders added a gender biased additional 10%-15%. Meanwhile, in the pre-Ethiosemitic Cushitic population, there may have been a 5%-20% or so West Eurasian admixture percentage traceable to the Upper Paleolithic, with the balance appearing with the arrival of the Neolithic revolution probably via the Nile Valley into the Blue Nile basin.
The window of time during which the Neolithic flow of West Eurasian ancestry into Cushitic populations is quite narrow. It had to predate the emergence of the Chadic people around 5200 BCE, and had to post-date the arrival of the Neolithic revolution in Egypt sometime after 8000 BCE.
* Neolithic Source West Eurasian DNA Likely In This Case. It is this early Neolithic infusion of West Eurasian ancestry, rather than later Ethiosemitic contributions that probably gradually spilled over into neighboring pre-Cushitic hunter-gatherer populations with click languages over a period of more than 3,000 years. (Niger-Congo languages were probably not spoken in East Africa until Bantu expansion and Nilo-Saharan languages were likewise probably a late arrival, since there is very little evidence of genetic profiles associated with these languages being present in East Africa until very recently. These genetic profiles are not a background present in most linguistically Afro-Asiatic populations of the region.)
This is consistent with Pagani's finding that the East African source population is closer to Levantine than Arabian populations, but inconsistent with his findings on the timing of admixture and the number of admixture waves involved. Neolithic source populations were probably from the Levant. Ethiosemitic population sources were almost surely from South Arabia.
Phantom West Eurasian autosomal DNA profiles for Cushitic and Khoi-San populations can help us to reconstruct genetic profiles of first wave African Neolithic migrant populations.
* Y-DNA T related clues. Y-DNA haplogroup T is common in Somolia and to a lesser extent in adjacent parts of Ethiopia. But, the age of the Y-DNA haplogroup T subtypes in Arabia such as Oman are too young (ca. 1600 years) to have been the source for Y-DNA hg T in Ethiopia not less than 2700 years ago with the Ethiosemitic languages. Instead, given the much older ages of Y-DNA haplogroup T clades in Turkey and Egypt, it is fair to assume that Y-DNA hg T made its way to Ethiopia from the Levant via the Sinai and Nile River. Thus, significant West Eurasian ancestry evidence by Y-DNA hg T must have arrived in Ethiopia considerably earlier than 2700 years ago, and quite likely during the early Neolithic. Y-DNA hg T bearers appear to have been farmers, and why would farmers settle in the Arabian desert prior to entering Africa from there?
4. Copitc was probably a parent language to Cushitic from which Chadic diverged. Increasingly, the genetic, linguistic and archaeological evidence, taken as a whole, point towards the Neolithic expansion of the ancient Egyptians who spoke a Coptic language as the parent language family to the Cushitic, Omotic, Chadic and Berber language families, and quite possibly, of the Semitic language family as well, within the Afro-Asiatic branch of the language this macro-language family.
Ancient Egyptian may in turn have had origins in a Levantine Fertile Crescent language, but that proto-language, if there was one, was probably obliterated by a Semitic derivative of ancient Egyptian's back migration to the Levant from Egypt evidence by the Afro-Asiatic specific Y-DNA E clades found there today and supported by historical evidence of long periods of Egyptian political dominance in much of the Levant. The indications of Y-DNA E migrations into West Eurasia are rare exceptions of Africa to West Asian gene flow when mostly since the Upper Paleolithic, the direction of the flow has been back to Africa.
Also, notably, the linguistic tree of Semitic doesn't show much sign of diversification or a bushy structure prior the first attested instance of a Semitic language in the form of Akkadian, just a few hundred years after the ancient Egyptian Civilization really started to reach an advanced state ca. 3000-3500 BCE.
On the other hand, a possibly Levantine proto-Afro-Asiatic that may have given rise to Coptic ca. 8000-7000 BCE as part of a first wave Neolithic expansion, may also have survived and been, in a later form, a substrate to the branch of Coptic that became proto-Semitic ca. 3000-3500 BCE. So early Semitic languages may be as close to proto-Afro-Asiatic as we can discern with historical linguistic methods, since its departures from Coptic might reflect retention of words and structures from a proto-Afro-Asiatic language.
UPDATE 2/04/2014 based on review of supplemental materials:
5. The single source East African population for West Eurasian ancestry in the Khoi-San had 25% West Eurasian ancestry, consistent with modern Omotic populations on the Ethiopian fringe. The Khoi san samples very consistently demonstrate that West Eurasian ancestry is 25% of overall East African ancestry. This is less than is seen in linguistically Semitic or Cushitic populations, is within the range of linguistically Omotic populations, more than the Maasai, but less than another Nilotic population which is near zero, and more than the Hadza, Sandawe, a couple linguistic isolates and a Bantu population.
In other words, a 25% West Eurasian ancestry percentage in the source population for the Khoi-San suggests an East African source population on the Ethiopian linguistic fringe, rather than the Semitic or Cushitic heartland of Ethiopia. It also strongly suggests that a single source population is responsible for West Eurasian ancestry in all Khoi-San individuals.
Notably, however, the type of West Eurasian ancestry in the Khoi-San matches the phantom ancestry inferred from East African populations more closely than any modern population, strongly confirming this sourcing for that ancestry. Compared to modern populations that matches are closest to Southern European and Middle Eastern populations.
UPDATE 2/06/14 based on further analysis:
6. The Ethio-Semitic demographic impact on Ethiopia may have been close in time to a demographic impact on Ethiopia associated with the arrival of domesticated cattle, obscuring the fact that there were actually two separate and parallel migration waves involved.
The notion that most of the West Eurasian admixture in Ethiopia appeared ca. 2700-3300 years ago is supported by a 2012 study by Luca Pagani, et al., but I have criticized it above, arguing for a Neolithic wave before an Ethio-Semitic wave. But, these two waves may actually have been parallel or close in time to each other.
At least, anyway, cattle herding accompanied by a major demographic impact may have arrived close in time to the Ethio-Semitic languages may have arrived ca. 2000 BCE-1500 BCE. If admixture between newly arrived cattle herders and existing Ethiopian populations didn't take off until several centuries after these populations started to co-exist, this could help fit the Luca Pagani admixture dates to a historical source of this admixture at around the correct time in linguistically non-Semitic Ethiopians.
How could this be?
First off, the Cushitic-Chadic split may have happened in Sudan, before Cushitic languages had advanced up the Blue Nile into Ethiopia proper.
Second, as summarized in a previous post here, where it was noted that herding arrived to East Africa later than one might naively expect (emphasis in bold added):
quote: In east Africa pastoralism became established late in the third millenium BC, and over the next 1000 years domestic livestock slowly moved towards Tanzania. These cattle were probably humpless, for the earliest evidence for humped cattle comes from ancient Egyptian paintings dated to around 1500 BC. These authors believe that cattle with cervico-thoracic humps (i.e. with humps on their necks) were first introduced into the Horn of Africa. . . .
The quite late arrival of pastoralism in East Africa, which is also some to relict hunter-gatherer populations which are absent in North Africa and in West/Central Africa to the North of the Congo jungle, suggests that herding (and probably farming as well, at least in less arable land) may have come much sooner to North Africa and West Africa than to East Africa (with Southern Africa not experiencing agriculture until the Bantu expansion arrived there after it had swept the rest of the continent). Indeed, the arrival of cattle herding in East Africa could conceivably have predated Bantu expansion by only a thousand years or so.
If one makes the plausible assumptions that the ancestors of Cushitic populations predate Nilo-Saharan populations in East Africa who in turn pre-date Bantu populations in East Africa, and that all of these language families were spread by cultures that employed herding or farming, the late arrival of cattle herding to East Africa (ca. 3000 BCE to 2000 BCE), the fairly well dated arrival of Bantus in East Africa (ca. 1000 BCE-500 BCE), and the known paleoclimatic wet sahara/dry sahara/chad basin size changes quite tightly constrain and compress the timing of Cushitic and Nilo-Saharan expansions in East Africa. It also probably puts the time that the source cultures for these language families arrives in East Africa sometime after the ethnogenesis of the culture that gave rise to the Niger-Congo languages that are dominant in West Africa (which necessarily predated the expansion of its Bantu branch of that language family ca. 1500 BCE-1000 BCE).
Tishkoff argues based on genetic evidence associated with the digestion of cow's milk by adults and archaeological evidence that: Cushitic-speaking Afro-Asiatic populations . . . are thought to have migrated into Kenya and Tanzania from Ethiopia ~5,000 years ago and practice a mixture of agriculture and pastoralism . . . [while] the Nilotic-speaking Nilo-Saharan populations. . . are thought to have migrated into Kenya and Tanzania from southern Sudan within the past ~3,000 years and are strict pastoralists. Thus, according to Tishkoff's account, Nilo-Saharan linguistic populations arrived in East Africa proper only a few centuries before the Bantu expansion reached the area, and the Cushitic population was expanding south from Ethiopia only shortly after Egypt and Sumeria developed written languages at about the same time as the high point of the Indus River Valley civilization, although their arrival in or ethnogenesis in Ethiopia clearly must have happened earlier. Tishkoff doesn't reach a conclusion about whether a milk digestion gene specific to Africa arose first in Cushitic or Nilotic populations, but another quote from the same article strong suggests that the Cushitic people, rather than the Nilotic population was its source (and hence that the Cushitic people had cattle farming): "The absence of C-14010 in the southern Sudanese Nilo-Saharan–speaking populations suggests that this allele either originated in or was introduced to the Kenyan Nilo-Saharan populations after their migration from southern Sudan."
Tishkoff also recaps the archaeological evidence for cattle domestication in Africa:
quote: Archeological evidence suggests that cattle domestication originated in southern Egypt as early as ~9,000 years ago but no later than ~7,700 years ago and in the Middle East ~7,000-8,000 years ago, consistent with the age estimate of ~8,000-9,000 years (95% c.i. ~2,200-19,200 years) for the T-13910 allele in Europeans. The more recent age estimate of the C-14010 allele in African populations, ~2,700-6,800 years (95% c.i. ~1,200-23,000 years), is consistent with archeological data indicating that pastoralism did not spread south of the Sahara and into northern Kenya until ~4,500 years ago and into southern Kenya and northern Tanzania ~3,300 years ago. . .
The main crops of the West African Sahel and some of the Ethiopian Highland crops are indigenous African domestications that were not part of the Fertile Crescent agricultural package. Fertile Crescent crops are a poor fit for parts of Africa beyond the Mediterranean fringe and the Nile basin; they are confined to regions further north than the regions where Fertile Crescent livestock can thrive without evolving to adapt to African weather and diseases. The quoted post dealt only with cattle husbandry, and one needs to look at dating for goats and sheep herding and for indigenous African crops to reliably date the West African and East African Neolithic (I've seen some references, that I'll have to track down, that have proposed an early date of arrival for these herd animals than for cattle.) It could be that early African agriculture didn't include cattle until other parts of the agricultural package were better established.
One possibility that could reconcile the various lines of evidence, and also relax some of the tight constraints in timing discussed above, is to envision the Cushitic languages expanding to the herding of sheep and goats, and the Nilo-Saharan expansion as being boosted by the addition of cattle husbandry to the Cushitic food production package (although, as noted above, Tishkoff's sources, at least, doubt that scenario). . . .
Recent East African autosomal genetic data also makes clear that there was not any significant demic impact of West African Niger-Congo populations in East Africa prior to the Bantu expansion into that region, although the domesticated crops of West Africa and East Africa respectively a testaments to the mutual exchange of locally domesticated plants between the regions at some point in time. . . .
Another implication of this narrative, if it is accurate, is that within the Afro-Asiatic language family, the Berber and Coptic language families probably significantly predate the Cushitic and Chadic language families. (These speculations don't resolve one way or the other the relative origins of Berber and Coptic languages on one hand and the Levantine Semitic languages on the other, although Ethio-Semitic languages surely broke off as a branch of the Semitic languages after all of the language families within the Afro-Asiatic macro-language family were established, probably sometime in the Bronze Age).
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posted
Ari people = Aari ~ Afar/Afari & Amhari Ari ~ S.Ar(d)I
Sardinian = Xy.Ar(d)i (Ardipith found at Ardi Lake near Awash River)
ari(Khoisan, India) red/yellow/orange dog pariah (India) red dog, may have brought dogs to Africa & Australia [see bottom]
Sandwe link to Ari = conical tipi unique among KhoiSan indicates external mixture or so
Dogs http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0138536 The oldest evidence of dogs in Oceania comes from Australia, where the earliest dog (dingo) remains date from 3,500 years ago [5]. The dingo has subsequently adapted to surviving independently of people and is found in many areas of rural Australia. Although the dingo is considered a feral dog, individuals may also be taken in by indigenous communities where they become companions, protectors, and spiritual guardians, and can assist with hunting [6]. In Papua New Guinea, the New Guinea Singing dog (NGSD) is thought to be a descendant of another relatively early introduction, although no well dated or genetically confirmed archaeological NGSD remains have been reported. They are rarely observed in the wild and the current captive population is descended from only eight individuals [7]. In Australia, New Guinea, and the islands of Near Oceania, dogs were introduced to areas where people had already been living for thousands of years.
The introduction of dogs into Remote Oceania is associated with the migration of people to these previously uninhabited islands, which began about 3,350 years ago [2]. This process is marked by the appearance of a distinctive pottery, termed ‘Lapita’, which is present in numerous archaeological sites that extend from Papua New Guinea to the western margins of Polynesia. The presence of Lapita pottery has been linked to the arrival of people originating from Island South East Asia, who spoke Austronesian languages. In addition to pottery and languages, these people introduced agricultural practices, a suite of domesticated animals and plants, a settlement pattern of villages situated on intertidal reefs or small offshore islands, and a characteristic set of artefacts including adzes and shell ornaments [8]. Dogs are generally considered to be one of the Lapita domesticated animals, along with pigs and chickens. To date though, Lapita dog remains are relatively rare, having only been recorded in limited numbers in archaeological sites in the Bismarck Archipelago of New Guinea (Table 10.1 in [9]) and have not been reported in any of the key archaeological sites in Vanuatu or New Caledonia.
The subsequent, post-Lapita settlement of the islands further to the east also involved dogs, pigs and chickens, although they were not uniformly distributed across the region. The settlement of Polynesia occurred in two phases, beginning with the islands of West Polynesia around 3,000 years ago during the Lapita expansion. Then after a substantial hiatus, East Polynesia was rapidly settled over several hundred years following the arrival of people initially to the central tropical islands about 1000 years ago [10]. This second settlement phase included the islands at the margins of East Polynesia: Hawaii, Rapa Nui and New Zealand. In some of these island groups, such as Hawaii and New Zealand, the large number of dog bones found in early archaeological sites contrast strongly with the limited evidence of dog remains in the Lapita archaeological sites further west.
By the time European explorers arrived in Polynesia in the eighteenth century, dogs were present on some but not all island groups. In East Polynesia, dogs were often an important part of the social and economic fabric of daily life [11]. In the ranked societies of Hawaii, dogs were observed as the property of chiefs and were raised in large numbers for feasts. In New Zealand, dogs were the only domesticated animal to be successfully introduced by the Polynesian ancestors of the Maori. While living, they were kept as watch-dogs, hunting dogs and general companions and were sometimes also kept for their hair; on their death they could be used as food for ceremonial occasions, their bones and teeth as industrial materials, and their pelts to make dog skin cloaks [12].
Posts: 2021 | From: Miami | Registered: Aug 2014
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quote:Khoisan hunter-gatherers have been the largest population throughout most of modern-human demographic history
The Khoisan people from Southern Africa maintained ancient lifestyles as hunter-gatherers or pastoralists up to modern times, though little else is known about their early history. Here we infer early demographic histories of modern humans using whole-genome sequences of five Khoisan individuals and one Bantu speaker. Comparison with a 420 K SNP data set from worldwide individuals demonstrates that two of the Khoisan genomes from the Ju/’hoansi population contain exclusive Khoisan ancestry. Coalescent analysis shows that the Khoisan and their ancestors have been the largest populations since their split with the non-Khoisan population ~100–150 kyr ago. In contrast, the ancestors of the non-Khoisan groups, including Bantu-speakers and non-Africans, experienced population declines after the split and lost more than half of their genetic diversity. Paleoclimate records indicate that the precipitation in southern Africa increased ~80–100 kyr ago while west-central Africa became drier. We hypothesize that these climate differences might be related to the divergent-ancient histories among human populations.
[...]
Yet Khoisan populations have maintained the greatest nuclear-genetic diversity among all human populations3, 4, 5 and the most ancient Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages6, 7, implying relatively larger effective population sizes for ancestral Khoisan populations.
quote:Khoisan people of South Africa were once the most populous humans on Earth
[...]
"This and previous studies show that the Khoisan peoples and the rest of modern humanity shared their most recent common ancestor approximately 150,000 years ago, so it was entirely unexpected to find that this group apparently did not intermarry with non-Khoisan neighbors for many thousand years," said Webb Miller, professor of Bioinformatics at Penn State and a member of the research team, as reported on Phys.org. "The current Khoisan culture and tradition, where marriage occurs either among Khoisan groups or results in female members leaving their tribes after marrying non-Khoisan men, appears to be long-standing."
posted
Brenna Henn, in this 2014 interview on population genetics and population structure, considering African populations.
“African populations have the most genetic diversity in the world,” Henn said.“If you compared people from the Kalahari Desert to people from Mali, they’d be as different from each other [genetically] as Italians and Chinese people.”
Why are other populations of humans so much less genetically varied than Africans? The answer, Henn explains, lies in our ancestors’ history; the groups of people that migrated out of Africa and spread throughout other continents were smaller subsets of that original, genetically diverse population.
"AND WITHIN EACH OF THESE GROUPS THERE IS AN AMAZING AMOUNT OF DIVERSITY,[...] THE DIVERSITY IS INDIGNIOUS TO AFRICAN POPULATIONS":
Tracing Family Trees, And Human History, With Genetics
Schematic of a serial found effect. We illustrate the effect of serial founder events on genetic diversity in the context of the OOA expansion. Colored dots indicate genetic diversity. Each new group outside of Africa represents a sampling of the genetic diversity present in its founder population. The ancestral population in Africa was sufficiently large to build up and retain substantial genetic diversity.
The third assumption is that there have been no dramatic postexpansion bottlenecks that differentially affected populations from which the serial migration began. If the source population for the expansion suffered a severe bottleneck that reduced its genetic diversity, we should see a poorer linear fit to the decline of heterozygosity with distance from Africa, or erroneously assign a population with higher genetic diversity as the source population. It is this third assumption we believe deserves additional consideration.
[...]
--Brenna M. Henna, L. L. Cavalli-Sforzaa,1, and Marcus W. Feldmanb,2 Edited by C. Owen Lovejoy, Kent State University, Kent, OH, and approved September 25, 2012 (received for review July 19, 2012)
quote: According to the current data East Africa is home to nearly 2/3 of the world genetic diversity independent of sampling effect. Similar figure have been suggested for sub-Saharan Africa populations [1]. The antiquity of the east African gene pool could be viewed not only from the perspective of the amount of genetic diversity endowed within it but also by signals of uni-modal distribution in their mitochondrial DNA (Hassan et al., unpublished) usually taken as an indication of populations that have passed through ‘‘recent’’ demographic expansion [33], although in this case, may in fact be considered a sign of extended shared history of in situ evolution where alleles are exchanged between neighboring demes [34].
Figure S1 Neighbor joining (NJ). NJ tree of the world populations based on MT-CO2 sequences. The evolutionary relationship of 171 sequences and evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method. The optimal tree with the sum of branch length = 0.20401570 is shown. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood method and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site. Codon positions included were 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated from the dataset. There were a total of 543 positions in the final dataset. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted in MEGA4. Red dots: east Africa, Blue: Africa, Green: Asia, Yellow: Australia, Pink: Europe and gray: America. (TIF)
Figure S2 Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). The 2nd and 3rd coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 nuclear microsatellite loci from 469 individuals of 24 world populations. MDS uses pairwise IBS data based on the 848 loci generated by PLINK software and plotted using R version 2.15.0. The figure, besides a separate clustering of east Africans, indicates the substantial contribution of Africans and east Africans to the founding of populations of Europe and Asia. (TIF)
Figure S3 Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). The 3rd and 4th coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 Microsatellite loci, across the human genome in 469 individuals from 24 populations from Africa, Asia and Europe. MDS uses pairwise IBS data based on the 848 loci generated by PLINK software and plotted using R version 2.15.0. The central position of east Africans and some other Africans emphasizes the founding role of east African gene pool and the disparate alignment on coordinates along which the world populations were founded including populations of Aftica aligning along the 4th dimension. (TIF)
Figure 4. Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). A. First and second coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 Microsatellite Marshfield data set across the human genome for 24 populations from Africa, Asia and Europe. MDS plot was constructed from pairwise differences FST generated by Arlequin program (Table S3). B. First and second coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 Microsatellite loci, across the human genome in 469 individuals from 24 populations from Africa, Asia and Europe. MDS uses pairwise IBS data based on the 848 loci generated by PLINK software and plotted using R version 2.15.0. East Africans cluster to the left of the plot, while Beja (red cluster in the middle), assumes intermediate position. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097674.g004
Figure S4 Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). First and second coordinates of an MDS plot based on MT-CO2 data set constructed from pairwise differences FST generated by Arlequin v3.11. Population code as follows: Nara: Nar, Kunama (Kun), Hidarb (Hid), Afar (Afa), Saho (Sah), Bilen (Bil), Tigre (Tgr), Tigrigna (Tig), Rashaida (Rsh), Nilotics (Nil), Beja (Bej), Ethiopians(Eth), Egyptians (Egy), Moroccans (Mor), Southern Africans (Sth), Pygmy (Pyg), Saudi Arabia (Sdi), Asia (Asi), Europe (Eur), Native Americans (NA), Australians (Ast), Nubians (Nub), Nuba (Nba) (TIF)
--Jibril Hirbo, Sara Tishkoff et al.
The Episode of Genetic Drift Defining the Migration of Humans out of Africa Is Derived from a Large East African Population Size
PLoS One. 2014; 9(5): e97674. Published online 2014 May 20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097674
posted
From surnames to the history of Y chromosomes: the Sardinian population as a paradigm
Gianna Zei, Antonella Lisa, Ornella Fiorani, Chiara Magri, Lluis Quintana-Murci, Ornella Semino and A Silvana Santachiara-Benerecetti
Phylogenetic tree of the Y-chromosome haplotypes and their percent frequencies in the Sardinian samples carrying 'monophyletic' and 'polyphyletic' (50 out of 54 individuals) surnames. Data on Italian and Middle Eastern samples30 are also given for comparison. Numbering of mutations is according to the YCC:28 those examined in the present study are shown in bold face type; those inferred are shown in italics. Capital letters indicate haplogroups according to the YCC.28 *Ten and sharpone of these chromosomes were not tested for M26 because DNA was finished. One major 49a,f-YCAIIa-YCACIIb-DYS19 compound haplotype characterizes each haplogroup: c-Ht 49a,f-Ht5/YCAIIa-22/YCAIIb-19/DYS19-13 for haplogroup E-M35; c-Ht 49a,f-Ht7/YCAIIa-22/YCAIIb-19/DYS19-14 for J-12f2, c-Ht 49a,f-Ht12/YCAIIa-21/YCAIIb-11/DYS19-17 for I-M26; c-Ht 49a,f-Ht15/YCAIIa-23/YCAIIb-19/DYS19-14 for R-M269 and c-Ht 49a,f-Ht8/YCAIIa-20/YCAIIb-20/DYS19-15 for G-M201.
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote: However, the remaining 35% of L mtDNAs form European-specific subclades, revealing that there was gene flow from sub-Saharan Africa toward Europe as early as 11,000 yr ago.
--Mar ́ıa Cerezo,
Reconstructing ancient mitochondrial DNA links between Africa and Europe
Published in Advance March 27, 2012, doi: 10.1101/gr.134452.111
quote:Within E-M35, there are striking parallels between two haplogroups, E-V68 and E-V257. Both contain a lineage which has been frequently observed in Africa (E-M78 and E-M81, respectively) [6], [8], [10], [13]–[16] and a group of undifferentiated chromosomes that are mostly found in southern Europe (Table S2). An expansion of E-M35 carriers, possibly from the Middle East as proposed by other Authors [14], and split into two branches separated by the geographic barrier of the Mediterranean Sea, would explain this geographic pattern. However, the absence of E-V68* and E-V257* in the Middle East (Table S2) makes a maritime spread between northern Africa and southern Europe a more plausible hypothesis. A detailed analysis of the Y chromosomal microsatellite variation associated with E-V68 and E-V257 could help in gaining a better understanding of the likely timing and place of origin of these two haplogroups.
--Beniamino Trombetta, Fulvio Cruciani et al. (2011)
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate: The haplogroup of Mota:
Y-DNA = E-P2 Mt-DNA = L3x2
quote: Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup assignment
The mitochondrial haplogroup was determined following the analysis described by Skoglund et al in 2014 (48). In brief, this involved generating a consensus mitochondrial sequence using SAMtools (38) and assigning a haplogroup using HAPLOFIND (46) (Table S3). Depth of coverage was calculated using bedtools (Table S3), and mutations are reported with respect to the Reconstructed Sapiens Reference Sequence (49). Mota was assigned to haplogroup L3x2a. Haplogroup L3 arose 60-70 kya (50) in Eastern Africa where the richest present-day haplogroup diversity is found (51). All mitochondrial haplogroups found outside Africa descend from the L3 lineage and hence this haplogroup is associated with the spread of Homo sapiens out of Africa to the rest of the world (52). The subhaplogroup L3x2 is restricted to the Horn of Africa and the Nile Valley in modern Ethiopian samples (12), suggesting a degree of maternal continuity in Ethiopia over the past 4,500 years.
Y chromosome haplogroups
We used a maximum likelihood based approach to determine the Y chromosome haplogroup of Mota. We called genotypes along the Y chromosome with a minimum base threshold of 20 using GATK and employed YFitter (53) to predict the most likely haplogroup. Mota was assigned to haplogroup E1b1. We verified this haplogroup by looking for mutations in Mota that were described by the International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) as defining the branches leading to haplogroup E1b1 (Table S4). Macrohaplogroup E is the most prevalent haplogroup found in Africa with reduced frequencies in Europe and the Middle East (54, 55). It is proposed to have originated in the Eastern Africa 21,000-32,000 years ago (54–56). Mutation E-P2 (Table S4), present in Mota, represents the most widespread subclade of haplogroup E and has been found at high frequency in modern Ethiopians (57).
This "Mota Man" has cropped up on a number of other websites via the press releases. Thank you Barachit for first posting those releases, and thank you Amun-Ra for adding new details on the Supplementals which will be read soon enough by others. Can't view them as yet.
XYZMAN says: To those who don’t know. Sardinians/Italians carry E1b1(not only E1b1b) at high frequency.
On the African Ari population and “Eurasian ancestry”
---- Quote:
63). LBK an early Neolithic farmer and Sardinians are the two most likely sources showing the most negative admixture f3 values for the Eurasian admixture in the Ari. A number of other analyses have shown Sardinians to be the closest contemporary population to early Neolithic farmers that came into Europe from the Near East 9, as contemporary populations from that region have been affected by large-scale populations movements in the last few millennia 65. Thus, the West Eurasian backflow originated from the direct descendants of the same early farmers who brought agriculture into Europe. Given that we have a putative source for the West Eurasian component, we can re-estimate its extent by using LBK as its source in our estimation of the f4 ratio, from which λMota,LBK can be derived without having to worry about West African ancestry in the source as we had to for the Druze; Fig. S7. We next tested whether the West Eurasian component found in Yoruba, which had been previously suggested to be OLDER than Mota dated to 9.6k±1.8k yrs ago using ALDER 16, comes from the same source found for the Ari. We use the D statistics 66, 67 in the form DYoruba, Mota; X, Han, where X is a contemporary Eurasian population from our global panel or a Eurasian ancient genome. Sardinians and LBK were again found to be the most likely source of the West Eurasian component giving the strongest positive values that indicate excess affinity between X and Yoruba compared to Mota, Table S6. This result suggests that there was a single source for the West Eurasian component found throughout Africa. So, how can the date estimated by ALDER 9,618±1,825 assuming a generation time of 29 years, and 8,300±1,575 with 25 years be reconciled with the timing directly inferred by the age of our ancient genome <4.5 k yrs? Given 16
Finally, we repeated the analysis detailed above using Mbuti as our target Table S7. The signal was slightly weaker in this case, but Sardinians were again highlighted as the most likely source of the West Eurasian component in this population LBK was ranked 6th in this analysis.
^^Yes Sardinia was mentioned some time ago on ESR. Up above you caution about the Labels, labels, Labels assorted European scholars use to distort African diversity.
Its hard to see all their arguments & data without full access, but if Sardinians already had African components to their DNA, what's the profile? What is the highest representation of African DNA in Sardinians? (Percent and source)
Also what's the Mota authors sampling detail? Did they run samples of other nearby African areas as the source for putative "Eurasian" influence? What is their actual sampling lineup for other African populations? Cannot access supplementals at present.
If as you sometimes argue some DNA variants developed in Africa or have the oldest upstream elements in Africa, how then are they "Eurasian" if they appear in another African population?
How are Pygmies credibly linked with Sardinians?
Posts: 5905 | From: The Hammer | Registered: Aug 2008
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quote:Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova:
^^Yes Sardinia was mentioned some time ago on ESR. Up above you caution about the Labels, labels, Labels assorted European scholars use to distort African diversity.
Its hard to see all their arguments & data without full access, but if Sardinians already had African components to their DNA, what's the profile? What is the highest representation of African DNA in Sardinians? (Percent and source)
Also what's the Mota authors sampling detail? Did they run samples of other nearby African areas as the source for putative "Eurasian" influence? What is their actual sampling lineup for other African populations? Cannot access supplementals at present.
Keep in mind this article is not about finding Eurasian DNA in the Mota remains.
It's about not finding Eurasian DNA in the Mota remains
and using that to factor out the African component in modern Ethiopians. the Ari in particular And what is left over is the Eurasian component. The titling of the artilce " DNA from 4,500-year-old Ethiopian reveals surprise about ancestry of Africans " seems misleading to me. It suggests that they found Eurasian DNA in the 4,500-year-old Ethiopian but the opposite is the case. If Ethiopians were Ethiopian 4,500 year ago that would NOT be surprising. However this is a very important genetic discovery and it seems to enable these scientists to subtract African DNA from modern Ethiopians to find out where their non-African DNA comes from.
quote:
With this information, the research team was able to investigate the mysterious group of Eurasians that came to Africa 3,000 years ago. They created a model that assumed the Ari genome was a mixture of DNA from Mota and an unknown population from west Eurasia. Then they “plugged in” DNA from several candidate populations to see if they could get a combination that looked like Ari DNA.
Two results stood out from the rest. One was for modern-day Sardinians, who are known to be the closest living relatives to the earliest farmers. The other was for members of the so-called LBK culture in Germany, early farmers who lived about 7,000 years ago.
If the Eurasian settlers who arrived in Africa 3,000 years ago were indeed descendants of the LBK farmers, then the story of their migration through Africa needs to be revised, the researchers wrote.
First DNA extracted from an ancient African skeleton shows widespread mixing with Eurasians
By comparing 250,000 base pairs from Mota’s genome with the same sites in individuals from 40 populations in Africa and 81 populations from Europe and Asia, the team found that Mota was most closely related to the Ari, an ethnic group that still lives nearby in the Ethiopian highlands. They zeroed in on the DNA that the Ari carry but Mota doesn’t, which was presumably added during the past 4500 years. They found that Mota lacks about 4% to 7% of the DNA found in the Ari and all other Africans examined. This new DNA most closely matches that of modern Sardinians and a prehistoric farmer who lived in Germany. Hints of these early farmers’ DNA previously had turned up in some living Africans, but Mota helped researchers zero in on the farmer’s genetic signature in Africa, and to establish when it arrived.
Manica suggests that both the European farmers and living Africans inherited this DNA from the same source—a population in the Middle East, perhaps Anatolia or Mesopotamia. Some of these Middle Easterners headed into Europe and Asia starting 8000 years ago, and were the first farmers of Europe. But other descendants of this population migrated into Africa, likely after Mota lived. This fits with traces of Middle Eastern grains found in Africa and dated to 3000 to 3500 years ago.
Because so many far-flung Africans still carry the farmers’ DNA, the study suggests a “huge” migration, Manica says. Farming had already been established in Africa by this time, but the newcomers likely had some advantage that explains why their genes spread. “It must have been lots of people coming in or maybe they had new crops that were very successful,” Manica says.
Population geneticist David Reich of Harvard University is struck by the magnitude of the mixing between Africans and Eurasians. He notes that “a profound migration of farmers moving from Mesopotamia to North Africa has long been speculated.” But, he says, “a western Eurasian migration into every population they study in Africa—into the Mbuti pygmies and the Khoisan? That’s surprising and new.”
The idea that there was a huge migration 3-3,500 years ago including matches with European cultures in Italy and Germany is quite shocking
LBK culture in Germany:
quote:
wiki:
the European Neolithic, flourishing circa 5500–4500 BC. It is abbreviated as LBK (from German: Linearbandkeramik), and is also known as the Linear Band Ware, Linear Ware, Linear Ceramics or Incised Ware culture, and falls within the Danubian I culture of V. Gordon Childe. Important sites include Nitra in Slovakia; Bylany in the Czech Republic; Langweiler and Zwenkau in Germany; Brunn am Gebirge in Austria; Elsloo, Sittard, Köln-Lindenthal, Aldenhoven, Flomborn, and Rixheim on the Rhine; Lautereck and Hienheim on the upper Danube; and Rössen and Sonderhausen on the middle Elbe. Excavations at Oslonki in Poland revealed a large, fortified settlement (dating to 4300 BC, i. e., Late LBK), covering an area of 4,000 m². Nearly 30 trapezoidal longhouses and over 80 graves make it one of the richest such settlements in archaeological finds from all of central Europe.
The initial LBK population theory hypothesized that the culture was spread by farmers moving up the Danube practicing slash-and-burn methods.
Origins
The earliest theory of Linear Pottery culture origin is that it came from the Starčevo-Körös culture of Serbia and Hungary.[14] Supporting this view is the fact that the LBK appeared earliest about 5600–5400 BC on the middle Danube in the Starčevo range
A second theory proposes an autochthonous development out of the local Mesolithic cultures.[20] Although the Starčevo-Körös entered southern Hungary about 6000 and the LBK spread very rapidly, there appears to be a hiatus of up to 500 years[14] in which a barrier seems to have been in effect.[10][21] Moreover, the cultivated species of the near and middle eastern Neolithic do not do well over the Linear Pottery culture range. And finally, the Mesolithics in the region prior to the LBK used some domestic species, such as wheat and flax. The La Hoguette culture on the northwest of the LBK range developed their own food production from native plants and animals.
A third theory attributes the start of Linear Pottery to an influence from the Mesolithic cultures of the east European plain.[22] The pottery was used in intensive food gathering. The rate at which it spread was no faster than the spread of the Neolithic in general. Accordingly, Dolukhanov and others postulate that an impulse from the steppe to the southeast of the barrier stimulated the Mesolithics north of it to innovate their own pottery. This view only accounts for the pottery; presumably, the Mesolithics combined it de novo with local food production, which began to spread very rapidly throughout a range that was already producing some food.
So that is 1485-985 BC -not so long ago sounding as 3,500 years ago
The historical context in Africa hasn't been discussed yet
___________________
1504 BC – 1492 BC: Egypt conquers Nubia and the Levant.
c. 1480 BC:- Queen Hatsheput succeeded by her stepson and nephew Thutmosis III. Period of greatest Egyptian expansion (4th Nile cataract to the Euphrates).[citation needed] c. 1469 BC: In the Battle of Megiddo, Egypt defeats Canaan (Low Chronology)
1446 BC or 1444 BC: Date given in the Hebrew Bible for the exodus of Israel from Egypt.
1276-1178 BCE The Sea Peoples were a confederacy of naval raiders who harried the coastal towns and cities of the Mediterranean region, concentrating their efforts especially on Egypt.
1207 BC: Pharaoh Merneptah claims a victory over the people of Israel.
_________________________________________
^^^ Assuming that such a huge Eurasian migration 1485-985 BC came from the Middle East across the Sinai into Egypt although there are ships acroos the Mediterranean or Red Sea possibilities also
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he "Cushitic" cluster was also deemed "closest to the non-African AACs, consistent with an East African migration of modern humans out of Africa or a back-migration of non-Africans into Saharan and Eastern Africa."[11] Wilson et al. (2001), an autosomal DNA study based on cluster analysis that looked at a combined sample of Amhara and Oromo examining a single enzyme variants: drug metabolizing enzyme (DME) loci, found that 62% of Ethiopeans fall into the same cluster of Ashkenazi Jews, Norwegians and Armenians based on that gene. Only 24% of Ethiopians cluster with Bantus and Afro-Caribbeans, 8% with Papua New Guineans, and 6% with Chinese.[12]
A composite look at most YDNA studies done so far[14][15][13][16][17] reveals that,out of a total of 459 males sampled from Ethiopia, approximately 58% of Y-chromosome haplotypes were found to belong to Haplogroup E, of which 71% (41% of total) were characterized by one of its further downstream sub lineage known as E1b1b, while the remainder were mostly characterized by Haplogroup E1b1(x E1b1b,E1b1a), and to a lesser extent Haplogroup E2. With respect to E1b1b, some studies have found that it exists at its highest level among the Oromo, where it represented 62.8% of the haplotypes, while it was found at 35.4% among the Amhara,[15] other studies however have found an almost equal representation of Haplogroup E1b1b at approximately 57% in both the Oromo and the Amhara.
Haplogroup J has been found at a frequency of approximately 18% in Ethiopians, with a higher prevalence among the Amhara, where it has been found to exist at levels as high as 35%, of which about 94% (17% of total) is of the type J1, while 6% (1% of total) is of J2 type.[20] On the other hand, 26% of the individuals sampled in the Arsi control portion of Moran et al. (2004) were found to belong to Haplogroup J.[16] Another fairly prevalent lineage in Ethiopia belongs to Haplogroup A, occurring at a frequency of about 17% within Ethiopia, it is almost all characterized by its downstream sub lineage of A3b2 (M13). Restricted to Africa, and mostly found along the Rift Valley from Ethiopia to Cape Town, Haplogroup A represents the deepest branch in the Human Y- Chromosome phylogeny.
The maternal ancestry of Ethiopians is similarly diverse. About half (52.2%) of Ethiopians belongs to mtdna Haplogroups L0, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, or L6. These haplogroups are generally confined to the African continent. They also originated either in Ethiopia or very near. The other portion of the population belong to Haplogroup N (31%) and Haplogroup M1 (17%). There is controversy surrounding their origins as either native or a possible ancient back migration into Ethiopia from Asia.
There are many theories regarding the beginning of the Ethiopian civilisation. One theory, which is more widely accepted today locates its origins in Africa, while acknowledging the influence of the Sabeans on the opposite side of the Red Sea.[30] At a later period, Ethiopian civilisation was exposed to Judaic influence, of which the best-known examples are the Qemant and Ethiopian Jews (or Beta Israel) ethnic groups, but Judaic customs, terminology, and beliefs can be found amongst the dominant culture of the Amhara and Tigrinya.[31] Indian alphabets have been claimed as the example used to create the vowel system of the Ge'ez abugida.
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. I haven't seen the full thread topic article (paywall?) but I'm assuming that the Mota from 4,500-year-old Ethiopian did NOT carry the above J, N and M1 lineages
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quote:"These indicate that the root of L3 gives rise to a multifurcation from a single haplotype producing a number of distinct subclades... The simplest explanation for this geographical distribution [haplogroups M and N], however, is an expansion of the root type within East Africa, where several independent L3 branches thrive, including a sister group to L3, christened L4 (Kivisild et al. 2004; Chap. 7), followed by divergence into haplogroups M and N somewhere between the Horn of Africa and the Indian subcontinent. Since neither the L3 root type nor any other descendants survive outside Africa, the root type itself must have become extinct during a period of genetic drift in the founder population as it diversified into haplogroups M and N, if the diversification was outside Africa. If on the other hand the diversification was indeed within East Africa, then Haplogroups M and N must have either been carried out of Africa in their entirety or subsequently have become extinct within Africa, with the singular exception of the derived M1."
[...]
"More generally, it has often been suggested that there is an extant tropical belt of human populations that anatomically resemble sub-Saharan Africans (with 'racial' features such as very dark skin, curly hair and so on). They include some southern Indians, the Andamese, the so-called Negritos of the Phillipines (Aeta/Agta) and the Malay Penisula (Semang), Papuans and Aboriginal Australians.
These people, it as suggested, might be the survivors of a 'southern coastal route' from the Horn of Africa along the tropical coastline through to SOutheast Asia and Australia (Nei and Roychoudhury 1992). The bulk of EUrasian populations were then suggested to be the survivors if a 'northern route': out of Egypt into the 'Levantine corridor', and thence into both Europe and Asia (Lahr 1996).'"
-- Hans-Jürgen Bandelt et. 2006. EDS. Human Mitochondrial DNA and the Evolution of Homo sapiens. p. 234
quote:Although Haplogroup M differentiated soon after the out of Africa exit and it is widely distributed in Asia (east Asia and India) and Oceania, there is an interesting exception for one of its more than 40 sub-clades: M1.. Indeed this lineage is mainly limited to the African continent with peaks in the Horn of Africa."
--Paola Spinozzi, Alessandro Zironi . (2010). Origins as a Paradigm in the Sciences and in the Humanities. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 48-50
quote:“..the M1 presence in the Arabian peninsula signals a predominant East African influence since the Neolithic onwards.“
-- Petraglia, M and Rose, J (2010). The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia:
quote:Summary of Hg M* on the subcontinent of Asia. I.e. India. The basal M is lacking.
The presence of M haplogroup in Ethiopia, named M1, led to the proposal that haplogroup M originated in eastern Africa, approximately 60,000 years ago, and was carried towards Asia [34].
Macrohaplogroup M is ubiquitous in India and covers more than 70 per cent of the Indian mtDNA lineages [28], [36]–[38]. Recent studies on complete mtDNA sequences (~187) tried to resolve the phylogeny of Indian macrohaplogroup M. As a result, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6 [28], [36], [39]–[40], M18, M25 [38], M30, [41], M31 [42], [24] M33, M34, M35, M36, M37, M38, M39, M40 [22], M41, M42 [43], M43 [23], [44], M45 [45], M48, M49, and M50 [46] haplogroups of M that was identified in India helped to a certain extent in understanding M genealogy in diversified Indian populations. In the above background, extensive sequencing of complete mtDNA of South Asia, particularly India, is essential for better understanding of the peopling of the non-African continents, and pathogenesis of diseases in various ethnic groups with different matrilineal backgrounds.
Updating Phylogeny of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup M in India: Dispersal of Modern Human in South Asian Corridor
Adimoolam Chandrasekar et al. 2009
quote:Macrohaplogroup M (489-10400-14783-15043), excluding M1 which is east African, is distributed among most south, east and north Asians, Amerindians (containing a minority of north and central Amerindians and a majority of south Amerindians), and many central Asians and Melanesians.
--SUVENDU MAJI, S. KRITHIKA and T. S. VASULU (2009)
Phylogeographic distribution of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup M in India
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posted
Haplogroup J1 origin is at the Sinai Peninsula,
Haplogroup N segregates and has a differed pattern, into an African version. Like arose somewhere at the Black Sea.
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posted
This study is another great news for the ancient peopling of the Nile Valley and the region. Mota is dated around 4500 years ago (so around 2000 BC) and there's no evidence of Eurasian DNA. If there was some it must have been in small proportion.
Before this study we had the Hassan study as well as the DNA of Ancient Egyptian mummies (BMJ, JAMA, old Paabo).
Kadruka is a neolithic site in Sudan near the Egyptian border. We can see the Eurasian haplogroups start to appear during the christian era.
We also have this study dating the Eurasian admixture in modern Egyptians to 750 years ago.
quote:Using ADMIXTURE and principal-component analysis (PCA) (Figure 1A), we estimated the average proportion of non-African ancestry in the Egyptians to be 80% and dated the midpoint of the admixture event by using ALDER20 to around 750 years ago (Table S2), consistent with the Islamic expansion and dates reported previously.
posted
My perspective on this topic as a Bible historian
Ancient SABAEANS were ancestors of maa speaking people like Maasai and Samburu,also known as SEBA in the bible,SABA or SEBENIK by Kalenjin people.The SABAOT subtribe of kalenjin were originally maasai mercineries hired by Proto-kalenjin Egyptian pharaohs to fight against assyrian invasion of egypt,heredotus called them SEBENITUS,british colonialist of kenya them ELGON MAASAI. Eurocentric biblical archaeologists in desperate attempt to paint the SABAEANS as semitic,have claimed all the civilisation brought to yemen by the nilo-semitic HIMYARITES or Agazians,also known as HAVILLAH in bible.these Himyarites migrated from regions near TIGRIS river basin to yemen then to Eritrea and Ethiopia and today are known as TIGRAY or TIGRINYA people,named after the river of their ancient homeland TIGRIS,from Tigris river basin.Tigray/Tigrinya together with AGAW who initially were part of oromo clan started the AKSUMITE EMPIRE,they displaced the proto-maasai(sabaeans) who lived there,near Afar(ophir of the bible)region of eritrea and ethiopia.The so-called ‘Sabaean moon god’ is actually Tigray Moon god Ilmukah or Ilumguh,worshiped by TIGRINYA and TIGRAY before the introduction of christianity to axum 2000 years ago.The moon goddess Astarte,or Ashtart, whom they called Astar, which means “womb.” The giver and destroyer of life,was also worshiped by Tigray,thats why her temple is also found in Tigray region of ethiopia. Astar was Queen of Heaven and Mother of all Deities. Arriving from heaven as a ball of fire, and accompanied by a lioness, she was pictured with horns,and a disc of the sun above her forehead. Oromo(sheba) and sabaeans(maasai)worshiped the sun deity called ENKAI(ENKI of Sumerians) and WAAQA by oromo and Arabs. In the Kebra Negast(Absynian Chronicles), the Queen of Sheba tells Solomon;
“We worship the sun…for he cooketh our food, and moreoever he illumineth the darkness, and removeth fear; we call him ‘our King,’ and we call him ‘our Creator’….And there are others among our subjects…. some worship stones, and some worship trees, and some worship carved figures, and some worship images of gold and silver.”
The queen of SHEBA was an Oromo woman.SHEBA was OROMIA which initially was located in yemen but they entered horn Africa into ethiopia via Yemen red sea route with their Camels and livestock during the Assyrian expansion period into south Arabia.Remember it was with these Camels that the Queen of Sheba an Oromo woman herself used to carry the gifts to King Solomon in Jerusalem,gifts comprising of Ivory,spices (buserek) and Gold of OPHIR,a hebrew corruption for Gold of AFAR.Even today the Nilo-semitic Afar tribe of Eritreavand Djibouti are revered for their exceptional unique fine Gold Jewellery.The somalis(dedan of the bible) entered the horn of Africa with their Camels during the persian expansion era.When the Tigray Himyarite (Havillah) ruled in Yemen, they ruled over Somalis but not Oromo since Oromo people had already entered Africa at this period,that is why there are still somali clans left behind in yemen even today,also some Somali towns today has Himyarite influences and Himyarite statues .The so-called ARABIAN temple at MARIB was bult by Tigray HIMYARITES before they later relocated to eritrea escaping persian expansion in yemen.in eritrea they displaced Afar(ophir),maasai/samburu(seba) and oromo(sheba). Don’t confuse SEBA(maasai) and SHEBA(oromo),the bible in (Psalms 72:10 ) and (Genesis10:7 ) makes a clear distiction between SHEBA and SEBA.Whats interesting is that the bible also states that the proto- kalenjins(Biblical Raamah) are the nilotic ancestors of oromo(Sheba) and Somali(Dedan).The hebrews called the kalenjin south nilotic people RAAMAH,but they were known to the egyptians as REMETCH(rMT in heiroglyphic).during the reign of pharaoh smekhare,it is possible some kalenjin soldiers of Egypt’s military caste who had settled in Accad,could have intermarried with west asian women resulting to somalis and oromo,that explains why Afro-asiatic(Nilo-semitic) somalis and oromo use South nilotic kalenjin upper numerals(9-1000),but have adopted semitic lower numerals(1-8),also their culture is similar to south NILOTIC kalenjin,minus the semitic element e.g reading of the bowels after slaughtering a cow,to predict the future,also kalenjin surnames like KOROS,TALAM,SALAT are also found in somali and oromo,all circumcise like kalenjin(pharaonic type III circumcision),all call rainfall ROP,and call palm tree SOSIOT just like kalenjin People.The kalenjin god of vengence ILLAT is the somali ILLAY and arabic ALLAH.According to the bible (Genesis 10:7 ); quote:
"The sons of Cush were Seba and Havilah and Sabtah and Raamah and Sabteca; and the sons of Raamah were Sheba and Dedan.…"
THE SO-CALLED AFRO-ASIATIC CUSHITES WERE BASICALLY NILOTES WHO INTERMARRIED WITH SEMITES AND WEST EURASIANS The Bible calls these mixed people 'Mingled peoples" Most of these intermarriages occurred in ancient Accad (Afro-asiatic Urheimat).This is evident,from the way most cushitic speakers have adopted semitic lower numerals(1-8) in their numerals,while maintaining their former nilotic upper numerals(9-1000).
MAASAI/SAMBURU LOWER NUMERALS 1) obo 2) aare 3) okuni 4) oonguan 5) imiet 6) Ile 7) oopishana 8) isiet 9) oondo 10) tomon
KALENJIN-OROMO UPPER NUMERALS (9-1000). As you will see all Oromo lower numerals(1-8),are semitic in origin.but all the upper numerals (9-1000) of Oromo are south nilotic Kalenjin in origin.They all include kalenjin lower numerals.
KALENJIN-OROMO UPPER NUMERALS Sakal/sogool=Sakal – 9 Taman=Kudhan – 10 Taman ak agenge – 11 : Tiptem=digdem – 20 Tiptem ak agenge – 21 : Sosom -soddoma 30 Sosom ak agenge -31 : Artam – Afurtama40 Artam ak agenge – 41 : Konom – Shantama50 Konom ak agenge – 51 : Tamanwogik Lo – 60 Tamanwogik Lo ak agenge – 61 : Tamanwogik tisap – 70 Tamanwogik tisap ak agenge – 71 : … sisiit – 80 … sisiit ak agenge – 81 : … sogool -sogoltama 90 … sogool ak agenge – 91 : bogol – Bogol 100 bogol ak agenge 101 : bogol aeng’ – 200 : bogol somok – 300
MAASAI/SAMBURU UPPER NUMERALS MAINTAINED BY SOMALI AND OROMO. This influence occured when proto-axumite/proto-maasai ANCIENT SABAEANS colonised Yemen and the whole of southern arabia.The Sabaeans Nilotic maa- ancestors colonised the Nilo-semitic SHEBA (oromo),OPHIR(afar) and DEDAN(somalis) and HAVILLAH(Tigray & Tigrinya).This colonisation occured when these tribes were still living in Yemen and south arabia.
OROMO-SOMALI-MAASAI NUMERALS. Tomon 10 Tomon o obo 11 Tomon o aare 12 Tomon o okuni 13 Tomon o oofigwan14 Tomon o nabo 11 Tomon o are 12 Tomon o uni 13 Tomon o ofigwan 14 Tomon o imyet 15 Tomon o ille 16 Tomon o oopishana 17 Tomon oo naapishana 18 Tomon o isyet 19 Tomon o oudo Tomon oo naudo 20 Tigitam 20 Tigit&m o obo TigitSm o nabo 21 Osom or ‘N-domoni uni 23 Artam or ‘N-domoni oSgwan24 Onom or ‘N-domoni ‘myet 25 Onom oo tomon or ‘N- domoni ‘lie 26 Onom oo tigitam or ‘N- domoni naapishana 27 Onom oo ‘n-domoni uni or ‘N-domoni ‘eyet 28 Onom o artain or ‘N- domoni naudo 29 Somalis and oromo have adopted semitic lower numerals but have maintained their nilotic upper numerals.maasai and kalenjin have maintained both their nilotic upper and lower numerals.
BIBLICAL EVIDENCE (Genesis 10:6 ,7 ) ; SONS OF HAM; 1)CUSH/KUSH=NILOTES(NILO-SAHARAN) 2)MIZRAIMS=PYGMIES & WEST AFRICANS(Niger congo A) 3)PHUT=KHOISAN 4)CANAAN=BANTUS(Niger congo B) Actually these are also the four main languages spoken in Africa.Considering the fact Afro-asiatic e.g Cushitic and Omotic are NILOTIC CONTINUITY.a proven fact.Chadic and Amazigh Niger-congo continuity.
SONS OF KUSH(NILOTES); 1)SEBA=Maa-speakers(sabaeans) e.g maasai,samburu,Ilchamus group 2)HAVILLAH=Tigray and Tigrinya group 3)SABTAH=Nuer,dinka,shilluk,anuak,luo peoples group 4)RAAMAH=Kalenjin,datooga & Omotic group. 5)SABTECHA=Nuba,Turkana,karamajong,Toposa,lotuko,sidama group. 6)NIMROD=Dravidians.
SONS OF RAAMAH(proto kalenjin rmT) 1)SHEBA=Oromo 2)DEDAN=Somali. DNA EVIDENCE The oldest Y E3b clades are found in NILOTES,while the younger E3b clades are found in afro-asiatic cushites e.g 1) OLDER E3B CLADES ARE NILOTIC;E-M215 and E- M35(maasai),E-V68 in ‘nilotic from kenya'(kalenjin)AND FUR,E-V12(NUER),E-M78*(NUBA&MASALLIT),E-M293(DATOGA) Some nilo-saharan speakers e.g Eastern Nilotes don't carry the Stereotypical 'Nilotic' Y haplogroup A and B.
2)YOUNGER E3B CLADES ARE AFRO-ASIATIC CUSHITIC; E-V22(SOMALIS),E-V32(OROMO)
The Ethiopian GEEZ script was a product of TIGRAY SCRIPT aka south Arabian/SABAEAN(Himyarite) and Amhara (HATTU/HITTITE)SCRIPT brought by Amhara (sea people migrants)migrating from Crete,Sicily,libya and meroe as descendants of the SEA-PEOPLES depicted on Egyptian art.The amhara hittites this time as coptic christians came and settled in ethiopia SHOA region by claiming descent from Hebrew king solomon and thus they started the SOLOMONID DYNASTY of todays modern Christian nation of Ethiopia and changed the kingdom name from Axum to ABSYNIA.The Amhara people are basically descendants of canaanite Niger-congo bantu hittites who later mixed with Elamites,jews,syrians,and on reaching ethiopia shoa region,they mixed with Sabaeans (proto-maasai),tigray and oromo.These Afro-asiatic immigrants from south Arabia and West Eurasia forced the NILOTIC maa ,kalenjin and Karamoja out of western Ethiopia, triggering the NILOTIC EXPANSION south into Sudan and greatlakes region.
BANTU DNA OF AMHARA Y DNA E-M329 is a descendant of E-V38,both E- M329 and E-M2 are descendants E-V38. The bible makes it clear,hittites are descended from Canaan (Niger-congo bantus) who is descendend from HAM (father of all black africans). You can literally trace the migration of Amhara Hittites from Anatolia,Mediterranean islands,Libya,Merowe in Sudan and finally into Ethiopia Shoa region by tracing these clades; Y haplogroup E-M123(M34) and J1(M267) and mtDNA-N1a,U6.These clades stretch from Anatolia, Mediterranean islands and finally to Ethiopia via Libya,,Egypt and sudan.WHY? 1)E-M123(M34) is proof that Amhara (Hittites) mixed with ELAMITES.Ancient Elamites most likely belonged to E-M123.According to the bible,Elamites sold horse drawn chariots to Egyptians and Later become allies with Egypt.Hittites adopted Elamite clothing and war attire.A temple in Susa Iran shows Elamite archers wearing the same attire as Hittites,their horned helmets very similar to those of Hittites.The Hittite/sea people’s headdress,sword and shield, bare striking resemblance to Amhara warrior headdress,sword and shield. 2)J1(M267) Is proof that Amhara people (Hittites) mixed with Jews during the Babylonian period.Amhara/Absynian royal attire is a reminiscence of Ancient Babylonian royal attire.
1)If you ask me how Niger-congo A speakers including pygmies got West Eurasian DNA,I will say as North Africans; Carthagians, pelasgians, Minoans,Egyptians e.t.c as they interacted with West Eurasian settlers in Crete,Asia minor and basque through trade, and war. 2)If you ask me how Niger-congo B, Bantu speakers got West Eurasian DNA,I will say as Ancient black Canaanites who were bordered by West Eurasians before they entered Egypt and KUSH as hyksos.Egyptianised and settled in Libya.Later spread all over Africa during Bantu migration. 3)If you ask me how nilo-saharan speakers got West Eurasian DNA,I will say from their Nilo-semitic(Afro-asiatic) brothers migrating from Accad, they settled in South Arabia for a long time before eventually forced to enter Africa due to semitic expansions e.g Nabateans, Assyrians and Persians. 4)If you ask me how Khoisan got West Eurasian DNA,I will say by interactions with nilotic and Afro-asiatic herders in east Africa great lakes region and later through mixing with incoming southern bantus.Or as Ancient PHUT soldiers which according to the bible,they were mercenaries in ancient city of Tyre.This explains the presence of Khoisan Y haplogroup A DNA in Anatolia and Turkey.
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quote:Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate: This study is another great news for the ancient peopling of the Nile Valley and the region. Before this study we had the Hassan study as well as the DNA of Ancient Egyptian mummies (BMJ, JAMA, old Paabo).
Kadruka is a neolithic site in Sudan near the Egyptian border. We can see the Eurasian haplogroups start to appear during the christian era.
We also have this study dating the Eurasian admixture in modern Egyptians to 750 years ago.
quote:Using ADMIXTURE and principal-component analysis (PCA) (Figure 1A), we estimated the average proportion of non-African ancestry in the Egyptians to be 80% and dated the midpoint of the admixture event by using ALDER20 to around 750 years ago (Table S2), consistent with the Islamic expansion and dates reported previously.
Good chart and Hassan link which I lost sometime back. You are correct. Hassan shows the dominance of Nilotic elements along with Nubian elements in Nile Valley history as well as the relatively recent arrival of Eurasian elements, who nevertheless are secondary to in-situ indigenous developments, and migration from within Africa as far as the Sudan. QUOTE:
"Accordingly, through limited on number of aDNA samples, there is enough data to suggest and to tally with the historical evidence of the dominance by Nilotic elements during the early state formation in the Nile Valley, and as the states thrived there was a dominance by other elements particularly Nuba/Nubians. In Y-chromosome terms this mean in simplest terms introgression of the YAP insertion (haplogroups E and D), and Eurasian Haplogroups which are defined by F-M89 against a background of haplogroup A-M13. The data analysis of the extant Y-chromosomes suggests that the bulk of genetic diversity appears to be a consequence of recent migrations and demographic events mainly from Asia and Europe, evident in a higher migration rate for speakers of Afro- Asiatic as compared to the Nilo-Saharan family of languages, and a generally higher effective population size for the former. While the mtDNA data suggests that regional variation and diversity in mtDNA sequences in Sudan is likely to have been shaped by a longer history of in-situ evolution and then by human migrations form East, west-central and North Africa and to a lesser extent from Eurasia to the Nile Valley." -- Hassan 2009.
Mota is dated around 4500 years ago (so around 2000 BC) and there's no evidence of Eurasian DNA. If there was some it must have been in small proportion.
Yes, the Eurasian elements seem rather small. Per the above articles:
"they found that the Mota man had brown eyes and dark skin, as well as three gene variants associated with adaptation to high altitudes; some peaks in the highlands reach 4500 meters, as high as the Matterhorn.. the team found that Mota was most closely related to the Ari, an ethnic group that still lives nearby in the Ethiopian highlands. They zeroed in on the DNA that the Ari carry but Mota doesn’t, which was presumably added during the past 4500 years. They found that Mota lacks about 4% to 7% of the DNA found in the Ari and all other Africans examined."
and
Quote: "That’s what makes the Ethiopian man so special. His body was found face-down in Mota cave, which is situated in the highlands in the southern part of the country. The cool, dry conditions in the cave preserved his DNA, and scientists extracted a sample from the petrous bone at the base of his skull. The resulting sequence is the first nuclear genome from an ancient African, according to a report published Thursday in the journal Science.
Radiocarbon dating revealed that the bone was 4,500 years old. That meant Mota (as the researchers called him) lived before Eurasians returned to the African continent
Consistent with that timeline, Mota did not have any of the genetic variants for light-colored eyes or skin that evolved in the populations that left Africa. Nor did he have variants that arose in Eurasian farmers that allowed them to digest milk as adults."
The mitochondrial haplogroup was determined following the analysis described by Skoglund et al in 2014 (48). In brief, this involved generating a consensus mitochondrial sequence using SAMtools (38) and assigning a haplogroup using HAPLOFIND (46) (Table S3). Depth of coverage was calculated using bedtools (Table S3), and mutations are reported with respect to the Reconstructed Sapiens Reference Sequence (49). Mota was assigned to haplogroup L3x2a. Haplogroup L3 arose 60-70 kya (50) in Eastern Africa where the richest present-day haplogroup diversity is found (51). All mitochondrial haplogroups found outside Africa descend from the L3 lineage and hence this haplogroup is associated with the spread of Homo sapiens out of Africa to the rest of the world (52). The subhaplogroup L3x2 is restricted to the Horn of Africa and the Nile Valley in modern Ethiopian samples (12), suggesting a degree of maternal continuity in Ethiopia over the past 4,500 years.
Y chromosome haplogroups
We used a maximum likelihood based approach to determine the Y chromosome haplogroup of Mota. We called genotypes along the Y chromosome with a minimum base threshold of 20 using GATK and employed YFitter (53) to predict the most likely haplogroup. Mota was assigned to haplogroup E1b1. We verified this haplogroup by looking for mutations in Mota that were described by the International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) as defining the branches leading to haplogroup E1b1 (Table S4). Macrohaplogroup E is the most prevalent haplogroup found in Africa with reduced frequencies in Europe and the Middle East (54, 55). It is proposed to have originated in the Eastern Africa 21,000-32,000 years ago (54–56). Mutation E-P2 (Table S4), present in Mota, represents the most widespread subclade of haplogroup E and has been found at high frequency in modern Ethiopians (57). --Gallego-Llorente 2015 [/i]
Long-standing indigenous development in Ethiopia- per Troll Patrol quote
"From various kinds of evidence it can now be argued that agriculture in Ethiopia and the Horn was quite ancient, originating as much as 7,000 or more years ago, and that its development owed nothing to South Arabian inspiration. Moreover, the inventions of grain cultivation in particular, both in Ethiopia and separately in the Near East, seem rooted in a single, still earlier subsistence invention of North-east Africa, the intensive utilization of wild grains, beginning probably by or before 13,000 b.c. The correlation of linguistic evidence with archaeology suggests that this food-collecting innovation may have been the work of early Afroasiatic-speaking communities and may have constituted the particular economic advantage which gave impetus to the first stages of Afroasiatic expansion into Ethiopia and the Horn, the Sahara and North Africa, and parts of the Near East." --Ehret
Posts: 5905 | From: The Hammer | Registered: Aug 2008
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Hmm, interesting. These same LBK samples may be similar to those Brace 2005 used to show how older Euros, who tend to look like tropical Africans in general, match those Africans in his writeup. If this is correct, then the people that match up most closely with Mota Man, are people who already bear some similarity to Africans. The Sardinian DNA also shows that the closest match is with people already having some African influences. The "Eurasian" migration might be thus by people already looking like Africans. Will readjust once I can see full pdf.
Posts: 5905 | From: The Hammer | Registered: Aug 2008
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Hmm, interesting. These same LBK samples may be similar to those Brace 2005 used to show how older Euros, who tend to look like tropical Africans in general, match those Africans in his writeup. If this is correct, then the people that match up most closely with Mota Man, are people who already bear some similarity to Africans. The Sardinian DNA also shows that the closest match is with people already having some African influences. The "Eurasian" migration might be thus by people already looking like Africans. Will readjust once I can see full pdf.
German LBK of around 5500 BC and Sardinians bear no genetic resemblance to Mota man of Ethiopia of 2500 BC ( 4500 years ago)
The resemblance is to a component in modern Africans such as modern day Ari Ethiopians
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quote:Originally posted by Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor: From surnames to the history of Y chromosomes: the Sardinian population as a paradigm
Gianna Zei, Antonella Lisa, Ornella Fiorani, Chiara Magri, Lluis Quintana-Murci, Ornella Semino and A Silvana Santachiara-Benerecetti
Phylogenetic tree of the Y-chromosome haplotypes and their percent frequencies in the Sardinian samples carrying 'monophyletic' and 'polyphyletic' (50 out of 54 individuals) surnames. Data on Italian and Middle Eastern samples30 are also given for comparison. Numbering of mutations is according to the YCC:28 those examined in the present study are shown in bold face type; those inferred are shown in italics. Capital letters indicate haplogroups according to the YCC.28 *Ten and sharpone of these chromosomes were not tested for M26 because DNA was finished. One major 49a,f-YCAIIa-YCACIIb-DYS19 compound haplotype characterizes each haplogroup: c-Ht 49a,f-Ht5/YCAIIa-22/YCAIIb-19/DYS19-13 for haplogroup E-M35; c-Ht 49a,f-Ht7/YCAIIa-22/YCAIIb-19/DYS19-14 for J-12f2, c-Ht 49a,f-Ht12/YCAIIa-21/YCAIIb-11/DYS19-17 for I-M26; c-Ht 49a,f-Ht15/YCAIIa-23/YCAIIb-19/DYS19-14 for R-M269 and c-Ht 49a,f-Ht8/YCAIIa-20/YCAIIb-20/DYS19-15 for G-M201.
Patrol, what do you have on Italians?
-------------------- Note: I am not an "Egyptologist" as claimed by some still bitter, defeated, trolls creating fake profiles and posts elsewhere. Hapless losers, you still fail. My output of hard data debunking racist nonsense has actually INCREASED since you began.. Posts: 5905 | From: The Hammer | Registered: Aug 2008
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quote:Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova: Sure, the Ari are the link in the middle and the non-Ari in question besides Mota are LBK and Sardinians.
quote:Originally posted by Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor: From surnames to the history of Y chromosomes: the Sardinian population as a paradigm
Gianna Zei, Antonella Lisa, Ornella Fiorani, Chiara Magri, Lluis Quintana-Murci, Ornella Semino and A Silvana Santachiara-Benerecetti
Phylogenetic tree of the Y-chromosome haplotypes and their percent frequencies in the Sardinian samples carrying 'monophyletic' and 'polyphyletic' (50 out of 54 individuals) surnames. Data on Italian and Middle Eastern samples30 are also given for comparison. Numbering of mutations is according to the YCC:28 those examined in the present study are shown in bold face type; those inferred are shown in italics. Capital letters indicate haplogroups according to the YCC.28 *Ten and sharpone of these chromosomes were not tested for M26 because DNA was finished. One major 49a,f-YCAIIa-YCACIIb-DYS19 compound haplotype characterizes each haplogroup: c-Ht 49a,f-Ht5/YCAIIa-22/YCAIIb-19/DYS19-13 for haplogroup E-M35; c-Ht 49a,f-Ht7/YCAIIa-22/YCAIIb-19/DYS19-14 for J-12f2, c-Ht 49a,f-Ht12/YCAIIa-21/YCAIIb-11/DYS19-17 for I-M26; c-Ht 49a,f-Ht15/YCAIIa-23/YCAIIb-19/DYS19-14 for R-M269 and c-Ht 49a,f-Ht8/YCAIIa-20/YCAIIb-20/DYS19-15 for G-M201.
Patrol, what do you have on Italians?
As of now not much, but I will do research on it.
quote: In addition, the Neolithic revolution was assumed to arise in the late Pleistocene Natufians and subsequently spread into Anatolia and Europe (Bar-Yosef 2002), and the first Anatolian farmers, Neolithic to Bronze Age Mediterraneans and to some degree other Neolithic-Bronze Age Europeans, show morphological affinities with the Natufians (and indirectly with sub-Saharan populations; Angel 1972; Brace et al. 2005), in concordance with a process of demie diffusion accompanying the extension of the Neolithic revolution (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994)."
--Cranial Discrete Traits in a Byzantine Population and Eastern Mediterranean Population Movements F. X. Ricaut, M. Waelkens. Human Biology, Volume 80, Number 5, October 2008, pp. 535-564
As was posted before:
quote: However, the remaining 35% of L mtDNAs form European-specific subclades, revealing that there was gene flow from sub-Saharan Africa toward Europe as early as 11,000 yr ago.
--Mar ́ıa Cerezo,
Reconstructing ancient mitochondrial DNA links between Africa and Europe
Published in Advance March 27, 2012, doi: 10.1101/gr.134452.111
quote:Within E-M35, there are striking parallels between two haplogroups, E-V68 and E-V257. Both contain a lineage which has been frequently observed in Africa (E-M78 and E-M81, respectively) [6], [8], [10], [13]–[16] and a group of undifferentiated chromosomes that are mostly found in southern Europe (Table S2)1. An expansion of E-M35 carriers, possibly from the Middle East as proposed by other Authors [14], and split into two branches separated by the geographic barrier of the Mediterranean Sea, would explain this geographic pattern. However, the absence of E-V68* and E-V257* in the Middle East (Table S2) makes a maritime spread between northern Africa and southern Europe a more plausible hypothesis. A detailed analysis of the Y chromosomal microsatellite variation associated with E-V68 and E-V257 could help in gaining a better understanding of the likely timing and place of origin of these two haplogroups.
--Beniamino Trombetta, Fulvio Cruciani et al. (2011)
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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"interestingly, North (nafII) and West (waf) African ancestry is also seen entering Southern Europe, suggesting a key role for the Mediterranean in supporting gene flow back into Europe [8, 26, 27]. "
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by xyyman: You people needed to calm down when these reactionary papers come out. Stop with the knee jerk reaction. They cannot prove there were farmers back migrating to Africa because it NEVER happened. It doesnt matter how many ways they spin it. Lol!
All populations are a subset of Africans. ALL! nothing can change that. Isolation-by-distance is a fact.
Interestingly in Dr Reich's report they are now admitting SSA have 2% Neanderthal ancestry. Lol! Racist idiots!
How did I know they would come around? Simple! AMH and Neanderthals weren't doing the nasty. It is African sub-structure as some studies have shown.
Forget the pop culture sensationalism.
I find it odd that prior thy couldn't find any Neanderthal DNA in Africans.
Clyde once suggested that the Nenderthal was in Africa.
Supplementary Materials for Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture throughout the African continent
quote: Previous studies of J1-M2672, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 have found it to occur at high frequencies among the Arabic-speaking populations of the Middle East, conventionally interpreted as reflecting the spread of Islam in the first millennium CE.
[...]
Although most post-Last Glacial Maximum recolonization events have a typically northward signature,30, 31 our J1e results provide an example of a southward spread during the early Holocene. Although J1e is one of the most frequent haplogroups in the region, haplogroup E-M123 also shows its highest frequency and haplotype diversity in regions of the Fertile Crescent, decreasing toward the Arabian Peninsula.
--Jacques Chiaroni, Toomas Kivisild et al.(2010) The emergence of Y-chromosome haplogroup J1e among Arabic-speaking populations
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote: Southwest Arabia During the Holocene: Recent Archaeological Developments.
Abstract Recent fieldwork has considerably increased our knowledge of early Holocene settlement in Southwest Arabia. Neolithic settlement occurred within an environmental context of increased monsoonal moisture that continued during the mid-Holocene. A now well-attested Bronze Age exemplified by village- and town-scale settlements occupied by sedentary farmers developed toward the end of the mid-Holocene moist interval. The high plateau of Yemen was an early focus for the development of Bronze Age complex society, the economy of which relied upon terraced rain-fed and runoff agriculture. On the fringes of the Arabian desert, the precursors of the Sabaean literate civilization have been traced back to between 3600 and 2800 B.P., and even earlier, so that a virtually continuous archaeological record can now be described for parts of Yemen. In contrast to the highlands these societies relied upon food production from large-scale irrigation systems dependent upon capricious wadi floods. Bronze Age settlement, while showing some links with the southern Levant, now shows equal or stronger linkages with the Horn of Africa across the Red Sea. Although some regions of Yemen show breaks in occupation, others show continuity into the Sabaean period when a series of major towns grew up in response to the incense trade with the north. It is now clear that these civilizations grew up on the foundations of earlier Bronze Age complex societies.
--Christopher Edens , T. J. Wilkinson
Southwest Arabia During the Holocene: Recent Archaeological Developments
Journal of World Prehistory March 1998, Volume 12, Issue 1, pp 55-119
posted
Answer or comment to both Z-man and Lioness to the above.
Lioness is correct the title is misleading. The paper is about NOT finding the “Eurasian” labeled DNA in Mota. But the researchers went further to analyze Eurasian DNA in West Africans and other African groups. They found even West Africans carried “Eurasian” DNA.
The problem is …it is only labeled “Eurasian” but it is African in origin. It is labeled Eurasian because it has highest frequency in Europe. And really it is not Eurasian they are really talking “European” because the closest match is Sardinians compared to the Arabian samples they tested. See supplementals. So we are back to a North/South cline and not a longitudinal cline….Busby et al and Lazaridis et al etc
What they are saying is that apparently the population of East Africa about 2000BC did NOT have any “Eurasian ancestry”(it is really minimal). They also confirmed that West Africans seems to have a more ancient contact of “Eurasian” DNA materials. Circa 8000ya. Confirmed by Pagani et al also(Swenet)?
In other words. West Africans came into contact with “Eurasians” BEFORE East Africans lol! Not really!!!
These results is consistent to what we know of the Amarnas and Rameses III. West Africans and Khoi-Sans have a greater connections to AEians compared to Ari/Ethiopians(Swenet?). What am I talking about? Irregardless of the “visuals” West Africans, Levant, ancient Anatolia and Southern Europe has a strong genetic connection compared to the Horners..
Even the recent Busby paper(2015) has confirmed this.
As for the pygmies – See my thread on Alps Iceman and also on The Nuragic on ESR. The Ice Man of Italy carried a unique motif found only in Berbers and ….tada!!! Pygmies!
For GWAS at K2, Europeans are mostly African than Non-African. Rosenberg et al. They are a sub-set of Africans. Europeans are mostly Neolithic Africans.
Furthermore to those keeping score. Remember that study which disclosed SOME San groups carry absolutely NO Eurasian DNA. So the split seemed to have occurred within the San groups. Other studies have shown the isolated clicking speaking Sandwe and HAzda also carry high frequency of “Eurasian” ancestry. More than AfrAms. Now how could that be???!! Tic! Toc! Connect the dots. Lol!
At Z-man. – ESR is a great resources for information. Everything is there. That is why it is growing. I cannot repeatedly cite sources every time. Once I know it, it sticks in my head. But it is all on ESR fro anyone willing to learn more.
Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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posted
About 2 years ago Beyoku questioned me asking what and why does a small island like Sardinia have to do with anything.
I needed to explain to the youngster that Sardinia is critical to EVERYTHING. That is why I spent so much time researching Sardinia. Now we are seeing why. I am way ahead of the game.
The first clue came to me when I realize that The Etruscan Civilization was on the Western side of the Italian peninsular. Why the fugk would the Anatolians or Levantines migrate there? It made absolutely no sense. Do you know what is closest and facing the Etruscans? Sardinia!!! Tic! Toc! Connect the dots!
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posted
S9. f4 ratio analysis shows that Mota has no component of West Eurasian admixture
We used f4 ratio analysis (63) to formally assess the extent of back-migration to Africa by West Eurasians, using the same logic as adopted by Pickrell et al (58) . We quantified the West Eurasian component in Africa, using Yoruba as our non-admixed African reference, with the ratio f4(Han, Orcadian; X, Druze) / f4 (Han, Orcadian; Yoruba, Druze), where X is a contemporary African population or Mota. However, since Druze has a small level of West African ancestry, this f4 ratio is biased and does not show the desired fraction of West Eurasian component. To correct for this, we define λYoruba,Druze as the fraction of Druze-like (i.e. West Eurasian) ancestry population X, and F as the fraction of Yoruba-like (i.e. West African) ancestry in Druze (estimated in other studies to be F=0.05) (64). We can then write the following equation: f4 (Han, Orcadian; X, Druze) / f4 (Han, Orcadian; Yoruba ,Druze) = (1 - λYoruba,Druze – F) / (1 – F)
(2) and solve for λYoruba,Druze for each population X. All statistics were computed with the F4Ratio program from the ADMIXTOOLS package.
We first checked that subsetting to the SNPs available for Mota did not affect estimates for contemporary African populations (Table S5), which are in line with those estimated by Pickrell et al (58) using all available positions (Pearson Correlation r=0.9998). Mota does not show any evidence of a West Eurasian component, with a λYoruba,Druze value that is negative (-8.7%, ± 2.2%). This contrasts in particular with the Ari, their closest contemporary relatives, which show large West Eurasian components (17.8%±1.0% and 14.9%±1.2% for Ari Cultivator and Ari Blacksmith, respectively). We confirmed that such a difference is not due to a comparison of a single individual to population estimates by recomputing the f4 ratio for each individual belonging to an Ethiopian population in our dataset (Fig. S6). The absence of a West Eurasian component in Mota supports the dating of the backflow into Africa, which, at ~3.5kya, is younger than our ancient genome (dated to 4.5 kya).
Given that Mota predates the backflow, it potentially provides a better unadmixed African reference than contemporary Yoruba. Thus, we recomputed the extent of the West Eurasian component in contemporary African populations using Mota, λMota,Druze, instead of Yoruba in our f4 ratio. By using this better reference, we estimated West Eurasian admixture to be significantly larger than previously estimated, with an additional 6-9% of the genome of contemporary African populations being of Eurasian origin (Fig. S6, and Table S5). Importantly, this analysis shows that the West Eurasian component can be found also in West Africa (Fig. S6), albeit at lower levels than in Eastern Africa. Importantly, a sizeable West Eurasian component is also found in the Yoruba and Mbuti, which are often used a representative of an unadmixed African population.
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