posted
^How does the pictorial graph of those stamps translate into specimen?
Well,...
quote:
Más de cien años ha permanecido la momia guanche mejor conservada que existe en el Museo de Antropología y de allí salió ayer para llegar a su nueva casa, el Museo Arqueológico Nacional (MAN), donde será la estrella del nuevo espacio dedicado a la prehistoria canaria.
Con un poema guanche despidieron en el Museo Nacional de Antropología de Madrid a la momia del Barranco de Herques, hallada en 1776 en Tenerife, tras lo que se inició su traslado al Arqueológico con un estricto protocolo de seguridad para evitar su deterioro.
A su llegada al MAN, seis operarios de una empresa especializada en transporte de obras de arte, embutidos en monos de protección y mascarillas, realizaron el traspaso de la frágil momia de la caja en la que fue trasladada a una vitrina especialmente diseñada para mantener las condiciones de conservación idóneas.
Hace unos meses ya se había hecho un simulacro del traslado y colocación de la momia, según explicó a Efe la conservadora jefe del Museo, Teresa Gómez Espinosa, que relató cómo el proceso ha sido muy complejo porque la momia es muy delicada.
La vitrina que la albergará a partir de ahora ha sido especialmente diseñada para mantener las condiciones de conservación idóneas e incorpora complejos dispositivos para análisis y mediciones en su interior con el fin de evitar el riesgo de contaminación por compuestos orgánicos volátiles o por biodeterioro.
Los momentos en los que la sacaron de la vitrina y el de instalación en la nueva fueron los más críticos, indicó la conservadora jefe, que consideró un éxito la operación, en la que se siguió un preciso protocolo debido a la fragilidad de la momia, muy sensible a las alteraciones.
Un embalaje muy sofisticado, realizado con un molde específicamente para el traslado, protegió a la momia durante el proceso para evitar peligrosos cambios ambientales y de luz.
«Es un ejemplar único», indicó a Efe el director del MAN, Andrés Carretero, que explicó que la operación llevada a cabo ayer es «como trasladar Las Meninas o El Guernica, no puede haber un solo fallo porque puede suponer un daño irreparable para la pieza".
Por ello, señaló, se hizo con todas las garantías y el personal técnico necesario tras los análisis realizados por el personal del Instituto de Patrimonio Cultural y un ensayo de todo el proceso.
Carretero está convencido de que la momia será un atractivo para todo el público y especialmente para los niños pero destacó el interés del museo en completar así la muestra del desarrollo cultural de la actual España ya que Canarias era la única Comunidad Autónoma que no estaba representada.
Ruth Maicas, del departamento de Prehistoria del MAN, indicó que es muy difícil conocer la fecha de la que data la momia y consideró que queda mucho por investigar en la antropología e historia canaria.
Testimonio de cultura prehispánica
Esta momia, de un hombre adulto y que tras su hallazgo fue enviada al rey Carlos III para el Real Gabinete de Historia Natural por su excepcional estado de conservación, es testimonio de uno de los rasgos más llamativos de la cultura prehispánica en las islas de Tenerife, Gran Canaria y La Palma, que momificaban a miembros destacados de la sociedad y los enterraban en tumbas colectivas en cuevas de difícil acceso, recordó Maicas.
El cuerpo se cubría con pieles de cabra u oveja, y en Gran Canaria se empleaban también tejidos de junco de palma.
El sistema de momificación que se practicaba en las islas Canarias era diferente al de otras culturas y deja visibles más restos del fallecido.
El nuevo espacio dedicado a la arqueología canaria se completa con piezas cerámicas, textiles, ídolos, lascas y otros materiales, además de gráficas, mapas y un audiovisual, que acercan al visitante a la sociedad prehispánica insular.
Tukuler
multidisciplinary Black Scholar
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posted
Hellenthal's Maroc 2nd event with estimated date 718 BCE and 1914 BCE lower boundary is a time when the Sahara is a dry desert up to the founding of Garama. Tichitt has begun.
The Greco-Latin docs' pre-Saharans and north Saharans might of been forming and the Sea Peoples fit the timeframe.
Their MENA analysis estimated date 690 CE with 234 BCE lower bound fits Garamante Kingdom, Tichitt, and Agisymba.
I don't see every single listed donor pop as actually contributing. Maybe a few as individual ethniis but overall as elements of one, two, or three ethnic groups that are admixed. I mean only isolates can be 'pure'.
MENA side 2 sure seems Vandal or something with all of those 'NW' Euros.
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Tukuler
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posted
Mzab only gave up one event dated 1334 CE too late to shed light on Haratin antecedents. The MENA analysis has 1222 CE. The major donor side can probably conflate to two or three ethnies in my opinion.
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L & B groups represented in the Mzab postdates dates and is the difference in the admixture sources in Moroccan samples, for the most part... They're possibly from ethnically different populations as well. I certainly cant tell with the scanty SNS & North African populations. But yeah, I don't believe any of the populations represent the earliest contributors.
Notice how the supervised/Localized format reduces contribution from SSA groups by reallocating the Near-Eastern like sources to European/Mediterranean populations. For instance, the Mandenka who we know have Sahelian-Saharan ties have about HALF of their contribution under East Sicilian and Ethiopia about 100%. For the Moroccan analysis this reallocation is given to more northern European groups, is this the Hunter gatherer signals later found/explain in busby 2016, Gurdasani 2015, and more..?
^The Early Eurasian labeled source is the Hunter gather group, the HG groups in this chart are contemporary Africans, Khoi and Rainforest HGs
Tukuler
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posted
Some more from the Cambridge
We're all familiar with the Sudanese and Caspian neolithics but I know I neglect Africa's Mediterranean Neolithic, peripheral as it is, but maybe now's time, considering all the farmer and mixing talk going on around here.
There must be some archaeological and other discipline evidence in support of the genetics or . . . ???
quote: Whereas inferred IBD sharing does not indicate directionality, the North African samples that have highest IBD sharing with Iberian populations also tend to have the lowest proportion of the European cluster in ADMIXTURE (Fig. 1), e.g., Saharawi, Tunisian Berbers, and South Moroccans. For example, the Andalucians share many IBD segments with the Tunisians (Fig. 3), who present extremely minimal levels of European ancestry. This suggests that gene flow occurred from Africa to Europe rather than the other way around.
[...]
Alternative models of gene flow: Migration(s) from the Near East likely have had an effect on genetic diversity between southern and northern Europe (discussed below), but do not appear to explain the gradients of African ancestry in Europe. A model of gene flow from the Near East into both Europe and North Africa, such as a strong demic wave during the Neolithic, could result in shared haplotypes between Europe and North Africa. However, we observe haplotype sharing between Europe and the Near East follows a southeast to southwest gradient, while sharing between Europe and the Maghreb follows the opposite pattern (Fig. 2); this suggests that gene flow from the Near East cannot account for the sharing with North Africa.
--Laura R. Botiguéa,1, Brenna M. Henn et al
Gene flow from North Africa contributes to differential human genetic diversity in southern Europe (July 16, 2013)
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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What sources is the map from? Looks like the edge of the actual Sahara desert, at this point was actually in southern Egypt, which would technically make part of Egypt "sub-Saharan" at this time.
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Tukuler
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posted
I revived map and captions from thread Sahara Desert Expansion Timeline and don't remember where they came from..
On this map the Delta and like 99% of Egypt are in a semi desert that spans Atlantic to Kuwait.
Only a small coastal area of what's modern Egypt was inhabitable Med scrub like most of the coast unto the Maghreb proper.
BBH made a point about African dichotomy that got me to take a look at that concept.
Using these 5 maps I can see merit in BBH's proposition. I do not see the Maurusian Maghreb coastals or Gafsa industrials any more indigenous to final Pleistocene / early-mid Holocene Egypt than the elements from the bulk of Africa.
Circa 8250 BCE the Delta and Fayoum are grasslands. The rest of Egypt is semi-desert. Easy access is along the coast.
By c. 6900 BCE grasslands have taken over the Delta and all but a tiny bit of coast west of the delta.
From this time until extreme desert again overtakes northern Africa no obstacle prevents trans-Africa communication across Pan-Africa.
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Tukuler
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posted
African topography epipaleolithic thru late stone age at a glance (reduced from 1200 pixels wide)
These countries are African by both geology and original language if not by geography.
The earliest inhabitants during the Ice Age, the Maurusians, were too long ago to contribute much in looks to today's people.
When northern Africa greened there were 'Sudanese' moving into Sahara as their savannah expanded. Also, the near coastal people of the time physical anthropology labeled them first-Mediterranean and admits they had attenuated African features.
Note • Lavender&Yellow expand north, the environment of 'so-called SSA' peoples; • Watermelon&Yellow appear then grow southward with Maurusian relic and newer first-Mediterranean folk.
Not only in touch with Sudani-Saharo civilization, Mediterranean coastal Africans moved and traded across both the Gibraltar and Sicily straits during prehistory before the Libyan- Aegean-Levantine sub-Mediterranean islands and Sea Peoples era contacts.
Prehistoric times southern Europe, the north Mediterranean, its ancient DNA reveals L1 and L2 haplogroups.
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Various offshoots of L arose could have arisen in North Africa at this time and spread to Europe during and after OOA or all of these lineages arose outside of Africa and came back in other eras.
In combination with that either the L lineages stayed to the South and had no impact over the last 10,000 years or the L lineages flowed North based on the movement of the Sahara.
Either the Sahara pump pulled non L mtDNA lineages into North Africa or it pushed out those lineages which arose in Africa but now are seemingly "foreign". And either the basal L lineages were always present to some degree since prior to, during and after OOA or they simply disappeared due to population change.
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Tukuler
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Ancient local evolution of African mtDNA haplogroups in Tunisian Berber populations.
Frigi S1, Cherni L, Fadhlaoui-Zid K, Benammar-Elgaaied A.
Abstract
Our objective is to highlight the age of sub-Saharan gene flows in North Africa and particularly in Tunisia. Therefore we analyzed in a broad phylogeographic context sub-Saharan mtDNA haplogroups of Tunisian Berber populations considered representative of ancient settlement. More than 2,000 sequences were collected from the literature, and networks were constructed.
• The results show that the most ancient haplogroup is L3*, which would have been introduced to North Africa from eastern sub-Saharan populations around 20,000 years ago.
• Our results also point to a less ancient western sub-Saharan gene flow to Tunisia, exciting haplogroups L2a and L3b.
This conclusion points to an ancient African gene flow to Tunisia before 20,000 BP.
• These findings parallel the more recent findings of both archaeology and linguistics on the prehistory of Africa. The present work suggests that sub-Saharan contributions to North Africa have experienced several complex population processes after the occupation of the region by anatomically modern humans. Our results reveal that Berber speakers have a foundational biogeographic root in Africa and that deep African lineages have continued to evolve in supra-Saharan Africa.
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quote:Originally posted by Tukuler: Hum Biol. 2010 Aug;82(4):367-84. doi: 10.3378/027.082.0402
Ancient local evolution of African mtDNA haplogroups in Tunisian Berber populations.
Frigi S1, Cherni L, Fadhlaoui-Zid K, Benammar-Elgaaied A.
Abstract
Our objective is to highlight the age of sub-Saharan gene flows in North Africa and particularly in Tunisia. Therefore we analyzed in a broad phylogeographic context sub-Saharan mtDNA haplogroups of Tunisian Berber populations considered representative of ancient settlement. More than 2,000 sequences were collected from the literature, and networks were constructed.
• The results show that the most ancient haplogroup is L3*, which would have been introduced to North Africa from eastern sub-Saharan populations around 20,000 years ago.
• Our results also point to a less ancient western sub-Saharan gene flow to Tunisia, exciting haplogroups L2a and L3b.
This conclusion points to an ancient African gene flow to Tunisia before 20,000 BP.
• These findings parallel the more recent findings of both archaeology and linguistics on the prehistory of Africa. The present work suggests that sub-Saharan contributions to North Africa have experienced several complex population processes after the occupation of the region by anatomically modern humans. Our results reveal that Berber speakers have a foundational biogeographic root in Africa and that deep African lineages have continued to evolve in supra-Saharan Africa.
Just curious, how do they date the West African contribution to North Africa? Can't read for myself because the article is behind a paywall.
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Tukuler
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posted
The age of clusters or expansions was calculated as the mean Divergence Φ from inferred ancestral sequence types (Morral et al 1994) and was converted into Time by assuming that one transition within nucleotide positions 16090-16365 corresponds to 20,180 years (Forster et al 1996).
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quote:Originally posted by Tukuler: The age of clusters or expansions was calculated as the mean Divergence Φ from inferred ancestral sequence types (Morral et al 1994) and was converted into Time by assuming that one transition within nucleotide positions 16090-16365 corresponds to 20,180 years (Forster et al 1996).
You just described what I think is the molecular clock. However the study you cited mentioned Subsahran gene flow from East Africa and West Africa. The one from East Africa was timed to 20 000 years ago, whereas teh one from West Africa was simply described as "later". I wanted to know how they dated the Western SSA genetic input in North Africa:
"The results show that the most ancient haplogroup is L3*, which would have been introduced to North Africa from eastern sub-Saharan populations around 20,000 years ago.
• Our results also point to a less ancient western sub-Saharan gene flow to Tunisia, exciting haplogroups L2a and L3b."
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Tukuler
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posted
I gave you a direct quote from the report. It's on JSTOR if you need something more.
Nice maps! Keep up the good work. Always been a fan of your posts.
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Tukuler
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posted
quote:Originally posted by Mansamusa: Never-mind. It's no big deal.
. I don't get it I take my time and effort to answer your question by scouring the article and posting the only relevant thing in it I could find and suggesting where to go for more and all I get is a brush off?
quote:Originally posted by Mansamusa: Never-mind. It's no big deal.
. I don't get it I take my time and effort to answer your question by scouring the article and posting the only relevant thing in it I could find and suggesting where to go for more and all I get is a brush off?
Well, I really did not mean to give that impression. Thanks for the effort. It's appreciated.
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Tukuler
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posted
Two native North African phenotypes. Note Bardo has since disabled the site linked in this post.
quote:Originally posted May 11, 2017 by Tukuler:
here A stereotypical Berber herm as moderns would have it.
The companion ain't so stereotypical but his 'du is the 'du on Numidian cavaliers and the elder Juba too.
Tukuler
multidisciplinary Black Scholar
Member # 19944
posted
Earliest Canarian aDNA
Uniparentals with some dates
Tenerife samples are majority EpiPaleolithic U6 derived females with LateHolocene E-M183 males. Numerous tribes inhabited the archipelago. The Guanche tribe only inhabited a sector of northern Tenerife.
L3b1a dominates ancient Gran Canaria samples. It positively dates there to at least the 10th century. No U6 reported. Many tribes inhabited the archipelago.
quote:L3b1a, has point estimates of 11.7–14.8 ka, with starlike patterns suggesting involvement in major expansion.
L3b1a likely existed in Western Sahara before the southward demographic expansion of Berbers fleeing Arab invasion.
Juba II may have named it after sea lions, Canarii, judging from the below closing sentence. Pliny tells us Juba found
quote:"traces of buildings; that while they all have an abundant supply of fruit and of birds of every kind, Canaria also abounds in palm-groves bearing dates and in conifers; that in addition to this there is a large supply of honey, and also papryus grows in the rivers, and sheat-fish; and that these islands are plagued with the rotting carcasses of monstrous creatures that are constantly being cast ashore by the sea."
Ol skool anthro Dixon has interesting remarks based on skull and face. The tribes may've got to the islands at different times from different locales.
Tukuler
multidisciplinary Black Scholar
Member # 19944
posted
Earliest Canaries aDNA
Deep ancestral roots covered last post, here's genome wide ADMIXTURE and PCA plot of 5 ancient samples' fit among moderns.
Per ADMIXTURE and PCA 7th-11th CE samples are closest to pre-Saharans re * the Erg Iguidi (near where Democratic Saharawi Arab Republic/Mauritania/Algeria/Morocco all meet) * the Chotts and Eastern Erg (Tunisia/Algeria) the horns of a pre-Sahara foot of Atlas arc of population.
Aboriginal Canarians from Tenerife & Gran Canari in red underscore show Saharawi and subset Mzabi near ancestral identity.
The PCA indicates Tunisia from southern east coast thru to oasis (Mzab) Algeria wider affinities.
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