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Author Topic: If I had a $ dollar 8? -I told you so. The Steppe my azz
xyyman
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Y-chromosomal sequencing and screening reveal both stability and migrations in North Eurasian populations. - O. Balanovsky


Abstract:
Y-chromosomal markers exhibit the highest interpopulation diversity in the genome and thus form one of the most informative tools for tracing population history. However, their information value depends on discovering SNPs which subdivide haplogroups with broad geographic distribution into branches revealing fine population structure. Progress in such discoveries has recently moved from a slow linear phase to a rapid exponential phase due to NGS.
We applied this approach to the Y-chromosomal pool of North Eurasian populations and concentrated on haplogroups C, G1, G2, N1b, N1c, and R1b. We sequenced 181 Y-chromosomes (capturing 11 Mb from each sample), developed the NGSConv software for calling Y-chromosomal SNPs, and identified roughly 2,500 SNPs, most of which were new. Then we constructed phylogenetic trees and dated dozens of their branches using our estimates of the mutation rate. The last – but not the least – step included screening branch-defining SNPs in the entire Biobank of indigenous North Eurasian populations (led by prof. Elena Balanovska), which includes 26,000 samples from 260 populations. This screening resulted in frequency distribution maps of 29 branches of haplogroups R1b and C, thus increasing the phylogenetic resolution by an order of magnitude compared to the two initial haplogroups.
For haplogroup R1b, we identified a previously unstudied “eastern” branch, R1b-GG400, found in East Europeans and West Asians and forming a brother clade to the “western” branch R1b-L51 found in West Europeans. The ancient samples from the Yamnaya archaeological culture are located on this eastern branch, showing that the paternal descendants of the Yamnaya population –***** in contrast to the published autosomal findings**** - still live in the Pontic steppe and were not an important source of paternal lineages in present-day West Europeans. For haplogroup C-M217 - the predominant paternal component in Central Asians - we found signals of simultaneous expansion in two independent branches. Both expansion times and gene geographic maps of the expanded lineages indicated the emergence of the Mongol Empire as the likely trigger. We conclude that simply discovering new SNP is not enough, but in combination with screening for the branch-defining SNPs in large biobanks of indigenous populations, it allows comprehensive reconstruction of male population history.

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ASHG 2016 Abstracts - -

Abstract:
The area of southeastern Europe known as the Balkans has always been a crossroads between Europe and Asia: a conduit for people, culture and language. Beginning around 6,500 BCE, the Balkans was the first place in Europe to become transformed by farming, brought by a new wave of migrants from Anatolia. From this staging point, farming and people spread to all corners of Europe. However, the dynamics of the interaction between farmers and indigenous European hunter-gatherers in the first place that they encountered each other remains poorly understood because of the near complete absence of genetic data from prehistoric specimens from this region.

We generated new genome-wide ancient DNA data from 65 farmers from the Balkans and adjacent regions dating as far back as 6,400 BCE. We document how the dynamics of admixture between the regions first farmers and its indigenous hunter-gatherers was complex, with evidence of local admixture from hunter-gatherers related to those from Scandinavia and Eastern Europe. The population admixture was patchy across both space and time, varying in magnitude between 0% and 30% for different early Balkan farming populations. The hunter-gatherer admixture in the early farmers of the Balkans is ****not ***** closely related to the hunter-gatherer admixture that is predominant in present-day Europeans. This suggests that the waves of farmers that contributed most of the migrants to northern and western Europe were ****not**** ones that mixed substantially with local Balkan hunter-gatherers.

We also analyze the data to generate new insights about natural selection. The first farmers of the Balkans were in the initial stages of adaptation to environments that were dramatically different from those that their ancestors had encountered. We show that many of the adaptations related to diet and immunity that later become common in Europe were already present in early Balkan farmer populations, but not at high frequency. Thus, the adaptation of the first European farmers to their local environment was driven to a substantial extent by pre-existing variation.


Sardinia is off the coast of North Africa------

Abstract:
Genetic studies of complex traits using individuals from the island of Sardinia have been fruitful for decades. Understanding the population history of Sardinia may provide insights to how risk alleles arise in Sardinia and the expected degree of sharing with mainland populations. Current models for the peopling of Europe consider extant Europeans as having varying ancestral contributions from Paleolithic hunter-gatherers, Neolithic farmers, and Steppe pastoralists. In these analyses, extant Sardinians are inferred with the largest amount of Neolithic farmer ancestry among Europeans. However, previous studies of uniparental markers have highlighted the high frequency of the Y-chromosome haplotype I2a1a1 in Sardinia, which has been associated with Paleolithic ancestry in Europe. Here we aim to elucidate finer details of the population history of Sardinia. We study >3,500 whole-genome sequenced individuals across Sardinia together with reference European datasets and recently published ancient humans. We confirm that compared to mainland Europeans, Sardinians exhibit the greatest amount of shared drift with Neolithic farmers. Within the island of Sardinia, there is a demarcation of individuals from the Lanusei Valley in the geographically isolated province of Ogliastra and individuals from other provinces. In ****unsupervised analyses****, a Sardinian-specific ancestry component correlates with shared drift parameters with both the Neolithic farmers and Paleolithic hunter-gatherers, and is consistent with supervised estimates of ancestry proportions in which the Ogliastra individuals have higher Neolithic farmer and Paleolithic hunter-gatherer ancestries, while individuals from the rest of the island show an infusion of the pastoralist ancestry. Finally, we find that the Sardinian people exhibit increased sharing of alleles with the Neolithic farmers on the X chromosome compared to the autosome (P < 1x10-4), suggesting a sex-biased demographic history in Sardinia. Together, our results indicate that in addition to the strong Neolithic farmer component of ancestry, isolated regions of Sardinia also harbors significant ancestry components from Paleolithic Europe and that the Neolithic transition in Sardinia may have involved sex-biased demographic change. These results help provide more insight into the history of Sardinians and the frequency distribution of variants they carry.


Abstract:
The sequencing of complete Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes has provided several insights into human history. One important insight stems from the observation that modern non-Africans and archaic populations share more derived alleles than they should if there was no admixture between them. We now know that the ancestors of modern non-Africans met, and introgressed with, Neanderthals and Denisovans. The estimate of the quantity of shared derived alleles, the mixture proportion, rests on ***an assumption ***of no archaic admixture in African populations, and so African populations have been used as the “non-admixed” outgroup in prior analyses. We find that the story is likely more complex, that the history within Africa involves admixture with population(s) related to Neanderthal and Denisova, and that the mixture proportion estimates for non-African populations have been biased, particularly in Melanesia. Here, we present results from a composite likelihood estimator of archaic admixture, which allows multiple sources of archaic admixture. We apply the method to archaic introgression, but it can be used to estimate ancient admixture among any four populations where the modeled assumptions are met. This joint estimate of Neanderthal and Denisovan admixture avoids the biases of previous estimators in populations with admixture from both Neanderthal and Denisova. To correct for dependence in our data, we use a moving blocks bootstrap to calculate confidence intervals. With assumptions about population size and more recent population separation dates taken from the literature, we estimate the archaic-modern separation date at ~440,000 ± 300 years ago for all modern human populations. We also estimate the archaic-modern mixture proportion in the 1000 genomes, and the modern genomes sequenced with the high coverage Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes. We report those estimates here, support several prior findings, and provide evidence for a lower level of Denisovan admixture (0.0191 [0.0184, 0.0197]), relative to Neanderthal (0.0256 [0.0247, 0.0265]), in Melanesia. On the basis of an excess of shared derived alleles between San, Neanderthal, and Denisova we suggest that a third archaic population related more closely to Neanderthal and Denisova than to modern humans introgressed into the San genomes studied here.

--------------------
Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming

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xyyman
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What does it all mean?

1. Sardinia NOT the Levant was the stepping stone from Africa to Europe. That also applies to ancient Hunter- gatherers and not only Neolithics
2. The Yammanya are NOT ancestral to Western Europeans
3. Africans carry archaic ancestry related to Neanderthal and Denisovan. Khoi-San being the oldest population will be expected to have this archaic "admixture". Meaning there was not fugking between AMH and Neanderthals/Denisovan

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xyyman
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To those who haven't connected the dots yet. Dr Winters may be correct in that San - like people first migrated to Europe and Asia. Apparently they were darker in complexion than current Khoi-San. These were the meta-population. Coon came to a similar conclusion.

That is why Khoi-San carry such a high frequency of East Asian ancestry .

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Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming

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Thereal
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Is that why the Chinese have african components in their DNA?they were the Khoisan coming from Africa going in to Europe and heading in to china absorbing the people already there.
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xyyman
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Not really. ALL components found outside Africa is found IN Africa. The difference is the FREQUENCY. This is seen at K-2 in all Cluster Charts. In other words 'non-African" components is ALSO African because all AMH came from Africa. The confusion is "what an African" looks like. Ancient Africans may NOT be the stereotypical Negro you see on TV. Coon stated that Capsoids or San people occupied North Africa and can be seen as far as East Asia. If you look at DNATribes maps this is borne out. "Native American" ancestry is highest in San compared to other Africans. Yet Native American is genetically furthest from Africans. Is it possible that the first AMH humans that left Africa were "Black Skinned Mongoloids"? It is still taught in some Chinese schools that they evolved from flat faced mongoloid looking Homo Erectus.

No! Once AMH went to East Asia he never came back. What the San carry is the genetic "remnant" of the first AMH that went to East Asia and the Americas. It is what happened in Africa AFTER the first AMH left Africa that is intriguing. The data emerging show a SECOND major wave migrating from Africa ...about 8-10K years ago ie the Neolithics. Starting from the Great Lakes they spread and replaced/Admixed populations in North Africa, Europe, Middle east and South West Asia. ....and even later the West African tropical belt.

During the Bronze Age is when things get murky.

--------------------
Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming

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DD'eDeN
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Like I said, Sandwe(African Rift Valley) -> Xanadu (Mongolian).
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xyyman
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Remember Coon and Sergi basically agreed that EurAfricans originated in the South Sudan area. Coon admitting that even the Negro came from the same stock as "Caucasoid" and Negro was an admixture of Caucasoid and Pygmies. They were part right. But they did not have the benefits of modern genetics. We now know the truth. They underestimated the magnitude and rapid adaptation of AMH to the environment.

Pygmy, Onge and Papuan provides a clear example. They look very similar because of the environment they adapted to and genetically closest to the light skinned population they live nearby to..

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Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming

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xyyman
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OCA2 confers convergent skin lightening of East Asians during recent human evolution.

Authors:
B. Su1 ;

Abstract:
Skin lightening among Eurasians is considered an adaptation to high latitude environments, likely occurred independently in Europe and eastern Asia due to convergent evolution. In Europeans, several responsible genes for lightening have been found, but for East Asians the situation remains elusive. We conducted a genome-wide comparison between dark-skinned Africans and Austro-Asiatic speaking aborigines and light-skinned northern Han Chinese, and identified a pigmentation gene OCA2showing unusually deep allelic divergence between them. An amino acid substitution (His615Arg) of OCA2prevalent in most eastern Asian populations, but absent in Africans and Europeans, was significantly associated with skin lightening in northern Han Chinese. Further transgenic and targeted gene modification analyses in zebra fishes and mice both recapitulated the phenotypic effect of the OCA2 variant, resulting from a decreased melanin production. Our results indicate that OCA2 plays a key role in the convergent skin lightening of East Asians during recent human evolution.

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Brada-Anansi
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quote:
Originally posted by xyyman:
The data emerging show a SECOND major wave migrating from Africa ...about 8-10K years ago ie the Neolithics. Starting from the Great Lakes they spread and replaced/Admixed populations in North Africa, Europe, Middle east and South West Asia. ....and even later the West African tropical belt.

During the Bronze Age is when things get murky. [/QB]

 -
And other disciplines back you up sir.
A Conversation with Christopher Ehret Christopher Ehret, UCLA Interviewed by WHC Co-editor Tom Laichas
quote:
WHC: You describe two other groups. One of them is the Afrasans. Can you talk about them for a moment?

Ehret: These are people who have been called Afro-Asiatic and also Afrasian. I'm saying "Afrasan" because I'm trying to get "Asia" out. There is still this idea that the Afro-Asiatic family had to come out of Asia. Once you realize that it's an African family with one little Asian offshoot, well, that itself is a very important lesson for world historians.

We actually have DNA evidence which fits very well with an intrusion of people from northwestern African into southwestern Asia. The Y-chromosome markers, associated with the male, fade out as you go deeper into the Middle East.

Another thing about the Afrasans: their religious beliefs. Anciently, each local group had its own supreme deity. This is called "henotheism." In this kind of religion, you have your own god to whom you show your allegiance. But you realize that other groups have their own deities. The fact that they have deities different from yours doesn't mean their deities don't exist.

This kind of belief still exists. It's fading, maybe on its last legs, in southeastern Ethiopia, among people of the Omati group. They descend from the earliest split in the Semitic family. Way up in the mountains, they have this henotheism. They have a deity of their clan, or their small group of closely related clans. They have their priest-chief who has to see to the rites of that deity.

We see the same kind of thing in ancient Egypt. If we go to there, we discover that the Egyptian gods began as local gods. With Egyptian unification, we move from this henotheism to polytheism. To unify Egypt, after all, you have to co-opt the loyalty of local groups and recognize their gods. We have no direct evidence, but it's certainly implied by the things we learn about the gods in the written records we do have.


20
WHC: You seem to be suggesting that the Semitic monotheism ­ Jewish, Christian and Islamic monotheism ­ descends from African models. Is that fair?

Ehret: Yeah, actually it is. Look at the first commandment: "Thou shalt have no other gods before me." It's not like the Muslim creed, which is "There is no God but God." It's doesn't say "there is no god but Yahweh, and Moses is his prophet." It is an admittance that there are other gods. It is an example of henotheism. And the Hebrew tribes are like the Omati clan groups. The tribes are clans writ larger. Like the Omati clans, they track their ancestry back ten or fifteen generations to a common ancestor. And these common ancestors were twelve brothers. (Actually, there are thirteen. They have to turn two of them, Ephraim and Manasseh, into half tribes, because thirteen wasn't a good number. I always loved that. There are really thirteen tribes, but you have to combine two of them).

The Canaanite cities have an alternative Semitic structure: polytheism. There's Astarte and Baal and the various gods that you'll find in South Arabia. So it looks like in the early Semitic world, you have two coexisting religions. You have polytheism among the ones who are really more urbanized. Then you have henotheistic groups.

What I see here is that earlier Middle Eastern polytheism is influencing Semitic religion. After all, the early Semites were just a few Africans arriving to find a lot of other people already in the area. So they're going to have to accommodate. Some groups, maybe ones who live in peripheries, in areas with lower population densities, may be able to impose the henotheistic religion they arrived with.


21
WHC: How does a small group of Semites coming in from Africa transform the language of a region in which they are a minority?

Ehret: One of the archaeological possibilities is a group called the Mushabaeans. This group moves in on another group that's Middle Eastern. Out of this, you get the Natufian people. Now, we can see in the archaeology that people were using wild grains the Middle East very early, back into the late glacial age, about 18,000 years ago. But they were just using these seeds as they were. At the same time, in this northeastern corner of Africa, another people ­ the Mushabaeans? ­ are using grindstones along the Nile, grinding the tubers of sedges. Somewhere along the way, they began to grind grain as well. Now, it's in the Mushabian period that grindstones come into the Middle East.

Conceivably, with a fuller utilization of grains, they're making bread. We can reconstruct a word for "flatbread," like Ethiopian injira. This is before proto-Semitic divided into Ethiopian and ancient Egyptian languages. So, maybe, the grindstone increases how fully you use the land. This is the kind of thing we need to see more evidence for. We need to get people arguing about this.

And by the way: we can reconstruct the word for "grindstone" back to the earliest stage of Afrasan. Even the Omati have it. And there are a lot of common words for using grasses and seeds.
World History Connected


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xyyman
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Nice post. Was this Ehret excerpt posted on ESR? Now modern genetics has confirmed that the Natufians were Africans albeit not closely related to YRI but more related to SSA from the North East Africans. But I would like to correct Ehret on a few of his assumptions using the work presented by Lazaridis and others. The peoples these Afrasan encountered when they entered Arabia and the Levant were Africans also. Because according to Lazaridis E1b1b-M-35 may have been present in the Near East LONG before the Neolithic revolution began. In other words Arabians and Levantines were part of Greater Africa. The evidence emerging is that E-M35 started migration soon after the end of LGM.

Keep in mind as I stated before E-M2 hasn't mutated as yet and that would not come about some 10-15k years later. If E-M2 is discovered in Arabia or even West Africa BEFORE 5000BC I will have to eat crow. I would be surprised. It is all coming together how it went down.

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Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming

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DD'eDeN
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Xyyman: "Pygmy, Onge and Papuan provides a clear example. They look very similar because of the environment they adapted to and genetically closest to the light skinned population they live nearby to.. "

Aka - Congo Pygmy clan
Aka.Fula - Lake Malawi Pygmy clan
Aka.Bea - Andaman Pygmy clan
Aka.Kaaneebe - Ancestral clan of Hadza KhoiSan
Kan.Aka - Papua/Melanesian clan, Hawaiian clan
Nam.Akwa - Southern African KhoiSan clan

- - -

Brada-Anansi, thanks for that info.

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Brada-Anansi
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Xyyman
quote:
Was this Ehret excerpt posted on ESR?
Yes we did but not in it's own thread..k will change that and sticky it now!.
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Tukuler
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'Paleo' West Africans were pushed north
and northeast into the newly greening
Sahara at the onset of the Holocene.

They returned to W Afr upon
the Sahara's desertification.

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Tukuler
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I think it's important to know
the year the conversation with
Ehret took place.

Also, there must be some mistake
in the transcription because the
Egyptic languages are not and
have never been Semitic in
origin.

--------------------
I'm just another point of view. What's yours? Unpublished work © 2004 - 2023 YYT al~Takruri
Authentic Africana over race-serving ethnocentricisms, Afro, Euro, or whatever.

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Elmaestro
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Paleo West Africans?
Are you speaking of the E-Carriers or the groups that migrated out of east Africa before them?
& From where were they pushed north during the green stages of the Sahara? - West & Central Africa?
How many waves of migration out of EAfrica do you believe has taken place since lets say the Natufian exit? Before?

And in regards to the process of development for the Afroasiatic language "phylum" (First phylum I ever seen without a substantial phylogenic tree but w/e) I read a lot of things that say similar things but ultimately results in a few key differences based on preconceptions or beliefs.... The fact that scientific fact cannot separate paleo-Hebrew from Proto Pheonecian should be evident of how garbage our understanding of that era in the Levant (& north Africa) is in general.

quote:
What I see here is that earlier Middle Eastern polytheism is influencing Semitic religion. After all, the early Semites were just a few Africans arriving to find a lot of other people already in the area. So they're going to have to accommodate. Some groups, maybe ones who live in peripheries, in areas with lower population densities, may be able to impose the henotheistic religion they arrived with.

I'll give it at least another five years before assertions like this can be generally accepted...The world just doesn't work that way. Unless we find a game changer archaeologically, non Aegyptian-Kemetic African involvement in the early stages of modern civilization will always be viewed as romanticism... No matter how strong the evidence.
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Tukuler
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There were industrial assemblages in W Afr
before the Holocene during the LGAM. Green
Sahara like climate flora and fauna existed in
W Afr during the LGAM. Doesn't frequency and
diversity of a certain nrY haplogroup as well as
its proposed expansions suggest that hg most
likely originated in W Afr?

--------------------
I'm just another point of view. What's yours? Unpublished work © 2004 - 2023 YYT al~Takruri
Authentic Africana over race-serving ethnocentricisms, Afro, Euro, or whatever.

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Elmaestro
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quote:
Originally posted by Tukuler:
There were industrial assemblages in W Afr
before the Holocene during the LGAM. Green
Sahara like climate flora and fauna existed in
W Afr during the LGAM. Doesn't frequency and
diversity of a certain nrY haplogroup as well as
its proposed expansions suggest that hg most
likely originated in W Afr?

Are you referencing E-M2? cuz yeah on the surface level it's distribution might seem so but I worry about 2 things and some other minor things.

Firstly, the desertification of the Nile belt happened way before the purported "expansion." I have yet to see an ancient E-m2 or even E-v38 specimen outside of Ramses the great... More so, one that'll suggest an early trans Saharan settlement. Secondly all evidence seems to point to a Central or even an Eastern African origin of E-M2, whose parent is believed indefinitely to be of east African origin.

We have residual dispersion of variable non lineal Sahelian & "Pan-African" Y-Hg's. Such as from A, B, & R, all over WAfrica, both within above and below the Sahara... E-M2 doesn't have such a pattern, it's walled by the Saharan region, further implying that it's expansion or even origin, is new.

From where I stand there's to many deep rooted populations as well as Diversity to assign Paleo West African. I currently hold the theory the the continent was "Paleo-modern African" prior to the emergence & dispersal of PN2, The greening and desertification of the Nile and the purported reentry of OOA populations. There were probably no substantial migratory events prior to the expansion in direct relationship to the Sahara, but periodic radiation from emerging eastern populations whose dispersal patterns were aligned with environmental characteristics.

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Tukuler
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E-M33

Sorry about this, but I'm rather pressed for time

site:EgyptSearch.com "tekrur" "e-m33"

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xyyman
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E-M2 in West Africans is DIFFERENT to E-M2 in EAST Africa. Sources sited. What proof is there that West Africa "proper" was inhabited during the Holocene and by E-M2?

Speculation or do you have data?

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Tukuler
multidisciplinary Black Scholar
Member # 19944

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E-M33 you rscist bastard of a supposed Mensa former cuzn.

Activist memo:
If you have a racist friend you can't be my friend.

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=gqH_0LPVoho


If you have a racist friend
Now is the time, now is the time for your friendship to end

Be it your sister
Be it your brother

Be it your cousin or your, uncle or your lover

If you have a racist friend
now is the time, now is the time for your friendship to end

Be it your best friend
Or any other
Is it your husband or your father or your mother?

Tell them to change their views
Or change their friends
Now is the time, now is the time, for your friendship to end

So if you know a racist who thinks he is your friend
Now is the time, now is the time for your friendship to end

Call yourself my friend?
Now is the time to make up your mind, don't try to pretend

Be it your sister
Be it your brother
Be it your cousin or your uncle or your lover

So if you are a racist
Our friendship has got to end
And if your friends are racists don't pretend to be my friend

So if you have a racist friend
Now is the time, now is the time for our friendship to end

GOODBYE

Posts: 8179 | From: the Tekrur straddling Senegal & Mauritania | Registered: Dec 2011  |  IP: Logged | Report this post to a Moderator
Tukuler
multidisciplinary Black Scholar
Member # 19944

Icon 1 posted      Profile for Tukuler   Author's Homepage     Send New Private Message       Edit/Delete Post   Reply With Quote 

Posts: 8179 | From: the Tekrur straddling Senegal & Mauritania | Registered: Dec 2011  |  IP: Logged | Report this post to a Moderator
   

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